Cytotaxonomie of S.damnosum complex: January - December 1992

,WORLD HE.f,LTH ORGANTZATION ONCIIOCERCIASTS CONTROL PKOGRAIiillE EASTERN OPERATTON ARE| (EOA) KARA, IIOGO Cytotaxonomy of S. damnosum complex George K. Fiasorgbor (Technical Officer and Messrs : Bougsere Boukari and Sedou Naniogue ( Laboratory Technicians ) PERIOD COVERED : January - December, L9 2 STGNATURE OF RESPONSIBLE OFFICER : t SUBJECT PERSONNEL DATE OF SUBMTSSTON Is o1 93 1. 7. 8. o L0. 1_1. L2. I ? 2 3 4 5 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION CYTOLOGICAL IDENTTFICATTONS MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS THE MORPHOLOGY AND CLASSIFICATTON OF THE I.ARVAE OF THE CYTOTYPES COMPARISON OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE CYTOTYPES OF THE SIMULIUM DAMNOSUM COMPLEX IN 1991 AND L992 TN THE EASTERN oPERATTON AREA (EOA) CYTOTAXONOMIC IDENTIFTCATION OF S. DAMNOSUM AS A TOOL TO UNDERSTAND REINVASION. RESEARCH PROPOSAL FOR AREM KARA TRAINING PUBLTCATIONS MEETINGS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 6 I , 1tIt I ? r. txtnooucuror this report embodies the main activities carried out by theCytotaxonomic Laboratory at llara (Togo) in t-992. Results of sainplescollected in L99L but identified in L992 were also containe& in lni| report. However, the quarterly and the overall yearly distri-bution maps of the various members of the s. damhosum complexrepresent L992 only - Ref. Maps l- - 5. . RainfAIl.:_Throughout the entire region, the rainfaLl patterndiffered significantly in 1-gg2 as complred to the two pieviousyears, L99o and L991. fn fact, the rains started late in lggz andended earlier. Contrary to this natural phenomena, the rains inL99L began as early as in Aprir and continued up to Novernber. As a result of the deficit in rainfall, several potentialbreeding sites especially on the tributaries brere unproduttive forthe aquatic stages of s. damnosum (s.1. ) and no larvle lrere recei-ved fron many important breeding sites for cytological analysis inthe course of the year. AII results presented in this report have already been conmu-nicated to those who contributed matelials for cytololicar idenii-fication and to those scientists involved in opeiatioial research,larviciding and survei]Iance activities. 2. CYTOI'GTCAI, IDENTIFIEATIOilS Routine identifications vrere carried out on the larvae of S.damnosum'(s.1.) from all the River Basins making up the Easternoperat,ion Area (EoA) of the ocp. These incrude t-rre llig;;,-o;;;3;Mono, sio, Asuk_awk_aw, oti/pendjari, white vol-ta, Brack v6rta, conoSand the Lower Bandama. The results were immediately computerised as for previousyears and from the computer it is possible to obtain graphJ and thedistribution maps of the various mlmbers of the s. darinosum complexby river basins, yeafry, ,seasonalry and separately for each of theparticipating countries in the nast. 3. IiATERTALS / ngrHoDs MATERTALS : specimen on which this report is based came from three mainsources : (1)(2)(3) bi t * Samples from Routine Checks by the SectorsSamples from Helicopter prospections Samples from Susceptibility Tests. $2! 1 sarnples rearised from Hericopter prospections were notsufficient as compared to those of rggr. For this reason thewefe merged with samples from Routine checks by the sectors inTable f. METHODS LarvaL. samples .were processed, identified and Karyotypedaccording. to criteria established by exgerien".a .vlotlxo-nomists like Drs. Dunbar, Vajime, ouirrevere, Meredith, postand Boakye. 