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WORLD HEALTH ORGANI ZATION
ORGANISATION MONDIALE DE LA SANTIt
REGIONAL OFFICE FOR THE WESTERN PACifiC BUI\EAU I\~GIONAL DU PACIFIQUE OCCIDENTAL
Philippines 3201
19 December 1972
COMMUNI'lY WATER SUPPLY IN THE PHILIPPINES ASSESSMENT OF CONDITIONS AND NEEDS
by
E. Dekel WHO Sanitary Engineer
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CONTENI'S
1
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ••••••••••••••••••••••• 1.1 1.2 Find1ngs .................................................................................. ..
1 1
Major recommendations
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4 7
2
GmEFlAL BA.CKGRO(J}ID ...................................................................................... ..
2.1 2.2 2.3
Political subdivisions National economic development plan Community water supply development
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7 7 8 10
3
l'OPmATION ...................................................................................................... ..
3.1 Past population growth 3.2
Urban rural population 3.3 Urban communities ................................................................................ 4 EXISTING WA'I'ER StJPPLY ................................................................................ ..
..................................................................... distribution ............................................
10 11
14
15 15 17 18 19 22 22 22
4.1 General observations .......................................................................... 4.2 .Government agencies in community water supply ••••••••••••
4.3 Existing water supply facilities
4.4 Population served •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 4.5 Urban water supply ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 5 WA'l'ER D~
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••••••••• ,. ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
5.1 Present demand 5.2 Supply targets 6 WATER RESOURCES
.......... ....... ,. ....................... . ........................................... ............................................... ,. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ,. • • • ,. • • • • • I) •
23 25 25 26 26
6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 7
Ground water •••••.••.•••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
Surface water ••...••••••••.••••••••••••••.•••••.•••.••.•• Climate ,. ,. ,. General observations Pollution hazards RecolllDendations ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 0
........................ .. ..... ............... . • • • • • • • • • • ,. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 0 • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
28 29 30 31 31 32
WATEFt
mEA~
PRAC'l'ICE •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 0 .
7.1 Existing water treatment practice 7.2 Recommendations
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- ii ~
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8
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE ........................................................................... ..
33 33 33 33 34 34 34 39 39 39 40 40 44 44 44 47 47 47 48 49 49 51 52 52 52 55
8.1 8.2
8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 9
General observations •••••••••••••••••••••••• Causes for the existing situation ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Water consumption ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Water production •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Operation of water systems •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Overall assessment •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••. 0 •••••••••••••••
PLANN'ING A'ND DESIGN .......................................................................................... ..
9.1
9.2 9.3 9.4 10
General observations •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Government financed projects •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• "Turn key" project •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Recommendations ••••••••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
MANPOWER.. " " " " " " .... " " " " • " " .. " .. " " • " " " " " " " ... " • " " " " " " " " " • " " " " " " • " " " " ••
10.1 Existing manpower """"""""."""""""" .. """."" ... "",, •• ,,""",,.,,""",, .. 10.2 Manpower requirements ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•••• 10.3 Training needs " " " " " " " . " " " " " . " " " " " " " " " " " " . " " " """ "" "" " "
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11
ORGANIZATION." """" " """"""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""" """""
11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 12
Present organization •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Problems to be considered ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Technical assistance required ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Proposed organization ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Recommendations •••••.•.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
FINAll<:E .......................................................... .
12.1 Required investments in water sup~ly •••••••••••••••••••••••• 12.2 Previous financing of community water supply projects ••••••• 12.3 Water rates 12.4 Future financing •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 13 CRITERIA FOR PRIORITY' SELECTION ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
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64
66 66
1.3.2 ]3.3 13. 4 13.5 14
13.1 Maximization of the investment Public health Industrial development •••••••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••• Tourism Prospects for early implementation •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 13.6 Recommendations ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 0 ••••••
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66 67 67 67 68
RtJRAL WATER StJPPI.,Y .........................................
69 71
15
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
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ANNEXES
2-1 DATA ON DEVEIIJPMml' OF PROVINCIAL CITY AND MUNICIPAL WATERWORKS. FY 1955 - 1970 •••••••••••••••.••••••••••• 2-2 DATA ON DEVEIIJPMENT OF ARTESIAN WELLS AND SPRIN'GS, F"l 1955 - ItRO ...................................................
73 75
3-1a URBAN AREA DEFINITION IN THE PHILIPPINES. 1970 ••••••••••••••••• 3-1b URBAN AREA DEFINITION IN THE PHILIPPINES. 1960 ••••••••••••••••• 3-2 PROVINCIAL DISTRIBUTION OF URBAN POPULATION BY SIZE OF OOMMtJNI'I'Y' ...................................................
77 78 81
4-1 EXISTING WATERWORKS BY PROVINCE AND TYPE ••••••••••••••••••••••• 4-2 EXISTING WATER FACILITIES OF MARCH 1972 (NW'SA AND PWD FIGURES) ....................................................
83 85
4-3 COMMUNITY WATER SUPPLY PROJECTS. PACD - 1971 ................... 87 4-4 STATUS OF WATER SUPPLY - OCTOBER 1971 - BY THE IlEALTIi DE:I>AR'lMElfI' .................... .,....................................................................
89
4-5 BASIC DATA ON EXISTING WATERWORKS SYSTEM BY PROVINCE ••••••••••• 4-6 STATUS OF WATER SUPPLY (1970) - HEALTH DEPARTMENT (NWSA REOORI>S) ..............................................................................................
91 93
6-1 "DATA" ON ARTESIAN WELLS (DEPTH AND WATER LEVEL) BY PROVINCE ••••• 6-2 HYDROLOGICAL DATA ON SURFACE WATER RESOURCES •••••••••••••••••••
97 99
6-3a AVERAGE ANNUAL RUN-OFF IN 7 MAJOR RIVERS ••••••••••••••••••••••• 105 6-3b EVAPORATION DATA ............................................................................................. 107
6-4
RAINFALL DATA .................................................................... -. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... 109
6-5 POOR ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CONDITION ASSOCIATED DISEASES. CASES AND DEATHS, 1962-1969 •••.••.•.•.•.•..•.•.. , .•••.••••••••• 111
10-la NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES IN EXIsrING WATERWORKS •••••••••••••••••••• 113 10-lb EMPLOYEES PER 100 000 PEX)PLE SERVED IN WATER UTILITIES OF VARYING SIZE IN THE PHILIPPINES •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 115
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, II I
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10-2 EMPLOYEES PER 100 000 PEOPLE SERVED IN UTILITIES OF VARYING SIZES IN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA
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117
10-3 NATIONAL COURSES ON MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLY - PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF ~UIJIDolENTS - PROVINCIAL WATERWORKS IN PHILIPPINES ........................................................ 11-1 CLASSIFICATION OF MUNICIPALITIES AND FIRST CLASS
119
CITIES BY ANNUAL INCOr.m ........................................... 12-1 ANNUAL RELEASES OF APPROPRIATIONS FOR WATERWORKS PROJFl:TS ••••••• 12-2 FUNDS RELEASED FROM VARIOUS PUBLIC WORKS ACTS APPMPRIATIONS ARrESIAN WEILS AND SPRING DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS •••••••••••••••••• 12-3 LIST OF WATERWORKS SYSTEMS OOMPIEl'ED. FISCAL YEAR 1969-1970 ••••• 12-4 FOREIGN ASSISTANCE IN CO!I1MUNI'IY WATER SUPPLY •••••••••••••••••••• 12-5 LIST OF WATERWORKS SYSTEMS UNDER NWSA WT'IH WANS •••••••••••••••• 12-6 ESTIMATED AVERAGE WATER RATES ~UIRED ••••••••••••••••••••••••••
125
127
129
1,1 lJ3
135 143
13-1 PROVINCIAL. CITIES AND MUNICIPALITIES WI'lH URBAN
POPULATiON OF OVER 100 000 ••••••••••••••••••••.••••••••••••••••. 14-1 NUMBER OF EXISTING WELLS AND ESTIMATED ANNUAL REPAIR
1-5 1~1
AND MAINTENANCE COSTS BY PROVINCE •••..•••.•••••••••••••••••••••. 14-2 LOCATION OF AlImlISTRATION POWER RIGS rmOOtJGHOUT 'niE PflILIPPINES .................................................. 14-3 '!HE NEED FOR NATIONAL RURAL COMMUNITY WATER
1 J4.9
SUPPLY
PROG~
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152
11\_4
ARTESIAN WELLS AND SPRING
DEVELOPMENT...........................
158
INTRODUCTION
Improving the living oonditions of the people in the Philippines. and espeoially in the field of water supply services, as the most important single faotor in bettering environmental health, should not be regarded as a localized problem of the oommunities involved. The planning of these essential servioes must form an integral part of the national economio development plan; partioularly as the finanoial resouroes of the oommunities and the state put together are insufficient to meet the demand. A pre11Jllinary study of requirements reveals the oonsiderable amounts needed for investment in new mWlioipal and rural water supply systems and to inorease the supply capacity of the existing ones. with the aim of keeping paoe with the rhythm of development. This rhythm is dictated by an average population growth of over 3'1> and the growth of urban population in exoess of 5~ annually, which, combined with unavoidable increases in ~ oapita and industrial demand, result in a very dynamio demand for water services. Government support to provinoial water supply development in the last ten years reached only some l~ of the estimated requirements while the present four year development plan envisages the investment of some 2O~ of the needs of this seotor. Government policy, unless revised. will result in a further increase of the gap between supply and demand. At present. only about l~ of the total population is supplied through direot house oonnexions, an additional 20~ to 2~ have to rely on pub~io fauoets or "artesian wells". The remaining 22 to 24 million people are without any regulated supply. present report was prepared under the WHO - UNDP-assisted oommunity water supply proJeot in oo-operation with the National Waterworks and Sewerage Authority (NWSA) and its sucoessor the Metropolitan Water Supply System (MWSS). The main purpose of the study was to review the adequaoy of the existing community water supplies in the country. to identify problem areas and to propose ways and means for improvement • The
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1.
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS AND RECCHoIENDATIONS
1.1
Findings
In this summary attention is drawn to some basic problems and weaknesses that will require early attention. The summary is presented under the same headings as the main report. 1.1.1 Population
The 1970 population of the Philippines totalled 36 700 000. Annual population growth is estimated to be between 3.0 to 3.2 per oent. The 1970 urban population is estimated at 11 800 000 or 3~ of the total population. The urban growth rate is estimated at 5.0 per oent. per annum. The average annual population growth for the present deoade is estimated at 1 280 000. By 1970 there were 1431 urban ocmnunities of all sizes with 26.5~ of the urban population in ccmnunities of less than 5000 people and 27.~ in communities with a population of over 50 000 people.
1.1.2 Existing water supply Most of the existing water supply systems fail to meet the demand of the population served. Supply in many cases is not oontinuous, pressures are low and quality is questionable. The development of new and existin~ systems does not keep pace with the increase in demand. It was estimated that at present there are 1377 waterwork systems of all sizes. 20 840 wells and 2081 springs serving a total population of between 14 900 000 to 17 650 000 people. or between 38 to 45 per cent. of the total population. The remaining 21 550 000 to 24 300 000 people obtain their water from sources of doubtful quality. 1.1.3 Water demand Data on actual water demand are not available because metering of water at the souroe is not praoticed. The average daily per capita demand for urban areas is estimated at 30 gallons. ~ oapita demand in rural areas, through artesian wells or public fauoets. is estimated at 10 gpcd. Realistio development targets call for supplying 7~ of the urban provincial population and ~ of the rural population by 1980 or an overall average of 48)C of the prOVincial population. '1h1s will require almost doubling the present rural water supply capaoity and tripling the urban supply oapacityl.
lRural demand will inorease from 68 mgd in 1970 to 120 mgd in 1980 and provincial urban demand fraD 120 mgd to 356 mgd • •
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1.1.4 Water resources Present souroes of supply are both ground and surface water. The majority of present water supply systems are fed by springs or surfaoe water (gravity supply) while the majority of the rural supplies are wells (either free flowing or equipped with hand pumps) or springs. Hydrological data on both ground and surface souroes are very meagre. Surface water is subjeoted in varying degrees to pollution by discharge of untreated human wastes and unoontrolled discharge of effluent from the mining industry and sugar oentrals. Ground water is subjeot to pollution during high floods or when wells are located near potential souroes of pollution. Major pollution hazards exist in the poorly maintained distribution systems, when pressure in the leaking pipes drops to zero or below. At these periods. the risks of oontamination of the distribution system from outside sources (raw sewage. septio tank effluent. etc.) are vel7 high. more so during the rainy season. 1.1.5 Water treatment praotice treatment of surface water in the provinoial waterworks is inadequate and oonsists mainly of plain sedimentation and chlorination. Spring and ground waters are generally considered safe and are not chlorinated. The
1.1.6 Operation and maintenanoe The area of operation and maintenance is one of the most neglected in the existing waterworks. This is one of the primary oauses for the poor service rendered to the publio. Due to a chronio lack of funds. the inadequate training of management and operation and maintenanoe staff. and the lack of leadership at both looal and oentral levels. the standard of operation and maintenanoe of most provinoial waterworks are poor. No metering of the aotual amounts of water produoed at the sources or delivered to the systems is praotioed. Actual water consumption is also not known. Although meters are installed in a large peroentage of the domestic oonnections. many of them do not funotion because of laok of preventive maintenance. spare parts and repair facilities. This makes it practically impossible to determine the efficiency of the system. to estimate the extent of water (and revenue) losses (due to leaking mains and illegal oonnections), or to determine properly future needs. Essential data neoessary for effioient operation are not usually taken or reoorded. Preventive maintenanoe of equipment (pumps and prime movers, water meters, vehicles, eto.) is not widely praoticed, "repair upon failure" being the general rule.
- 3 1.1.7 Planning and design
No planning policies and design criteria are available. Design periods are generally too long (20 to 30 years). Preference is generally given to the development of gravity sources without the benefit of economic analysis and comparison with other alternatives. '!he many advantages offered by development of ground water souroes are often not realized. Basic data collection and surveys for planning purposes are frequently defioient. Design drawings are not adequately detaUed. Economic analysis to determine the size of the scbeme to be oonstruoted is not widely practiced resulting in uneoon<llll1oal develoJlll8!lt. Seleotion of souroes and determining the size of the scheme are frequently done without suffioient data on the safe yield of the source resulting at times in oversized schemes, having a capaoity h1sher ~ the source. Distribution 8ystems cover in most cases only 40 to 60 per cent. of the streets in the area served. '1h1s makes it very costly for people residing in unpiped streets to oonneot to the system. '!he importanoe of distribution storage is not properly recognized. Distribution storage in me.n;y systeJas 115 non..existent or of very limited capaoity and elevation, so that the potential oapacity of the system is not fully utilized.
1.1.8 Manpower The number of employees in existing waterworke is adequate so is their basio education. '!here is, however, a great defioiency in the level of speoialized training and skills required for effioient operation and performanoe of waterworks. The total number of waterworks employees in the country's provinoial waterworks based on the NWSA average figures is estimated at some 4000 to 5000. At the present, no training faoUities or prograales for waterworks personnel are available.
On the basis of the proposed development targets (Table 5-1) it is estimated that the number of waterworks employees will increase in the present deoade at a rate of some 500 new employees a year to reach the estimated number of 8900 employees that will be required by 1980. In addition, it is estimated that over 200 engineers will be required for planning and design of new waterworks and the improvement and expansion of existing systems.
1.1.9 Finance The required investments in provincial water supply to meet the proposed supply targets are estimated, for the present decade, at some 1850 million or an average of some fJ.20 million a year for the period 1973-1980. An additional 120 million a year w1ll be required for improving supply faoi11ties to the populat1on presently served. These figures should be oompared to the average of 110.0 million a year aotually spent on provincial water supplies during the period 1963-1970. The
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recent national Four Year Development Plan for the Fiscal Year 19721975. prepared by the National Econcmic Council. earmarked a total of 195.2 million or about 124 million a ;year for provincial water suppl;y for the period. ~s is about ~ of the est1lllated needs for achieving the moderate development targets. Present water rates. averaging 14.8 per month per connection are general.l;y too low. 'Ibis. together with poor management that al"lows the unaccounted for water in sCllle instanc•• to exceed ~, results in an overall inocme too low to penait mean1ngful iIIIprovement in the standard of service. This makes the maJorit;y of waterworks dependent on government allocations (subsidy) for improvement. and expansion. 1.1.10 Organization With the abolition of HWSA the majorit;y ot the provincial water s;ystems are now lllllnaged and operated b;y the local govel'lllll8nts. Most of these s;ysteaus are in need ot technical assistance in planning and de.ign. Man7 s;ystems, mainly the smaller ones (with populations of less than 10 000) also need technical assistanoe in managaent operation and maintenanoe. The presant organization does not provide for this t7P8 of assistance. Provino1al or reg10nal office. tor technioal assistanoe in dall;y operation. lllllnagement and JII&1ntenanoe can, i f established. greatl;y improve the overall perfonDance of the provincial waterworks. 1.1.11 Criteria for priorit;y seleotion
At the present, priorlt;y seleotion is done scmewbat arbitrarily and is greatly influenoed by politioal pressures. Priorit;y award. in order to achieve the max1JIuIII overall benefits from the avaU able funds, should depend on various faotors among which are: J!!!: cap1ta cost of project, the relative inoidence of water and filth-bome eliseases. industrial development needs. adequao;y of present supply. touriBIII. etc. Ranking should be baaed upon engineering and eooncmio feasibility stuelies of the different projeots evaluated. For the 1mmed.1ate future, because of lact of adequate studies and plans, it i. proposed to start with the preparation of proJeot stUdies for the largest urban oentres in the oountry (say the larsest 20 s;yatema). Prior1 t;y ranking of these projects baaed on the above oriteria will constitute the first stage priorit;y list of immediate development. Later on. priority lists should be reviewed annually • . 1.2 Major reoommendations 1.2.1 Water resouroes 1.2.1.1 Ground water s~ud1es should be undertaken as a matter of urgency in all major s;ystems presentl;y supplied b;y ground water. This should be followed by a country-wide programme to determine ground water potentials for a~as now supplied by surface waters.
- 5 1.2.1.2 Data oolleotion should be implemented on existing water resouroes and those earmarked as potential future souroes# to establish minimUl11# average, and maximum yields and seasonal fluotuation in water quality. 1.2.1.3 A national water resouroes board should be established to oo-ordinate# regulate and oontrol the use of the oountry water resources by the different agenoies and to prevent their pollution. 1.2.2 Water treatment praotioe 1.2.2.1 Beoause of the inadequaoy of existing laws new legislation should be introduoed to give legal powers to looal health offioials to impose oorreotive aotion on waterworks offioials for proteotion of public health. 1.2.2.2 The use of slow sand filters for oommunity water supply should be introduoed# intially in all systems where existing treatment of surfaoe water by plain sedimentation is not satisfactory. 1.2.2.3 In view of the high risk of oontamination of water in the distribution systems, water from all souroes should be ohlorinated to the extent that residual chlorine ~s present in all parts of the system. 1.2.3 Operation and maintenanoe 1.2.3.1 Metering of water entering the system should be a standard praotioe in all water systems. 1.2.3.2 Management should give maximum attention to the teohnioal oonditions of equipment to prevent its untimely deterioration. 'lb.e polioy of preventive maintenanoe should be adopted by all waterworks. 1.2.3.3 All data necessary for programming the operation and maintenanoe of the water systems should be regularly reoorded. To faoilitate this. it is reoOlllllended that simple standard forms for recording the data required be developed for nationwide use. 1.2.4 Planning and desi§P 1.2.4.1 Design criteria and standards should be established for different oategories of urban oommunities based on their aotual needs. 1.2.4.2 'lb.e use of ground water where available should be enoouraged because of its eoonomical and teohnio8.l. advantages over surfaoe water. 1.2.4.3 Distribution piping should be laid in all streets of the bulltup areas served by water systems. 1.2.4.4 Distribution storage of adequate oapaoity and evaluation oan increase the aotual supply oapaoity of many systems with relatively low investment. It is reoommended to analyze the feasibility of introduoing or a~ng distribution storage in all existing systems and inoorporate them in all new designs.
- 6 1.2.5 Manpower 1.2.5.1 To meet present and foreoasted fUture manpower requirements, it is recommended that a detailed review of manpower and training needs on a oountry-wide basis be undertaken as a matter of urgency. Based on th1s review training programmes will be prepared and training oentres established wi thout undue delay. 1.2.6 Finanoe 1.2.6.1 The present policy of supplying free water to over 5~ of the population served should be reviewed with a view to generating sufficient funds for maintenance, replacement or even expansion. 1.2.6.2 Existing water rates should be reviewed and realistio rates to established include amortization or capital investments or loan servicing in addition to annual running oosts. 1.2.6.3 The peroentage of unaocounted-for water should be reduced by improved supervision and maintenanoe. This can boost the inoome of many systems and lower the water rates. 1.2.6.4 A revolving loan fund should be established for financing waterworks construction. All government appropriations should be channeled throughth1s fund. Initial oapitalizatlon for this fund should be around 1100 million (enough to finanoe the oapital improvements in urban water supplies during the initial two years of aotivity). 1.2.7 Organization 1.2.7.1 Provincial or regional offices should be established to provide technical assistanoe on routine management, operation and maintenanoe of provincial waterworks in all provinoes with urban population exoeeding 25 000 people. 1.2.7.2 A national water supply planning agency should be establish and it should be responsible for planning and programming on a national level, establish design criteria and standards, offer technical assistanoe in planning and design to provinoial waterworks, review plans submitted to the national revolving loan fund for finanoing, study manpower and training needs and develop training prograDllles. 1.2.8 Priority seleotion 1.2.8.1 The proposed National Water Supply Planning Agenoy should establish in oonsultation with other national planning agenoies criteria for priority selection and prepare a national programme for community water supply development. 1.2.8.2 Preliminary engineering and feasibility studies for oommunity water supply should be prepared for all proposed proJeots.
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- 7 2. GENERAL FJ\CKGROUND
The Philippine arohipelago oonsists of a ohain of more than 7100 islands and islets, stretohing almost 1000 miles north to south and has a total land area of about 114 800 square miles (oomparable to Italy in size). Present population (1972) is estimated at some 39 million and Is 1ncreasing at a rate of between 3.~ to 3.~ per annum. The olimate Is tropioal with very little seasonal variations in temperature. Four types of olimate are observed, based on rainfall distribution, and existence and length of the dry season. Rainfall is abundant with a mean annual rainfall of olose to 100 inohes. 2.1 Political subdivisions
The Philippines is a republio in whioh the oentral government exeroises direot oontrol and supervision over the entire oountry. For administrative purposes the oountry is divided into provinoes and ohartered oities. Provinces are divided into municipalities. or munioipal districts and these are further divided into villages and barrios. In 1970 there were 67 provinoes. 62 ahartered oities. 1422 munioipalities, 21 munioipal districts and )2 098 barrios. Every oi ty. munioipali ty or barrio has its own "poblaoion" or "oity proper" - oonfined area wherein business, social and civil aotivities are conduoted. Eaoh provinoe is headed by an eleoted governor. It also eleots its representatives to the lower house of oongress. Senators are eleoted on a oountry-wide basis. The President is eleoted by popular vote and exercises administrative supervision over the provinoial and oity governments. 2.2
National Eoonomio Development Plan
The National Eoonomio Counoil prepared the four year eoonomio development plan (1972-1975). Aooording to this plan, the 1970 GNP (in 1967 prices) was 131 735 million oorresponding to a per oapita GNP of ;855 or $219. The net domestio produot for 1970 totalled 26 436 million, 33~ of this was from agriculture and fishery. It is predioted that the average annual growth rate of the NGP for the four-year period will reach 6.~. This oorresponds to an average ~ aapkta GNP growth of 3.7~ per annum to reaoh an average per oapltaGNP of 010 in 1975. It is antioipated that ourrent government expenditures will increase from 13.2 billion in FY 1972 to 3.6 billion in 1975 while capital expenditure on infrastructure will expand from 0.68 billion to 11.3 billion in the same period.
- 8 The four year development programme envisages the total expenditure on water supply and sewerage to reaah ~61.3 million or some 9.~ of a total infrastructure expenditure of ~ 915.46 million. Out of the ;}61.3 mil11on# 1266.1 million are earmarked for the Metropolitan Manila water supply and sewerage development and only 95.2 million or less than ;24 million a year for provincial waterworks and wells and springs development. 2.3 Community water SUpply development
Since 1955 the development of domestio water supply in the Philippines has been in the hands of the National Water and Sewerage Authority (NWSA) created by aot of Congress on 18 June 1955. This aot transferred to the NWSA the Jurisdiotion. supervision and oontrol of all waterworks and drainage systems in the oountry. Subsequent to the enaotmen'\ of this legislation# the NWSA has operated as the sole agenoy of the national government in all matters relating to publio water supply and sewerage. The NWSA oontrolled the provinoial water supplies through two departments the Provinoial# City and Munioipal Department dealing with planning# operation# maintenanoe# supervision and oonstruotion of provinoial waterworks# and the Wells and Springs Department dealing with well oonstruction and springs development mainly for rural water supply. For administrative purposes, the oountry is divided into 31 distriots. In eaoh district, a district offioe was established headed by a distriot waterworks engineer. The oonsiderable progress in development of the provincial water supplies in the oountry can be seen in Annexes 2.1 and 2.2. Starting with 478 water supplies in 1955. serving a population of 2 850 000, the NWSA has oonstruoted in the fifteen-year period ending in 1970 additional 899 water supplies to reaah a total of 1377. SOllIe }62 of the 478 systems in 1955 were listed as revenue produoing and 165 as non-revenue produoing. By 1970 there were 680 revenues produoing systems and 6gr non-revenue systems. This represent a 420% increase in the number of non-revenue systems but only some 190% in the revenue systems. The rural water supplies showed a similarly remarkable development. Starting in 1955 with 4513 wells and 99 developed springs serving a total population of 1 208 000 the NWSA has oonstruoted during the fifteen-year period 15 993 wells and developed 19r3 springs. The total of 20 506 wells and 2072 springs were estimated to serve a population of over 6 000 000 by 1970. In spite of the considerable aahievements of the NWSA. the Authority failed to meet the growing need of the rapidly growing population for abundant and safe water supply. 'lb1s failure had many reasons:
- 9 (a) The primary reason - the lack of adequate government financial support and actual reduction in government expenditure on water supplies from a yearly average of US$5.2 million for the period 1955-1963 to an average of $1.44 million for the period 19641970. This in turn created an inoreased pressure of dissatisfaction in the provincial population blaming and criticizing the NWSA for failure to meet the nation's growing needs. The lack of a comprehensive nation-wide development programme that could have oonvinoed the government of the inadequacy of its finanoing policy. No attempt was made to proJeot the true pioture of the situation and the extent of the problem. It is true that several five-year development plans and orash programmes were prepared by NWSA but these were not well supported and oonvinoing as to the urgenoy of adopting them. The main efforts of the NWSA management were direoted towards the development of the Manila Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System and its labour problems negleoting in many respeots the provinoial waterworks. The Central Offioe was mainly interested in administrative problems and oonstruotion of new systems thus gradually negleoting the not less important areas of operation and maintenance. This resulted, beoause of lack of guidance and supervision in gradual deterioration of the eXisting systems. The unfavourable image of NWSA was used by many looal governments to claim the return of the local systems to their control on ground of NWSA's ineffioienoy. Several court rulings in favour of the looal governments resulted in similar demands from many other systems, mainly the larger revenue producing systems. As the budget of the district and central offioes of the provincial department of NWSA depended on the inoome of the provincial systems under the NWSA1, the operation of these offices was further affected, while the operation of the central office was gradually paralyzed because of laok of funds. Continued public ori ticism of NWSA (both in the provinoial waterworks and the Manila Metropolitan System), together with the labour problems in the Manila Metropolitan System and the insistenoe of the International Bank for Reoonstruction and Development on reorganization of the Manila Metropolitan System as a prerequisite for further loan consideration resulted in a proposed Congressional bill to abolish the NWSA and return all provinoial systems to the local governments.
