Incidence and outcome of injury in Ghana: a community-based survey.


              
       
    
                                                                                           !"    #$      %      &!'                
              ()$  !! !!!*       ("$  !! !!!*                          (#&'+       !!!  *        (&+    !!!   * ,                               
                    
        +$-            
                                             
       

              

   .    .      .   .         /   '&  0 0    1  2  0  '&$      3  
   
                 
    

         

         

                                
 ! "                                         
!
   

  #$%        &'!     (                   )*+   ) ,-      -   

  ./%   &'     (   ././    

       

  &'   ! &                                       
                       

            ! &                                     
        

           

  
                 0                 

                              -            
  !                *      4  5 %   6  2  7  8  6   84 764  / 6 9  %   6 : ;< 7  6       :     =       5 > <     ? %   6 ,@ $"' +'&   > = $" ; 4 6   84 ') !# 764 (  ?  <A *  9  %   6 :  ;<  7  6       :     $ 4   5 %   2  7  8  6   84 764 # 5 %   2  7  8  6   84 764 B ;    ! " #$% & " '$ (  )))

* +
#$% & " '$ (  )))             

                                      

   1              2     1              

         3 ,                                                        

          4!      , 5 !  3   #6 /// ///7        819 :.;!    4     <;/ ///                  , 5 = ,  - > )    &    $.; ///!  !    ?                                              

         
!
                  4                       
                       @ 

                                       :/        AA  ((
  
                                            &               B            2               !  2              

                      

 2          @                           

    @         
                                    B  -  -    .        :/                             #/%                   ! 

       -   2    &       0  C   #DD;        0  *   3 "  

   -       

        *                (       

       

! E                                  6.%              1                 5           :/         6<%           #.             
    
:/        

! )            F:/   !  
:/   !                 =                  7          #                                                                     #///                  B                       B    

     
                      1  1 E 1 1  1  = 5   ;/7 E  1 G #DDH! -  

      


!                                   
! # !  "                      /<%         $#%  # $  ! " #$% & " '$ (  )))

* +              &          .# #/;     $:#    !       ## <<:    .<:        D$$.    #<H  
              #;D<        #;:.       <6:    <;#        D.:    HH#             #:       H 7 ; !                    $$:    #</ 7 .H: !              $$;    .//  .$; !           
  :#:        :D;             

       &                      &               $H%        /;%      +                             :/%         .;%                                  B          -                 !   0                   #                

                                       
                      *        

        
         

  $/%      !                        <D%!             - B                                  $<D6     #///   !       .<6#      #///   !  I                     &                  %     0                    .!7                
             B            
                       
                           &    
                      :  $!
                   F #;  !     J $;  !                   -   #;I $$  ! *                     ,             ;               
                      J;             <D%!                  -   #;I;D  ! B          
</  ! ,           " !     
      #;D<         

        2          

                                ;!
                                 *         

    F#;      :/%    

    ;%                                    
       

                 
      ###              0    6:%!              @  :H%!   .$%! * $D%!              

             .$%       -        B                    

!
         '  ! " #$% & " '$ (  )))

* +

                             ;      -       <:%     K <6!     C        $#%!       F;   1 <:%              ..%      K .:!  

                  K <! + #<%    

                                    H<%!     + #:%       #%   
     :;%      

     #;%     <%    #$%   -   

                     .$%! -  .:%! -   .#%!     6%!
     <D%            -
                        -              <! "       ;ID   .#%            -       6;%                +        6/%!          -   

             -       .#%!   :%!        <%!                    !    !         ( ! ! 
 "!  
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

     '"-         %       !        !    !  "!   3! ! )   + ) (# $ !$* ++$ (#+ '* , $ (#"  &* +$ ( # $ * 4   +) (! ""* $" ( && "$+* 9   ) ( ! $$&* )) ( "# #*  )#) ("" ##* )") ("+! #&* C #+ (#& &'&* ") (+! )'* ( ! 01' *.2 0$'- 00$ *002 ,$0- # !   $!+ ( !# "!'* +"& (##' !&$* , $"& ( $ "'!* $) ($$ #* 4   $"# (  ")&* + (D ' &$* 9   &$$ ( &!  !&*  " ( &$  &+!*  +" (#&+ ')$* & (++# "!* C &#! ($&$ ' &* "& (+&" "#)* ( ! 1 *,0'2 1'$- 1,' *1,$2 $,,- %    !!!    ;    E &""".     E "!)$ 6@      "   @     

     '"-      ;    E "! #.     E ### 6@       #    @      # .  ! " #$% & " '$ (  )))

* +              

   <:%!     

 ./%!   B          -          -        $#%!      .$%!                   #.%    !   H%!     
              H%    ! +                   

  H%      #$%      +  #.;                        - -          ./%!                  #<%! +  #<D               :$%!        -  H:%!   #$%!     :%! 0 <H%!   

     - +                     D%     !                  H%!
   !  "                   H:   #// /// D;%     E
! K .<I#$/!                         