4. REST'LTS Ref. Tables 1 and 2 maps 1-5. 5. THE UORPHOIPGY AND qLASSTFTCATTON OFfHE Lr\RVAE OF TIIE CyTOTypES The larvae of the six different cytospecies of s.damnosumcomprea. in the Eastern ocP are classified in€o three *uGlioffiThis is based on two. morphorogicar characters. These are (i) thedorsal abdominal conical bumpJ and (ii) the abdominal scaies (orSetae). - S.sguamosUm and S'yahense have long dorsal tubercles andr:r, prominent posterior scales. - s.sanctipauili and s.soubrense have no dorsal tubercLes andtheir body scares are not as conspicuous-u=-i" tn" sq/y;group. - s'damnqs-um (s,s. ) and s..sirbanum have short dorsal tuberclesand werl pro-jecting and tong uoay scares. Ref. Fit. i-;;;detail-s of the three speeies group. * i n 7 -) 6. COT.IPARTSOU OF THE DISTRTBUTION oF THE CYT0TYPES oF TITESilULIT'IT DAI,INOSW CO}TPf,EX rN 199]. AIID 1992 IlI TTIE EASTERN oPERATTON AREA (EOA) ? Precise knowredge of the distribution, biology and ecologyof the various members of the s.damnosum comprex are sone of theorerequisites to.take adequate-rneEGagaiirst reinvasion anddispersar of resistant pofiulations in-ine onchocerciasis controrProgramme. rn the Eastein ocP, larval cytotaxonomic identifica-tion results for the two previ""=-v"urJ'(1991 and Lgg2) are thuscompared to draw up some meaningfui concrusions to this effect.As rnay be expected, the distritrrition oi tn" cytospecies for thetwo years were not the same.il qlr respects. inis-was due to manyfactors such as rainfarr, wind directiSns, water temperature,turbidity, nutrition and availabiritv-or suitabre-=.riport=. There was tittle rainfalr in 1_gg2 as compared to 199r.. Theyear 199L was characterised by heavy rainfarrs. The rains staiieaas early as in April and lasted ,p Lo uovenber. on the contrary,the rains in r9g2 started frgm uay and- stoppea quite earry inseptember. This _had a great infruLnc" "" some of the factors men-tioned above and a greit impact on the aiiiiiuuii""-p.ttern ofthe various members of the s.aamnqsum-rs.s.) and s.sirbanum. Thedistribution range.or s.aamnpsum-?s-sll-and s.sirbanum in the twoconsecutive years is armost.hE=ame &cept that in t99i- theproportion of . s.daBno-sum (s.s. ) in the fopulations everywhere wasless than that of S.iirUanum. on the tributaries of R. Nigerr no rarvar sampres srere iden-tified from Goroubi, Dyamongou_ana iapoa in J,gg2. b;iy the MekrouAlibori and sota h,ere inonitored and "r..yin.;;-il.";io =ur.r,nucytospecies were registered. rn 1991 ""iv s.sirbanum was recordedon the Goroubi, Dyamongou, Tapoa and the Mekrou whilst s.damnosumLs.s- ) and s.sirbinum iere uoln ,;;i=i;;ed on rhe sora. The geographicar distribution of the forest cytospecies inl-99L and r-992 seemed armost alike. o"ri"g the two years in ques_tion S-sguarosurn and S.soubrense (Beffa) were confined to theirnatural habitats. s.yanGnG-maEtii".a-it= eastward movement inL991. There was no significant movement of the species in Lgg2. S. squanosun The natural habitats of s.squamosum-are rivers Asukawkaw,Dayi, chai, wulubong, Bonakye, xp=azaTxouOl-r,lal -ii"""ia the Mono,arr in the mountanous foresi .r"i "aji"""t to the east shore ofthe volta Lake_arong the Ghana - togo border. rn 1991 and rgg2the species had-mad6 very littre *"i"r."t out of its naturalhabitats.rn r-99r. or,. ".