(b)
( 0)
(d)
(e)
(f)
Each system was paying l~ of its gross inoome to the distriot office and 4% to the central offioe.
1
- 10 This move. initiated in 1969 took over two years to be approved. greatly affeoted the morale of provinoial employees of all ranks and their performanoe. The NWSA was formally dissolved in mid-l97l and the transfer of local systems to corresponding local governments is now in progress. The Metropolitan Water and Sewerage System was oreated to assume the funotions of the former NWSA in the Metropolitan Manila system. An offioe of Provincial Servioes Staff was established wi thin the MWSS as required by the new law for providing teohnioal assistanoe to the provinoial systems that will seek this assistanoe. The Bureau of PUblio Works is being organized now for giving assistanoe to all government-owned non-revenue systems and also for the planning and design of all proJeots finanoed by government allocations. The wells and springs department of the NWSA has been transferred to the Bureau of PUblio Works. There is. however. no offioe in oharge of the overall planning and programming of the oommunity water supply in the oountry. 3. POPUIATION 3.1 Past population growth
Information on the population of the Philippines for the present oentury is provided by several oensuses sinoe 1903. The follOwing Table shows the past population growth in the Philippines from 1900 in tenyear periods. Table 3-1 PAST POPULATION GROWTH - PHILIPPINES 1
Year 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1
Population ( thousands) 7 300 8 800 10900 13 100 16 200 20600 27 400 36 700
Peroentage of Growth Rate 1.8 2.2 1.8 2.2 2.4 2.8 3.12
Population figures are interpolated from oensus of 1903. 1918, 1932, 1948, 1960 and 1970. Souroe: 1960 and 1970 population and housing census of the Philippines BCS.
- 11 -
As oan be seen from the above Table there has been a steady inorease in the population growth rate from 1.8 per oent. per annum in the first deoade of this oentury to over 3.1 per oent. for the period 1960-1970. This inorease is mainly attributed to the parallel deorease in death rates during that same period due to improvement of health servioes. Life expeotanoy at birth during the period inoreased from 12 years in 1902 to 55 in 1965. 1 The present population (1972) is estimated at 39.2 million assuming
3% annual growth rate. 3.2 Urban rural population distribution There has been a gradual but steady inorease in the peroentage of urban population in the oountry due to immigration from rural areas to the urban oentres, and an inorease in the number of urban oommunities of different sizes due to transformation of previously rural oentres into urban oommuni ties. The urban population in the Philippines has inoreased from 7.2 million in 1960 to 11.8 million in 19-{O, or from 26.5. of the total population in 1960 to 3~ in 1970. This is equivalent to an average annual growth rate of some 5.1••
~ilfredo Reyes - Population growth and health development. First Conferenoe on Population, 1965. Population Institute, University of the Philippines, 1966.
- 12 The following Table gives past and foreoasted urban rural population distribution. Table '-2 URBAN AND RURAL POPUIATI<»f FORECAS'l' (1000)1
1960 Total population Rural Urban2 Met. Manila) Urban exoluding Met. Manila
19rO
19&> 49500
1990 66500
2000
zr400 20 200 7 200 2450 4750
.36
700 24900 11 800 3900 7 900
,0300 19 200 6400 12800
'5300
90 000 39000 51 000 12 000 39 000
,1 200 9200 22 000
Aocording to the above foreoast. the urban population in the oountry is expeoted to exoeed the rural population sometime around 199' (see Table 1). The average annual. population growth is expeoted to inorease from
930 000 per year for the past decade to 1 230 000 for the period 19rO1980. out of this figure 740 000 people are expeoted to be added annually to the urban population. Table '-3 AVERAGE ANNUAL POPULATI<»f GROWTH (1000) (TEN-YEAR PERIOD)
.
1960-1970 Total population Rural population Urban population Urban population outside Met. Manila 930 470
19ro-l9&> 1 280 540 740
1980-1990 1700 500 1200 920
1990-2000 2 '50 '70 1 9&> 1700
460 325
490
~d-year population based on ,~ average overall annual and 5~
growth rate
per annum urban growth rate.
-
of total population (versus ~ baaed on 1960 definition). Urban population for 1970 estimated at ,~ of total based on 1970 oensus which does not inolude the provinces of Ianao del Norte and Lanao del Sur. '''Design population" (in rounded figures) from Black and Veatch International Master Plan for Sewerage Systems for Metropolitan Manila.
26.5~
~rban population for 1960 baaed on 1970 definitions estimated at
- 13 -
_=_. 80
-POPU\...ATIO _~-,,-PROJE.cJ]6NS -
i
~r-------_+------------r-----------~-----------~------------~--I
--·=--=·~m~~-~il-O-r.-A-C--P·-O-p-U-C-~-~-O+·RC-_-.----~~~-:-:-_-----+------------r-----~ -------~_:2
:::RURAL-:POPULATION.-------
.-..... __._____ _ ...,.,_..... ., -----'---"--"" ____ . ___._.... -----~R"'-""'_ o...pU·........t .....,. oll -__ .. .~:.:::.~::::- @. RMN POPU\..A"lO~ J:xCt:.::::Ma'I":._t.MN I.A __ . __....:{$ METRDPOUTM MAH\\..A ______ _
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i 1930
1970
1980
2000
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Eo
A
R
-14 3.3 Urban communities Annex 3-2 gives the distribution of the urban population b.1 province and by the size of caJIIIWl1ty. 'Ih18 is sWlllllAI'ized in the following table. Table 3-4
URBAN C<JIMUNITIES IN THE PHILIPPINES (1970) (BY SIZE OF C<JIo1UNITY)
Met. Manila Provincial caauunities Size of oommunity Population Average size No •. Pop. (1000) Number ot cc.munity 1000 1000 less than
1
2
'lotal Number Population
"
5 10 25 50 OVer Total
5 - 10 - 25 5 - 50 4 -100 5 100 ~o 24
92 146 406 3 474 4118
1105 191 94 22
1198 1 333 1 292 800
13 6 1 431
26.5 18.0 17.5 10.8 880 11.9 1126 15.3 6629 100 --
36400
1 710 7 000 13700
1105 191 99 26
1958 1 333 1384 1 286 4600 11 507
67700 187 700
18 16 1 455
946
As shown in the above Table there are at present 1431 urban Qommuni ties of different sizes in the oountry. Same 1105 urban communi ties have populations of less than 5000 with an average 8ize of 1710 people. Same 326 oOllllllUl'lities have populatioDs of 5000 and above. The number of caJlllunities in this category is expected to increase to 543 b7 1980 and will probabl.7 exceed 1000 by the year 2000 as shown in the follOwing Table.
Including new areas mainly in Cavite Province placed under the Jurisdiotion: of MWSS after the reorganization of NWSA. 2 Not including the two Lanao Provinces and less the population added t to MWSS as under 1.
1
- 15 Table 3-5 URBAN COMMUNITIES IN THE PHILIPPINES 1 PROJECTIONS OF THE NUMBER OF COMMUNITIES BY SIZE
Size of oommunity (1000) 5 10 25 50 OVer Total 10
1970 191 99 26 18(4)* 16 (10)* 350
1980 300 162 33 21(3)* 27(13)* 543
1990 410 206 66 32(1)* 41(15)* 755
2000 530 250 144 51 51(16)* 1 026
25 50 100 100
4. 4.1 General obsrvations
EXISTING WATER SUPPLY
The water resouroes available for use in the Philippines are practically unl1m1 ted. The qual 1ty of the water in most areas is good if watershed development sites were properly looated and protected. Despite the abundance of water in almost all parts of the oountry, it is very difficult to find a single water system providing adequate supply to the severed population. Among the reasons for the failure to provide good water service are: (a) (b) (0)
inadequate government support; poor management and operation; inadequate distribution systems. Many of the distribution mains were laid in the 1930's and are in great need of strengthening, replacement and repair; inadequate distribution storage and ineffeotive use of available storage;
Cd)
Based on 4.2% annual population growth rate (150% for 10 years period). The forecasted 5.0% annual growth rate for urban population will further increase the number of communities in the above categories.
1
*Figures MWSS.
in braokets are oanmuni ties wi thin the Jurisdiotion of the
I: : . "
- 16 -
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~
I,02.G>
~~ J.;J :J
.1. u -:, ~ . ; I:
~
In ~
:.:-
$
:-~~ I
-=:-PROJECTION5 __ • 01= URB-\N QjMM~NITI€S .IN Tl-\E' -=PI4I1.IPPINES (wrn~ POI=t.!t..Al10N
OF~f-I!; NUM8~ _.:._ _
5",000)
BY G\Z.t::;.
,
-~i..EGEND ~
.
.,
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. ".- 8e»
. .
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.
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.. 4 00
-----~--I~-
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~ --------,-/-77""-1-
i / : 300 r----- -------:-~---------+-------.--,-----Ir_-~--
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. ·100
-10,0 .
-----I ---I . I
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.4.-_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _- ' -_ _ _ _ ,.'-"
0-
2000
YI,.:,\\{
- 17 (e) a large proportion of unaccounted-for water through free service to many oustomers, public faucets and illegal connections; poorly designed and maintained pumping stations; the unoontrolled installation of private booster pumps directly connected to the distribution mains to increase pressure in individual service;
(f) (g)
(h)
lack of leak surveys and deteotion and failure to maintain oorroded mains. It was observed that GI pipes of which most of the small diameter distribution pipes and house connections are made, corrode rather rapidly, it is estimated that the average life of GI pipes will not exoeed 10 to 15 years, while many of these pipes are in service for over 30 years.
4.2
Government agenoies in community water supply
Three major government agenoies have been directly involved in community water supply: (a) The National Water and Sewerage Authority (NWSA) which was the agency charged with the responsibility to plan, construct, operate and maintain all waterworks in the country. This agency was abolished last year and its functions are being handed over to the local governments who will own and operate all local systems. The Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage Systems (MWSS) was created to assume all the functions of the former NWSA in the Metropolitan Manila area. The MWSS is required by law to maintain a Provincial Services Staff to assist provincial waterworks systems in technical matters on cost basis. The Presidential Arm for Community Development (PACD) is involved in the development of community water supply in rural areas based on self-help of the local populations that contribute to the local work power with materials and equipment granted by the government. Bureau of Public Works with its water resouroes section and the wells and springs department that was transferred from the former NWSA to the Bureau of Public Works. The Water Resources Seotion is responsible for hydrologioal data oolleotion on both surface and ground water, and planning of water resources development proJeots. The Wells and Springs Department is in oharge of the oonstruction development and maintenance of springs and drilled wells for water supply 1n the rural areas.
(b)
(0)
- 18 The Health Department is also involved in small-scale water supply systems for sohools, hospitals, rural health oentres and some oomm1.U'lity water supply systems in demonstration areas. Most of these aotivities are assisted by UNICEF and WHO.
4.3 Existing water supply faoilities Each of the above agenoies has prerr:d an inventory of existing water supply faoilities in the oountry. These inventories differ oonsiderably. This might be attributed to differenoes in definition (of what oonstitutes a water supply system) to the reporting and data oolleoting methode, eto. It 1s suspeoted that some double reporting ex1sts. 2
Table 4-1 EXISTING WA'lER SUPPLY FACILITIES
Reporting Agenoy
Waterworks
Artesian Wells
Springs
Comm1.U'lal
Water Systems
(Improved) rug Wells
NWSA
3
BPW (W&S)
1 377 1 742 1 377 3 204
PACD Department of Health
20 841 20 841 550 32 6}0
2081 2 081 5}1 12000
1 742
465 1}4 700
The above waterworks vary greatly in size. They range from the smallest barrio waterworks system serving a few hundred people to the largest urban water supply system outside Manila serving over }DO 000 people. The inventory of the Department of Health lists the highest number of water supply faoilities. However, this inventory, oontrary to all the rest, inoludes also individual domestio supplies henoe the large disorepanoy. The existing wat&rwork systems are divided into two major oategories: (a) Revenue producing systems - this inolude all the systems that have distribution systems, house oonneotions, some fire hYdrants and publio fauoets. Water rates are oharged either on "flat rate" basis or on aotual metered oonsumption. 4
The summary of these different inventories is given in Annexes 4-1 to 4-4. This is because one system might be reported in two or more inventory lists under different headings. A system constructed by the wells and springs department (spring department projeot) with the assistance of PACD (which provided the pipes and some local labour) and the MWSA distriot office (whioh provided the teohnica1 assistance) might be reported three times, once as spring development once as PACD corrununity water supply pro,lect and once as a NWSA water system. 3The differenoe between the two NWSA figures is due to additional 365 PACD ProJeots included in the bigger list. 4 As water supplied through public faucets is generally supplied free of charge, the general tendency is to reduce the number of public faucets to the bare minimum in order to out down the "unaccounted for" water. 2
1
- 19 (b) Non-revenue producing systems - these are generally small systems, supplying rural and at times also urban population in barrios or municipalities with population ranging from 200 to 2000. These systems comprise generally of a spring and a conduction main bringing the water by gravity to the centre of the barrio. Water is supplied free of charge by public faucets. In cases where pumping is involved, operating expenses are shouldered by the barrio funds or by oontributions of the barrio residents.
Out of the above 1740 water systems, 630 were olassified as revenueproduoing and 1110 as non-revenue producing. No breakdown of the population served by the revenue-producing and non-revenue producing systems is available. 4.4 Population served
The only available estimates of population served on a countrywide basis are the NWSA and BPW estimates. However these are believed to be somewhat inflated. Annex 4-2 gives the offioial NWSA and BPW estimates of the population served by the different oategories of existing facilities broken down by the province. 4.4.1 Population served by waterworks
The population served b.Y the existing 1377 waterworks systems is officially estimated at 7 576 200. Analysis of available NWSA reoords or eXisting revenue producing systems indioates a tendency to over-estimate the population-served figures. l Annex 4-5 "Basio data on existing waterworks" shows that the offioial figure for the population served by the reported 293 water systems totalled 2 699 600. However, the estimates based on the aotual number of service oonnections and publio faucets, assuming 8 persons served by house connection (versus 5.8 persons per household national average) and 200 by public fauoet, total 1 254 1602 or some 48% of the offioial estimates. No figures are available as to the number of house oonneotions or public faucets in the other revenue produoing systems, but it appears that a
The reported "population served" figures are often times based on the population census figures for the oity or municipality served. These figures inolude all the population in the municipal boundary, while ~~e existing systems generally serve the "poblacion" area (town or city proper) and its immediate vioinity only. Hence the discrepancy. 2some 924 000 people are being served by 114 750 house connection and 330 000 (some 26%) by 1660 public faucets. These figures include some 30% allowance for unregistered connections or people getting water from their neighbours.
1
- 20 more realistio estimate of the population served will be somewhere between 50 to 60% of the offioial figures. '!he population served by the existing waterworks is therefore estimated at some 4.5 million people. l 4.4.2 be
Population served ?y wells and springs
'!he estimates of population served by wells and springs seem also to over-estimated. '!his is beoause of two faotors that are generally not taken into oonsideration when preparing the estimates: (a) (b) many
of the listed springs have reportedly dried up or their yield has diminished oonsiderably;2
many of the listed "existing" wells have been abandoned due to drying (lowering of water table, oorrosion of the oasings, oaving in, ologging and lack of maintenance). There is no inventory of these wells but it is estimated that at least 10% of the existing wells are out or order. Additional 10 to 20% of the existing wells are in need of repair every year. Offioial figures and oorreoted estimates of population served by wells and springs are given in Table 7.
4.4.3
Population served by PACD projeots
The PACD estimates the population served by its projeots at some 2.8 million (Annex 4-3) but it is believed that (a) this figure is a bit inflated and (b) a large part of the "population served" by PACD is already reported as served either under "waterworks" or "wells and springs". It is estimated that the population aotually served by PACD projeots and not reported as served under another oategory of supply will not exceed 1.0 million.
160% of the official estimate of 7 576 000. 2This is attributed to the extensive logging operations in many watersheds.
- 21 The following table summarizes the two estimates of population served in the Philippines as of 1972. Table 4-2 ESTIMATES OF POPULATION SERVED BY EXISTING WATERWORKS FACILITIES (1972)
Type of Supply Waterworks Springs Wells PACD Total Provincial Met. Manila
Population served Official estimates Corrected estimates
7 576 210 1 321 680 5 250 800 14 148 690 3 500 000 17 648 690
4 1 4 1
500 200 700 000
000 000 000 000
11 400 000
3 500 000 14 900 000
,
Total Philippines
Table 4-3 PER CENT. POPULATION SERVED (1972)
Total Pop. (1000)
Population served (1000) Official Corrected %
% 33 92 39
Provincial Met. Manila Total
34 400 3 800 38 200
14 149 3 500 17 649
41 92 46
11 400 3 500 14 900
According to the estimates of the Department of Health. the 1970 population served in the country totalled 16 615 000 1nclud1ng 2 113 000 supplied by improved dug wells (Annex 4-6). Waterworks systems Artesian wells Developed springs Total Improved dug wells Total
10 690 000 2 500 000 1 312 000 14 502 000 2 113 000 16 615 000
- 22 -
4.5
Urban water
au*
Ne) breakdown is available as to the urban population served. It is however assumed that all revenue-prOduoing sTstems serve urban oomanm1ties. '!he urban population served by' piped _ter supplT 1970 was est1mated at some 7.2 millionj ,.2 aUlion by' the Ranila Metropolitan water sTstems and 4.0 mUlion by' the provinoial waterworks. '!he total est1lllated population served b7 1970 is given below: Table 4-4 TOTAL POPULATI(I{ SERVED BY DIFl'iUtENT CATmORIES OF SUPPLY
(1970)
Type of supply Waterworks systems inoluding PACD Wells & springs Total provinoial supply Met. Manila
Urban 4000
Rural 1 000
Total
5 000 5800 10800 3200
5800 4 000 3 200
6800 6800
Total Philippines
7
200
14000
5. WATER 5.1 Present deJalld
rmwm
No data on aotual watep ~d for either urban or rural population are available. Some data are available for the Metropolitan Manila area. l It is believed. however. that because of the large differences between Manila and the provinoial cities and municipalities in standards of living. housing, servioes and level of industrialization these figures have very little relevance. Dalleatio oonalDption largely depends on the standard of servioe, _ter rates, family inoaDe and housing standards.
The 1970 overall average per oapita use was est1mated at 64 gpd, with 20 gpod and 200 gpod being the m1n1Dn.a and max1In.ID averages for domestio water use, aooording to Black a: Veatch International "Master plan for sewerage sTstam for Metropolitan Manila".
1
- 23 -
As there is practically one system in the whole oountry where supply meets demand, metering of actual oonsumption can be misleading because the per capita use is limited by supply. In several instances, however, consumption records of metered connections were analyzed resulting in per capita figures from 20 gpd. to 60 gpd. Because of the generally low standard of service in the provincial water systems most industries and other large oonsumers (like hotels) in the majority of the provincial areas prefer to have their own water systems (generally deep wells). Many households also have their own wells or rain water storage. This tends to lower the average ~ capita demand. presently for urban supplies a figure of 30 gpcd as an overall average demand is used in most cases for planning and design purposes. In want of any other better data this figure seems reasonable as a country average. It is. however. anticipated that with the bettering of the standard of service and the gradual. increase in the standard of living. ~ capita consumption w111 increase. It is also expected that with the improvement of service more and more of the large oonsumers will depend on the municipal water Systems further inoreasing the demand. No data are available on seasonal and hourly fluotuations in demand. It is estimated that maximum day demand will average 12~ of the average day and that maximum hour demand will reach l8~ to 200% of the average hour. The rural water supply, through artesian wells or publio fauoets is estimated at 10 gpcd. 5.2 Supply targets The proposed United Nations Seoond Development Deoade (1971-1980) target figures for water supply in developing countries are as follows: (a) urban water supplies: all urban dwellers to reoeive a safe and abundant water supply either in their houses or courtyards or from publio stand pipes. rural water supplies: 2~ of rural inhabitants to be supplied with safe water. 1
(b)
Target (a) seems to be rather difficult to achieve and a more realistic target of 7~ of the urban population is suggested.
lIn order to reduoe the unaooounted for water in the different revenue produoing systems a policy of reduoing the number of publio faucet to the bare minimum was adopted. As the great majority of people in the urban areas seem to be able to pay the minimum charge for water this seems a sound policy. But as the majority of the urban population (75 to ~) will have to be supplied by house connections it will be very difficult to achieve the UN targets of 100% population served in urban areas by 1980.
- 24 Target (b) seems too low for the Philippines as presently some 2'{.2% of the rural population are estimated to be served. A target of 40% for the rural population to be served is therefore suggested. The following Table gives a rough estimate of the proJected demand based on: (a) (b) the projected population to be served. and the projected gradual increase demand from the present 30 gpd 2000 for urban populationl and for rural population served by operated pumps. Table 5-1 SUPPLY TARGETS - PROVINCIAL WATERWORKS &: RURAL AREAS
in the average per capita to 60 gpcd by the year from 10 gpcd to 15 gpcd public faucets or hand
Year
Total Provincial Population
Urban population Total
dUI'al
population
Served ~ Served Total 4 000 8900 18 800 39000
Served % Served
Total Population Served
% .3.3.0 ifB.O '{O.O
1971 1980 1990 2000
.32 43 51 78
800 100 )00 000
7 900 12 800 22 000 39000
51 70 85 100
6 24900 30 300 12 35 .300 21 39 000 31
800 000 200 200
2"r • .3
40 60 80
10 20 40 70
800 900 000 200
90.0
Table 5.. 2 DElIIAND FORECAST - PROVINCIAL WATERWORKS &: RURAL AREAS -
URBAN Y~ar
RURAL
TOTAL DEMAND
Ponulation Demand served (1000) Igpcd ms_d
PopulatioI1 Demand served (1000) gped mgd
mgd
3 per year Million m
1970 1980 1990 ;
000 2 900 18 800 i;.
30 40
20C:C
_)9
50 60
000
120 356 940 2340
6 12 21 31
800 000 200 200
L.
10 10 12 15
68 120 255 470
188 476 1 195 2 810
263 665 1 673 .3 934
1
8~
supplied by house connections and 20% by public faucets.
- 25 6. WATER RESOURCES
The present sources of supply are both surface water - rivers, streams, impounding reservoirs and lakes - and ground waters - shallow dug wells, deep and shallow drilled wells, and springs. For a community water supply, preference is generally given to gravity SOurces - springs or surface sources. Only when "gravity" sources are not readily available use is made of ground water. Annex 4-1 gives a breakdown of existing water supply systems by source of supply. Out of the 627 revenue systems in the country 382 systems are fed by gravity sources (springs or surface water) 178 by sources requiring pumping (generally deep wells with some instances of infiltration galleries or low springs) and 68 systems are fed by a combination of pumping and gravity sources. Of the 1114 non-revenue systems the great majority (1079 systems) are fed b,y gravity sources. Spring water is generally supplied untreated. Surface water is subject to partial treatment - generally plain sedimentation and disinfection by chlorine. There are several instances of filtration of river water by using infiltration galleries. The quality of the water from the infiltration galleries is generally good and always superior to surface water after plain sedimentation.
6.1
Ground water
No factual data are available on ground water resources as to the estimated safe yield (annual natural recharge) or actual use. It is however reported that over 20 000 artesian wells with depths varying from 50 to 1000 feet have been drilled by the Government allover the country for community and rural water supply. Many of these wells are free-flowing (see Annex 4-2 for provinoial distribution and Annex 6-1 for average depth.) There are also many wells (no inventory or estimate available) drilled by industries, land developers and individuals, for private use. Over 2000 natural springs have also been developed by the Government (Annex 4-2). More than 200 water systems are supplied only or partially by ground water. A programme for ground water data oolleotion was recently initiated by the Water Resouroes Division of the BPW and a network of observation wells has been established. mainly in the Central Luzon area. By 1970 there were 207 deep and 300 shallow observation wells. No records are yet available. Metering of the quantities of water pumped from existing prodUCing wells or reoording of ground water levels are not practioed. Data on wells drilled by the Government (the wells and springs department of the NWSA, now with the water resources seotion of the BPW) are well kept and readily available at the BPW in Manila. The available data include well logs, s~tic water level and result of pumping test if carried. Information on ground elevation at well site is generally not available.
- 26 An ongoing UNDP projeot (PHI 31) for ground water development for irrigation ,purposes operates in two pilot areas of 100 heotares eaoh, both in Central Luzon. This is the first approach for a systematio ground water development. 6.2 Surfaoe water
There are 310 individual river basins of significance with drainage areas of 100 lan2 • to 28 000 lan2 • The water ResQ.lroes Division in the BPW undertakes most of the data oolleotion on water resouroes in the oountry. stream flow records are obtained fran 420 gauging stations looated in 144 basins. Most of the stations were established after World War II and stream flow data are generally meagre. Most of the old data of the pre-war stations were lost during the war. Annual stream flow data are published by the BPN. The last annual report "Surfaoe Water Supply Bulletin No.7" was published in 1969 and inoluded flow reoords fran 379 gauging stations for the year 1964. A water resouroes map (soale 1:1 000 000) oovering 326 river basins was prepared by the Hydrology Division of the BPW in 1964. This inoludes the following data: drainage area; minimum average and maximwn reoorded discharge in '4i3/see and years of reoords. A sUlllll&I'y of the above data is given in Annex 6-2. Another set of water resouroes maps was prepared by the Presidential Advisory Counoil on Public Works and CClllllllUDity Development (PAPCD). These maps were prepared on a provinoial basis (soale 1: 125 000) and are based on the records of the BPW. a.treau of Mines, Irrigation Servioe Unit, National Irrigation Administration, National Power Corporation, NWSA and PACD. 7\'1ese maps include all existing water resouroes such as springs, wells, obaervations wells, exploratory geologic wells, stream gauging stations" waterworks, eta., Also inoluded are "depth to ground water" oontour lines. These contour lines were prepared by interpolation based on available data from existing wells. HoweVer, as the ground elevation of existing well is not known these oontour lines have a very limited value. No data are given on the water resouroes shown on these maps and no inventory list of provinoial or national soale was made. The reader is referred to the different agenoies supplying the data. 6.3 Climate
Temperature differences in the Philippine archipelago are very slight. Rainfall differenoes, howeVer, are 1mportant and decidedly variant due to the canbined influence of tophgraphy and air stream direotion. '!he olassification of Philippine climate into four types is based upon annual rainfall distribution (Figure 6-1).
,, , ,
II I
- 27 Figure 6.1 FREQUUENCV OF
CLIMATE MAP
TROPICAL
CYCLONES
--.-~---
--,--~
i.
I
,.
.c,
LEGEN])
~nd.1ip..
No dry , _ with 0. wry PlVllllUltat mClXi1llUll1 min{oIl from t.blelllbtr io
3I'd T!ft-· 5e4S015 dlJll10111 lbYrmbt.rb of fht yt}QJ'. I '
-~---
.
411! T~. RainJaIl ".,'" or Ir5& t.YUlI!I ~rlbIittA throUghout h year.
d~
1'10.