   *        

                 
                        *             ;;%!              /$%!
             =                    ;:   #// /// D;% E
$ID:!        <#%!       .:%!              /#%!                      =   $::
##.  7   :D  7   :#I <.  7   =   $.H
#6.  7   ;/  7   .$I<$  ! "                          $ &       !        !  "!   41  * + ,- 41  * + ,,'- 411  * + .0- 14  * + .$-
$  * + -   "! (D#) #'* '+ (&# $$ * '#& ("#  $"* &') ($#' $!#+* ++! (#!" $ $&* , $'# ()  +!)* & (D  #$* #& (# ))* '" (D' )* ! 4   $ (D$! '$* !# (' ''* &) ( + # '* $' (D$!+!)* $! (D)& )'!* 9   + (D"$ $!&* $ ( $) "!"* #' ( #  $"+* &# (D ' "#+*  (D'# " &*  &"# (+"  ""&* +! (##$ ''+* #+' (+! &))* )#! (# $")* !"+ ($&+ $+#+* C #' (D#) #&* $& ('! $) * &)# ($+& ''* "+ (D ' #$$* #+ (D '! $$* ( ! 0, *012 ,,'- $ *0'12 0- 0$' *0''2 ,0'0- 01 *0,'2 '$- 1.0 *0,12 '.- 4     +    @       %    !!!      # &       !     !    !  "!   41  * + 00'- 41  * + 0$.- 411  * + 1.'- 14  * + $,-
$  * + ',-   $& (D &' ) * +$ (' $ +* +)# (#& #* '&" ("! &+'* ++ (D &) " * , &$& ( # "+* "# (D#! "#)* $" (D) +'* #&) (D ' "#* !) (D !$ $ )* 4   ! + (D ! &#* $) ( $ &" * &'& (D + "&#* ! 9   + (D & "!* # ) ())' '#)* !## ( """ "$#* &'! ( & # +* #)" (+'! &' "*  &"' ($ !)"* )& (#'& "+* +' ($'' !"'* #&& (D!' #* $"+ ( #$ "!)$* C + (D! "$* "+ ()# )")* $$ (&)+ ")!* & $ (+" "* !)& ()#) $$#* ( ! '1 *$2 0$0- ,0'0 *0102 10- 0. *10'2 $1- .. *,$,,2 .$1-  1. *',2 ,11'- 4         @       %    !!!  
           ! " #$% & " '$ (  )))

* +          
                          3 ,                         B                         

                                                   1                           0                          B                 *                                                                                                           B                    #!               C         0 -             -   -       

 2          B                               C                                    
                *                                                -  #;I$$  !           
               B                                   2                                       ,                   2          +                                   

                               " 
                #I$$           E 0                      
 

!    "      !         !     ) # !  + 1    /  + .$  /  / *5- *-   *5- *-   !  !  >     #" $" ( "&* )&' (')* # $) ( #"* ""# (&""* >     # $'" () * #) ( '* " $!! () * !" (#+* 5  $'  ( ')* "!+ ("&!* # !+ (!)* "+$ ('$* ,   & $ ( # *  ! ($#!* " $ ( $!* '! (&$* C & $ $ ( '!* "") (#$* & & ( "!* &) ($+ * ( !  0/ *./- $1/ *'$/-  0/ */- ,,/, *,/'-              & 6      ! !      ! ! 72    2    !  ! &  *- 8/  5  !     !   ! ! 7 !D# # ! "D' '  !D # #) #! "D ' #) "& !D' )+ +" $!D$' &' )# #!D#' #" '$ "!D"' " '
&! "# +# ( ! 1 $ # $  ! " #$% & " '$ (  )))

* +                      
 
  #D<. 3            
!
       
 0                         2   !                           !      
! 1       1              ! *                  

              
  C   "  L "               #/%!            .D%! 5    

   .<%              <H%       !
                                      $/%!     .6%! *    

      ;$%!              .6%!   H%! ! 

                                             !                   .<%!           $#%! ,                                 3  -         
                      E           

  B                      3                 

            *        (                       -                         ! E                                    !       3                                                          !             3             =                          7            -                   0   -                                          -                2                !
                         

             -     ?                                                                   *            -      
                                                                              B                           
 ! 1   3                                                       
                               1  L 0              -   ?  5  ! 1                                                    ! *    3    

                             +                     
                          -                     B  -         -          3 !
         $  ! " #$% & " '$ (  )))

* + ?                                           
                   -      -               E                       
! ,                  3

                                 B                               -   -                -  &    2                                                                              
 !
&7!                   1    ) - & 1     & B   -                 7 0 +  3 1  1           -7 & 1  B & +  3 & 5 0   & B   - 5        7 0  '        2   7  0 B                - )  -  &  &   *  1   @ ? *  E E            -        = &  + ,  -! 0 B  >! & 4 '  )  !  & 4   &! #9  9 :; <     9   !=  !=        C   F G      0    H   0  F           H         H  0   H 0  9 0  0          0   I    I     I     ; 0  F        @  0    H   0   I        F H         0  7 J   (: *   J   (,4 *  0 0   I0  7 0    0 0 0  0        