=6 was regi=t;;;e on R. ougoudou ( /Lo/gL)and in L99z one other case hras recorded on R. zou at Tobe(8/9/92) aII tributaries ot n. Ou6m6 in Benin.L 4t I _This phenomenon confirms previous findings whereby S.squamo- surn is known to make novements out of its natural nauilaEi--towards the tributaries of the oueme each year during the rainy season. S. yahense S. yahense is found predoninantly in small rivers of forestor nountanous areas and rarely in the savanna plains. rn theEastern ocP the.species was found mainry on R. Dayi. Larvicidingactivity began in February L988 to contiol the Djadji form ofs.sanctipaulir dn important vector found in the iiv6rs Asukawkaw and Dayi basins, s.damnosum (s.s.L and s.sirbanum. fn theevent, s. sanctipauli (ojodji) was eradicated and s.yihensegradually extended its distribution range. This expansion occuredtowards the north on Rivers Asukawkaw, Wulubong ana Chai and alsoto the east on the sio River. rn 1990, s.yahenie was stirr foundat its northmost distribution limit after the i-988 larvicidingoperations at Kechebi on the Chai River. There $ras no northwaid movement in 1-991 but the eastward movement up to the sio River remained the same in 1990 and t-991-. rn Lgg2 Lne onty case of s.yahense recorded outside its natural habitat was it ltenuso onR. Menura tributary of R. Asukawkaw. The species seems to be fastretreating to its normar habitat after the l_9BB rarvicidingcontrol. S. soubrense lfeffa) The Beffa form of S.soubrense is believed to have penetra-ted into the oCP from Nigeria. The known breeding habitals in theEastern ocP are the oueme, the mono and their tributaries inBenin and Togo. S.soubrense has never been recorded in Ghana. Thespecies was found only in the oueme basin in the two consecutiveyears of l,99L and L992. There was no record of s.soubrense(Beffa) in the Mono basin during the two years unaei review. S. sanctipauli (Djdji) _Thg Djodji form of s.sanctipauri known to have existed onthe Dayi, Asukawkaw, and river cLanEou before the l-9gg larvici-ding operations in the region remained completely wiped out fromthe Eastern ocP. No case of the species had been-reclrded eversince. a 5I ' s'sanctipauli formed !h.^T1i" cytospecies recorded on themaln rivers T_ano. pra, ar,.,*, offin ,ia; s..d;*;;;; iominating onthe minor tribut;.i;;'or"itr.r, -ciiiriiil-1a sumanpa. s_&usuuffi"X3'ui5""raea it-i"il: nortneiiv-'lit"r on tn"-ii.,o, pra,5.edi.,-'"'v.l:iiii-':ffiuf.;ft#=r:i:;hl.::gi:..-rhus rive ivtospec'l'u-iilJun"tipurii; w, s.squamo-sun, Uh*": ana_S_siEEnunt-...T;oil to exisE-E-the sourh3:;i:il,::3i:l :f immBiin=.i"Iill "vtotu*o,,o,i. identiri- Ih"."T3;:ffi*e*u observed in the south-wesr differs frornbasinswf,ereIil".I"ffi*':l";3:II"I5;3"ri'llil.;k; the male individu.t;-;;;;"'ini= ir".r"i"i.. ,r, the south west oril'li;"ll"dxIi';i*"i:rir. i"-p';;;;;'i; both,ir"=-.,,d femares The savann3.-cylospecies_(s,damngsum-and s.sirbanum) found in,the region are rir6iv-i;"il penetiatffifrom the Black volta andiH ;il.:: . north-s6"inruia';i;;Ei;iispronuuly with the harmar_ crr.naTlirir;;: no serious entomol0gical activiries in south west , 67 cyfoTiloNourc rDENrrrIcATroN gl_+_qawosw spEcrEs coriplE(AS A TOOL TO UITDERSTA}TD EiNYASIQII.f t I 1. IruRoDUcmoN : cytotaxonomy has been defined as a cr-assification by meansof the cerl charicters. rn the ocP Larvar cytotaxonomic identifi-cation has proved to be the most ."iiinr" natnoa -oi iaentifyingthe various mem.bers of the.s.damnosum-tomprex. oata on speciesidentitv and distrinuiion, i;-"".