--+----l--... :
, I
---!---i
,...----------------.-.:..._------,-,
- 28 1st type: 2nd type: 3rd type: two pronounced seasons: dry season from November to April; wet season during the rest of the year. no dry season. Very pronounced maximum rain period from November to January. seasons not very pronounced. Relatively dry from November to April and wet during the rest of the year. The maximum rain periods are not very pronounoed with the short dry period lasting one to three months only. Rainfall more or less evenly distributed through the year.
4th type:
Annex 6-4 gives the annual monthly rainfall in inches. The annual average rainfall for the country is close to 100 inches or 2500 1IIIl. 'lbe Weather Bureau of the Department of Camnerce and Industry collects climatological and rainfall data and publishes annual olimatologioal reviews (the last one published is for 1965). Data are obtained from the 45 synoptic stations, 31 prinoipal and ordinary climatological stations and 83 precipitation stations. The number of climatologioal and precipitation stations is not adequate for supplying basic data required for water resources development, flood protection and drainage. 6.4 General observations As a general rule, no records of the capaoity of the different sources of supply, the seasonal fluctuations or the oapaoities aotually used by the systems are oolleoted or kept. The use of ground water where available in adequate quantities should be encouraged as it is usually an eoonomical source in regards to both capital investments and operational oosts. A number of existing wells are reported to pump sand, and others to have lost the capaoity after a few years of pumping. These problems are generally attributed to acquifer failure. It is however very likely that this problem is due to inadequaoies of the well itself. The usual well in the Philippines oonsists of a one or more slotted pipe strainer sections placed in an acquifer, casing extending from the strainer to the ground surface. A review of several well logs of wells drilled by both the NWSA and private contraotors showed that in many instances large sections of the strainers are plaoed in olay formations adversely affecting the yield and water que.l.ity of the well. It was reported that the slotted pipes are subject to relatively rapid corrosion with a life expectancy of some ten years. Adequate developnent of the wells to remove fine materials and provide a natural filter for the water entering the well is seldom carried out. Well development in limestore formations (by application of acids or anyothermethod) is also not praotioed.
- 29 Further ground water utilization will require a more scientific and professional approaoh to ground water development. It is believed that substantial improvement in ground water production and qual! ty can be achieved if the following were made: (a) (b) ground water surveys be undertaken to determine safe yield of the acquifer; tests be performed to determine the capacity of the well. Pumps should be seleoted on the basis of these data;
(c)
by the grain size of the acquifer material.
well screens should be selected with opening determined In oases of very fine sand, a gravel pack and screen combination should be used;
(d)
the well should be properly developed to remove all drilling muds and sufficient fine materials to oreate a natural filter around the soreen.
It is true that the initial investment on wells of this type will be higher than those now in use. But the added production, longer life and reduction in operating problems will make the investment worthwhile. In fact, the investment per unit yield might, because of the higher expected production, be equal or even lower than at present. With the antioipated inoreased use of ground water new legislation will be required to control well construction and ground water use. 6.5 Pollution hazards
The National Water and Air Pollution Control Commission is the government agency in charge of safeguarding the quality of the country's water resources against pollution. The agency does not have adequate budget and manpower to determine extent of existing pollution and enforce control measures. The main efforts of the Commission are concentrated therefore in the Metropolitan Manila area where most of the country's industries are located and pollution is most apparent. Pollution hazards for surface water exist in the discharge of untreated human wastes to open bodies of water, the lack of proper sewage disposal and treatment facilities in almost all the large provinoial urban centres. The major problems of industrial pollution in the provincial areas are the uncontrolled discharge of effluent from the many sugar centrals and mining industries to nearby streams and rivers. The looation of wells seems many times to be determined by convenience. Many wells are located within ten metres and less from sources of pollution. During the rainy season many wells are flooded quite frequently and there is very little protection for the well itself when flooded.
- 30 -
The major pollution hazard, however, exists in the poorly maintained distribution systems of many water systems. Many of these systems are old and leaking. The occurrence of zero or even negative pressures in many parts of almost every distribution system 1s very common, and the chances of back siphonage and oontamination of the distribution system from outside sources of pollution (raw sewage, septic tank effluent, etc.) high and more so during the rainy season. The high incidenoe of water-borne diseases and diseases associated with poor sanitary conditions can no doubt be oorrelated to poor water quality of community water supplies because of actual pollution and inadequate quantity. 6.6 Reoommendations (1) (2) Gauging stations for river flows and water level fluctuations should be introduced at all existing intakes. Steps should be taken as soon as possible for establishing gauging stations at all probable locations of intakes for future water supply projects. Ground water studies should be undertaken as a matter of urgency in all major systems presently supplied by ground water to assess the feasibility of further utilization of ground water. This should be followed by country-wide programme to determine ground water potentials in the different parts of the country. Metering at the souroe of all water supplied should be introduced as a matter of urgency. This is a very important tool for better management of water resources and water supply systems. Rainfall gauging station should be installed within catchment areas and all larger communities to supplement those already existing. Staff and equipment to read, record, interpret and analyze all hydrological data should be made available by creation of the necessary positions, training and voting the necessary funds. Early consideration should be given to institute a water Resources Board on a national level, to co-ordinate and control the operations of the different agenoies involved in water resouroes development and utilization. 1
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
1427 oases of oholera El Tor, 245 913 of gastro-enteritis and 13 815 of dysentery case reported in 1969 (Annex 6-5). Aotual number of oases is assumed to be muoh higher.
1
- 31 -
(8) Wells and other water intake should be located at adequate distance from possible sources of pollution and properly protected from floods. Distribution systems should be properly maintained and water pressure maintained 24 hours a day to prevent possible pollution.
7. 7.1
WA'mR TREA'IMENT PRACTICE
Existing water treatment practice
Treatment of surfaoe water in the provinoial water systems consist mainly of plain sedimentation and ohlorination. In some instanoes infiltration galleries are used advantageously for river water intakes. In many instanoes, the treatment provided is not satisfaotory as the residual turbidity after plain sedimentation, espeoially during the rainy season, is muoh higher than aooeptable. For this reason many oases are reported where rainwater is oolleoted for drinking purposes by large segments of the population served with surface water. There is reportedly only one oommunity water supply system outside Manila with oomplete treatment - coagulation followed by rapid sand filtration. This is the Zamboanga C1ty Waterworks with a treatment plant capac1ty of 5 mgd. Water qual1ty oontrol other than baoteriologioal is practically non-existant. Chlorination is generally praoticed for surface water. The use of bottled liquid chlorine is expanding. However, chlorinators for feeding oontrolled doses of the chemioal are not widely used. A common practice is direot feeding of ohlorine gas from the ohlorine bottle 1nto the intake box by means of rubber or plastio pipe. "Dosing" is aohieved by manipulating the valve on top of the oylinder. In several systems it was observed that ohlorination is not striotly praoticed beoause of late deliveries and "laok of funds". Spring water and ground waters are oonsidered baoteriologioally safe and are generally not ohlorinated. It seems that there is no olear cut delegat10n of author1ty over the safeguarding of the quality of water supplies in the oountry. During the days of NWSA it was NWSA's responsibility to "purify the souroe of supply". This was the only statement provided by NWSA law to oover water qual1ty oontrol. In oases of epidemios attributed to water, the Seoretary of Health, under the broad provisions of health laws, oan require temporary ohlorination of the supply. When the epidemio subsides, ohlorination oan oease.
- 32 -
It can be said that, in general, the provincial water supplies are serving the consumer without benefit of authoritative surveillanoe of a regulatory agency. Regulatory oontrol and surveillance by the waterworks i5 almost non-existant. The regional health authorities and at times the oity health offioials are sampling the supplies. Results are sent to the waterworks authorities. Positive samples are discussed with them but no legal authority is vested in the heal-th officials to demand corrective aotion. It appears that new legislation is required to give legal authority to the health offioials for ordering oorrective action, in order to ensure the protection of public health. Laboratories equipped to do baoteriologioal examinations exist in the eight regional offioes of the Health Department and also in NWSA district offioes in Leyte and Iloilo. Complete chemioal and physioal analysis oan be made only in Manila - at the MWSS central laboratory in Balara and in the Department of Health laboratory in San Lazaro Canpound. A recent water quality programme prepared by the Department of Heal th oalls for regular sampling and analysis of all existing water supplies in the oountry, the upgrading of the regional, provincial and city laboratories to undertake water analysis and train field and laboratory personnel in laboratory examinations and water quality control. 7.2 Recommendations (1) New legislation should be introduced to give legal powers to the local health offioials (Sanitary Engineer of the Health Department) for imposing oorreotive aotion of waterworks offioials for proteot10n of publio health. Use of slow sand filters for oommunity water supply projeots should be introduced, initially in all oases where existing treatment by plain sedimentation is not satisfactory. Research and development of new materials and teohniques should be enoouraged. The work should be oo-ordinated by a single institution designated for the purpose. In view of the high risks of oontamination of water in the distribution system, water from all sources, including wells and springs should be adequately chlorinated at all times assuring an adequate residl.lal chlorine in all parts of the distribution system. The use of reliable ohlorinators for feeding and dozing is highly oommended. The praotioe of direot feeding of chlorine gas to water intake without the use of ohlorinators should be disoontinued as soon as possible. 1
(2)
(3)
(4)
~ater Quality Control programme by the Division of Environmental Sanitation, Bureau of Health Servioes, 5 January 1972.
- 33 (5)
Training of operators in the proper handling and use of chlorine gas and the maintenanoe of ohlorinating equipment should be undertaken as a matter of urgency.
8. 8.1 General observations
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
One of the most neglected areas in the existing provincial waterworks is that of "operation and maintenanoe". This is one of the primary causes for the poor standard of service given to the publio by most, if not all, of the provinoial waterworks systems. The following paragraphs inolude the observations and reoormnendations of the WHO consul tantl on the operation and maintenanoe of the provinoial waterworks in the Philippines. 8.2 Causes for the existing situation The Provinoial Waterworks lack some of the teohnioal and organizational prinoiples neoessary for sound water supply servioe, as detailed in the following paragraphs. Even the existing rules, regulations and pOlicies are not observed. Improvements in operation are not introduced and small investments on equipment, spare parts, controls, eto., are not made regularly. Although the waterworks district engineers are responsible for the effioient operation and maintenanoe of the water supply systems in the provinces, they are not given full authority to disoharge their responsibility.
•
8.3 water consumption (consumers' end) Metering of water supplied to the oonsumers is not fully implemented. The existing water meters are mostly out of order (and this happens after only a few months of operation) and oannot be repaired due to lack of spare parts. Many water systems supply water at a flat rate. There are no up-to-date reoords of existing service connexions and number of water meters. The reading of water meters, billing and in some oases even the oolleotion are done by one person; this makes supervision practically impossible and places in the hands of meter readers full power over the consumer. No reoords of consumption are kept in the distriot offioe or in the central offioe.
1 . A. Bar-Peled, Assignment Report on maintenanoe and operation of provincial waterworks in the Philippines - Philippines 3201 (0100) August - October 1971.
- 34 8.4 Water produotion (at pumping stations) The most important defioienoies at the pumping stations are:
<a)
metering of water pumped i8 not praatised in the systems visited and, aaaording to the informat1on reoeived, this is oommon praatiae throughout the oountry; essential data for the evaluation of pumping, suoh as: pressure, hours of operation, depth of water level, power oonsumption, etc., are not uaually taken or reoorded; pumps are not tested in aooordanoe with proper prooedures; Ilrepair-upon-failure" is the rule governing the maintenanoe of eqUipment; preventive maintenanoe is not praotised; safety measures for employees are not praotised; and although pumping stations are manned on a aontinuous basis the operators are not perfonning their duties in maintaining the equipment and pumping house in proper aondition.
(b)
(a) (d) (e) (f)
8.5 Operation of water systems In the absenae of metering, the amount of water entering the system and the amount of water supplied to the oonsumers are not known and caloulation of losses is impossible.. '!his in turn means that measures cannot be instituted to minimize or oontrol the losses. In the absenoe of reliable data about demand and supply, planning of the most effiaient operation is impossible. Measurement of energy consumption is not a praatioe in the operation of the pumping units. Pumps are not operated at their h1snest effioienay. Reservoirs are not always used to supplement the peak hour demand and to aacumulate water during periods of low demand.
I,
8.6 Overall assessment 8.6.1 Weakness of the provincial waterworks The existing water supply systems suffer frOID the faot that the teahnioal problems of water supply are not given proper aonsideration by the management. Attention is mainly aoncentrated on procedural matters, often time-oonsuming and oumbersome For instanae, approval prooedures are the same for purohaaing small spare parts of every day use and large eqUipment of aonsiderable value. There are no ways to short-aut proaedures even in emergenoies such as prolonged interruptiOns of servioe.
.<
- 35 Co-ordination between various officers in the oentral offioe • necessary to solve problems of operation in the distriots. is unsatisfaotory. Supervision and oontrol of the maintenanoe and operation in the distriots are ineffective. The district engineers are not given the authority commensurate with their responsibility for water supply. As a result. there is generally low morale among the personnel. NWSA has not developed a tradition of maintenanoe of waterworks among the employees. It is. therefore. an immediate neoessity to establish this "tradition" by oreating a working atmosphere such that it will develop a proper attitude towards maintenanoe at all organizational levels. Preventive maintenanoe should be adopted as a oonstant polioy of waterworks management, whether the waterworks are owned an~or operated by the national Government or local authorities. The orucial faotor in the sucoess or failure of the proposed improvements is not the form of organization, but the manner in whioh maintenanoe and operation are administered.
•
•
8.6.2
Pumping stations and their equipment
In many oases the effioienoy of the pumps is very low. By testing and repairing these pumps, the water supply produotion oan be easily improved. Diesel engines often work under oondi tions of high oil oonsumption and long intervals between overhauls. The situation can be improved by installing parts. now lacking or inoperative. and maintaining the engines in aooordance with the manufacturers' instructions. Lack of temperature and oil pressure controls of the diesels results sometimes in serious damage to the engines. whioh oould be easily avoided. The pumping stations are not cleaned and painted by the operators. as a matter of routine. Water and oil leaks inside the pumping stations are not always repaired. Operators are not olosely supervised and controlled to do their duties at the pumping stations. 8.6.3 Teohnioal staff 8.6.3.1 Maintenanoe In the water distriots. the technioal staff for the implementation of the maintenanoe programme is oomposed of operators. mechanios and meohanioal engineers. They have theoretioal knowledge in engineering but lack the experienoe to work with the various kinds of eqUipment. The distriot engineers and the engineers in oharge in the oentral offioe are oivil engineers without adequate experienoe in maintenanoe and operati~n of waterworks equipment.
- 36 8.6.3.2 Operation Efficient operation of a water system depends on the knowledge and control of the following: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) efficiency of pumps and engines; energy consumption; pressure and head losses in mains; balanoing function of reservoirs (to fill up in the hours of lowest demand and empty in the hours of highest demand); metering of water pumped; metering of water supplied; caloulation of water losses; and water quality and chlorination.
If all these elements are properly controlled by the engineering and technical staff, the result will be a continuous water supply of good quality and at adequate pressure. The existing technical staff of engineers, superintendents. operators. water meter readers is not instruoted to reoord the data needed for prograDlJling the operation of water systems. In the provincial waterworks. this progr&IIIDing funotion is not practised but the existing staff has the basic knowledge and the organizational set-up exists for this function. 8.6.4 Recommendations Ii
(1)
General
Management should give full attention to the technical oonditions of the equipment to prevent its untimely deterioration. Funds should be provided to improve the eqUipment and effioiency of the systems. In the present state of maintenance. at least thirty per cent. of the yearly inccme of the waterworks should be appropriated for maintenanoe until a more balanced situation is reached. This appropr1at1on inthe budget should be spent 1n acoordanoe with a programme of preventive maintenanoe to be prepared by the engineering staff. The policy of prevent! ve maintenanoe should be adopted by the management.
•
- 37 • (2) Preventive maintenance (i) Programme
The programme should be based on information obtained for tests on the equipment and on the operation of the system. The number of units in operation, existing reserve units and alternative sources of water supply should also be considered. To minimize the time during which units are out of order, spare parts should be available before the equipment is dismantled for repair. The procedure of procuring spare parts should be simplified. If detailed data are not available, the programme of preventive maintenance should be prepared based on experience. The policy of preventive maintenance should be implemented with the full co-operation of all divisions in the districts and central office. (ii) Division of work
The work on preventive maintenance should be divided among the technical staff as follows: (a) pump operators - collecting data and keeping records, routine cleaning, painting, observation of the equipment, water sampling for quality and reporting; mechanics - daily ohecking of the equipment, initiating requests for the order of spare parts, repairing leaks, ohanging oil in diesel engines, making small improvements to the installation, etc.; and meohanical engineers - testing old pumps once a year, conducting performance tests of new pumps after installation, etc., analyzing the reported data, preparing programmes of preventive maintenance, preparing and revising tasks and function charts. Additionally, they should be consulted during the detailed design of pumping stations, to make sure that operation and maintenance of the equipment can be performed under the best possible conditions.
(b)
(c)
(3)
Operation of the water system (i) General policy
Full metering of the water produced and supplied should be adopted by the management as a policy.
- 38 (ii)
Metering
The basic data for programming the operation of a water supply system are the quantities of water pumped and supplied. Therefore, the first step should be full metering of production which is essential for the efficient operation of pumps and also full metering of consumption.
All meters. even the meters. at least
new pumping stations should be provided with water The ultimate aim should be that all pumping stations _ old ones, should be equipped with operating water In the meantime, however, all pumps should be tested once a year with mobile field equipment.
All service connexions and other points of water consumption should be metered. (iii) Water meters
The agreement between the waterworks and the local manufacturer of water meters should be reviewed to ensure that the best possible meters are furnished, especially from the standpoint of durability. The supplier should open repair shops with calibration facilities in strategiC locations for servicing the provincial waterworks. Spare parts should be readily available. (4) Training
Once the management adopts the proposed policy of preventive maintenance, training of the technical personnel in maintenance and operation can and should be introduced. Training ~~, not related to an aooepted policy, would not achieve the desired aims. Two types of training are reoommended: short speoial oourses, usually of the in-service type, and on-the-job training. Other forms of training such as professional academic training and observation visits in other countries will not have the same benefits at this stage. In-service training Short oourses should be organized for all oategories of personnel to train the employees for their specific jobs. Short oourses for engineers and superintendents should be given to explain the policy of preventive maintenanoe and the ways to implement it. Leotures on these oourses should oover praotical subjects such as testing of pumps, testing of mains, maintenanoe of diesel engines, chlorinators and programmes of preventive maintenance and operation. Short courses for mechanics and operators should cover the following sub,lects: instruments in the pumping stations (pressure gauges, water meters, water level controls, etc.), data recording, installation of diesel engines safety controls, preventive maintenance of running eqUipment, operation of chlorinators, rules of safety during work, etc.
• On-the-job training
- 39 -
Supervisors should take advantage of their routine inspection vists to pumping stations and other waterworks facilities to impart on-the-job training to operators. plumbers. mechanics. etc. This has the advantage of broadening the scope of the supervisors' duties and establishing a two-way process of exchange of information.
9. 9.1 General observations
PlANNING AND DESIGN
Planning and design can be divided into two main categories: (1) Government-financed projects - These are planned and constructed by a national agenoy - NWSA or the BPW Funds generally come from government appropriations. national bond funds. PNB loans guaranteed by th~ governments or from bilateral grants. "Turn Key" projects financed. planned and constructed by a contractor-financier with the guarantee of the Government or the Central Bank.
(2)
• 9.2
Government financed projects
At present. no planning policies and design criteria are available. Design period is generally 20 to 30 years with per capita consumption of 30 gpcd. Preference is given to gravity supply sources as these are believed to be more economic as compared with "pumped" supply. No estimates are made to compare, economically. different alternative solutions. Preference is also generally given to development of new sources and increasing the supply capacity of the system while improvements of existing sources and of the distribution system, detection and repair of leaks, etc., are second in importance. The selection of sources and determining the size of the scheme are frequently done without sufficient data on the safe yield of the sources resulting at times in oversized schemes. Basic data colleotion and surveys for planning purposes are frequently deficient. Design drawings are not detailed enough and leave much leeway to the supervising engineer and contractor. Project studies frequently call for construction of schemes designed to meet the projected demand in 20 to 30 years without any economical analysis or Justification. Comparison of alternatives for staged development is generally not practiced.
- 40 -
9.3
"Turn Key" projeot
In this type of projeot the projeot study, planning design and oonstruotion is done by a finanoier who is generally ready to grant a loan provided the national Government guarantees repayment. This is the type of projeot seemingly preferred by the larger independent systems. Planning and design are based on general and broad design oriteria set by the local offioials. Several contraotors - financiers - are invited to submit their bid. In such oases the selection of the best (lowest) bidder was found to be very diffioult as eaoh oan submit a oompletely different soheme so that there is no oommon basis for oomparison. It was also observed that proposed sohemes of this kind are based on inadequate basio data and field studies and generally tend to be rather expensive. Many proposals for "Turn Key" improvement projeots for the major cities and municipalities have been prepared but, because of the large capital outlays involvedl and the requirement of a guarantee by the oentral Government, very few projeots have been pushed-through.
9.4 Recommendations (1) Design criteria
Design criteria on minimum and maximum requirements. per capita demand. storage. fire fighting requirements. etc., should be established for different oategories of communities and reviewed on a case to case basis. For this, data on aotual demand and prevailing pressures, daily and.monthly fluctuations in demand, etc., should be collected regularly. Designs and installation drawings should be more detailed and le ave less flexibility to the supervising field engineer. Any ohange from the original plan should be authorized and properly reoorded. Projeot studies should include adequate data collection for the proposed sources (at least several years of observations inoluding the seasonal fluotuations of flows) and oomparison of several alternatives in terms of souroes of supply and sequence and size of construction. (2) Staged construction
In view of the country's need for large finanoial resources for development of various sectors of the economy on the one hand and the high cost of money on the other, construction of projects with oapac1ties that will cover the needs for a period 15, 20 or more years in one
EXamples of turn key projects proposals are: Bagu10 - US$lO.O million; Cebu 1150.0 million; Iloilo uS$6.0 million. Review of the Cebu City and Iloilo water supply indicates that the proposed projeots are too costly and other alternatives can be adopted requiring investments of some 10% of the above for the first stage development.
1
• - 41 single stage is not justified. This is because much of the investment will lie idle for a long time and will also depreciate to no purpose and at a great cost to the economy, while creating a heavy load on the finances of the water system. It is recommended therefore that wherever possible, a staged development programme progressively meeting the growing needs of the population be adopted. l This approach will have the following advantages: (a) As the initial investment in a staged development project is lower, the available funds for water supply projects can be used for development of a larger number of proJects benefiting larger areas and population. Required capital investment of each stage will be kept to the minimum and within (or at least much closer to, than are at present) the borrowing capacity of the system, making it easier to secure the required loans. Idle investment will be kept at the economical minimum lowering the burden from the individual water supply system making it more profitable • In view of the laak of sufficient basic data (i.e., hydrological, economical, sociological. and actual water demand, etc.) and the guesswork nature of most forecasts regarding future development trends, staged development makes it easier and cheaper to adapt the development programme to future changes. Use can be made in the subsequent stages of the technical progress and innovations in the field of water supply (new construction materials. better equipment. etc.) Selection of sources
(b)
(c)
•
(d)
(e)
(3)
The use of ground water where available in adequate quantities and quality should be encouraged. as it usually is an economical source in regard to both initial investment and operational costs. Ground water generally have the fol~owing advantages over surface water sources: (a) no treatment, but for chlorination and in some cases iron removal. is required so that costly treatment works are avoided;
The long-range development programme will be based on a master plan. This plan should include detailed survey of all available feasible supply sources and comparison of alternative development programmes. The basis of comparison can be the present worth capitalized cost of both capital investments and estimated total annual costs of operation and maintenance.
1
- 42 -
(b)
well fields can often times be located within or very close to the centre of consumption thus cutting down the conduction and distribution costs (in terms of both length of conduction mains and diameters of distribution mains); as no sophisticated treatment processes are involved, training of personnel is simplified and maintenance problems and costs are reduced; well fields lend themselves readily to phase development.
(c)
(d)
When it has been established by proper geohydrological survey that no ground water is available surface water has to be used. However, surface water directly withdrawn from a river of a stream should not be supplied without adequate treatment. The use of infiltration galleries is highly commended. However, some research as to the causes of partial failure of existing infiltration galleries is reoommended. It seems that in several instances the ratio of length of the gallery (or infiltration area) to the supply oapacity is too low, resulting in exoessive entranoe velocities to the galleries and eventual clogging. Other methods like Ra.nny (radial) wells, well points, eto., should also be explored. In oases where ground formation is unfavourable for either of the above methods, consideration should be given to the use of low sand filters (biological filters) for treatment of surface waters. This method can, where land is readily available, be a very economical solution as compared with conventional ohemioal treatment followed by rapid sand filtration. In comparing different alternative solutions both the initial oapital oost and the annual operation oost should be considered. It was observed that in the past many gravity souroes looated at oonsiderable distanoe from the oentre of oonsumption were selected just beoause no pumping was involved. However, in many of these oases the annual interest on the additional capital investment is much higher than the corresponding annual costs of pumping. (4) Distribution systems
Distribution systems generally inolude distribution piping along the main roads of the area served. In most oases 40 to 60 per cent. of the streets in the areas oovered by a water system have no water mains. feople living in streets without distribution pipes have to oonnect to a distribution main in the nearest street to their house with small diameter line frequently laid without cover in a waste water polluted drainage ditoh. In areas where zero or negative pressure in the mains are oommon the potential health hazard due to this practice is most serious. There are some additional adverse effects to this practice:
• - 43 -
(a)
the relatively high initial cost involved, discourages many from connecting although they can afford the regular monthly bills; total per capita distribution cost to the public and the oountry is higher because of the numerous parallel small diameter and relatively long consumer "mains" required in the unserved streets; uncontrolled losses on leaking consumer mains (water meters if any are installed at the consumers premises); illegal connections which are reported to be widely practioed in many systems are made easier.
(b)
(c) (d)
Distribution piping should be laid in every street of the built-up area served by the system. Water should be provided 24 hours a day under adequate pressure in all parts of the system in order to avoid contamination risks through infiltration or back - siphonage. Each water system should have, in addition to an overall plan showing the existing sources, conduction mains, etc., an updated map of the distribution system. This map, preferably on a topographic road leasemap (scale 1:5000 to l:looo) should show the location of all distribution piping, gate valves, air valves and drainage blow-outs. The date of installation and construction materials should be properly reoorded on that map together with any changes (replaoement of corroded or broken sections, etc.). (5)
Distribution storage is non-existant or of very limited pre-war and designed to provide presently inadequate in storage distribution storage capacity existing systems.
Distribution storage in many systems capaci ty. Many of the existing tanks are water to much smaller oommunities and are capacity or elevation or both. Increased can greatly improve water service of many
It is proposed to include distribution storage or balancing reservoirs for balancing pressures in the different parts of the system. These reservoirs will receive water from the system in periOds of low demand and will provide water during peak demand periods when demand exceeds the oapacity of the source. The location and elevation of the proposed distribution storage are key elements in the design of the distribution Bystem as they determine the flow and pressure characteristics of the system.