    J 0 H 0        H @ 0      0      H    ;   0 0 H  FG          !"     #$      @ %  I 0  F 0 0 0 I0     &!'       I    0    I 0   9  0 I   F 0   0 H    0 0   J   ()$  !! !!!* FI J   ("$  !! !!!* .          0   H        0   0  I  0 (0    I 0 * 0     0 0   J   (#&'+  0  I  0  !!!  0 * FI J   (&+ 0  I  0  !!!  0 * 6 I H    @ I    0  I  0      0     F           F             J   %              F 0  0   #!-  I     0  I   F 9          H I     (&'-*                H  2 J     J    0       0       +$-      F   0    H  9I       G    0  I  0 F  0      0         @ J          H  G 0        G  K   0    K     % G I       0  I  0 FI     LG0  0    G    @ J H I             

  F F   0 0      9   G F                 0       0 

            F  H   0  F      H     4      I    H       J  

  J      I   0  

           G     0       %            0           F     H    0 .  I  @ F    0     0  # $0  ! " #$% & " '$ (  )))

* + #  :      !   !  !   !      4F                    L0    L0                      0           2     0                            = 0   L0      0  F            0           F             2     0  J   (: *   J  (,4 *     2  J   0   J     0                      3  >             !"    #$       %   3      L0    &!'                         0  L0  9               J   ()$  !! !!!   * F   ("$  !! !!!*.                     0    L0       (L0     *     J  (#&'+ L0        !!!   3 * F  J   (&+ L0        !!!   3 * =        L0                       J           L0  2  0           F    #!-           .  L0 (&'-*           J 0      L0     J   C          

L0      2                  F  L0      +$-   L0      9     L0    L0                J              @ 9     F     L0                J       L0       3  F3       L0F

 4        L0                J                         0  9     J           L0     0   0       F         L0     2               0      L0      L0             J    

   J          0      L0      2  J              L0     J           0        

 L0         0           0  #  > &/              %  ,  ''$ ? B"DB#"     ? 6/ 7    

?          2  B ''  ,? )D&& $   @A B C &/          ?               <    ''!     !! =  >4    7 5     8C   8  , < ''& # 3 #  !/             ; M< C@ 7 5 '' " ?7 6  !/     <   ; M< C@ 7 5 '' & 7 @  #D &  "/ 9  J               N     ''+ 10? "!#D" $ + # "&2 D  A6/         ?    6     5  ')& '? +)D'# ) ?

  !/ 4                 8    6   O   ''  11? ')D !& ' E #E2   (/ =       J   ?   @         ,    8    C J  ') $? "$D&! ! B 2 # "/ 6     

    ?         @     J  8    6   O   ')" ,.? &"D+"  7 @  !/                    
  N  2  ''' 0.? +"!D+""  B 62 B / 6        ,  =4 9 9  5   ')! $ # ?/        #  ,  =4 8  5  =  ''" # B! A(2 !7 F"/ ;      ; M< N 8  '' " 7 @8  !/ 2           4  =  5 
 =  ''' ? #"D"# & 7 @82 3  2 # 3/ 2            4

 4   5 ''' ,? $"'D$+!
         $,  ! " #$% & " '$ (  )))

* + + &7 A(2  #/ 6            >   4 5  N  5    ''# '? &D! ) F 
2 ! "/ >        4 5  N  5    ''! 1? +D+" '  A:2  !  6D2 F A?/   

    ?        5 
  4  N  > 6   '& 01,? ")D +) !  "/ B                    
 
 ? 4    
  =  
 5  =  )D   ''& >  ''&?  !   ?! 
 !/          
? >           , J  =  =   /J 
  N  2  ''! ? "D #  @   62 E! "2 ! :/        2  N  2   =   ''$ 1'? 'D $ 3  82   ?2   / =      ?            , ''" 0? #D) # :! :82 :  )/ 5          7  5        ; 
 ''! 0? $#D$) " &  3&2 7 @8/ =           ?      &++  5  6
   '') ,? " "D" ) & 7 @8  !/ 4         ?            4  N  5    ''" .? '+D'$  + "/B      @   ?     
 ? 4     8  =  
 5  =  +D! >  '') 4  '')? +$ ) 3  82 B / 4   

            6  6    >  ''& 1,? "" D "&! ' ? 6  !/
 ?      ; M< C@ 7 5 '') $! ? B#2"/
  ?    %  C@ 7 5 ''& $  8 ! @

 
  6   @ !/
 ?     ; M< C@ 7 5 ')' $ # 362  "@2 @  6/
 ?      ; 2  N  >  ''+ ,,'? "#$D"#) $$   :&2  C #&/ 4

 

        < N  C

  >  '&+ ? #!+D# # $# 3  82 > &?2 7 @8/
   4 ?       >  
    '') ,? $#'D$"& $" 3  82 7 @8/       8     '') ? $'D#  $& 3  82 G :/
   ? 6         P N  5    5   ''$ 1? $""D$"' # $1  ! " #$% & " '$ (  )))

* +