=-::;t-ffi;ortu;t in aeiermiriing thevectorial capacities of the vari6";-I;;"ies, especiatry the bestvectors of onchocerciasis or the savairna cytospecies (s. damnosum( s. s. ) and s. sirbanurn) ; in- .rarvi"+di;;' roqistiE;-;-i,., detectingresi-stance ; in aaiusiinq.tn" rinriis 6r an area to be controrredand finallv in investiga[ioni.;;-il [i.r.,o...,on of reinvasionwhich is the main suuj6ci of this p.pEr. 2. RETIIVASTOII : Reinvasion in the ocp-is.a situation whereby brackflies areregistered from the treated rive;-;;;i;= but which are not oflocaI origin. rn-brief, in.y are migru't= or invaders from non-treated rivers' rn the trast6rn ocp-ir"'types of reinvasion occur.They are referred to as tne Normaf urrd tr*r"r=. reinvasions.Nornal Reinvasion is caused b_frc iloi=oo, winds which brow inthe south-north direction at. tne uegi""ing ;i-'il.";ii'v season(May, June and Jury. The nortn-easiErS'winas during the harmattanare responsible for the inverse r.invi*ions in the months ofOctober, Novenber, Oecember and Januu;t. 3, NOR}TTT REIITVASTOHS : Normar reinvasions were experj-enced on the Brack vorta atBui (Ghana), Tagadi in c6i_e a,rvoiiel-on tn. sissiii- ar Nakong(Ghana) and in tne u6 ana Keran v.ii"v='in Togo. The Mo and theKeran valleys were seriously praguea-iritn inverse reinvasions inthe past. Accordlng. to "yiolalo"";i; iientirication resurts rhecytospecies impricited in -tne normii iJinrru='on on the Br.ackVorta are s-sanetipauli. s.a"mn"="*-rll". l and s.sirbanum. Nocase of s'sanctiauri was ever recorded on the siEEiii but the twosavanna cytotypes s.dannosum.ald s.siinunum were registered. whentemephos ana cnto.fnoffi:ftEist;nAffi reported in ].e'o and 1e81respectivelv on thE r,owei Bandama s,slnctipaufi (type form) wasthe cyto=p"li"= impricalJi- .cvtotaxS-nffiic data also indicatedrhar ar the same time-oi-tni=';;;i;;;ice on tne sandina, larsenumbers of this resistant popurations -were recorded among thereinvadinq flies on the gr-aci(_volta it"ragaai, aui-Agborekame andBui-Akanvitromm_i" =vriuiii ritn-fi"-;";anna cytospecies s.damno_sum (s's' ) ana s,sir6aium.'nesistun."-iu= arso detected on thePru at Asubende (D""Ja86i r on R. oti at Kouliriagou (Jan.1,s87);on R' punjara a sub-tributarv or R. si==iri-(r;;:iB6il and on rhewhite Volta at wawa il,rir-;;r-rr. lL-r."v-ie concruded that thea 7ipu:1*lilSili3l3 iil:"slil":l""i.I;: comoe in rhe south-East or iffi Bti:x vorti-iv=[J,]"ir,. p.,,, ffi ffiiil"$:lg.:"ff:"siali.l;.,. From cytotaxonomic il3lI:ir $.squamosum e7u" the main cyto_species invor-ved i;-il; ,,or*lr ."ini#ig, * tn" r,ra and KeranVarleys' During tni=-p"ti"a^tneie-wiJ".rray= a raiqe concentra-tion or blacktii"=-I"1;;,a-'rii!r"lE B;;;i-Ju'EiE' u6_ariase andatso on the Keran "i-'rJp"""ae-ini'riii.u. rne =uri.,r,u cytospecies(s'dannosum rs's' ) -i"i-L:aanGr'i"i" arso .""oia'La amons thei;;;"3::l3"foFutaEio;; b,rt-fi-r"u,=:'n,,ii.r=. rn rhe rarny season or iEffii;:::lii3Hi]ii*::*llii"i':$ry.+tli.ml;a1sobeeninvo1v.ea-i;-til.r.inii=iJn.Ji*.f;:ffi:ii.;=but had gone unnoticeo.