- 44 10. 10.1 Exist1ng manpower MANPOWER
'lbe only available data on en.tins manpower 1n waterworks systems are 1n the NWSA reoorda. Aooordins to the1r reoorda. the total nUllber of employees for 244 _ter-revenue produoing systems _s 1413. 1noluding 206 1n the 3l distr10t off1oes. '!be breakdown of the n1.lllber of empl.OTeee by oategory of work and by the size of the oommunity served is liven 1n Annex 10-1. Tak1ng the offioial. estimatea of population served (2.58 m1llion) the average number of _ploTlSe. for loo 000 people ••rv.d ia some 47 plus additional 8.0 emplOTe•• at the distriot offioe l.evel.. or· a total of 55 emplOTeea per loo 000 people. '1b1s ia about ~ of the United States and Canada figures (see Annex 10-2). However. uaing the oorreoted number of popul.ation eerved. baaed on the nu.ber of oonnections (aee Chapter 4 and Annex 4-5) the aotual number of employeea per loo 000 people served will reaah some 95l. plus l6 at di.triot offioe level. These figures oan be oompared to the Un!ted states and canada f1gU.res that reaah 160 emplOTees per l.oo 000 aerved for the ..aller oommunltl •• (l.0 to 25 thousand people served) and gradually deorease with the inorease in size of the oa.munity to the lowest average of 70/100 000 for oommunities of the 100 000 to 250 000 size. Although. the average number of emplOTees relative to the populatIon served seems reasonable. there is a great defioienoy 1n the level of training and skills 1n almost all oategories of work. It 115 true that the basic eduoation of waterworks personnel of all oategories is more than adequate. However. personnel in general have not bad the neoesury speoialized training in water supply. '1'h1s defioiency 1n tra1n1ng is most obvious in the fields of lilanaSement. 1noluding ma1ntenance and operation of the systems. billing and oolleotion a. well as 1n planning and design. Adequate training has not been provided by NWSA or otbers for waterworks personnel other than a 11llited Dlaber of fellowshipa (by WHO. AID and other bilateral assistanoe) for professional personnel. 10.2 Manpower reqUirements Future manpower requirement in _tel" supply can be estimated from the foreoasts of popul.ation to be served. the average aize of communities to be served and the average nUliber of employees per 100 000 people served. Table 3-4 shows that some 73'-' of the prov1ncial urban population live 1n oommunities with an average size of frem l770 to 36 400. '!be required
lA~sum1ng that only 1 254 000 people are served b.1 the reported 244 systems.
• - 45 number of employees for this range of community sizes, should be over 100 per 100 000 people served. Assuming 100 employees per 100 000 people served as the oountry wide minimum average requirements the forecasted number of employees will be as follows: Table 10-1 MANPOWER REQUIREMENTS IN COMMUNITY WATER SUPPLY
Period 1970-1980 1980-1990 1990-2000
Additional population to be servedl 4900000 9900000 20 000 000
Additional manpower requirements 4900 9900 20000
Average yearly additiona! man..2.0wer reqUirements
990 2000
490
These figures are the additional manpower requirements for direot management, operati~n and maintenanoe of waterworks. Manpower requirements for plarming, design, surveys and investigations are not inoluded· and are more diffioult to foreoast. Manpower requirements in these oategories will have to inorease at a higher rate as much of the foreoasted work has not really been done before. This includes: hydrological and hydrogeological investigations for underground and surfaoe water souroes; hydraulic investigations of existing systems (pitometer studies, leak surveys and deteotion and the like); testing of pumping equipment for effioienoy and adequaoy; preparation of master plans and staged development programmes including eoonomio oomparison of different technically feasible schemes; research and development of new construotion materials and methods for improving standard of servioe at a lower per capita oost. The plarming and design to be undertaken, by the BFW, the provinoial staff of the MWSS, or private oonsulting firms2 will require highly trained personnel in the following fields:
lEased on Table 5-1. 2Presently, after the abolition of NWSA there is no other institution responsible for this phase of work although the provinoial staff of the MWSS has to provide engineering services upon request and the BPW is responsible for plarming and design of proJeots finanoed by congressional appropriations.
- 46 Management Civil and sanitar.y engineering HYdrology and geology Mechanical and electrioal engineering Eoonomics A rough estimate of the engineering manpower requirements tor the planning design and oonstruction supervision stages can be made based on the forecasted required investments for urban water supply. Estimating the average engineering tees at l~ of the investments. and the average man-year cost of an engineer at1}5 000 (includinS .upporting staff. i •••• technicians and drattBlDan. as well as ov.rhead and proUt) the technical manpower requirements will be as follows: Table 10-2 MANPOWER REQUIREJ4ENTS FOR PLANNING AND r&<3IaN AND SUPERVISION OF CONSTRUCTIONS OF C<Mott1NI'l'Y' WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS
Period
Investment/year million pesos ,
Engin.ering fees at l~ million pesos 7.9 13.8 32.5
Man-y.ar requirements <at 1}5 000/ man-y.ar) 225
1910-1980 1980-1990 1990-2000
1 79
l38 325
395 930
ay 1970 there were 26 district engineers. 21 civil enain••rs and 9 mechanioal engineers elllPl07ed in the NWSA district offic... In addition. 10 oivil engine.rs and 3 mechanioal .ngine.rs w.re ....lQ78d in the Provinoial Department in the Central Office or a total of 69 engineers. in~charge of planning and construction of new projeots and of managing and operating 244 revenue-produoing systems in the countr.y. Because the great majority of community water systems were oonstruoted by the Government. all pl.anning and design works were done by the NWSA with the exoeption of small IlUbdivision dev.lopment proj.ct. For this reason there are only v.r.y few consulting firms with some experience in planning and design of small water supply proj.ots. These skills will have to be developed gradually from the initial nuol.us of experienoed NWSA and BPW engineers and, for large proJects, with some foreign assistanoe, and through training programme.
1· Including 20 milli on/:year for improvement of existing systems.
- 47 10.3 Training needs In view of the existing defioienoy in the level of training of waterworks employees and the foreoasted growth in the number of employees required to run the required new and expanded waterworks, a serious review of training needs on a oountry-wide basis should be oonduoted as a matter of urgenoy. It is believed that effioient and valuable training can be done only by a national or regional training oentre backed by the Government and assisted by an international organization (i.e., WHO or UNDP). Training oannot at this stage be undertaken by the individual water systems. A preliminary estimate of training needs with a preliminary outline for a national training programme is given in Annex 10-3 as well as in Chapter 8. Considering the foreoasted annual inorease in the number of waterworks employees, it might be advisable to have a training oentre (or several regional oentres) on a permanent basis. The requirement that all waterworks employees will have a oertifioate from this training oentre, as a prerequisite for employment in waterworks and subsequent promotions, might greatly help in improving standards of servioe. This training oentre will also be able to offer short refresher oourses to old timers in various aspeots of waterworks operations. 11. 11.1 Present organization ORGANIZATION
With the reorganization of NWSA and the transfer of most of the provinoial systems to the looal governments there are basioally three types of provinoial water systems: (1) large oommunity water supply systems under the looal governments, self-suffioient in most aspeots but for planning and design, and with a lot of improvements to be done in management operation and maintenanoe; smaller revenue oommunity water supply systems under the looal government or the MWSS with apparent need of teohnioal ASsistanoe in most fields; non-revenue oommunity water supply systems under the BPW with apparent need of teohnioal assistanoe and finanoial support for operation and maintenanoe.
(2)
(3)
At the present, technioal assistance is offered mainly for planning and design purposes. TYPe (1) systems oan reoeiveassistanoe from oonsulting engineers or the provinoial staff of the MWSS.
- 48 Type 2 systems can receive assistance from MWSS and oonsulting engineers or, for projects financed b,y the government, by the BPW. Type 3 systems can reoeive technical assistanoe mainly from the BPW. No agenoy however offers technioal assistanoe in daily management, operation and maintenance or billing and collection.
11.2
Problems to be oonsidered (1) Geography
The Philippine consists of over 7000 islands one-third of which are inhabited. The road network within the different islands is not well developed and many of the existing roads are in poor shape. This makes oommunication and transport to areas not olosely looated to the larger urban centres and ports, rather diffioult, and remote control, management and supervision very difficult. High effioienoy calls for maximum decentralization. (2) Politiaal
Political interference in the appointments of waterworks staff, the allooation of funds, etc., makes effioient management and oontrol diffioult. The olassification of loaal municipal and city governments (upon which the salaries ·of local officials are determined) is based on the total revenue of the local government (Annex 11-1). This is one of the reasons local Officials are interested in having the water systems under their control. This gives them also more political power through appointments of the water systems employees. Appointments to key positions are determined many times by loyalty rather than competence. (3) Size of urban oommunities 1
The majority of the urban communities are small (Table 3-4). This makes it difficult to achieve efficient operation and maintenance on a self-contained basis as some type of external technical assistanoe will be required in the majority of the cases if the systems have to be financially self supporting.2 A small system supplying 2000 people can most often be run efficiently by one or two employees, provided some kind of external technioal assistanoe and supervision are available.
26.5 per cent. of the urban population live in 1105 communities with an average population of 1770. l~ live in 191 oommunities with an average population of 7000 and 17.5~ in 94 oommunities with an average size of 13 700. The expected annual income of an average size small community of 1770 people will not exceed 136 000 a year (Annex 12-2). This sum will not suffice' to employ a full time engineer in addition to all other expenses. 2
1
- 49 It seems that only for systems serving over 10 000 people it might be feasible to employ highly qualified teohnioal and management staff. The dependanoe on external technical assistance will thus decrease with the size of oommunity. This means that the institutional and organizational needs will vary with the size of the community. The solutions offered should meet these needs. It seems that water systems should be divided by size into at least 2 categories: Category 1 - systems serving communities with population of less than 10 000 people. Category 2 - systems serving communities with population over 10 000 people. 11.3 Technical assistance required
Generally speaking there are two types of technical assistance required: (a) technical advise guidance and supervision on routine operation, maintenance, billing and collection and record keeping; the preparation of engineering stUdies, development plans for expansion and improvement of the system to meet growing needs, preparation of design drawings and specifications and actual construction.
(b)
Systems in category 1 will need varying degree of type A assistance as well as type (b) assistance. Systems in category 2 will need less and less of type (a) assistance as they will have to employ with the increase in the size of the system increasing numbers of highly qualified personnel to do the Job, on a permanent basis. However they will still have to rely on "outside" sources for type (b) assistance. 11.4 Proposed organization Several solutions can be offered to answer the above needs. (1) Type (a) assistance
This type of technical assistance can be given by the provincial or regional technical offices to be established. These provincial offices for technical assistance in water supply should have the following minimum staff:
- 50 water supply engineer (civil engineer with experience in wateworks planning. hydraulio analysis and operation) preferably with post-graduate studies in sanitary engineering; meohanioal engineer with experienoe in installation, testing operation and maintenanoe of pumping equipment and prime movers; aooountant or management speoialist with experienoe in billing and collection in water supply or other public utilities. This type of assistance oan also be given by the proposed National Loan Fund for camnunity water supply as an "extension service". It appears feasible to set up these provincial technical offices in provinces with an urban population exceeding 25 000 people, if the offices are to be supported by the inoome of the assisted systems. These offices can also offer their servioes to the non-revenue systems. In this case however national and provincial support should be also provided. Communities in provinces with urban population of less than 25 0001 oan make arrangements for reoeiving assistance from neighbouring provinces. (2) TYpe (b) assistance
-
This type of technical assistanoe oan be given by any of the following alternatives: (1)
oonsulting engineering finns on a commeroial basis; by the provinoial staff of the MWSS as provided by the NWSA reorganization law; by the water resouroes division of the BPW - on a regional basis; b,y a national water supply planning agenoy for rendering
(2) (3)
(4)
technioal assistance on oommunity water supply on a regional or central basis. From the preliminary estimates of the manpower requirements for achieving the proposed development targets it seems that for the present deoade all of these alternatives will have to be used simultaneously. Certain fields, however, should be, at least at the beginning of the programme, undertaken by the national water supply planning agenoy, or some other governmental agency, until suffioient skills and experience are developed. These are the follOwing fields that are of vital importance and are almost completely negleoted at present:
Presently there are 6 such provinces exoluding the 2 Lanao provinoes on which census data has not been published yet (Annex 3-2).
l'
- 51 geohydrological studies for determining ground water potential and ground water development; leak detection and repair (pitometer studies). The proposed national planning agency should also serve as a technical reference centre where all relevant infonnation on the various aspects of water supply in the country, on local experience, research and innovations will be kept and made available upon request. 11.5 Recommendations (1) Provincial offices for technical assistance in water supply, should be established in all provinces with an urban population exceeding 25 000 people. l These offices will give technical advise guidance and supervision on routine operation and maintenance, billing, collection, record keeping, etc., to systems serving population of 10 000 or less and to larger systems if requested. A national agency for water supply planning should be established. This agency should prepare a national community water supply development plan, establish design criteria and standards, review plans submitted to the government on the national loan fund prior to allocation of funds, co-ordinate with other agencies involved in water resources development, undertake pitometer studies for leak detection, study manpower and training needs, develop training programmes, initiate and undertake research programmes and co-ordinate research work in the field of community water supply wi~~ other agencies and institutions, etc. A geohydrological department to undertake geohydrological studies for determining ground water potential and ground water development, render technical assistance and supervision in well drilling and construction, etc., should be established within the national agency for water supply planning or the BPW.
(2)
(3)
lAnnual expenses of such an offioe of the minimal size is estimatt;d a .... orne 130 000 to 150 000 or some 11.2 to '/2..0 per capita per year and ~~i~ could be easily shouldered by ~ost of the revenue prodUcing systems. The proportional expenses on services rendered to non-revenue systems will be shouldered by the provincial or national government.
- 52 12. 12.1 FINANCE
Required investments in oommunity water supply
The required investments to meet the projeoted demand as in Table 5-1 for the period 1970-2000 is given in the following Table (12-1). The required investments are based on estimated average per capita oost as follows: Urban water supply 1120 per oapital Rural water supply; 50 ~ capita In addition to the above estimated investment required to serve the growing population. it is also neoessary to invest an estimated per capita for improvement of the existing urban water systems to adequately supply the present 4.0 million "served" population. This oalls for an additional amount of some 200 million pesos. or ;20 million a year for a period of ten years. The required annual investments in the present deoade will amount to some ;100 to 1140 million or some $15 to $20 million. This should be canpared with the annual average of $1.44 million spent by the Government on oommuni ty water supply. during the period 1963-1970.
;50
12.2
Previous financing of community water supplY projects
The total government investment for waterworks in the 16-year period 1954-1970 was 190.9 million of whioh 136.7 were an appropriation from the General Fund and 154.2 fran the Bond Fund (see Annex 12-1). An additional ;54.7 million were invested on wells and springs development projeots for rural supplies (Annex 12-2). The total average annual investment for the period was some 19.1 million. This figure gives somewhat distorted pioture due to the considerable devaluation of the peso during that period. 2
The cost of installing piped water supply systems will vary with the size and nature of the oommunity. its geographioal location and distance from Manila. the location and type of source. per oapita oonsumption. eto. Per capita cost for population served by house conneotions is estimated to vary between 1100 to ;150 depending on the source of water and its distance from the oentre of consumption. ;120 per oapita is assumed to be the average cost when 80~ of the population served by house oonneotions and 20% by publio fauoets. Cost of water treatment other than chlorination not inoluded. Cost of treatment plant is estimated at 1)0 per oapita for complete chemical treatment followed by rapid sand filtration. Treatment by slow sand filters is estimated at ;10 - 15 per capita. 2The official exohange rate of the peso gradually went down fran 12 to US$l in 1960. to ;5.9 to US$l in 1970. Present rate (June 1972) is ;6.7 to US$l.
1
.
Table 12-1 REQUIRED INVESTMENTS IN COMMUNITY WATER SUPPLY*
Perio d
Urban Communities Rural Communities Addit ional Per Requi red Addit ional Per Requi red Pop. to be Capit a Inves tment Pop. to be Capit a Inves tment serve d Cost (,) , Milli ons serve d Cost (,); Milli ons (1000) {1O(0)
I
-
--
Total Inves tment , Millio ns
Average Yearl y Inves tment ; Millio ns I
1970-1<]80 1980- 1990 1990- 2000 Total
4900 9900 20 200
120 140 160
590 1 380 3 250 5 220
5 200 9200 1000 0 24 400
50 50 50
260 460 500 1 220
850 1 840 3 750 6 440 --
85.0* * 184.0 375.0 ~
35 000
* No allow ance has been made for possi ble chang es in requi red inves tment s due to futur e infla tion or defla tion.
** In order to meet suppl y targe ts for the secon d develo pment decad e the estim ated inves tment s will have to be divid ed over the remai ning 7 year perio d of the prese nt decad e resul ting in highe r annua l inves tment s of some 1120 millio n, or some 1.8% of the 19r2 govern ment budge t.
- 54 Tables 12-2 and 12-3 summarizes the total government investment in the community water supply sector in both looal ourrency and US dollars. These tables show that in spite the growing ne_dB of the seotor, due to rapid population growth and a gradual rise in living standards and oonstruotion costs, aotual investments (in terms of 100al ourrenoy or dOllar) have sharply deoreased, frau an anm.aal av-rae- of' $5.2 million for the period 1954-1962 to $1.44 m1llion for the pel'iOd 1963-1970. ~s is olearly shown in Figure 1 2 - 1 . , Table 12-4 gives the total government u;pendit.ure on pUblio works for the period 1955-1970. The total averap annual expenditures on publio works was 189.3 million. The exPenditure for 1970 reaohed 1191.3 million or twioe the yearly average for the period. The portion of water supply (both waterworks and wells and springs) averaged 8l' for the reported period but reaohed only 5~ of the 1970 figure. The annual figure of exPenditure on waterworks oonstruotion has varied from a minimum of $510 000 (11 991 000) in Fisoal Year 1964-1965 to a maximum of $6 000 000 (112 000 000) in Fisoal Year 1960-1961. 1 Competing politioal pressures from oities and provinoes have resulted frequently in limited funds being spread too thinly, allooations to individual systems being generally too small to aooomplish a total proJeot. Take for example the list of waterworks oompleted in Fisoal Year 1969-1970 (Annex 12-3). The exPenditure on the 55 proJeots reported totalled 11 483 000 varying from a minimum of 11000 to a maximum of 260 000 the average being around, 127 000 per proJeot. In addition to the direot government 8xP8nditure there were other investments in water supplies. The.ewere: (a) (b) (c) (d) small investment by individual systems financed by system revenues or by looal government grant.s;
proJeot.s finanoed gy DBP loans and the National Waterworks Fund (Annex 12-5);2 AID grants and Japanese reparat.ions3 (see Annex 12-4); UNICEF-assisted projeots (see Annex 12-4);
IThe maximum annual exPenditure in looal currency was 114.5 million in Fiscal Year 1962-1963 but this was eqUivalent to only $3.72 million beoause of devaluation. 2ACOording t.o NWSA reoords DBP loans for waterworks projeots totalled some 14.056 million and NWWF loans (managed by NWS) totalled some 14.42 million (see Annexes F-l and F-2). 3AOOOrding to NWSA reoords AID oontribution in materials for water supply proJeot.s totalled 14 884 472. Japanese reparation goods for rural waterworks totalled $2.44 million. UNICEF contribution totalled $100 000.
- 55 (e) (f) self-help proJects assisted by PACD; money spent by individuals and subdivision developers for private water supplies (mainly tubed or dug wells and collection of rain water).
There are no records or estimates as to the above total additional funds spent, however it is assumed that this figure will not exoeed 10% to 20~ of the amount spent by the Government. Additional sums are frequently spent by families of higher than average income for "improving" the oommunity water system by means of booster pumps and elevated storage or by colleoting rain water. The cost effectiveness of such solutions is relatively low with the per oapita cost of over ;100 spent on a domestic booster pump with pressure tank or elevated storage. 12.3 Water rates The existing water rates vary from system to system, aocording to the source of supply and initial construotion costs. l Actual revenues based on existing rates are generally sufficient to pay for actual operating oosts, and very limited improvements and, for systems managed by NWSA charges head office and distriot office overhead. Figures given in Annex 14-5 show that the total annual gross inoome of the 293 revenue-produoing systems on which data were available, amounted to 16.624 million. The estimated population served by these systems (based on the number of house conneotions and public faucets) was some 1 254 000 people. Out of this figure 924 000 people are assumed to be served by 114 750 house connections. 2 Thus, the annual inoome of 16.624 million oorresponds to an average income per conneotion of some ;58/year or ;4.8/month. Dividing the annual income by the estimated population served by house oonneotions will result in a lower figure of ;5.3 ~ oapita per year or ;31.8 per household of 6 per year. 3 This income is too low to permit meaningful improvements in the standard of service.
IMetered rates vary from ;0.10/m3 with monthly minimum charge of 12.00 to ;0.55/m3 with 17.00 minimum monthly aharge •. F?.atrate JIlonthly ohar.a:es vary from 12.00 to 17.50 'for' first fauoet ~us ,n.o.to 1L.50. for eaoh additional faucet. Higher rates generally oharged for "pumped" supplies as oompared with gravity supplies. 2See Chapter 4 - Population served. 3 The average household in the Philippines oomprises of 5.8 persons •
•
Table 12-2 ANNUAL GOVERNm-lT RELEASES FOR WATERWORKS CONSTRUCTION
AND IMPROVEMENTS (IN ROUNDED FIGURES)
Waterworks Year ,1000 1954-1955 1955-1956 1956-195 1957-1958 1958-1959 1959-1960 1960-1961 1961-1962 1962-1963 1963-1964 1964-1965 1965-1966 1966-1967 1967-1968 1968-1969 1969-1970 r {
Wells ,1000 1 4 5 6 2 2 5 3 2 1 1 1 1 810 430 590 830 950 550 900 710 110 300 160 580 590 746 4 890 7 577
&:
Springs $1000 905 215 800 415 500 275 950 850 540 332 300 400 400 186 1 250 1 330 .
Total ,1000 3 500 14 463 12 347 10 589 6 178 8664 17 910 10 955 16 637 3 603 3 151 4 634 3 655 3 835 9 663 15 824 145 608 $1000 1 750 7 232 6 178 5 295 .3 114 4332 8 955 5 492 4260 922 810 1 185 930 976 2 460 2 780 56 671
$1000 845 017 378 880 614 057 005 642 720 590 510 785 530 790 1 210 1 450
1690 10 033 675'{ 3 759 3 228 6 114 12 010 7 285 14 52'{ 2 303 1 991 3 054 2 065 .3 089 4773 8 247 90 925
5 3 1 1 3 6 3 3
2 2 3 1 1 2 1
\)1
Cl\
Total
35 023
54 723
2l 648
"
Table 12-3 AVERAGE YEARLY GOVERNMENT RELEASES FUR WA1~ORKS CONSTRUCTION AND IMPROVEMENTS FOR THE PERIOD 1954-1955 TO 1969-1970
;1000 Period Years 1954-1955 to 1969-1970 1954-1955 to 1962-1963 1963-1964 to 1969-1970 Total 145 647 111 282 44 365 Average 9103 12365 6 338 ---------
$1000 Total Average 3 542 'I
16 9 '7
56 671 46 608 10 063 - - -L _
5 179 1 438
.~
,~
----
Exchange rate for Philippine peso during the above period were as follows: 1954-1963 - $1 1963-1969 - $1 1969-1970 - $1 = = =
;2.00 ;3.90 ;5.70
59/60
Fig. 12-1 GOVERNMENT !t-I~TMENTS
IllJ ....
z
IN COMMUNITY WATE"R. SUPPLY ( I N u·s. DOLLARS) ,.".
?'-:~
.l
,
ill :2: > 9 2 .J -
i
I
~
::!
.:, i
,
I .1:-i J
,
..
j 2... -
- 1- .
•
8
•
\~
•
i
Table 12-4
EXPENDITURES UNDER THE 12 PUBLIC WORKS ACTS, R.A. 1200 TO R.A. 5979 FROM FISCAL YEAR 1955 TO FISCAL YEAR 1970
Category of Public Works
Expenditures (;1000)
Breakdown of the Public Works Peso F'Y
FY 1955 Annual to
1970 Ave. Annual Expenditures
Highways School Buildings National Buildings and Sanitaria Other Pub. Bldgs.& Misc. Public Works Waterworks
FY 1970 5IO 590 35 662 241 479 98 785 84 753 81 375 15 092 6 174 5 297 5 086 2 881 8 700 8 128 4929 701 355
Ave.
only
Expenditures for FY 1970
73340 34 704 8089 11 046 7 368 2387 27 980 14 660 7 113 3380 1 185
.38 .16 .07 .06 .05 .03 .09 .09 .05 .01 .01 1.00
.38 .18 .04 .06 .04 .01 .15 .08 .03 .02 .01 1.00
Artesian Wells & 46094 Spring Develooment Airports and Air , 39 204 Navigation Faciliti0s Port Works River Control Shore Protection Telecom Total
130 051 78 859 11 213 5 684 1 488 087
93 005 191 252
Source:
DPWSC Annual Report 1969-1970.
- 63 The annual expenditure for the period totalled spent as follows:
16 690 000 and was
Suroharges (overhead of Manila head office and district offices Operation (inoluding salaries & wages, power, ohemioals; eta.) Outlays 1
809.4 4 930.7
12
74
950.0 6 69<>.1
14 100
Total
The present praotice of oonstructing waterworks through grants and small loans has resulted, beoause of the shortage of funds, in the oonstruation of inadequate faoilities, poor maintenance and oonstantly deteriorating servioe. An alternative method is that of revenuefinancing where the oonsumer pays for the total oost of water used including the amortization of oapital costs. To accomplish this, severe reforms in management and local acceptance of responsibility are required. This will also require a considerable inorease in the level of existing water rates. A rough estimate of the required water rates based on construction oosts of ,120 per oapita shows that (see Annex 12-6~ the minimum monthly bill per conneotion should be between ,10 to 112.5. These average monthly bills seem reasonable and within the paying capacity of the majority of the urban dwellers in the country. although this means an inorease of over 100% as oompared to the present average monthly bill of 14.8 per oonneotion. Ample evidence has been given to the writer that inoreases in prevailing water rates would be readily acceptable when acoompanied by good service. For the increased rates, the customer would receive water of adequate quality and quantity at all hours, a tremendous improvement oompared with present oonditions in all provincial systems. Analysis of the breakdown of the above estimated annual costs shows that over 50% of the annual ,costs is due to debt service. The introduction of new oonstruction materials (i.e., plastic pipes for oonsumer mains and house oonneotions) can to a certain degree lower oonstruction oosts. The
Outlays inolude capital outlay for: Loan servioing, amortization. emergenoy repair funds, improvements of piping and equipment. purohase of water meters and offioe supply. This will depend on the peroentage of population served by house oonneotion and if oonsumption from public fauoets will be aocounted for or not. 2'
1
- 64 introduction of "waste-not" water faucets (fordilla and the like) in low grade residential areas can largely reduce the per capita construction costs of supply to these areas (smaller diameter distribution piping and no water meters) thus lowering the water rates. for low income groups. Another important aspect is the determination of the size of construction in terms of supply capacity and population to be served. because of the large proportion of capital cost in the water rate. The larger the scheme and its supply capacity in supplying future demand, the larger the share of idle capacity which will have to be included in the monthly bills. The aim should be to adopt a staged development programme where the supply capacity will grow in parallel with the demand, keeping the idle capacity of the system at the economic minimum. Constructing today a scheme big enough to meet the demand 20 years into the future will mean construction of a scheme with a capacity of 250% of the present needs or, in terms of present population - at a per capita cost of over 200% than that required for meeting present demand. This will mean a higher burden on the population. 12.4 Future financing For finanoing the future development of the oommunity water supply sector in order to meet the supply targets the following reoommendations are made: (a) Improve management - 'Ibis is the first step required to achieve any meaningful improvement. This can be done by training courses aimed at increasing the understanding of existing management personnel of the proper management of water utility. By replacing incampetent managers with aggressive and experienced managers who can run the water system in a business-like way. A water supply engineering background is an asset for good management of waterworks but is not a must. Priority should be given to candidates with proven managerial skills. An increased responsibility on the waterworks managers will help. This can be achieved by making the waterworks system in eaoh community as independent as possible of the local government and divorced from political influences. Local co-operatives (patterned after the co-operatives for rural electrification) or water boards should be encouraged. (b) Existing water rates should be reviewed and realistic rates established to include amortization of capital investment and loan servicing. This however should always go hand in hand with improved service to offset public objections to inoreased rates.
- 65 All water supplied .should be accounted for as a matter of policy to enable efficient and business like management. This will require metering of water at both ends of the system - at the souroes and at the consumers end. (c) The present policy of supplying free water to over 50% of the population served (those served by public fauoets in revenue producing systems and all population served by nonrevenue systems and wells and springsl) should be changed. (d) A revolving loan fund for financing waterworks construction should be established. All government appropriations should be channelled through this fund. This will, in the long run, increase the number of systems that can be financed by government allocation as each peso granted will be invested several times. The proposed revolving loan fund should be finanoed, in addition to direct government contributions, by national bond issues, bilateral grants and soft loans, and soft loans from the DBP and PNB, and for the foreign exchange requirements by international lending institutions like the ADB, lBRD. Local governments should guarantee loans granted to local water sys~ems. Interest rate should be comparable to current market rates to allow for the adequate operation of the fund and to make sure that inflation will not gradually "eat up" the available capital that should be used as a revolving fund. The fund should grant loans subject to similar conditions as those set by the lBRD or ADB to assure good management and proper use of the loan funds. This will require the preparation of well-documented and supported feasibility studies, to be reviewed by funds experts and conSUltants. Technical assistance for the preparation of the required feasibility studies can be provided by the loan fund - as part of the financing, by the government through its technical agencies and partly by the United Nations system. One of the problems of financing of waterworks for communities with a population of less than 20 000 is that major financing institutions find it unpractical to deal with the financing of small development projects (say less than $0.5 to$l.O million), while the majority of the systems in the oountry will require something between $50 000 to $500 000.
1A minimum water tax of ;1 per oa ita year or ;0.50 per served family per month is equivalent to some 000 000 a year in revenue. This oover the esImated oost of repair and maintenance of the existing wells and springs (Annex 14-1).
- 66 -
The loan fund will make it possible for systems of any size to benefit from funds that at the present can be made available to only large-scale borrowers. The creation of the loan fund followed by an aggressive development programme can also boost the overaJ.l eOl?llomic development of the oountry by:
(l) (2)
creating more Jobs in actual construction works and operation and maintenanoe of new and expanded systems; developing loaal industries by increased demand for cement, steel (plates, bars, etc.), pipes and fittings (asbestos cement, steel, oonorete, and plastic pipes), pumps and motors, water meters, to name only few of the materials required in waterworks construction; attracting new business and industries to areas adequately served by water; improving health, thus increasing efficiency and production in all sectors of the economy and reduce government per capita expenditures on health services. 13. CRI'lERIA FOR PRIORITY SELECTION
(3)
(4)
. The available budgets for cOllll1Wli ty water supply are 11mited. '!he obJeotive of any development programme should therefore be to achieve the maximum overall benefits from the available investments funds. To achieve thiS, priorities or other selection procedures have to be established that will make the water supplied most productive socially and economically. Due consideration should be given to possible sooial and economic chain reactions triggered by securing adequate supply to centres of provincial or regional development. Priority award will depend therefore upon a variety of factors some of which are listed below. 13.1 Maximization of the investment With the eXisting budgetary constraint, all other factors being equal, priority should be given to projects with the lowest per capita investment. 13.2 Public health Good health standards, which in turn increase the productivity of the population served and the overall socio-economic development, can be maintained by an adequate and safe water supply. Priority should be given to areas where water-borne diseases or those related to lack of safe water, are mos~ prevalent.
- 67 13.3 Industrial develo~nt
National development plans give major emphasis to industrial development and all industries require water. It follows that an environment attractive to industrial development must include adequate water supply. Priority rating will therefore be given to areas earmarked for early industrial development. However, as some industries are very large consumers of water, their demand exceeding at times the total domestic demand of the community at their location, it might be necessary in such cases to finanoe the oomponent of industrial water supply out of other infrastruotures funds or increase the funds available for community water supply aooordingly. 13.4 Tourism Following the worldwide trend. the Philippines is making efforts to promote the growth of both national and international tourism. Many areas oannot fully develop their potential attraction as tourist spots because of lack of safe water supply. It was also observed that serious drawbacks to the tourism industry arise when outbreaks of disease occur such diseases are generally directly related to the availability of adequate and safe water supply (and sewage disposal facilities). All areas whioh cater for tourists should be given priority for development of adequate water supply facilities. 13.5 Prospects for early implementation
It is presumed that oertain funds, either through government appropriations or the proposed revolving loan funds. will be made available each year. To ensure that these funds are properly used, priority award determination should, in the early stages of the programme before adequate number of project studies have been prepared and ranked. take into consideration the ability to implement a project at an early date. It follows that projects for which development plans and feasibility studies are well advanced should have priority over projects for which studies have still to be prepared. Priority ranking lists of lined projects could be prepared for each of the above factors and any other special features which could be of significance in priority consideration. Projects which rank high in all above lists clearly rank as top priority for inclusion in any development plan. It is not possible to establish hard and fast rules for award of priorities but it is well Justified that high priority should be given to the improvement and upgrading of existing facilities. A similar level of priority should be given to the public health aspects (Where significant). The remaining factors will have such significance as the appropriate planning agency awards taking into account the prime goals of immediate development.
- 68 1).6
Reoommendations (1) The proposed National Water Supply Planning Agenoy (NWSPA) should establish, in consultation and oo-ordination with other planning agenoies, oriteria for priority seleotion, and prepare a national programme for oommunity water supply development. In order to aohieve the goal of maximum overall benefits from the investment in community water supply the list of feasible projects for consideration should be as long as possible. This will require the preparation of master plans, development programmes and technical and economical feasibility studies for as many projects as possible (both existing systems and new ones). The bigger the "basket" of project studies available for ranking, the more optimal will be the use of available funds. The proposed NWSPA, together with the other agencies dealing with community water supply, should start as a matter of urgency the preparation of preliminary studies for as many projects as possible. A preliminary ranking list of priorities should be prepared on the basis of the proposed . criteria. This will lead to the selection of a smaller "basket" of higher priority projects for which feasibility studies and designs will be prepared. The priority list will then be reviewed and a new ranking based on the more detailed studies will be prepared. The selected projects will be lined for construction according to the priority list. (3)
(2)
There would appear to be a manpower shortage to execute the proposed studies. It is suggested that the proposed NWSPA define the exact needs and action be taken to answer the problem without undue delay. For the immediate future, because no adequate plans are presently available, and because it can be assumed! priori that the existing systems serving the largest urban centres in the countryl will rank high in any priority list, it is proposed to prepare feasibility studies for these systems as the first stage· priority list, to enable the development of the community water supply to commenoe without delay.
(4)
By 1970, there were 18 urban centres with population of 50 000 people and above, and 24 with population of 25 000 to 50 000 (see Annex 0-1).
1
14.
RURAL WATER SUPPLY
The rural water supply oonsists mainly of "Artesian" wells and springs developed by the NWSA and the PACD, and some of the non-revenue systems. It is estimated that by 1970, some 6.8 million people in the rural areas had been served. As all of the rural water supplies are free, there is no souroe of annual inoome for the operation, maintenanoe and repair of the existing rural water supply faoilit1es nor for further expansion and development of the rural water supply. Thus. the rural water supply in the oountry is dependent on government support and subsidy. Funds released for repair and maintenanoe are inadequate for proper maintenanoe and repair of existing faoilit1es. Aooording to estimates prepared by the Wells and Springs Department the required annual budget for repair and maintenanoe of the 20 893 existing wells totals ;5.25 million (see Annex 14-1). This should be oompared with the total of yi 053 000 spent. on th.erepair and mai~tenano.e of wells ~ in FY ~Q69-1970, Annex 14-4. This is one of the major causes for the deterioration of existing facilities and the reduction in supply oapacities. The above estimates do not inolude funds required for the proper maintenance of developed springs (maintenance of oonorete boxes for oaptations, oleaning aocumulating sand, etc.). One of the major problems of the rural water supply under the present arrangement is the laok of an annual development programme supported by the neoessary funds. Most of the wells and springs department employees are casuals, which means that they are on pay status only when funds are available. It 50 happens that the employees who are practioally permanent staff are idle for several mon:t;hs every year. When funds are made available, monies are first used for the payment of back salaries so that the available funds for actual construction and development programme are considerably reduced. A long-range development programme should be adopted as a matter of urgency. Funds should be made available on a regular basis to enable the department to implement the development programme on a continued uninterrupted basis. and tro recruit the required manpower on a permanent basis according to the requirements of the programme. This will greatly increase the effioiency of the funds released for the purpose and also the overall effioiency of the employees that will be more secured financially. The Presidential Arm on Community Development (PACD) is involved in variOUS community development projeots. These projects are mainly based on self-help of the people at the oommunity level. These projects are supported by a network of local offices providing the leadership, secures the know-how from other government agencies and some funds. The projects are assisted by the Government in the form of supplies (pipes, pumps, etc.) and by NWSA engineers who provide technical assistance. The PACD water supply projects showed a considerable degree of suooess. Apparently, people in rural communities when properly guided, are willing to partioipate in self-help projects by providing some of the funds and the labour force required.
.,
- 71/72 -
This approach to community water supply development should be encouraged and carried further. With the co-operation of all agencies 1 involved in community water supply and utilizing all available resources the development of rural water supply can be boosted to a great extent. The Department of Health has proposed a National Programme for Rural Water Supply based on self-help projects and the co-operation of the following government agencies: the Bureau of Public Works - Wells and Springs Department, the PACD, the Department of Health and the provincial services staff of the MWSS. The above programme is given in Annex 14-3. 15. ACKNOWLEOOEMENT
The writer is grateful for the co-operation extended to him by the officers of the Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage Authority.
By 1971, the Wells and Springs Department had over 200 hand operated drilling rigs laying idle and the 77 power rigs were only partly utilized because of lack of funds. There were also some $3.0 million worth of unutili.zed reparation pipes and pumps. The hand operated rigs can be used, with the guidance of one skilled well-driller. by unskilled labour.
1
~
DATA ON DEVELOPMENT OF PROVINCIAL. CITY AND MUNICIPAL WATERWORKS SYSTEMS FISCAL YEAR 1955-1970
Fiscal year
No. of waterworks in operation
Estimated population served
No. of waterworks completed
No. of rev. producing waterworks
No. of non-rev. producing waterworks
No. of waterworks improved/extended
Total cost of new systems andimprovement
1954-1955 1955-1956 1956-1957 1957-1958 19!iJ -1959 1959-1960 1960-1961 1961-1962 1962-1963 1963-1964 1964-1965 1965-1966 1966-1967 1967-1968 1968-1969 1969-1970 '----
478 501 571 . 671 730 775 836 920 998 1075 1124 1212 1247 1278 1294 1349
2850 000 2 100 000 3 312 12'(} 3 885 710 3422 680 3633970 4 607 640 4779980 4925 980 5420 000 5510840 5 942 660 5 986 000 6 025 160 7 349 900 7439550
16 23 70 100 59 45 61 84 78 77 49 88 35 31 16 55 ---
362 372 379 399 427 438 452 477 501 517 527 543 546 550 557 569
116 129 192 272 303 337 384 443 497 558 597 669 701 728 737 780
35 43 57 46 47 168 11
No record
P
5632 000 7 950 250 6 205 900 3 123900 2433 100 2 808 500 6 180350 4670000 4218400 4525200 6 103 600 3 026 700 2246500 2 327 500 3956360 ~ I
;\1 ::::r .-1>"
60 48 24 41 34 18 28 27 81
::I ::I 111
>< I
I\) ~
- 75/76 Annex 2-2
DATA ON ARTESIAN WELLS AND IEVELOPED SPRINGS FISCAL YEAR 1955-1970 No. of No. of No. of existexisting springs ing wells springs c!.eveloped exoluding developed pre-war wells 99 194 297 611 llW 1457 1938 1980 1990 1995 2000 2049 2001 2002 2002 2W2 99 95 103 314 496 350 481 42 10 5 5 49 12 1 4 513 72W 11 020 13 211 14 849 15 986 .16 932 18 189 18 805 19 270 19 498 19 791 19 997 20 003 20240 20500 No. of Estimated populawells tion served by drilled wells and springs 1316 2694 3813 2191 1638 1137 946 1257 616 465 228 293 200 66 177 266 1 20B 370 1 941 620 2 992 730 3 684 730 4 409 010 5 ooB 910 5 411 000 5 807 250 5 975 790 6 093 340 6 155 930 6 252 430 6 311 180 6 328 180 6 372 430 6 443 940
Fiscal year 1954-1955 1955-1956 1956-1957 1957-1958 1958-1959 1959-1960 1960-1961 1961-1962 1962-1963 1963-1964 1964-1965 1965-1966 1966-1967 1967-1968 1968-1969 1969-1970
10
- 77 . Annex 3-la URB<\N AREA DEFINITION IN THE PHILIPPINES (1970) The following concepts to be included in the definitions of urban places are: 1. In their entirety, all cities and municipalities which have a population density of at least 1000 persons per square kilometer. 2. Poblaciones or central distriots of municipalities and cities which have a population density of at least 500 persons per square kilometer. 3. Poblaoiones or central distriots (not inoluded in 1 and 2) regardless of population size whioh have the following: (a) (b) (c) street pattern, i.e., network of street in either at-parallel or right-angle orientation; At least six establishments (Commercial manufacturing, recreational and/or personal services); and At least three of the following: (i) (ii) A town hall, church or chapel with religious service at least once a month; A public plaza, park or cemetery;
(iii) A market plaoe or building where trading aotivities are carried on at least once a week, and (iv) A public building like a schoOl, hospital, puericulture and health centres or library.
4. Barrios having at least 1000 inhabitants which meet the conditions set forth in 3 above, and in which the occupation of the inhabitants is predominantly non-farming/fishing.
Source:
Bureau of Census and Statistics
- 78 Annex 3-lb 1960 URBAN DEFINITION The Committee convened several times through the initiative of the Office of Statistical Coordination and Standards, National Economic Counoil and discussed and finally approved during its last meeting the following concepts to be applied in the Urban-Rural area definition for use in the Philippines. The Committee is composed of representatives of the Bureau of the Census and Statistics and the Office of Statistical Co-rodination and Standards. The members of the Committee are: Mrs Fel1sa R. Barretto and Messrs Elpidio D. Makanas, Francisco V. Nazaret and Timoteo R. Rosete, all from the Bureau of the Census and Statistics; and Messrs Bernardino A. Perez and Pablo Q. Samson, Jr., of the Office of statistical Co-ordination and Standards. National Economic Council. The following concepts to be included in the definition of urban and rural places are: 1.
Urban places: (a)
Include-
In their entirety. all municipal jurisdictions which. whether designated as chartered oities. provincial capitals or not, have a population density of at least 1000 persons per square kilometer. l For all other oities and munioipalities with a population density of at least 500 persons per square kilometer, only the poblacion (regardless of population size); any barrio having at least 2500 inhabitants and !AY barrio oontiguous to the poblacion with at least 1000 inhabitants.2 For all other cities and munioipalities with a population of at least 20 000 persons. only the poblacion (regardless of population size) and all barrios having at least 2500 inhabitants contiguous to the poblaoion. /
(b)
(c)
(d)
All other poblaciones having a population of at least 2500 persons.
IT.he whole of Quezon,Baguio an~ Cebu oities. notwithstanding the minimum density rule. are to be inoluded. Beside these, there is appended herewith a list of all Jurisdictions where the urban physical looality is fully co-extensive with the legally defined territory.
~or cities where the poblacion is not specified. the central district or the "city proper" (e.g., for Davao-Bucana (1) Davao Proper (2), and Molabe, (3) shall be regarded as the poblac1on for purposes of this definition. Source: Bureau of Census and Statistics
-..79/F30 .. Annex 3-lb 2. Rural places: Inolude-
All other plaoes not oonsidered urban as defined above. The urban and rural population oomprise all persons living in the plaoes as defined above. respeotively. aooording to the population in a given census year (1960 in this case).
. 81/82 PROVINCIAl. DISTRIBUTION OF URBAN POPl!I.ATlON BY SIZE 01 (~Oltl""H~'\HTY
(POPULATION IN 1000)
Annex Total 5 2 1. 12 23 17
.3
-2 Total lIrha/l 8· RlJral
Less than PROVlNCE
5
10 2
10 1 1
0
25 2 10 13 10 II
25 1 0
50 2
50 1
0
100 2
Over 100
Citiei & MUll.
Pop
"I~
Tor;!J RUral
Urban
PopulatIon
1 1. Anra 2. Agll~all
1 0
1
2
PopulatLllll
2' del
0
0 0
0
0
27
,. OR
___o_ 14:, 2';';'
18 :)fJ
11' 179 142 23fi .'lK()
Norte
6 16 16
3 0
25 0 0
1 1 1 0
1 0
48 0 0
11 13
3. Agman del Sur 4. Aklan 5. Albay
33
19 II
1 i~ 263
6 2
6.
Antiqu~
7. Bataan 8. Batanes 9. Batangas 10, Benguet
11 16 9 6
IS
.0 13 ,0 0 0 0 0
1
28 20 0 51 0 56 25 2?
-
35 0
0
0
0
0
" 18 18 12 6 34 14
28 g:~
14 19 0
673 21'l9
0
0
0
3 4
0 0
41 40 0 136 83 111
0
"
24M ]';ti
216
0
0
0
2. 13 43 14 12
26 0
3 4 4 2 4
• 0
59
0
1
II 71'l9 1 '79 5'":2 3.'"~'I
11
0
0
1:1
n·') 2f:i~
33
1 0
83
11.
Boho}
22
12. BlJkidnon 13. Bulacan 14. Cagayan 15. Camarinl!s Norte
22 30 12
1 3 2 1 2 0
10 3. 29
0
34
4 0 0
0
32
0
41 19 24 29 11 37 5
16 47
6,"Q
S7 400 85
1
275
"
414 ,".:Hi
436 496 194 748
25 6 2,
4' 16 48
-
16. Camarint's Sur
17. Camiguin 18, Capiz 19. Ca(c1nduan~
15
• , 33
, 1 1 1 7
2' 48
2' 25 0
• •
1 1 2 5 3 2 1 1
20 10 3. 57 33 31 17 16
9 10 40 26 14 10 8 19 19 33 38 28 15 18 16
12
5
2
77
-
0
15
:')"1 262 :14"
1 0
20, Cavite
29 94 56 39 28 17 .3 5 25 33 ,0 24 5 25 39
21. Cebu 22. COlabato 23. Davao del Norte
S
48 33 30 20 18 16 24 18 51 52 6 6
-
" - '5 128
-
68 200 13 59
2' 21 2' 15 17
41 335 13!1
,
" 11 3<5 22 53 35 19 14 11 23
.194
5 3 2 2 4 0
0 0 0
-
-
1 2 1
I
21 263 6.')7
lti2 ;:,1:~
51 40 If.
2'lti 9-;:'1
1 632 1
24. Davao del Sur 25. Da\rao Oriental 26. Easrem Samar 2'1. Ifugao
,
0
-
- - 0 0 0 0
51
1
14'
170 90 211 49 67
96.'j 3.')0
no'> .J4~'
I
20
28. (loco_ Norle 2 •. lIocmSur 30. HOllo 3l. Isabela
2 0
-
1 0
12
1 1
31 30
0
8 7
-
32. Kalinga-Apayao 33. La lInion
1 1 6
1 3 4
1
11 0
0
1]
34. Laguna
47
45
35. Lanao del Norte 36. Lana() del Sur 37, Leyte
• 1
-
0
1 58
-
-
164
1 20' - . 0 0
-
"
I
:'Ii2
--;j
20
,
,
2·,)
.,
23 34 47
86 63 3,. 87
2f1
I I !
199
24, 2~1 ~~2
204 ,-{~
25322 036 ;:'61
1-1:!
16
3 -.J 1 164 f,-l ~
2> 13
36 16 20 30
11 42 353
,
I I
12;)
Fl(j
11 51
131
3-:'3
34C
W'l
I
34
65 11 44
12 1 3
81 7
50
50
38. Manila 39. Marinduque 40. Masbate
5 17 15 2. 10 11 26 21 2. 14 12 15 31 35 5 15 9 5 15 19 2. 14
0
18
1 1 1
18 18 16 173 27 13 5' 1 2 26
- - 0 0
51 1
246 1 323 18 BO
22 lOCI
,64 12IJ
-
1 323
1 6
12 16 21
21
41. Mis. Occidental 42. Mis, Oriental
35 58 3 32 40 100 4
43. Mt. Pro\'ince 44. N. Occidental 45. N. Oriental
1
0
-
16 26 10
53 100 3
" 3 1.1
I I I I I I
1 11(' 1 32:, 144 492 319 4'72 !i3
412
266 372
90 98~
7 3 1 1
49 23 8 30 8 7 14 1. 28
11 2 1
62
0
-
186
31 31 23 32 17
soz 90 62 187 51 36 58 4b
34 20 22 23 2.; 1; 19 32 20 29 ~0
1 4%
625 244 66. 1"1 10-;
46. Northern Samar 47. Nueva Ecija 48. N. Vizcaya 49. Dcc. Mindoro 50. Or. Mindoro
"
• 1 2 2 4 12 6
• 1 I I
0
•
I. 10 11 12
1
25
19 33 19 27 77 75 12
1
0
1 9 0
0
i15 306 K·51
I I
222 143 329
11 0
15 20
27l
51, 52, 53, 54. 55,
Palawan pampanga. Pangasinan Quezon Rizal
17
0
ltli 61<1
232 906
1
78 45 35 0
3 7 4
14 38 88 68
0
1 1 1 4
84 83 77
134
22 47
287 276 2!iS
56, Romblon 57. Sorsogon 58. S. Cotabato 59. s. Lt:yte 60. Sulu 61, S, del Norte 62. S. del Sw 63. Tarlac 64. W. Samar 65. Zambales 66. Z. del Norte 61. Z. del sur TOTAL
21 27 18 23
• 0
3
117 0
2 160
1 109 69~
1
3,~,5
.9 29 15 16
!l'l2
3 8 1 2 1 2
19 58 5 17 6 11 24 7 35
51
• 1
-
60 14 13 0
I.
25 20 22 18
1 3 2 1 2 1 99
13 48 29 13 31 14
11 20 8 18 25 1 105
3 1
I. 32 39 1 958
• 0
-
- 1 46 1 1 26 27 I - - - 0
291
2 6i3 21 106 134 77
147
2 620 16-; 42'7
I
I
13
146 321 332 210 3'9 182 188 465 3."19
0 0
25 29 16 24
44
0
0
0
0 0
0
0
.
- 1 0 0
15 17 22 26 18 17 23
., 57 71 94 54
466 2.')1
"
'26 23' 25' 559 443 342 409 1 033 35 793
27 17 12
0
0
107
I. 20 33
174 63 164
51 15 16 32
0
0
0
I.' 346 86. 24 282
5
40
2 26
71
0
0
- Numbe Df CDmmumDes. Populaiion In 1000. Source, 1970 census figures. Note: Excluding the provinces of Lanao del None and Lanao del Sur in view of non-availability of needed data.
,
I
r 1
18 '46 1 28.
16 4. 600
1 455 11 511
1339
.~ 384
-
~/l.l4.Annex 4-1
NUMBER OF EXISTING WATERWORKS BY PROVINCE AND TYPE
Province
Total
Revenue
Total G&P G
Non~Revenue
Total G&P
Abc,l
22 3 15 44 19 4
" 3 1 12 9 6 6 2 33 4
P
P
3 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 13
19 1 12 31 7 1 1
19 1 12 31 8 1 S
Aklan Agusan
Albay Antique
11 3 6
Bataan Batanes
3 15 5 2 16 2 3 5 3 5 4 3 40 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 5 12 1 15 5 2 6
11 28 67 63 9 17 4
5 4 65 20 3 1 16 8 23 1 6
Hatangas Benguet
3 5
24 2 43 6 16
4 65 20 3 1 22 8
[johol BukidnoJl
Bulacan Cagayan Camarines Norte Caillarines Sur Camiguin Capiz
2 1 1 1 3 4 2 1 1
4 4 8 3 8 4 13 51 5 3 2 4 1 2 23 19 3 4 18 48 5 17 25 7 49 2 2 2
-
26 16 27 8 4 15 100 7 5 2 4 24 21 8 12 44 2 49 !
2 2 7 7 1
24
Catanduanes Cavite Cebu Cotabato
2 49 2 2
I I
Davao del Norte Davao Orie ntal J)avao del Sur Western Samar
3
23 19 3 4 25 48 5 17 25 1 2 1 1 12 160 88 58 13 1 3 1 1 20 89 8 19 31 3 1 12 1 3 9 1 5 24
-
[fugao [locos "orle
1 2 4 1 4
2 1 3 1 4 2 1 1 2 1
5 8 19 2 1 23 7 2 7 38 23 5 9 2 7
Haem Sur
Iloilo
I I
lsa bela Kalillga-Apayao
-
Laguna Lanao del t\orte Lanao del Sur La Union Leyte Leyte del Sur l\1arinduque Ma~bate
28 24 27 19 198
11 158 87 58 12 1 3 19 88 8 19 31 3 9 2 9 1 5 24 5 49 10 31
I I I ;
34 22 2 8
3 1 1 2
III 63
,
22 3
I I I , I
Mindoro Occ. l\1indoro Or,
10 35 I
4 6 3 1 9 22
3 6
:"Usamis Or.
3 1
15 4 1 28 26 2 4 1
Misamis Oce, Mt. Province
4 90 36 45 33 4
I ! I I
Negros Oce, Nl'grm Or. !\. Samar Nueva Ecija Nueva Vizcaya
i I I
I I
I
I I I
15
4 4 2
4 1 1 1 2 23 1 14 14 1 8 3
4 15 13 21 43 6 20 40
Palawan Pampanga Pangasinan Quezon
1
1
3 12 18
2 1
I
I , I !
11 16 9 4 1 2 1 1 1 5 1 3 1 4 178 88
1
2
34 5 15 16 2 7
Rizal Rornblon Sorsogorl
Sulu Surigao del Norte Surigao del Sur
I
8
1 1
6 50 10 31
57
14 8 35 8
4 6 4 8 3 8
T<1rlac ",'estern Samar
I
4
i
Zambales
5
Zambo del Norte Zambo del Sur TOTAL
5 15 1 742
2 4 382
2 6 1 079 1 34
I 1
2 7 1 114
827
Source: NWSA records
- 85/86 ..