--i.o, the numerorr= cytol0gical identifiia_Erons made from the soutn-uast "r--iii"-voiti';;i;^ii has becomeobvious that these ."inJuai"g- ii.J Jri;i;;tJ "Fi"i'.n. rivers inthe sourh such as-tnJ-iipl:.2i.;6;-;";;ryg., chai, wulubong, Asukawkaw and irs triburiii.=i*puvi i",i li.*i.iuutaries oi tn. Mono.To confirm this cytol0gical conclusion, it rnust be pointedhere that this problem'oi'normaL reinvision in tn"-i"run and theM6 valrevs was Lonsiderinrv. b;;;g;i-.rii". contror since thebesinning or rui"i"iIinI"ua.i"iii;; ir,-tr," sourh in 1e88.4. I}IVERSE hErilVAsroil rn our routine examination of rarval. samples from theEastern ocp, ir becarli-liil1enr thai-in" invelse reinvasion thatii;xi'rlllH':I"i:"ii:."!iil;ij:#i;,*i.., Keran u,,d Ko,,ou,,s;.,-the tnibutu'1::-or n.-*ir!'. inis """"illiffT:l'oil*fl'lates-iiombasis of chromosome rs-3-inversior,-i"I6rded on s.sirbanum. Accor_ding ro cvrotaxonomic iaentiii;;t;.;;"ri,"r. are-twoJeneticallyisorated form:- ot. s.sii[inum i" ir,""i.Jt..., o";. -ii"=porymorphicpopulation, tlat i" Tn:ffi;. witn--iri*irr" rnale inaiviauals pos_sessing the rs:-3 =.*liirila i"""r"i;; is nostry found in the sou_thern half or -the iigrilffi" in"irIii, i;" above mentioned riverswhilst the monomorphi6 p"purili;;;iil: it.* wirh the mare indivi_duars rackins. rhe-i;:; iii"r"iorl,i=".")_i=t"r"a on -the tributa_rres of the Niger niver-fiirba, dorobi, =oyu.o.,t.;; iupou, Mekrou,Alibori ana soii: ;t-i;.'!;a-;i ;;;;";;.r,s rainy season andespeciallv durins the-ii"ri"it;;,-[;i=';nororphi6 form of s.sir_banurn trom the north migriie with-Ih; ;;.th_easterry winds toinvade the orilil;;;J#i=il; tn"i, i.iori"ries. As a resurt themonomorphic t?:r_or-s.sirtan$ uegun-to-ue recoil"; i.o* rhe otilPendjari va,ley as tiorn o-Etou", i6-il.JJnuer when thev start to3Hif;::i';.1fi:i:; fs,f"k,,i; ti:i;[ti*"]:F3"ilortnern .ina , a a o o a t Apart from the Normar and rnverse Reinvasions in the East,there are also cases of contamination= u.,a infiltrations. TheNi1eform"r@arr.ia.vi.,,o,ntoexisiinNiger a,rs recorded in verv :.ow-ffiEE=!i;Ei il .|" dry season (october- April) on R-j-vers s"ii,-'6ueme, otiTiLna3ari and some of theirtributaries (Refer ,;; T ior oetails). The Beffa. form of s'soubrense, a forest gpecies from Nigeriati:"':ix;"3::3ff="}':.lffii";:.In.o,af,e-i,,itn.r'ro,,5-i;. R' oli on the border between Benin and_ Nigeria is stronglysuspected to be the =our".-of the i;;;; number of s.damnosum(s.s) recorded. on the-;;t; i; ;i;; iir'I.u"on. rhis river is notregularly monitoreo uui-ifie. aata -u"uir]ir" ( r.eB4 i.9er. ) showed::'3.3t:1.:ffi.tota1 p"p"i.ii;;-t.-# fu uno 1.2 z I a 9I RESEARCH PROPOSAL FOR ARE}.T KARA importance of Simulium yahense in the EOA.a ta TfTLE. Vectorial INTRODUCTTON a . simurium.vahen-se Vajime and Dunbar has been reported to be animportant vectbr of nu*in onchocerciasis in its normar habitat-forested and mountainous areas in west Africa lquiirevere et aI1977, Garms 1987, cheke et.ar- Lssz). rn their =i;at; cheke et arL992 found out that popurations at tsatsaau falrs an'a wegue in theEoA were efficient vectors of q. vorvulus. Notwithstanding thesereports, s' vahense has not Eeen--Eonsia"r.a- "pia"rior.gi.iiryimportant due to ttre fact that it transrnit= the ress severe form ofthe disease and also because it has;;;; found to be ress mobire. Recently, however, Fiasorgbor et a] (rgg2) has reported theincrease in the distributionar i.ng" of S. vahense in the EoA afterlarvicidal contror of other membefs or Ene s. damnosum s.r. Arso,some members of the s. damnosum s. l. hal b;;-;;orted to beanthropophillic outsidZ their n"r*ii- habitats (wiJ-son and BakerL992). Therefore, the repracement of a species such as s.sanctipauri ojgaji form by g.