NO. CE WW 21 18 "
EXISTING WATER FACIUTIES AS OF 28 MARCH 1972 POPULATION SERVED 30 280 127210 10340 20lMO 34700 43980 640 200880 159310 189 720 56780 222 470 V7 160 113 880 168 660 41180 38870 39110 162640 663 170 135 300 3990 152750 62100 21530 32090 47360 94 740 " 14' 338590 27110 223 780 94 150 91690 48940 306 090 78190 44 310 97250 3780 61 060 64 400 199 270 110090 523 640 173900 90190 40070 48440 194 030 168510 322280 53330 40710 18340 16590 69590 135880 79210 121 210 40530 73510 90320 62570
Annex II 2 TOTAL POPULATION SERVED
-
PROVINCE
NO. OF POPULATION NO. CE SPRING SERVED WELLS 27 6 1070t 4238 158 277 32 186
POPULATION SERVED 39550 83100 9800 46500 78000 80600 39300 3500 322 300 5000 13' 060 29600 165450 115250 44860 114200 1750 82 500 50260 124 650 210360 69750 55350
CENSUS 1970 149397 280 100 175549 262 690 672285 289627 214 131 11425 927290
1. Abr.
80534 214 M8 9600 56500
2. AgusaD del Norte
3, Agusan del Sur 4. Akl&n
Sauna 9. BataRp' 10. Bensuet 11. Bohol 12 ..Sukidnon
5. 6. 7. 8,
Albay Antique Balain
3 46 18 4 10 28
-
74 19 1 2 49
-
"
86143 12 l1li9 500 385 36 230 25 110 90 ",5 060
a92 321 157 14 1207 20 558 117 684 461 178 458 7 330 200 298 841 279 233 300 210 181 20 U
338 683 127329 83780 11425
I
13. 8u1&cln 14. Cagay.n 15. Cam.rinel Nor 16. Cam_rines Sur 17. Camlgutn 18. Cap(!;
19. CatandU&DIC' 2<1, CavLre
21. Ceba 22. Cotabeto del None 23. c_bato dol 5, 24. Dano del Nom 25. Dano del Sur 26. Davao Or. 27.1fugao 28. Kallop-Apaya 29. llocOi Norle 30. llocOl Sur 31. Iloilo 32. Isabela 33. Laguna 34. Lanao del Norte 35. Lanao del Sur 36. La Union 37. Leyte del Norre 38. Leyte del Sur 39. Manila 40. Marlnduque 41. Masbate 42. Mindoro ace. 43. Mindoro Or. oM. MisamiJ Dec. 45. Misamis Or. 46. Mt. Province 47. Neg. Occ. 48. Neg. or. 49. Nueva Eclja 50. Nueva Vlzcaya 51. Palawan 52. Pampanga 53. Pangal1naD 54. Quezon 55. Rizal 56. Romblon 57. Eastern Samar 58. Northern Samar 59. Western Samar 60. Sonogon 61. Sulu 62. Surigao del None 63. Surlgao del Sur &t. Tarlac 65. Zamb&la 68. 2Amboanp del Norte 61. Zamboanga del Su, TOTAL
53 67 10 18 4 7 17 27 5 4 15 70 7 1 5 4 2 18 61 9 Iii 45 2 30
54 1112 9 1 1
559410 189 420 398845 95430 387920 213495 159330 314831 46 (KO
282679 674806 400307
-
a
-
1095 800 31971 2500
B36714 580810 263 22S 918573
51 5
14 16 87
120f5 14227 36063 6588 5490 9420 18008 940 17185 1390 13780 118 OSO 39134 2970 52960 14786
121 170 101900 301517 809 583 211 638 64 820 237 170
56976 395774 162679
518483 1 632642 1 153 640 470527 438 795
12 10 10 17 I 37 3 36 51 106 6 73 11 51 51 13S 60 33
39S 488 789 466 421 198 130 318 71S 234 186 283 165 205 306 421 40 577 378 634 125 198 827 888 541 418 159 230 213 202 238 136 81 97 442 298 238 430
75000 52500 45250 5000 5250 88150 107 060 197 350 116500 106 400 49500 32600 78000 184 000 58500 41000 59500 41300 61260 75700 105 250 10000 lSfi 800 94 750 158300 31250 49550 157 050 222 000 124 800 104 150 39100
11 33 15 87 40 29 19 2 8 4 45 97 36 34 4 4 15 10 23 40 6 20 11 7 19 40 8 56 10 6 7 5 15
41834 293S0 88348 38425 23 455 3633 500 2100 58068 31636 10230 71450 9411 1660 900 3250 "
130608 67720 54275 53990 197270 201220 573 074 146580 381 830 158436 165824 155800 578437
738873 247 3B8 92896 143850 343 051
175715
9 I 6 83 27 22 116 20 2 2 6
108 785 160383 45 580 104 410 188 168 336 156 130320 730890 278 061 250 050
385945 1 168454 662 891 718518 383 096 714231 374 659 1 091 887 248 128 I 310602 143'171 492 868 145689 328251 344 025 411 282 93729 1 589 153 718340 850147 222438 232322 912304 1 387 632 911 637 2 781 081 167 665 214 G49 305 33'1 """ 950 426842 427 386 238823 261487 558 700 339 816 411 891
9
5950 "'55 "
102
72220 80940 351 080 396460 491545 157480 102611
. 27 25 31 42 91 2 51 14
22801 21160 26230 35535 56079 2 '00 47 '23 16840 "
57600 53250 60600 59550 33 000 20250 23 050 108450 73100 59500 107 500 5 250800
.
I 17 57 ~ 081
1000 9746
96990 95070 155125 251509 114610 188883 80420 181960 164 420 131816
817 7.0 7 576210
592",
464 494 14 158 058
I 032 198 3'1 OOS 419
1 377
I 321880 2,0641
•
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I tl6
s'rATliS
OF
\-IATER SUPPLY -
OCTOBER 1971 Compiled by: -~
Division of Environmental Sanitation Springs Improved 2 216 Not Improved 1 793 Rain Water Storage 620
.
-
1~:'J\ ~
l' : i{l·:,;i(.)NJ
Popu1a lion
No. ot' Provinces Ci ti"s 10 4
No. of
No. of No. of MuniciBarrios pali ties 210 4 )84
Artesian Wells WaterNot works Operating Systems Operating 497 3 955 963
Dug Wells Improved 24 'Z70 Open 19 )17
'~ "" >< ~
<= I
I
4 132 'j 5~;'
11
1 ,)27 341
3
0
80
1 569
11
1 625
372
4 927
7 530
314
703
468
II 1*
9 616 584 5 050 bo
16 6
17 3
230 110
2 678 2332
291 649
18 478 1 592
1 134 664
71 357 3 716
12 388 7 104
311 853
109 1 757
10 174 512
IV
-V VI VII ) 894 54,:> 5 811 030 5 8 12 10 122 2,2 107 3 360 , 874 2 353 174 1 090 loB 1 436 3090 1 033 537 721 206 17 237 1 785 2 628 22 272 13 210 4992 1 446 1 447 639 2 039 3 433 1 394 15 400 19799 6 530
~
00
8 6
2 i81 833
VIIi 'rOT'I'~L
4 455 793 35 250 308
12
7 61
165 1 276
2 140 24690
384 3 204
1 421 32 630 ~-
524 5 121 - -
87gr 134 n7 ---
21 2'(3 108086 '-----
794 12 020 _._-
2351 13 579
131 042 184 545
66
•Incomplete SOClrcc:
Reports.
Department ot' dea1th, Division of Environmental Sanitation
• 91/92 • BASIC DATA OF ,EXISTING WATERWORKS SYSTEMS BY P!lJVINCE AS OF 30 JUNE 19711
Annex it_.:.. Expendi,ule No. of C;ol1neclic)[J~
3 Province
a
f o II !II !II III IV V V
.;; o 19.59 10.86 1.8'7
i
. " " z
,
1. LA UNION 2. CAGAYAN
, 3
.60 22
6.05 ~.69
1 92
63.15 21.41
8.60 • 4."
82.61 23,28 23. 66 39.98
3.03 4.89 (6.30) 3.78
1.10
3. lSASELA 4. NUEVA VISCA YA S. PANGAS1NAN 8. PAMPANGA 7. IIATAAN
I 1 10 7
"" 10 18
(4.81) 1.28 11.3'7
S. ZAMBALES 9. BUl.ACAN 10. NUEVA [CUA
Y VI VI
, 1 10 1
'" '':: 1 ~
321 2(1.413 20 22.20 80 42.50 '2 67 164.98
13.0 0.1 10 • .,
•• 92.' • 57.2
1.46 5.S2 23.14 11.8 7.4 9.1
22.20 29.BO
113.43 78.'7 49.0
14.73 151.30 (25.05) 92.2 92.5 13.1 56.4 1.2 0.9
... .... ,., 3 ••
53. 39'
12' 3
10
n.s) (2.11 (3141
", 2
21. ')
11. 3D 3. 18 ':'. ~7
680
1 578
11. GAVITt
VU VII
12 ..
12. RJUL 13. DATAMGAS 14. LAGUNA
26.04 1.41 2 36'l 57.9 58 14.5 18
63 ••• 461 333." HI. 82 101 80B." 118.9 281.4
56.5 254.76 10.92
86.8
12.8 14.,33 1.0-4 13 ...
I 338 I 328 1 326
" 4 442 2 724 3
" " " 70 .., , 30
(330) 386 (32)
,
1:;.0
n.[I 33.5 51.1 11.6 36....
1';.56
129
19
18.07 12.60 16.20 15. SO 43.82 I. 50 :4'). ~
'0 57
35.55 1. 69
50.28 340.59 19.28 1.04 13.65 4.38 221.2 48.8 39.1
3 501
20'
40 101
H.8 15.5 38.4 40.6 9.16
420.6 47.3 208.9
247.6 109.6 286.4
15.7 23.8 3.1 9.6 ('9.54)
187 ,,60
12.9 39.1 30.1
vIII IX
10
No dar..
8.1 ~3.5
15. QUElON 16, CAMARlNES SUR
X Xl
5 21 6
1 47 292 1 t9
10.03 53.74)
82'( 290.3 135 251.'11
]88.3 230.63 138.95
75.3 304.2 30.95 271.34 4.02
21'" .66 5029 1 179
'"
" '" '" 646 B3
.
,
.. 24 34
2S
476
, 134 42.) (11)
. 4 61
S 15
"
72. [I IH.:!
10;\
]5 39 32 32 1:1
11.2 19~ ..,>
10.6 79.3 'n._J 133. 55.34
149 302
107 93 21
9.88
4 661
152
278
209. fi 1(12. (l
1'7. "KLAN 18. CAPIZ
19. ROMSWN 20. ILOILO 21. NrGRQS OCCIDENTAL
XIII ;(111 XIII
1 &
XIV XV XVI
22. CEBI' 23. BOH()L
2 11 12 15 30 14
' " 0.1 1 01 1.9 1 (0.1) 3 79 59.06 1 92 3.3 1 55 31.40 22~40.2
1 48 224.20 25 381. 83 W.8
11.56 5.3
25.8 10.8
H.I) 1.1
1 17 11
7." 409.3
5.13 602.88 136.1 BO.24 381.4
128.66 101.42
54.53 15.93 5.8 36.9 1.3 8.3 9a.1 8.6 0.... 7.3 36.85 741.15 46.57 7.0 • 18.8 155.6 91.17 (23.0)
3 463 29' 1 13-1
70
31 I
16. 21 f2~)
9.' 61'
'" 780
" '" 249 179 24
l[l,-~ 1(,.
2.6 14.0 1.8
(11 \
" 310 103 158
::"1 2 112 27 19 ~2
oJ
In,4
d 834
259 24
16.~
186.::"' :13.~
1 48 129.3 43ll 17.40 425 514.52
12.5 10.93 61.3 72.81
7.0
1 985
321 1 152
17.&3
24. LEyn 2:i. Sub. Prov. "lURAN 26. WESTERN SAMAR
XVII XVIII
461.5
(12.0) 2.86 0.37 13.0 0.5 16.6 10.1 (17.21 12.0 (O.3)
.. , 19.10 0.69
I 26' 1 851 1 311
21 I
.5 511 6 52:!
f 70 24
27.09 0.42
xvnt XIX XX XX
.5
10 39 2S 102
14.18 'Z!.O 141.0
27.
suw
7.' 2 "
1.98 3.2 19.5
328.39 131.'15 S38.95 2. '10 14.0·5 9.37 14.2 121.0 4.8 3.7 17.4 140.5 55.8
" I., 10 26 39
163 2 7
<9' 1 '" 502 534 401
28. ZAMBOANGA DEL NORTE 29. ZAM90ANGA DEL SUR
3 3
50 58
3.2 5.6
XX XXlI XXIl
41 38
69.2 37.1 225.4
8.9 4.5
42.1 24••
32.8 214.3
30. MlSAMIS ORIENTAL 31. aUKIONoN 32. CAMIGUIN 33. NORTH COTABATO 34. SOUTH COTABATO 35, Olt VAO DEL SUR 36, DAVAO DEL NORTE 37, DAVAO ORIENTAL 38. SlJJij(;AO DEL NORTE
XXU
XXIII XXIU
XXV XXV
39. SURI<,;AO DEL SUR
40. AGl1SAN 41. ORiENTAL'MINOORO 42. OCCIDENTAL MINOORO 43. SOUTHERN LEYTE
XXV XXIX XXIX XXIX
XXXI XXXU XXXU
44. ILOCQS NORTE
45. SAN PABLO CITY 46. MASBAT£
SpeCll1 Spedll Speclll Spe<::ld
41. 8""T""NES 48. P""LAWAN 49. EASTEIN SAMAR
Speelll
spcc\.al S~ClaJ
50. CATANDUANES 51. NORTHERN SAMAR f>2. IFUGAO
speCial Speclal
51 38.3 5.4 35.2 0.3 1.6 1.9 1.2 4 2 44 (l.DS) 151 399.38 55.91 249.77 82.68 388.36 AU I)'neml are IlQd r the ffiunlcir-li iel cone med 3 '76 (2.35) 73 64.64 9.05 '73.22 1.30 83.57 1 M (0.70) 5() 4. Z9 0.60 5.87 6.27 1 23 15.68) 18 19.61 0.75 25.62 25.87 22.0 3 1!8 11.7. 17.6 2.6 19.4 4 46'.l 24.0 10 39.8 5.8 39.2 15.0 60.0 2 &8 16.0) 68 32.0 4.8 38. '7 34.1 6 16 4.50 74.22 13 62.92 8.24 53.51 12.41 1 5 0.37 8.25 5 9.J6 1.28 6.91 11 97 16.90 4~ 528.96 16.1'1 63.44 15.78 9&.39 13.85 ].34 '2 No data 1.43 11.00 0.38 12.72 1 1 26 13.7 19 26'7.7 10.7 178.3 69.3 218.3 1 161 4.6 • 35.0 4.8 • 40.0 35.' SS(! 11.38 0.45 0.61 10.81 4 '" 22(l 28.6 1.6 27.3 28.9 1 2.B2 '7 3.18 0 ..... 2.87 3.31 11 4 5~ 3'1.0 6.3 27.7 34.0 1 7.0 12 4.0 4 n.5 1.1 0.2 12.8 11.5
15 No ala 31.7 4 No data 8.9 1 No diu. 0••
29.8
244.5 29.8
3.' , .. ,.3 1.3
'.'
'"20 212
'" '" .'" 170 233 (5)
{64\
128.9 2.1.2 211.3. ·59.1 :l5.30 ~.40 ~ Q
60.4; 1~~~.3 21C.-;'~
79 5 7
(4)
(120)
"' 1 .60
693 163 3 471 -S64
30 59
145
• •
,., " "
4
• 39
11,1'S :;7. '>
•
26 16 9 73 14
llf>, (I .6. _'>
15.1
7.1 6.~
Zl.n
165.(1 39. ,\
6!l,3
14
-:-.!"l 4• .'l 3~.22
9.97 (21.28) {2.59}
'" .53 '0 452 75
17 4 180
I 57
!'.o 91.4'~
711 382 31
33 7
3 (38) (121
23
13
')7. 2.~
1 8 4
2.r•."!
5.10 1,:12 3.66 3.9J
(22.69) (16.n 3.8 (22.7) (6.80)
13
723 '07 1 I",
320
• 21
10 135
1.28 SO.47 13.80
121
'6'7
2.56
'.1 (D.4)
51' il.3
18' 1 324 2a5
I.'
t."
0.51 0.9 2.67
".
.. ,., 173
'" '" 30 154
, I 4
n . ., 4~. (I
'.40 1;.43 O. ~" 2il.86
14 20
36. 3'~
,.S; 44. til 6.3·) 52. 5~. ~
1366
" 36
168 10' f'Z4~
26'
')
4.13 46. '7 10, ~~
'"
13
P
... 3.'
""
0.'
6.9 3.0
83 1 ...
12
'.1
(1.3)
"0 450
'50 14
20 I
12 ]55
, 14
• , 4
1
·.4
:':-1.1 3 •.:' 27. t} ~.
3. -;
3.1 I ~. 6
2 -1
() (I
1.3 1.6
11.
GRAND TOTAL
1309.38
~8.60 690.0 334.58
49 101
2 375
1 1"72
~·"·i + E~cludiQg
65 649
1 '60
2 346
she (6)
Provinc~1
Rai1lely Bat.lngu. WesU!rD Sallllr. Mlu:nls Oriental. Bukldnon. Camlguln, hWlln and llocOi Norte.
Excluding Batanga- "'rodl1ce • • Sa ;td on No. of Connectlom - 8 penOltS pet house caru!oeCttoo. and 200 per publi.e flucet. Source: NWSA record,.
- 93/94 Annex 4-6
PHILIPPINES - 1970 - Population - 57 000 000 STATUS OF WATER SUPPLY
WATERWORKS SYSTEM NWSA-operated •.•••••••••••.•.••••••••• 1142 sys~ems
Provincial, City, Municipal and small community water systems by local opera ti on •..•.••.•.•.•••••••••••••••••
1281 systems 3340 000
Population served at Manila and suburbs by NWSA ••••••••• Population served by Provincial systems •••••••••••••••••
7 350 000
Total population served ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 10699 000 Note: NWSA and most Provincial Administrations are interested in revenue-producing waterworks system thus ~eglecting the water rieeds of rural ()ommuni ties where 70% (If' the population live.
ARTI:SIAN WELLS Number of wells ••••••••••••••••••••••• Note: 20240 wells
Many of theRe wells are out of order. It is estimated that 250 people are served by one well. Most municipalities with broken wells have no funds to repair. Drilling of new wells are supported from the national funds in the Appropriation Act under Public) WorKS projects.
Pop'.llation served DEVELOPED SPRINGS No. of Improved
.............................. .......... . "
2 500 000
~prings
••.•.•.••••••.••
2 062 3. 51,;;: f./'(. ~--,
Populal,: on served ........................................... oO.. No~e:
7here are still 7687 unimproved natural springs.
IMPROVED DUG WELlS Number of dug wells ••••••••••••••••••• Popula tion served ..................
42 250 oOoO .. oOoOoOoOoOoOoOoOoO
oO • • oOoO • • • •
2 ll) 000
Note:
There are still 86 360 unimproved open dug well!; utilized as sources of drinking water in the rural a!'~l:ls.
- 95/96 Annex 4-6 Total population served: Waterworks systems ••..•••••..•.•.••..•••.••••..•. Artesian wells ••..•...••..•.••••••••.••...•.•.••• Developed springs ••••.•••••••••••...•.•••.•.••.•• Improved dug wells ••.••••..•..••••.•••.•.•.•••.••
10690 000 2 500 000 1 312 000 2113 000 16 615 000
OUt of 37 000 000 population, some 20 000 000 people are not served with safe water supply. Note: Population distribution indicates 7~ live outside of cities and big towns and therefore the country's water supply problem lies in the rural areas. It is estimated that there is an increase in population of 700 000 in the rural areas every year.
Source:
Department of Health
- <n/Cj3 Annex 6-1 ARTESIAN WELL DATA DRILLED THROUGHOUT THE PHILIPPINES
AVERAGE PROVINCE Depth in Feet
Water Level in Feet
l. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19· 20. 2l. 22.
23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38.
29·
39.
40. 4l. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 5l. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59· 60. 6l.
ABRA AGUSAN NORTE AGUSAN SUR AKIAN ALBAY ANTIQUE BATAAN BATANES BATANGAS BOHOL BUKIDNON BULACAN CAGAYAN CAMARINES NORTE CAMARINES SUR CAPIZ CATANDUANES CAVITE CEBU COTABATO NORTE COTABATO SUR OI\VAO NORTE OI\VAO SUR OI\VAO ORIENTAL ILOCOS NORTE ILOCOS SUR ILOILO ISABELA LAGUNA LANAO NORTE LANAO SUR LA UNION LEYTE NORTE LEYTE SUR MARINDUQUE MASBATE MINDORO OCCIDElfl'AL MINDORO ORIENTAL MISAMIS OCCIDElfl'AL MISAMIS ORIENTAL MOUNTAIN PROVINCE NEGROS OCCIDENTAL NEGROS ORIENTAL NUEVA ECIJA NUEVA VIZCAYA PALAWAN PAMPANGA PANGASlNAN QUEZON RIZAL ROMBLON ) SAMAR EASTERN SAMAR NORTHERN ) ) SAMAR WESTERN SORSOGON SUW
120 150 160 115 110 95 225 65 315 150 200 295 185 80 105 80 290 130 135 135 150 150 150 115 105 160 105 230 95 110 120 90 90
35 12 15 20 25 70 6 20 180 25 95 25 50 15 25 15 50 75 60 50
85 85 100 130 135 165 160 350 150 155 185 100 80 300 390 130 290 75 100 140 190 70 80 220 100 150
50 55 55 55 15 17 23 40 120 25 15 30 20 20 30 20
30 18 50 75 50 27 50 23 35 18 22 25 35 85 22 25 30 40 12 15 11
SURIGAO DEL NORTE SURIOAO DEL SUR TARLAC ZAMBOANGA DEL NORTE ZAMBOANGA DEL SUR
25 35
- 99/100 -
S~RFACE
WATER RESOURCES OF TilE PHILIPPINES Existing Gaging stations as of 1964
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
NOTE: Colu .. " (2)
CoIwmn (I) N"mor-k;ol lymbullOl t+.o gogIng .ta~
i
"'-olnb olrNof
Of
",.am SQtMQ
CO~tmf'l (Al M"~'''"
Co"'mn (3) Oro~ oreo. In
k........
01"" goeIAQ atoliof.
discho,gn 01 the IIOKoll in cubIC mQI8U, n-tt \e":ond
Colunll'l (5) AdlP.18 diw:h.Ofga 01 ,h. 1'01101\ in 'ltbic ,.,• .." pel ~.~""
Co"'"," (4, Mo."'",,,
dilchorge altha t8Ofioft M
cubic
IMhNI ~ aocond
Co"'".,,. (7) V_I; 01 'fCOfdl YpoI'I whch Coa.,"'fttt.) . . . . . . .
Source: Water'Resources Map of the Philippines Hy:iro1ogical Divisi.m BPW, Manila, 1964
101/102 -
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- lO:!/l04
Annex 6-2
NOTE: CotwftOon. (I) f\ou,..... iC.ol sym:;,olkM 1h. 'Pllinu 5IaIM'" Column (2, "om. of fi¥ef
Of
'Ireorr. (I ....
Co"",,,,,, (3) Drainage area_ in squor. lIilt"....... ~. Column , ... MirWfn.,. diSchO'V8
gugini
Wlign
o.
the 'lOtion in I.Ubi.; R . . ., per Meol'd
Colum .. (5) .... ¥8Iog. discharQe at th •• I"ihofl In c"bc;. meletJ pur second 'Column (6, Mo~im""" dlscha,g. 01
!he "olion
In
(;wt,c "'..... per MCOnd
....
>I'
0<. 4-
',.
. ,. ~ I'"~r~·
(I., I (,-l~", 1 "--e-
J'&~C
(..,tV
I
r- '''''.('~,,{
.
nfq"J,.;.
.; (:,< ... {'~... i
'-Ue~
.4,..;
- 105/106 -
Annex 6-3a
TABIE I 1 - (0) - (ii) Average Annual Run-Off In Seven
en
Major Rivers
Basin Central Luzon (Pampanga & Agno Rivers) Gaga,van River 01c01 River Hog Kilabangan H.iver Agusan Rl ver Cotaoato
Vrainage Area (Sq. film.)
Annual nun-un' (r·Ullion Cubic Meters) (Millimeters)
18 000 28 110
21 000 49 000 5 500
1168 1'(43 1'762
3 120 2 100 11 500 20 030
1 T'J9
828 1655 1148
U 030
23 000
- 107/108 -
Annex 6-3b TABLE II
~vaporation
Station (Province) Mindanao 1.
Annual EvaEoration (Inches) (Millimeters)
A.
Agusan Gotabato
5'( .9 98.'(
1471 2507
2.
B.
Visayas l.
Iloilo Negros Occidental Samar
'13.6 85.8 5'( .2
1875 16n
2.
3. ro
1453
v.
Luzon l.
Bulacan Cagayan Camarines Sur La Union Pangasinan 110cos Norte
'71.3 78.9 61.0 '72.6
1811 2004 1549 1844 2269 2220
2.
3. 4. 5.
BS'.3 87.4
6. Note:
The above values represent the annual evaporation in one selected evaporation station in each province, and wer~ measured by Class A Weather Bureau Type and Colorado 'rype Evaporation Pans.
REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES Department of Commerce and Industry WEATHER BUREAU
Manila AVERAGE MONTHLY RAINFALL IN INCHES
Region LUZON VISAYAS MINlYINAO PHILIPPINES
Jan. 4.95 7.17 7.90 6.33
Feb. 3.50 4.58 5.58 4.32
Mar.
Apr. 3.58 3.48 5.32 3.94
May 6.97 6.26 7.61 6.89
Jun.
JU1. 14.42 9.72 8.32 11.34
Aug. 15.84 9.16 7.56 11.83
Sept. 13.33 9.23 7.80 10.77
Oot. 11.52 10.99 9.03 10.78
Nov. 11.02 11.03 8.84 10.53
Dec. 8.87 9.94 9.70 9.40
ANNUAL 107.34 94.17 91.72 99.61
3.45 4.03 5.81 4.18
9.88 8.58 8.25 9·10
AVERAGE RAINY Dl\YS LlTlON VISAYAS MINDANAO PHILIPPINES L-_. ___
11
8 11 11 10
8 11 12 10
8 9 12 9
13 13 15 14
16 17 17 17
15 14 13 -----
19 18 17 18
19 17 16 18
19 17 16 18
17 19 17 18
15 17 17 16
14 17 16 15
167 181 180 176 -
~ ..... o
..... o
* Greatest Amount of Ralnfa11 Ever Reoorded Region LUZON VISAYAS MINDANAO Note: Greatest Daily 34.64 In., July 14, 1911, _10 Cl ty 22.48 In., Nov. 23, 1928, Borongan, Samar 13.71 in., Dec. 13, sur1gao, Surigao Greatest Monthly 136.30 In., Aug. 1919, Baguio Clty 86.27 in., Jan., 1918, Borongan, Samar 58.27 in., Dec., 1924, Surigao, Sur1gao Greatest Annual 355.84 in., 1911, Bagul0 City 267.32 in., 1934, Borongan, Samar 237.73 in., 1934, Sur1gao, Surigao >
Above data were based on the reports of Synoptic Stations operating at present (1960) and stations and other stations which are already inactive. The years of record range from 6 from 6 a.m. to 6 a.m. At Baguio City, 45.99 inches was collected from 12 noon to 12 noon Bulletin, 1911). Twenty-four (24) hour rainfalls are oollected normally from 8 a.m. to 8
to not inclUde the records of co-operative to 90 years. (*) The amount was collected (see Weather Bureau Pub~ication Monthly a.m.
i
'r' ~
·
'.