- vahense requires a ."";;;;i=Jir iithe vectoriar irnportance 6r thelarter i"-a;;;;"i,t=ii" its normal_distributional range. This has imporiant. operationJ consequencesince infective o. .vorvurus found in this species in such areascould alter the estimateo transmission potentiar and thus bias anycontrol strategy. with the facility to identify the strain of the parasite, d'yinfective larvae founh wiIl be characterised. ATMS: i) To determine if S. yahense isits normal habitat. anthropophilic in areas outside ef_f iciency of the S. yahense EOA. ii) To determine the vectorialpopulations on some rivers in theiii) To identify the strain of o.species harboured by S. vahense. voI 1usor any other Oncho cerca MATERIALS AND }IETHODSTo obtain sampres of s. vahense for this study, certain breedingsites on the Asuwkawkaw afa oavi riv"r-Lystems outside the normalhabitat of this species ,irr uL moniiorea f.or species compositionthrough cytotaxonomic determin"ti""=,-L-spec ia r rt,- ;.r;lrrg the rainy -season. once a site is found positive for the species, rarvar andpupar colrections will be mide simultenousry with biting adultcatches. Larvae wiII be fixed i; Carnoyrs solution forcytotaxonomic identifications whire the pupae wirr be reared toobtain neonates for both *"iphorn"lric ' and - e-tectrophoretic a {a I a J determinations. Biting females wiII be identified by morphornetry and electrophoresis. However, before any wild-caught fIy is used in electrophoresis, the head wiIl be dissected for any infective Iarvae indistinguishable from o. volvulus. These wi}] be identified by DNA probe analysis. NormaI OCP catches and dissections wiII also be undertaken to determine the vectorial efficiency. RESULTS Anthropohily will be determined by comparing the proportion of S. yahense recorded from breeding site and biting adult collections The effective transmission potential wiIl be obtained through the normal catches and dissections but corrected after DNA determinations of the infective larvae. An important finding that could also come from this study wiII be the indication whether S. vahense does transmit the savanna strain of O. volvulus in nature. IO v nse WeekIy breed S. TI}'18-TABLE The period for this study wiII depend on the presence of S. at breeding sites outside its traditional habitats. collections will be made once a site has been found to vahense. PERSONNEL Cytotaxonomy: Morphometrics: Electrophoresis : DNA probe analysis: G.K. Fiasorgbor, B. Bougsere, S. Naniogou H. Avissey, A. AwadziS. Bileou, K. Tsedevia, K. Badagbo Dr. L. To6 t aI] 9. TRATNTNG persons in Erectrophoresis ( I,1r. Awadi , Badabo and I Following the recommendation of the Second AREM Meeting ofBopake (c6te d'rvoire) z - o, I,rarc.h Lggt, the staff oi the unit in ?31i.