POOR ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CONDITION - ASSOCIATED DlSEASES - CASES AND DEA-1HS
1962 CASES CHOLERA EL TOR .. ~
1963 DEATHS
1964 CASES DEATHS
I , r.AS"~
la65 DEAi.HS CASES
1966 DEATHS CAS'OS
1367
H6!> SASES
1969 USF.~
DEATHS CASES
DEATHS
I
DSATHS
DEATHS
13 015 212 96'3 13 596 153 552 40 342
1 682 15 083 49:1
3 97g 213 513 16 OJ6 210 527 33 517 32
433 15 157 9-:'7
16 16;
1 5H
4 707 206 369 20 215 239 463 28 988
493 14 374 1 196 137 203 1 015 9
7 337 209 710 22 093 261 4:J9 33 737 99
572
2 366
1:13 15 091 1 .142 163 186 1 143
3 17'?
303
1 427 245 913 13 31'; 1 ;OS 665 31 756 29
174 15 200 1 247 391 252 860
GASTRO-ENTERlTIS DYSENTERY TYPHOID FEVER POLIOMYELITIS -
230 46; 16 OSl 17 461 25
18 632 171 860 1 325 1'>'6 164 1 373 1 17 7~?
179 129 14 795 1l 07.
1 107 123 160 n6 4
1 356
I-' I-'
I-'
115 16.5 1 273 5
134 160 1 11.1 6
~74
701l 5811 28 35'
240 258 1 ,161 3
-;:::.. I-' I\)
41' 40 85 ,S(
466 31 441 9
MALARiA
lFlLARJ~_SIS~
386
59
3
It
1
2
~ >i I
»
0'1 V1
-113/114 -
Annex. 10-1& SUMMARY OF EXISTING NO. OF EJII1PLOYEES BY CATEGORY OF WORK, NO. OF CONNECTIONS, AND POPUIATION SERVED IN ALL REVENUEPRODUCING PROVINCIAL WATERWORKS UNDER NWSA TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL NO. OF GRAVITY SYSTEMS •••••••••••••••••••••.• NO. OF PUMPING SYSTEMS ••••..••••••.••..•••.••• NO. OF SYSTEMS. COMBINE P&G ••••••••••••••••••• NO. OF WATERWORKS SYSTEMS UNDER NWSA •••••••••• 124
89 31 244
TOTAL POPULATION SERVED ••••..•••••••..•••••.•••..••• 2 TO~L NO. OF CONNECTIONS (Meter Rate) ••••••••••••••• TOTAL NO. OF CONNECTIONS (Flat Rate) •••••••••••••••• GRAND TOTAL NO. OF CONNECTIONS •••••••••••••••••••••• NO. OF EMPLOYEES BY CATEGORY OF WORK •••••••••••••••• WW Dist Offioe
582760 68 710 45702 114 412 1 413
JOB CLASSIFICATION Waterworks Distriot Engineer Civil Engineer Meohanioal Engineer Waterworks Superintendent Colleoting and Disbursing Offioer Waterworks Supervisor Distriot Examiner A9.~0Wl~!- or Bookkeeper Property Clerk Cashier Paymaster Bill Colleotor Bill Clerk Plumber Water-Meter Meohanio Pump Operator Meohanio Maintenanoe Labour Water Tender Guard-Chlprinating Attendant Watchman Janitor-Messenger Foreman Audit Clerk Water-Meter Reader Clerk Others TOTAL Population served (1000)
Size of ocmnuni ty served (1000 people) 5 - 25 25 - 50 1 1 5 3 22 2 4 1 192 18 3 1 8 7 14 2 22 4 4 4 7 2 1 11 1
50 - 100 1 3 2 2 1 4 8 1 36 14 38 4 41 11
100 - over
26 19 6 1
1
2 2
'ZT 1 23 25 7 1 2 1 1 1 8 6 1 2 5 9 17 18 206 2582
1 2 1 8 1 17 17 4
71 8 192 28 12 3 34 41 2 4 3 81 6 12 745 1506
2 1 12 21 2 4 1 26 5 17 257 565
12 2 2 13 6 13 112 265
93 246
- 115/116 -
. Annex 10-lb EMPLOYEES PER 100 000 PEOPLE SERVED IN WATER UTILITIES OF VARYING SIZE IN THE PHILIPPINES WW Dist Office 1 .74 .23 .41 .07 .33 .2 .15 .13 .26 .07 12.7 1.19 4.7 .53 12.7 1.85 .8 .2 2.25 2.72 .13 .26 .2 .54 .4 .8 49.18 .41 1.22 .41 3.25 2.84 5.7 .81 9 1.63 1.63 1.63 2.84 .81 .41 4.47 .·41 .18 .53 .35 .35 .18 .7 1.41 .18 6.37 2.48 6.73 .71 7.25 1.95 .35 .18 2.12 3.72 .35 .71 .18 4.6 .89 3 45.48 .76 .76 Size of water system (1000 people served) 100 - over 50-100 5-25 25-50
JOB CIASSIFICATION WW District Engineer Civil Engineer Mechanical Engineer WW Superintendent Collecting & Disbursing Officer WW Supervisor District Examiner Accountant Bookkeeper Property Clerk Cashier Paymaster Bill Collector Bill Clerk Plumber Water-Meter Mechanic Pump-Operator Mechanic Maintenance Labourer Water Tender Guard-Chlorinating Attendant Watchman Janitor-Messenger Foreman Audit Clerk Water-Meter Reader Clerk Others Tot a 1 Source:
.04 1.05
.04 .89 .97 .27
.38 .38 6.42 6.42 1.51 3.4 4.53 .76 .76 4.9 2.26 4.9 42.30 .76 3.02
.04 .08 .04 .04
.38
.31 .23 .04
.08 .20 .35 .66 .70 8.00
37.88
Provincial, City and Municipal Department NWSA, Manila, December, 1970.
- 117/118 Annex 10-2
EMPLOYEES PER 100 000 PEOPLE· SERVED IN tn'ILITIES . .OF VARYING SIZES IN THE UNITED S'l'A'i'ES AND CANADA Size of water system (1000 people served 100 - 250 50 - 100 25 - 50 10 - 25 u. S. Canada U. S. Canada U. S. Canada U. S. Canadl 4 7 3 5 6 2 1 1 3 6 4
JOB CLASSIFICATION i
Superintendent Foreman Accountant Bookkeeping Machine Operator Clerk Secretary Stenographer Telephone Operator Cashier Pipe Fitter Maintenance Mechanic Equipment Operator LabOlrer Serviceman Plant Operator Meter Reader Meter Repairman Others TOTAL
4
4 5 2 4 4 2
4 4 2 4 6 2 1 1 3
3 5 1 2
2 6 2 2 2
9 3 6 7 4 2 1 4
3 4 1 2
2
2 1 1 4
5 1 0.6 0.6 1 6 3 4 11
1 1 1 1 11
5 1 0.6 0.6 1.3 6 3.5 3 13.3 6 7 4.3 2 6.4 70
0.5 1 0.5 1 3 3 4
1 1 2 6 4 4 12 5
17 4 7 27 7 15 4 3 36 160
9 5 4 21 7 5 5 3 44 130
1 6 12 1
5 15 7 16 7 4 37 133
13 2
4 10 4
13 6 3
6
7 3 1 22 71
3 2
2 16 79
29 107
30
90
SouroelH.E. Hudson. Jr. & Fritz Rodriguez JAWWA August 1970
- 119 Annex 10-3 NATIONAL COURSES ON MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF REQUIREMENI'S PROVINCIAL WATERWORKS IN THE PHILIPPINES
Requirements for upgrading present management and operation practices in th.e provincial waterworks in respect of the above will include courses in at least three levels. (1) (2) (3)
Courses for engineers and senior management staff. Courses for waterworks superintendents. Courses for other categories of waterworks employees.
The training for all levels will be three-fold: (a) classroom instruction, (b) laboratory work, and (0) aotual plant training. In general terms oourses should be aimed at: (1) (2) Training of field and offioe waterworks staff. Establishing of a training centre to operate on a regular basis to answer the oountry's requirements.
The training oentre that will offer oourses at different levels can function in collaboration with the University of the Philippines, and its provincial branohes on a oentral, regional or roving basis. Preliminary list of c.ourses required is given in Annex 2. Annex 1 shOWS the number of professional and technical employees of the provinoial department of the NWSA. This includes: 45 Civil engineers 12 Meohanical engineers 41 Waterworks supervisors and superintendents Managing and operating 244 munioipal water systems. It is estimated that the total number of employees required in the oountry's provinoial waterworks is about 3 times the above figures. Efficient but realistic training progranune could be completed in five to six years.
- 120 -
Annex 10-3 The programme can be divided into three main parts: Part I Part II Part III Courses (for levels land 2) by WHO consultants and counterpart staff. Courses by counterpart (Training Centre) for all levels. Review and evaluation of programme and further courses by WHO consultants (five to eight years after completion of Part I).
Candidates can be selected from among the successful participants of Part I courses to conduct Part II. Those candidates might also undergo further training for that purpose (fellowships).
•
- 121/122 Armex 10-3 (Armex 1)
NWSA PROVINCIAL DEPARTMENT EXisting Professional and Technical Staff District engineers •.••••.••••••••••••••••••.•.••• 26 10
Civil engineers, central office •••••••••••••••••• Civil engineers (districts) •••••••••••••••••• 0... Mechanical engineers, central office ••••••••••••• Mechanical engineers (districts) •.••••••••••••••• Waterworks superintendent •••••••••••••••••••••••• Waterworks supervisor •....• '" . . . • . • . • . . . . • • . . . . • . •
21 3
9 12
29 32 16
Collecting and disbursing officer •••••••••••••••• Foreman ................................................ 0
Pump operators .... ,.......................................................
272
Mechanics •••••..•••••••••••••••.••••••••••••••••• Water meter mechanics ..........................................
55 14
It is estimated that the total figures for the country requirements are about three times the above NWSA figures.
TRAINING COURSES REQUIRED
Supt. Subject Engineers &
Supervisors Planning Procedures Engineering Economy Management of Waterworks Operations of Waterworks Maintenance of Waterworks Quality Control Applied Hydrology Applied Hydraulics Leak Detection & Control Billing & Collection Accounting and Budgeting Meter Maintenance & Repair Well Drilling and Development (ground water development) X X X X X X X X X X X X X
Budget Coll. & Disb. Offr
Operators
Mechanics &
Plumbers
Electricians
Meter repair man
Supervising well drillers
X X X X X
X X X X I-' I\)
X X X X X X X
X X X X .X X X
X
X X
"> I\)
VI
.I="
X X
Level
1
2
1
3
3
3
3
1
- 125/126 -
• Annex 11-1
CLASSIFICATION OF' MUNICIPALITIES AND FIRST CLASS CITIES BY ANNUAL INCOME
(1)
Classification of Municipalities annual income
1st Class - 1300 000 or more II 2nd - 1200 000 or more. but less than 1300 000 1\ 1\ 11 1200 000 3rd - 1100 000 11 " " 1\ 1\ 1\ II 1\ II 1100 000 4th -150000 11 It n n n II 1 50 000 5th - 1 30 000 II n n 6th - 115 000 " 1 30 000 " " Less than 115 000 7th " (2) Classification of First Class Cities annual income
1st Class. 1 - 12 500 000 or more 1st 2 - 11 500 000 or more. but less than 12 500 000 " 1\ 1\ II 1st .3-11000000 n " 11 500 000 " II II II 11 II 1st 11 000 000 700 000 4 1 " • 1st 500 000 700 000 " 5 1 1 " " " " " • II 1st 6 Less than 1500 000 •
Notes:
R.A. No. 4358, superceding R.A. No. 2368. requires the classification of municipalities after every four (4) consecutive fiscal years. R.A. No. 44'77 requires the classification of first class cities starting 1 July 1966. and every two years thereafter.
- 127/128 -
Annex 12-1 ANNUAL RELEASES OF APPROPRIATIONS FOR WATERNORKS PROJECTS
Fiscal Year 1954-1955 1955-1956 1956-1957 1957-1958 1958-1959 1959-1960 1960-1961 1961-1962 1962-1963 1963-1964 1964-1965 1965-1966 1966-1961 1967-1968 1968-1969 1969-1970 Total
General Fund ; 1 690 000 1 885 600 1 574 800 1 228 400
Bond Fund
Total ; 1 690 000
; 8 147 238 5 182 451 2 530 913
10 032 838 6 757 251 3 759313 3 227 557 6 114 058 12 009 803 '7 284 561
992 670 1 112 000 2 419 000 1 860 941 2 363 359 2 253 000 1 521 333 1 733 500 1 123 000 2 448 500 4 426 235* 8 181 680 136 144 018
2 304 887 5 002 058 9 590 803 5 423 620 12 163 575 50 000
14 526 934 2 303 000 1 991 333 3 054 400 2 065 000 3 088 500 4 772 735 8 246 680
470 000 1 320 900 942 000 640 000 346 500 65 000 ;54 179 945
190 923 963
* Decreased Source:
by ;108 790 due to cancellation of released funds.
NWSA annual report FY 1969-1970.
- 129/130 -
Annex 12-2 FUNDS RELEASED FROM VARIOUS PUBLIC WORKS ACTS APPROPRIATIONS ARTESIAN WELLS AND SPRING DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS
Fiscal Year
General Fund
Bond Fund
Total
1954..1955 1955-1956 1956-1957 1957-1958 1958-1959 1959-1960 1960-1961 1961-1962 1962-1963 1963-1964 1964-1965 1965-1966 1966-1967 1961-1968 1968-1969 1969-1910 TOTAL
"I 1 321 496 1 398 948 8g7 923
"I
486 984 3 027 351 4 694 623 5 928 203 2 215 669 1 660 602 1 388 323 2 707 503 266 770 214 303 663 Boo 813 714 185 000
-;
1 808 480 4 426 299 5 592 546 6 826 475 2 951 459 2 553 802 5 904 623 3 706 503 2 106 045 1 297 311 1 156 467 1 579 202 1 592 925 746 000 4 891 700 7 577 970
898 2'72 D5 '(90 893 200 4 516 300
999 000 1 939 275 1 083 008 492 667 765 488 1 407 925 746 000 4 891 700 7 577 970
"I 30 564 962 NWSA annual report FY 1969-1970.
"I 24 152 845
"I 54 717 807
1,1
Source:
- 1}1/l}2 Annex l2-J
LIST OP WA'lEJIWORKS SYSTJ!IOIS cCJOIPLETED
1'I8CAL YEAR 1969-1970
.... cI: Location of S,..tee
5ouroe of FUnd
AmOWlt
K1nd of S71J tem Gravlt7 Gravity GravitT Gravity GravitT Grav1ty Gravity Gravity Ol"&vit,. Gravity Gravity GravitT Gravtt.7 Graviv Gravlt7 oraYltT ~
Eetimated population Served
12. }. 4. 5. 6.
D1clum W, Dae, Antique Pandanan W. Patnonson. Ant1que San IaidrO WW. LeM1'7, Bat.anpa Boelonc W, Atak, Beft8U4lt cmpo JO-Calisuina W. Atok. atnauet Lookan W. Ba«U10 C1tJ' lMIen W, BU:un. BenIUIt !!klp WW, Bokod., BeaI\M't Sakb11 WW. ItCJ8CID. BmpIet 8al.lq" W, Kabapn. TabMO W. 1Capanpn, 811r\c'Mt Oe.aw1l1nl W. 1Capanpn. SilnS'Mt
7. 8. 9. 10. ll.
a.acu-t
12.
1_. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19· 20. 2122. 2}. 24. 25.
n.
BaneDpn
W, sa'bl.aD, a.nauet. Bacoa8-Ba1llllQ' W, Sablan, Benguet. AJUalaal.-Blnon&bcm& W. SAblan, Ben,paet TUbl.q, 811n(p.-t. BIlbak: W, Davao del Norte
San Puoual W, TUba, . . . . . t CDrOJ'
w.
Monq W. DanD Oriental Kabupo W. Kal1np-A--.o
ft ••• }S46 ft ••• l_ll ft.A. 2701 R.A. 5187 ft.A. 5187 ft.A. 5187 ft.A. 5979 ft ••• 4854 ft.A. 5187 ft ••• 5187 ft.A. 5187 ft.A. 5187 ft ••• 4854 ft.A. 4854 ft ••• 5187 ft.A. 4854 ft ••• ~ ft ••• 5187 ft.A. 5187 ft.A. 1900 ft.A. }846 ft.A. 4854 ft.A. 5187 PACD
"
15000 } 000 7000 10000 5000 5000 10000 15000 5000 5000 10000 5000 10000 5000 20 000 1000 4000 10000 5000 150 000 50 000 60 000 10000 10000 15000 5000 }OOOO
700 500
650 500 500 2500 500 500 500 500 1 800 500 600 500 700 900 500 7 800 5900 1600
...rtt7
Gravity Grav1ty
Grav1tT Gravity Grav1ty Gravlty Gravity GravitY' Gravity Gravlty
No report
26.
Liao W. cal.auan. Laguna Pantao Rqat w, Lanae del Norte DJroon WW. Il1gan Cl tT P1ndolonan WW, BacolOd Grande, Lanao del SUr Pindolonan WW. B&labqan. Lanao del Sur San Isidro W. Le)"t41
ft ••• ft.A. ft.A. ft.A. ft ••• ft.A. ft.A. ft.A. ft.A. ft ••• R.A. R.'. ft ••• R.'. ft.A. R.A. R.A. R.'. ft.A. ft ••• ft.A. R.A. ft ••• ft.A. ft.A. R.'. R.A. ft.A. ft ••• R.A. R.A. ft.A. 1I.A. R.A. ft.A. ft •••
}101 5187 5187 4854 }101 }846 5187 161} 209' ,101 4854 5187 4854 16l} 2701 5187 4854 4854 '101 5187 5187 5187 5187 ,101 161,
950 2700 5000 800 4600
}5000 2000 20 000 100 000 20 000 '5000 5000 90000 5000 40 000 10000 10000 10000 8000 5000 12000 5000 15000 12500 7 000 10000 25 000 No report
27.
28.
Agu1naldO ww. Placrohon, LeTte 4el Sur Maorohcm WW, Leyte del Sur
GravItY' Gravity
500 } 500 1 400 2 }CO 500 800 500 2000
29.
". '7.
}C. }1. '2.
,4. }S.
T1gw1 WW. TorriJ08. Mar1.nttuque Al'IDOIlia W, Veon, Ma.bate Danauli WW. Bal.1npaag, Ml .... l. Or. !.anlsl W. Claveria, fUeu1. Or. Sara,. W, 8ala7, Mi_ia Or,. SUCbODcooson W, JC1noCu,itlm, Mi...1a Or.
Tapapa W. BiaUko, Nt. Provinoe Balo W, Bontoo, Mt. ProYinoe Araal W. La Carlota. _ Ceo. ~i W, Nesro. 000. Canaa)'8Jl-<;anaubao w, San Juan. Nesro. Or. Hapo W. San .lUau, Nqroo. Or. Mex100 Central Sohool W. ~ Sagunto-Anpt W, S1aon. Pa.ncaalnan Forrol WW, Odionpn, RoaIblon MaimbonC. w. Sulu Mataas W, Cald1anao. SUr1&ao 481 Norte Loreto W, SI.lripo del Norte
}G. }S. }9. 40. 41. 42. 4,.
48S4 2701 ~
Gravity GravitY' Gravity Gravlt;y Gravit;y Gravity Gravity GravltY' Grav1t,. Gravit;y
800 500 1}00 6100 500 600 500 1 600 1 000 3500 500 ,100 1 000
Prov. I'Imd
44. 45.
5187 48S4 4854 4854 5187
5187 5187 5187
46.
4000 15000 5000 20 000 15 000 10000 10000 5000 5000 60 000 40 000 5000 5000 2000 '000 50 000 10000 25 000 35000 15000 25 '70
GravitY' Gravlty I'Ump1ng
Grav1tl' Grav1tY' Grav1ty GravIt;y GravitT
C&lomity I'Imd
,47. 48.
~
W. S18on, Surtsao del Norte PantNtW1pn WW. Placer, SUr1&aO
ft.A. ,101 ft.A. 5187 ft.A. ft.A. ft ••• R.'. R.A. ft.A. R.A. ft ••• 4854 2701 }101 5187 5187 }846
Gravity Gravity Gravity Gravity
49.
SO. 51. 52. 5'. 54. 55.
del Norte Julgan-Uglao WW, Anao-aon, Suripo del Norte Dinap.t ·w, SUripo dill Norte Mattnao, Ma1.n1t.WW, Sur1p.o del Norte Bo7bu W. Sur1po del SUr O1atason W, Llanga. SUr1p.o del Sur Ilanab1ng ~. ~ del SUr Lobuan W. ~... C'"7
500 ,
900 }CO
Gravity GravitY' Gravity Gravlty Gravlt7
1 900 3000 2500 750 1 }CO
ww.
5187 5187
R.'. 518'7 PACD and. City FUnd
= Souroo, H\ISA omual _ _ Py
In 48} 870 1969-1970.
89650
- 133/134 -
Annex 12-4 FOREIGN ASSISTANCE IN COMMUNITY WATER SUPPLY 1.
AID Materials
;4 874 472 worth of materials were provided by AID in 1960. included: 100 km 6" CI pipes 71.5 km 4" CI steel pipes 4.2 km )" CI pipes )00 pcs 6" and 4" valves 82 pumping units with prime mowers
To this sum were added ;S68 000 from the NEe as counterpart funds for the project. Materials were evenly distributed among the provinces, to construct a total of 63 projects, with about 2 km of pipes allocated for each project. 2.
Japanese reparation
Materials for construction of barrio wells in the rural area were given to the Wells and Springs Department including pipes, pumps and vehicles. Total contribution: $2.44 million.
3.
UNICEF
UNICEF assistance to community water supply projects for the period 1962-1970 totalled $100 000. This includes 4 community water supply demonstration projects, 2 drilling rigs, 130 hand-operated pumps and 90 motorized pumps. Two hundred seventy-nine water supply systems for rural health units and schools and improvement of water supply to 31 hospitals were also implemented.
Source:
NWSA records and UNICEF.
- 135/136 Annex 12-5
UST OF WATERWORKS SYSTEMS UNDER NWSA WITH LOANS
NAME OF WATERWORKS SYSTEM TOTAL
AMOUNT OF LOAN AND NAME OF AGENCY
,
CB BOND
26 703 130.00
,
NWF
2 831 983.01
,
DBP 4 056 191.74
I.
AGUSAN
1. Buenavista Waterworkl 2. Butuan City Waterworks
220 260.00 23 303.00 236 000.00 230 000.00 25 000.00 10 000.00
n. III.
AKLAN 1. Kalibo Waterworks
2. Buruanga Waterworks ANTIQUE
1. San Remlglo Waterworks
50 000.00 398 756.00
IV. V.
BATANES
1. Basco Waterworks BATANGAS 1. A~tagtag Waterworks 2. Balayan waterworks
39 285.00 129 934.00 585 ~OO.OO 55 000.00 100 000.00 M 000.00 215 000.00 74 989.00 70 000.00 10 000.00 35 000.00 40 000.00 98 438.00 70 000.00 150 000.00 34 872.00 100 000.00 100 000.00 103 200.00 63 806.74 120 000.00 176 433.00 50 000.00 175 000.00 44 198.00 100 000.00 20 000.00 10 000.00 35 000.00 28 941.27 200 000.00 120 000.00 25 000.00 30 000.00 70 000.00 20 000.00
3. Batangaa City Waterworks 4. Cuenca Waterworks 5. Malvar waterworks 6. Matals na Kaboy Waterworks 7. Nasugbu Waterworks 8. San Jose Waterworks 9. TUy Waterworks
V!.
BOHOL
1. Garcia-Hernandez Waterworks 2. AUcia Waterworks 3. And. Waterworks
4. Antequiera Waterworks 5. Calape Waterworks 6. candljay-Guindulman WaterWorks 7. Corella waterworks 8. Loon WaterWorks 9. TaUbon Waterworks 10. Valencia Waterworks
11. Tagbilaran City Waterworks VII. auKIDNON 1. Manalo Fortich Waterworks
2. Maramag waterworks
3. Bo. Ki.olon Waterworks VIII. BULACAN 1. Angat Waterworks 2. SaUuag wa terworks· 3. Balagtas (Bigaa) Waterworks 4. Santa Maria Waterworks· 5. Marilaa Waterworks 6. Socaue Waterworks 7. Valenzuela Waterworks 8. Plaridel Waterworks IX. CAGAYAN 1. Aparri Waterworks 2. Solana Waterworks
3. Enrile Waterworks X. CAMARINES SUR
1. Camarines Sur Metropolitan WW 2. lriga Ctiy Waterworks 3. Sipocot waterworks 4. Tigaon Waterworks
550 000.00 155 515.00 190 000.00
576 000.00 10 000.00
- 137/138 -
UST OF WATERWORKS SYSTEMS UNDER NWSA WITH WANS
NAME OF WATERWORKS SYSTEM
AMOUNT OF WAN AND NAME OF AGENCY CB BOND NWF DBP
Xl.
CAPIZ
1. Roxas City-Ivisan Waterworks 2. Dumarao waterworks 3. Sigma Waterworks 4. Lumalag Waterworks Xll. CAT ANDUANES
620 000.00 119 B50.00 60 000.00 75 000.00 529 3B6.00 50 000.00 130 000.00 170 000.00 50 000.00 115 000.00 302 670.00 55 000.00 200 000.00 35 000.00 20 000.00 70 000.00 100 000.00 75 000.00 104 900.00 340 000.00 1 000 000.00 254 654.00 50 000.00 150 000.00 50 000.00 2BO 000.00
20 000.00
1. Bata-Virae Waterworks Xlll. CAVITE
1. Alfonso Waterworks 2. Dasrnarinas Waterworks 3. lrous Waterworks 4. Mendez-Nunez Waterworks 5. Silang Waterworks 6. Tagaytay City Waterworks 7. Trece Martires City Waterworks B. Sacoor Wa terworks
90 000.00
XIV. CEBU
1. Alcanlara Waterworks 2. Argaa Waterworks 3. Malabuyoc Waterworks 4. Naga Waterworks 5. Tabogon Waterworks 6. Dalaguete-Alcoy Waterworks XV. COTABATO
40 000.00
1. Cotabato City Waterworks 2. Kidapawan-MakiJala Waterworks 3. Midsayap Waterworks XVI. DAVAO DEL NORTE 1. Peneplata Waterworks
2. Babak Waterworks 3. Nabuntoran Waterworks XVll. DAVAO DEL SUR
1. Bansalan Waterworks 2. Digos Waterworks 3. Padada Waterworks XVlll. DAVAO ORIENTAL
.