#3=: received further trainins ii'the course of tnu year ;; 3 Tsedevia. t 10. PUBLTEATTONS Two paper:_r-"f:^nu!]is!e_! !V tn9. cyroraxonomy Laborarory Teamof Kara, Togo in rggzl These .rrer6 : (i)'cytotu*on6*i"-confirmat,ionof two forms .of s.sirbanun in the iult.r., part of the onchocer_;ii:i:fi?ti"r}r"ri",.i'tt'r'-*r-"pp.Ii.a"Tr,"'tn. n"ai.ur u-.,a v"t"rinary (ii) oistribution of s.yahense after rarviciding Activities inthe southern Extension or--trrelnEnJ"-u-r'"iui=" contlor- prograrnme. TSlirirreared in the tr"pi"ur ueaicine ina paru=iiology 43 (r.ee2) The third and fourth papers (iii) ,,The Distribution andchromosomat n-o.1yyro;pnisin- it--@ (Nile form) in theEasternoperitionAieaortneffici"iilr.n'og.u,n*"in west .Africa'r and ( iv) "seasonar oiscr-i-Jut*io;;f ll; iirio,r= Mernbersof the s.damnos-um complex r;-thJ;.;i;" operation Area of theonchocerciasis contror'pioqru**e in w;=a arrica i.u ritn or. DanierBoakve of the oepartmlni= or eo!u:-aJi.-or., , eioiG; '.il iversity ofLeiden, Netherfands -f i;;", wHo ion=uf*nt to ocF) fo, comments. B Dersons as beginners in usln-g microcomputer (Mr.[:H:;g:or, Avis=uv, si rJ;;, Awadi , EouslEu", ;:;;; ,"Naniosu6 and, - The tt?-il,tlg in norp_hof-ogy / Morphometric as recommended bv :l:rX,i;.r8Frr".%?.u nor "o,,i" on as a resulr of tne rreartrr .r _tnl 11. HEETTNGS The senior Author of the presnet r!tr-ort -participated in thefolrowing meetings in-tii" course of the year Lggz. - Research Meeting, Bouake (cote d,rvoire) z_o March rgg2.2 Sector Meetings, Kara (Togo) rg l,lay and 20 .ctober rgg2.East Zonal Meeting, Kara (Togo) 3 7 November 1992. a a at 12 L2. AekilOWLEGEUmrrs we are gratefur to Dr' D' Quillevere (chief vcu) i Dr' H' Agoua(chief nntom-ologicar Evaruation officer); Mr' G'D' zerbo (chief EOA), Dr. p. Cuiiret (Ex-chief 9,IoA), Dr. J.M. Hougard (chief- woA); o..-b. Back (chief AREM/rRU); Mr' s'A' sowah (chief EZ/ESA); Dr. K.B. Akpotoua (Chief - WZ/E.SA), Dr. M. Kassambara (Sector Chief Para, Aeninl , Dr. A.K. Diallo (Sector Chief- Tama1e, Ghana), Mr. M.Sarr (Secte6r Chief Bouak6, C6te d'Ivoire), the Assistant Ento- mologists, Laboratory Research Assistants and the entire staff of the two Aerobases at Odienne and Kara including all the Evergreenpersonnels, who have contributed materials or assisted in one way or the other to make this work a success. i 13 LA CI"ASSIFICATION DES LARVES DU CO}IPLEX S. DAHNOSTNI DES SIX (6) ESPECES EN ZONE EST DIOCP. Fig. 1 I i 1 Very prominenL tubercles and large scales (Pr6sence de trds longs tubercules et de larges 6cail1es) Stlortlossn md Vahe8sa * r Very little t,ubercles (Pr6sence de tubercules un dgtuoosilCI E!. ssd airtanurn large scales longs et de larges 6cailles) and peu t'l' rt ,: 2 3 tsrkGr od csnct ioanll Absence (Absence of dorsal Eubercles and no large scales de t.ubercules dorsaux et d'6cai1les moins larges) J I u -ln TDC --t - -n -l :f m o .I -t:r m lcn o- 3f, o(n Cf rn (, -lm n z r-\ 10 x -{ o .<- D m o .-.,| -{ a) s. m(n --lx o m r= b (_ .z- rl nt (, Alooa6oJ , -t ,--\-^.r': /( -,-\ -JrJ'\'---- t \l-,..I _/ '".. ,.ri ,l r-_..tt. d. ,) r / .c) t--l 13O rn r- U tn tnl-I i ,)- /: rl a I I o ,-'\1 ( -i\ i.t\ a a )o iii t'1 a: I I I ( ..7. \ iv o 't I I ) I ,. 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I I(rl i I !! t .,1 t' ( \ ,;{ n, t v*. !, o .-:N) tr ooo o L/.lu)!n(.r)(,9 ! u((, Ur< o o- ooo0-o0i')-C=.f,8ro cro X: o t,Q639EqE"E5= 3^rrEP r l8H: e lgvo 15 \ ti !r, I a lsl> l.u Itu a H ,:l H o )6 ul N h(,I @Or t I I I I t l-' t ) ) A\c' t9 I i NAHES OF COLLECTING SITES AS SEOI{N ON UAP 5 b 1 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. L2. 