200 000.00 250 000.00 125 573.00 70 000.00 225 000.00 100 000.00 130 000.00 2BO 000.00
1. Mati Waterworks XIX. EASTERN SAMAR
1. General MacArthur Waterworks XX. IWILO 1. Alimodian Waterworks
2. Balasan Waterworks 3. Estancia Waterworks 4. Iloilo Metropolitan Waterworks 5. Passi~San Enrique Waterworks 6. Pototan- Dingle Waterworks '. Sara Waterworks " XXI. ISABELA
156 742.00 211 000.00 70 000.00 200 000.00 1 900 000.00 BO 000.00
60 000.00
1. Ilagan Waterworks XXll. LA UNION
30 000.00
1. La Union Metropolitan Waterworks 2. Balacan Wa [erworks XXIl1. LAGUNA
1. Cabuyao-Binan-Sta. Rosa Waterworks 2. San Pablo City Waterworks 3. Santa Cruz Waterworks 4. San Pedro Waterworks
600 000.00 190 000.00 150 000.00 55 000.00 15 000.00 600 000.00
5. Siniloan Waterworks XXIV. LANAO DEL NORTE
1. lligan City Waterworks
- 139/140 -
UST OF WATERWORKS SYSTEMS UNDER NWSA WITH WANS
AMOUNT OF WAN AND NAME OF AGENCY NAME OF WATERWORKS SYSTEM CB BOND NWF DBP
XXV. LANAO DEL SUR
1. Malabang Waterworks XXVI • .LEYTE
123 000.00 165 000.00 100 000.00 1 700 000.00 70 000.00 120 75 2 000 100 000.00 000.00 000.00 000.00 25 000.00 80 000.00 200 000.00 .25 000.00 100 000.00 47 500.00 52 000.00 105 000.00 54 992.00 90 000.00 20 000.00 10 000.00 20 000.00 150 000.00 200 000.00 187 662.00 330 000.00 100 000.00 60 000.00 145 000.00 200 000.00 56 000.00 800 000.00 20 000.00 20 000.00 180 000.00 115 000.00 27 000.00 100 000.00 139 200 50 74 383.00 000.00 000.00 000.00 158 000.00
1. Abuyog waterworks 2. Blliran Waterworks 3. Carlgaca Metropolitan Waterworks 4. Hindaog waterworks 5. Kananga Waterworks 6. La Paz Waterworks 7. Leyte Metropolitan Waterworks 8. Tolosa Waterworks 9. Palompon Waterworks XXVII. LEYTE DEL SUR
1. Anahawan Waterworks 2. Maasin Waterworks 3. Pintuyan Waterworks 4. Malitbog Waterworks 5. Hinunangan Waterworks XXVIII. OCCIDENTAL MINDORO 1. San Jose Waterworks XXIX. MINDORO ORIENTAL 1. 8ongabon Waterworks
2. Pinamalayan Waterworks XXX. MISAMIS ORIENTAL
1. Gingoog City Waterworks 2. Opal waterworks 3. Medina Waterworks
4. Bugo-Puerto Waterworks. Cagayan de Oro XXXI. NEGROS OCCIDENTAL
1. Bago City Waterworks 2. Binalbagan Waterworks 3. Himamaylan Waterworks 4. Hinigaran Waterworks 5. Danealan Waterworks 6. Isabela waterworks 7. Pulupanelao Waterworks 8. Pontevedra Waterworks 9. Guinpanaan Waterworks XXXII. NUEVA VIZCAYA
1. Bayombong-Solano Waterworks XXXIII. PALAWAN
1. Coron Waterworks 2. Cuyo Waterworks 3. Puerto Princesa City Waterworks XXXIV. MASBATE 1. Mashate Waterworks XXXV. PAMPANGA
1. Arayat waterworks 2. Bacolor Waterworks 3. Lubao Waterworks 4. Mabalacat Waterworks 5. Magalang Waterworks 6. Masantol Waterworks XXXVI. PANGASINAN
1. Bayambang Waterworks 2. Binmaley Waterworks 3. Manaoag Waterworks
150 000.00 97 212.00 20 000.00
- 141/142 -
LIST OF WATERWORKS SYSTEM UNDER NWSA WITH LOANS .
NAME OF WATERWORKS SYSTEM
AMOUNT OF LOAN AND NAME OF AGENCY CB BOND NWF DBP
XXXVI!. QUEZON
1. Burdeos Waterworks 2, Buenavista Waterworks 3, Calauag Waterworks 4, Gumaca Waterworks 5, Infanta Waterworks 6, Quezon Metropolitan Waterworks 7, Pitoga Waterworks 8, Macalelon Waterworks XXXVIlI, RIZAL
70 000.00 30 000.00 145 000,00 80 000.00 70 000,00 879 000.00 147 999.36 3 000.00 40 885.00 42 000,00 30 000.00 50 000.00 90 000,00 190 000.00 100 000.00 40 000.00 60 000.00 127 810,00 199 205,00 65 000,00 200 000.00 109 629,97 190 000.00 290 000.00 100 000,00 200 000.00 142 000,00 25 000.00 140 000,00 100 000.00 220 000,00 319447.95 100 000.00 684 972.46 6 000. 00 2 500 000.00
l. Pilina Waterworks 2, Tanay Waterworks 3. Binangonan Waterworks XXXIX, SURlGAO DEL NORTE I, Numancia Waterworks XL. SURlGAO DEL SUR I, Lanuza Waterworks
2, U.nga Waterworks XLI. TARLAC
1. Camiling Waterworks 2. Concepcion Waterworks
3, Moncada Waterworks XLII. WESTERN SAMAR
1. Catb.logan Waterworks 2, Basey Waterworks 3, San Andres-Villareal Waterworks 4, Calb.yog City Waterworks XLill. ZAMBALES 1. Castillejos Waterworks
2. lba Waterworks 3. San Felipe Waterworks 4. San Narcisco Waterworks 5, Subic Waterworks XLIV. ZAMBOANGA DEL NORTE I, D'pitan- Dipolog W. terworks
2.
SiOCOD Waterworks
XLV. ZAMBOANGA DEL SUR l. Molave Waterworks
2. Ipil Waterworks
TOTAL
.. NWF -
26 703 730.00
..
2 831 983,01
.. 4 056 191.74
C B Bond - Central Bank Bond Fund National Waterworks Fund
DBP
- Development Bank of the Philippines
- 143/144 -
Annex 12-6
ESTIMATED AVERAGE WATER RATES REQUIRED
This estimate is based on a ,120.00 per capita cost of construction and 100 000 people served. 1. 2. Construction cost - 100 000 x ,120 = ,12 000 000 Annual costs of supply will be as follows: Debt service (interest rate 7~annum amortization over 20 years) Salaries (100 employees at ,4000/year) Chemicals 1 140 000 400 000 190 000 360 000
& power (3.0 mgd at 120' head)
Operations & maintenance (5.0%) Office supplies, transportation & miscellaneous Total 3. Water rates 3.1
50 000 2 100 000
Water rates based on 100% of population served by house connections 100 000 people: 6 - 16 500 Domestio oonneotions
1 000 Commercial, industrial and public connections Total 2 100 000 : 17 500
17 500
= ,120/year
per oonneotion or ,10.0/month per oonneotion by
3.2 Water rates based on 80% of population served connections and 20% by publio fauoets 80 000 people : 6
house
= 13 400 Domestio connections 1 000 Commeroial. public and industrial connections 14 400
Total
2 100 000 : 14 000 = ,146.0/year or ,12.2/month per connection
- 145/146 Annex. 13-1
PROVINCIAL, CITIES AND MUNICIPALITIES WITH URBAN POPULATION OF OVER 100 000
Prov1nce Cebu IlILvao del Sur Ilo1lo Negros Ooo1dental Pampanga Zambales
Mun101pal1ty Cebu C1ty Davao C1ty Il0110 C1ty Saoo10d C1 ty Anse1ee C1ty 010ngapo C1ty
Urban Populet10n 345004 148 424
206 692 186 419 134 022 107357
PROVINCIAL, CITIES AND MUNICIPALITIES WITH URBAN POPULATION OF 50 000 TO 100 000
Prov1nce Benguet Bu1aoan Bulaoan Bulaoan Camar1nes Sur Cav1te Cebu Cebu Cotabato C1 ty Laguna
Mun101pal1ty Bagu10 C1 ty Halo10s Bal1uaa MeyoaUayan Nap C1ty Cante C1ty Lapu1apu C1ty Mandaue C1ty Cotabato C1ty B1nan San Fernando Dagupan C1ty Luoans City
Urban Populat10n 83304 73803 52 133 50 976 79214 75469 69 107 58 579 51425
Pampanga Pangas1nan Quezon
83 914 83 112 767}}
SSm
PROVINCIAL, CITIES AND MUNICIPALITIES WITH URBAN POPULATION OF 25 000 TO 50 000
Province Agusan del Norte Albay Bohol Bulaoan Cav1te Cav1te Ilocos Norte 110008 sur Laguna Laguna Laguna Laguna
. Mwl101,~1j;i Butuan C1ty Legasp1 C1 ty Tagb1laran C1 t:r Beoaue Bacoor Kaw1t Laoag C1ty V1gan San Pablo C1ty Sta. Cruz San Pedro Santa Rosa Taoloban C1ty Cagayan de Oro C1 tJ Cad1z C1ty Sagay Bayombong Taytay General Santos City Jolo Surigao BisHg Zamboanga C1 ty Pagadian
Urban Populat1on 48 470 }5 476 }2768 }} 930 48 4}2 28 407 30 9}8 29908 42 554 47062 }2991 41040 49908 26 465 25 471 36 855 25 028 46160 44 429 46 444 26099 26 625 41750 29299
Leyte Misam1s Or1ental Negros Oc01dental Negros 00c1dental Nueva V1zoaya Rizal South Cotabato Sulu Surigao del Norte Surigao del Sur Zamboanga del Sur Zamboanga del Sur
Source:
BCS, 1970 Census of Population and Houlling.
- 147/148 Annex 14-1
NUMBER OF EXISTING WELLS AND ESTIMATED ANNUAL REPAIR AND MAINTENANCE COSTS BY PROVINCE
No, cf wells PROVINCE HAnd QDerated Power
No, of Wells to be Repaired TOUIl Minor Major
En, Cost of Repair per quarter Minor Major
Est. Annual Con of Maintenance
Total
Total
Driven
Abra
151 265 265 186 292 318 102 14 1 172 542
Agusan Norte Agusan Sur
2
-
151 265 265 186 29' 318 152 14 1 11. 543 108 667 461 175
12 8 8 14
2 1 1 2 6
14 9 9 16 33 18 1 3 59 30 12 35 26 14 26 20 19 24 54 14 12 14 12 12 3 26 28 40 21 2 24
4 800 3 200
3 000
7 800 4 700 4 700 8 600
15 000 26 400 26 400 18 600 29 100 30 900 15 300 2 100 117300
1 500 1 500 3 000 9 000
Aklan Albay Antique Bataan
-
3 200 S 600 10 BOO
21 12 5 2 45 24 10 26 22 12 22
19 800 13 800 5 000
6 2 1 14 6 2 9 4 2 4
4 BOO
9 000 :1 000 1 500 21 000 9 000 3 000
Batanes Batangas
1
7 000 800 18 000 9 600 4 000 10 400 8 800 f 800
1
Hohol Bukidnon
lOB 651 461 175 452 330 199 491 821 255 219 300 181 210 20 342 427 759 466 21
10
Bulaean Cagayan Camarines Norte Camarines Sur Capiz Ca tanduanes Cavite Cebu
13 500 6 000 3 000
2 39 18 7 23
2 2
-
45' 332 199 003 828 255 221 300 181 212 20 345 429 769 466 21 40. 292 198 130 304 13. 234 165 238 164 205
8 800 6400 5 600 8 000 16 000 4 800 4 000 .. 800 .. DO~
6 000 6 000 1 500
16 14 20 40 12 10 12 10 10 2 20 22 30 18 1 20 8
4 5 4 14 2 2 2 2 2
12 7
6 000 21 000 3 000 3 000
300 000 600 000 900 14 800 '7 800 14 800 12 400 13 100 14 000 37 000 7 800
54 300 10 800 65 700 45 900 17400 45 300 33 000
19 800 49 200 83 100 25 500 21 900 30 000 27 300 21 000 3 000 34 200
Cotabato Gotabato Sur Davao del Norte Davao Oriental Davao Sur
2
2 3
'1 000 '1 800 7 000 '1 000
3 000 3 000
4 000 800 8 000 8 800 12 000 '1 200
3 000
lfugao Uocos Norte
, 1 6 10 3 I
1 500 9 000 9 000 IS 000
2 300 17 000 17
UoeDS Sur
Iloilo
2 10
goo
42 600 65 700 54 600
27 000 11 700 1 900 14 000
Isabela
Kalinga-Apayao
2
-
4 500
400 8 000
Laguna Zamhales Lanao Norte Lanao Sur
404 290 198 130 304 736 234 162 238 164 205 298 421
4 3 2 2 2 8 3 2 3 3 2 3 4 I
1 500 6 000 4 500
2 100 39 300
1
6 6 22
11 8 8 24 36
3 200 2400 2400
'1 700 5400 5 400 11 BOO
29 100 19 800 12 900
3 000 3 000 3 000 12 000 4500
La Union Leyte Leyte del Sur
8 800 11 200 3 2()O
30 300 74 400 23 400 16 200 23 700 16 500 20400 29 700 42 000 600
3
-
28 8 8 8 8
Marinduque
3
Masbate Mindoro Dec. Mindoro Or. Misamis Occ. Misamis Or. Camiguin Mt. Province Benguet Negros Dcc. Negros Or. Nueva Ecija Nueva Vizcaya Palawan Pampanga Pangasinan Quezon RLzal RambloD Samar Eastern Samar Northern Samar Western Sorsogon Sulu Surigao del Norte Surigao del SW Tarlac Zamboanga del Norte Zamboanga del Sur
2
S 10 20 I
298 423 1 40 20 535 372 635 127 194 615 676
1 40 20· 529 370 632 125 194
6 2 3 2 4
-
-
11 10 11 11 10 13 24 2 I
3 3 3 3
200 200 200 200
3 000 4 500 4500 3 000 4 500 6 000 1 500 0 1 SOD 18 000
23 '1 6 7 7
ZOO
700 ZOO 700 700
6 200 8 500 14 000 1 900 400 1 900 26 800 16 200 18 600 12 200 7 000 18 600 36 500 21 SOD Z1 :;00 8 500 7 700 '1 700 '1 700 9 200 6 200 6400 , 4""
4 000 8 000 400 400 400 8 aDO 7 200 9 600 3 200 4 000 9 600 14 000 8 000 8 000 4 000 3 200 3 200 3 200 3 200 3 200 2400
1 I
0 1 12
-
2 34
1 800 52 800 36 900 63 300 12 300 19 200 61 200 87 000 49 800 41 100 15 300 23 100 21 300 19 800 23 700 13 200 8 100 9 000 43 gOO 23 700 40 500
22 18 24 8 10 24 35 20 20
• 6 6 2 6
24 30 14 12 30 50 2. 2. 13 11
•
000
9 000
5
9 000 3 000 9 000 2Z 500 13 500 13 500 4 500 4 500 4 500 4 500 6 000 3 000 3 000 3."" 9 COO .. 600 6 000
611 871 498 413 154 230 213 200 237 132
IS
4
50. 427
I. 2 2 3
2
-
81 91 429 236 405
-
-
1M 232 215 203 237 132 81 91 431 23. 408
10 8 8 6 8 8 6 6 20 8 18
• • 3 3 3 3 4 2 2
11 11
12 10 8
1 3
• • 3 265, I 060
2
8 26 II 22
24uu " DOD
3 200 7 200
17 000 '1 700 13 ZOO
Total per quarter Total per year
20 761
132
- 20'893
938 3 750
1 213 4 810
380 200 1 520 800
412 500
792 700
2 078 800 5 249 600
1 "650 000 3 170 800
- 149/150 Annex 14-2 LOCATION OF AIMINISTRATION POWER RIGS THROUGHOUT THE PHILIPPINES PROVINCE I PERCUSSION TYPE A - Keystone (U.S. Army SUrplus) 1. K-2
CAPACITY
2. ). 4. 5. 6. 7. B.
9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.
K-3 K-4 K-5 K-6 K-7 K-B K-9 K-IO K-11 K-12 K-13 K-14 K-15 K-17 K-IB
Cotabato Batangas Mindoro Oriental Bukidnon Pala_n Leyte Ilavao Romblon Cap1z Negros Oooidental Abra Davao Ilavao Nueva Eoija Albay Cagayan
6" x 700' -do-do-do-do-do-do-do-do-do-do-do-do-do-do-do-
B - AXB - Sweden Dr1l1ing Mach1ne 17. lB. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. AXBP-l AXBP-2 AXBP-3 AXBP-4 AXBP-5 AXBP-6 AXBP-7 AXBP-B AXBP-9 AXBP-IO AXBP-ll Leyte del Norte Pampanga Rizal Batangas Buk1dnon Nueva Ec1Ja Pampanga Pampanga Pangasinan Cebu Rizal 6" x 100' -do-do-do-do-do-do-do-do-do-do-
C - SPEEOOTAR MODEL 71 (U.S. Army Surplus) 2B. P-l
29. P-2 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 3B. 39· 40. 41. 42. P-3 p-4 P-5 p-6 P-, p-B P-9 P-IO P-ll P-12 P-13 P-14 P-15
Negros Oriental Lanao del Norte Camarines Sur Catanduanes Misamis Oriental Isabela Cotabato Cavite Ilocos Norte Batangas Cagayan Marinduque Sulu Misamis Oocidental Zamboanga del Norte
6" x 700' -do-do-do-do-do-do-do-do-do-do-do-do-do-do-
D - BUCYRUS ERIE (U.S. Army Surplus) 43. BI-32 Batangas 6" x 700'
E - KEYSTONE STAR Type of Drilling Machine (U.S. Amy Surplus) 4i~.
FOA P2 45. FOA P2
Zamboanga del Sur Masbate
6" x BOO' -do-
- 151 PROVINCE F - SPEEDSTAR 55 (Percuss1on Jet Comb1nat1on) 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. CPJ-l CPJ-2 CPJ-3 CPJ-4 CPJ-5 CPJ-6 CPJ-7 CPJ-8 CPJ-9 CPJ-lO CPJ-ll CPJ-12 Agusan Quezon Davao Zamboanga del Sur R1zal Surigao Norte
CAPACITY
52. 53. 54. 55.
56. 57. II
Cagayan Aklan Tarlac Bohol Negros Orientsl Nueva EoiJa
6" x bOO 1 -do-do-do-do-do-do-do-do-do-do-do-
ROTARY DRIt.LING MACHINE A - FAILING 314 (U.S. Army Surplus)
58. R-l 59. R-2 60. R-3 61. R-4 62. R-5
Leyte
6"
Balara, Q.C. Pangas1nan
63. R-6 64. R-8 65. R-10 B - FAILING 1500
Cabu Zamboangs del Norte Negros Occidental Bohol Rizal
x 600' -do-do-do-do-do-do-do-
66. R-12 67. R-13 C S~R
cavlte Cavite
55-A (Rotarz Peroussion Jet Combination) Pangas1nan
68. RPJ-l D - ACKER I»IILL
6" x 500'
69. cD6 lJIIVE WINCH - Engine Driven. Jetting Method
Bu1acan
4-1/2" x 400'
1. DRWl 2. DRW2
3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 12. 13. 14. 15.
DRW3 IlRW4 IlRW5 IlRW6 DRW7 DRW8 IlRW9 DHoIIO DRW12 DRW13 DRW14 DRW15
Boho1 Nueva Vizoaya Cebu Cotsbato Negros Occidental Negros Oriental Mindoro Occidental Laguna
11. DRWll
Tar1sc Tarlac Zamboanga del sur Bulacan Bulacan Nueva Ecija Bulacan
4-1/2" x 300' -do-do-do-do-do-do-do-do-do-do-do-do-do-do-
Provinoial Rigs owned by the Provincial Government of Samar, Percussion TYPe, ldeoo Brand (Eight Riga) PRl to PR8. NE:oI DRILLING MACHINES FRCI'! REPARATION CCMolISSION
A - PERCUSSION TYPE (Yamato Percussion Machine) 1. Rep P-1 2. Rep P-2 3. Rep P-3 4. Rep p-4
Camar1nes Sur and Norte Iloilo 110cos Norte and Sur La Union
B -
R~RY
(Tone Boring Machine) Manila Laguna
5. Rep R-l
6. Rep R-2 7. Rep B-1
Manila
- 152 -
Annex 14-3
THE NEED FOR NATIONAL RURAL CCX>1MUNITY
WATER SUPPLY PROGRAMME I
I.
Background Information
About 70% of the 37 million population of the Philippines live in the rural areas. The cases and deaths on filth associated and waterborne diseases are still disturbingly high causing yearly average of 230 000 cases and 17 500 deaths for the last seven years. Water-borne diseases pose major health problems that reduce the vigor and productiveness of the people and indirectly inhibit rural development. The people in the rural areas obtained water from unprotected open dug wells and sometimes from streams and rivers which are heavily polluted by human excreta. In many barrios, people have to walk considerable distances to fetch water and in many places water are transported by water vendors ~d 'sold a1? high pr~ces.. Water, then as basic necessit:¥' for' life, costs more in time and money to maintain minimum hygiene. In the light of the recent abolition of NWSA which has as its prime objective of consolidating and centralizing all activities on water supply projects under its control. direction, and general supervision, it is high time that the Department of Health should step in and initiate a programme in which many agencies will be involved to provide potable water supply to the people. a service so important to the health and growth of the nation. This programme recognizes the need for water supplies in the rural areas and will lay emphaSis on inviting all agencies interested and involved to bring to a concentrated attack on the current severe inequities suffered by the rural people due to isolation and lack of opportunity which are particularly characteristics of the activities of previous programmes. It is expected that this programme which will definitely reduce the incidence of water-borne diseases would affect approximately 20 million inhabitants in the rural areas whioh up to this time are not provided with safe water supply. This will be an inter-agency programme where all the agenoies involved will get together Under an Executive Committee to be organized •
•
lprepared by the Division of Environmental Sanitation. Department of Health~
II
•
- 153 -
II.
Objective of the Programme
To provide safe and adequate water supplies to 80% of the population and to reduce the incidence of water-borne diseases with emphasis on the rural areas to step up the country's rural development programme. This is a five-year programme. III. Scope Ground water resource programmes are carried out at present by several government agencies. To avoid the overlapping of interests and conflicts brought about by the enormity of the programme, it is necessary to limit, the goal compatible to a five-year programme and indicate the respective responsibilities of each agency for carrying out various functions of the national water supply programme in the rural areas. (a) A National Executive Committee for the National Rural Community Water Supply Programme is to be organized to carryon the planning and co-ordination of the work of the various government agencies involved in rural water supply. The members of this Committee are representatives from the various agencies involved, namely: (1) (2) (3)
A Chairman (Elected by the members of the Committee); Department of Health (Environmental Health Services); Bureau of Public Works (Wells & Springs Office (W&s»; Metropolitan Waterworks & Sewerage System (MWSS) Provincial Waterworks Department); Presidential Assistance on Community Development (~Cm;
(4) (5)
(6) (7) (8)
National Irrigation Administration (NSA); National Planning Commission; Other offices involved in Water Supply (open to Join the Committee.
(b)
Responsibilities for carrying out various functions of implementing agencies involved in water supply are as follows:
•
- 154 -
The Inter-agenoy Committee on:
(1) Regional Level (a) Chainnan - (eleoted by the members) (b) (0)
Regional Sanitary Engineer Regional Pub1io Works Offioes (W&S) PACD Staff on Regional Levels Regional Training Centres Regional Health Laboratories
(d) (e) (f) (2)
Provinoial and City Level (a) (b) (0)
Chainnan - (eleoted by the members) Provinoial and City Sanitary Engineering Servioes Provinoial Waterworks Offioes City Waterworks Offioes PACD Provinoia1 Staff Offioes Distriot Offioes for Wells & Springs Development Provinoial and City Health Laboratories Provinoial or City Planning Board
•
(d) (e) (f)
(g) (h) IV. Implementation
An inter-agenoy agreement on t~eorganiz~tion~ Qf a oommon regional offioe for the programme has to be reaohed whereby equipment, supplies, oommodities and manpower of each participating agenoy shall be geared together towards attaining the objeotive of the programme. It is contemplated to recommend the adoption of the pattern of regionalization of the Department of Health into eight regional offices with headquarters indioated as follows:
. Regions I II
- 155 Headquarters City Tuguegarao, Cagayan Quezon City Naga City Iloilo City Cebu City Zamboanga City Davao City Dagupan
Provinoes
Cities 4
III IT V
10 3 16 6
17
VI VII VIII
8 6 12
5
3 8 12
10 7
The Department of Health at its present set-up has among Qthers in eaoh Regional Health Offioe the following: (a) (b) (0)
Assigned Regional Sanitary Engineer Regional Training Centre Regional Motor Transport Offioe Regional Laboratories
(d)
First priority must be given to the establishment of the national. regional. provinoial and city committee for this programme in terms of additional and other logistioal support to meet and cover programme aotivities and responsibilities. The address of the Committee will be that of the Chairman. Among the responsibilities and aotivities under the regional level are: (a) (b) Investigation of proposed project sites. Make reoommendations to the Central Offiae on the suitability of the proposal coming from the 'provinoial and city level and set-up priorities. Develop standards and speoialized designs beyond the oapability of those assigned at the Provinoial and City levels. Review field designs and oommodity requirements whioh in turn are submitted to the Central Offioe for final approval and budgetary prooessing. Attend to construotion supervision and preventive maintenanoe. Operates training centres for programmes for oommunity management. operation and plant operators and other seminars or in-servioe training of personnel.
(0)
(d)
(e) (f)
- 156 -
•
(g)
regional, provincial and city laboratories shall be utilized.
Operating Procedures and Method~f Approach Towards Providing a Water System to a Community on self-help basis 1. Th~ initiative for obtaining a potable water system must come fram the people themselves, often stimulated by public health workers or Community Development Officers. The sanitary inspectors in the area will be fully involved as initiators, stimulators and instruotors in the field. 2. The requests for the water system are submitted to the Provincial Governor or City Mayor through the Provincial or City Field Units.
3.
For the determination of priority projeots, the amount of local oontribution and partioipation must be taken into aocount which is an indication of the oommunity's oapability and willingness for selfsupport or thru the initiative of barrio oo-operatives. 4. The Field Unit whioh OOvers the area makes an initial feasibility study of the' source of water available and gathers other pertinent information, submits the recommendation to the Regional Staff with a sanitary, survey of the projeot site.
• •
Utilizing standard designs based on the needs and size of the oommunity, the plans are sent to the Governor's or City Mayor's Office for approval. 6. The plans, estimates, speoific system designs which bas the approval of the Governor's Office are finally submitted to the National Committee at Manila for final approval, programming and budgetary processing. 7. The plant is construoted under the supervision of the Field Units.
5.
8.
When construction of the plant is completed, the system is turned over to the local government for operation and maintenanoe, after the training of the local plant operations at the Regional Training Centre.
Financing There is need to discuss finanoing of various projects separately for each type of water supply depending upon many factors namely: (1) (2) (3)
Size of oommunity and annual growth rate of population. Type of system. Source of water. Degree of treatment required.
(4)
- 157 -
(5) (6)
Budget subsidies from national government. Amount of oommunity oontribution: (a) (b) In solioiting village support at the initial phase. Community involvement in the management of systems. (i) Colleotion of water charges.
(ii) Operational and maintenanoe oosts. Determination of the per capita oost by supplying potable water to the rural villages.
I
- 158 Annex 14-4
AR1'ESIAN WELLS AND SPRING DEVELOPMENT _ Comp arativ e Highl ights Incre ase (Decr ease)
F.Y. 1969-70 New wells drille d Wells rehab ilitat ed Cost of rehab ilitat ion Wells repai red (mino r repai rs) Cost of maint enanc e and opera tion Funds relea sed for artes ian wells & sprin g develo pment Total number of wells Popul ation serve d by wells
F.Y. 1968-69 177 456
266 663 '1430 000 3 962 '1622 903 '17 577 970
89 207
'I 132 600 4 225 '1601 377 '14 891 700
'I 297 400 (263)
'I 21 526 '1 2 686 270 It
20 506 5 126 500
20 240 5 060 000
266 66 500
DISTRIBUTION LIST Government The Acting Secretary of Health, Manila The Secretary of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of the Philippines, Manila The Chainnan, .National Economic Council, Manila The General-Manager. Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System. Manila UNDP
The Resident Representative of the United Nations Development Programme in the Philippines, Manila WPRO RD
DHS ADHS/A ADHS/H ADHSjR ADHS/RS
STAT PIO HAs (one copy for circulation) LRO (9)
PIRS Mr E. Dekel
10