13. L4. 15. L6. L7. 18. L9. 20. 2L. 22. 23. 24. F6r6kir6 Zondji Gbasse Pt. 8 (n. Alibori) Pt.10 (R. Alibori) Tchakparou (R. Oudora) 86t6rou Bassa Atchakpa l,Ir 86t6koukou Agolin - Pahou Fonkpodji Tob6 K6r6nou PE. 9 (R. Pendjari) PE. f (R. Pendjari) Porga Kouporgou Titira Tchoumi - Tchouni Sara-Karra Ouakade Landa - Pozanda Kama Bagan Kparatao Aou - Losso Dantcho Landa - Mono Konigbo Ayagba Anou - Oblo Anou - G16t T6t6tou Kpoba Ilonougba Tokpo Kati Kudzra Tsatsadu Falls llenuso Tutukpene Kechebi Bonakye Bassa Sabari Kandjo Bukasu Nasia Zondoiri Rpds Duu - Bend Nazinga - Dam Felin Bielikpong IJawa I{eni Nyanga Asubende Tanoso Akanyakrom Tagadi Chache Nab6r6 Chute Dienkoa Uoussougou Grechan L6raba Amouakoukro Amiankouassikro Koutoukro B6riaboukro l{r Bahiakro F6t6kro 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 7L. 72. ) N/CER N/AUEY at tt J + atItt{ a o I ..+ tt!++ o+++ + +!a! , (uep 6) I I t a MAL/ "t+ + l.-t 1, , '4+Y'+++tr r I 1+ +rr> at - ,"" a. .at {t at tI I 1 BUR /NA FASO a *a t + * r lt o I I I I o 4.i.... i I x a t+ t.t+a+ + t r+"f t ++a,+a. t a a?I ll rl a + + ,] ftt t I + t I t I + a + +ll t*a a A t' I a I + +{ a l.rt aI t{ + tt I ,, ,t I D Il I I i a, I IJ GHA a + a + +t a atI a a t a + LAOOS r00 Xm ACCRA 0 200 Q UoU !.sirbonum uith tS st,/J l) lloto S.sirbonum yith lS J,/J e a I ,r 20 Collcction sitcs oI IIlalc Si,]rtrliutn sirbununr larvac hctcrozygorrs for invcrsio, IS-3 (closcrt circlcs) :tnd llon'tozygous for IS-3 (opcn circlcs). il a- Distribution ol the Nile torm of S Areo(EOA)ottheonchocergiqsisControlProgromme- 0' 2I Domnosum(SS) in the Eostern Operotion ( MAP 7) I ;;;;;;'i'rr-i+r++' MALI ,. l rr \ r .. a 5' )- t NIGERBU R IN A F ASO N IAMEY t I 't + 1at Itt1 OUAG^DOU6OU ! o a l ( ot J -4- f + .t{ I {.t' GO { + a ) GH AA + +I t o t It tt'] f I tAGosCOIONOU \\I accnr ol@ E---:=--1-- KM a __tr 200 ----1 + 7tHd E 0t H E "o H r+o ut-o9I F8ootlt o s \oN N \oN \o 5 \oN s \oN NN N \o N\o }. \oN\oN \o 5 \oN \o \o r-- I N @ \o l.o N o 5 0e o Ft I I I I I I I, n }l Fti N)N IEIH llE tlE iE IE IB IH 5N N \0N (f,, !J* Il xt .L. 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N(, N aaIN ot Io o tttN \oN No s }.o 9J N tJ, N N Dlu,N (, \o att tD atal' o o Btt oo r.r r+F BIIIIIIIIIIIT IIIrIIIIIIII r II I rI IIII rIIIII r I r rIr IITII II III IIT III IIII Ir t a ,r a a a I I -1 lt t F a E CI u F o H r+o ul.o I r F8oorlt \o \o N H \o N NN \o N N o\ N \o N N \o N o\ N \o NlJ, 5 \oN x o ag ot 0q o o E H Da 6) EqD2 H EIb aa IE F IB \xHDE o er F Fl ti o \o N I co N \o N N \o N N (/, \oN N u) \0N N @ N \o N co N \o N Co \o N N \o o N \o { rd 0, o F o o o t x rJ 0, tn UI 0) Flt txr, o o lro6 tr r-otr ot I 0at z o t X o o o I t! D ln o A, I {t (t ol, 0a nl- (I l, N oot, oo z I I oo(, 2 t o u, z : a oo o\ z Fr D r+ a C) ?o4P L{. tr .jo a N o}.(., o o(, o\ E' I o o(, H' : o oN(, EI o oN(, E{l tsr E I z ot, cr Ft o 0, oA t! H d 0, o I E!H ,-lt, ut6 o afl}oPI at N(, \o N No N \o N \o N \o N \0 \o rN N CA N \o lH N \o N N \o o N \o N o\ \o N \o N o \0N N N \o E rt .+P (I atloDt (., o\ o\ UJ u, N s N(, N s NN u, o o N ogl SEOfEH o (., o\ o\ (, (, N o\\o No N {E. NN (,5 }.o\ Fo N Dt ). ztt-fLOrtOaPT .lr o\ (., \o 5 N rE.o\ }.o N at rDdtaoo lt Btot!F .+l. B at to tu!t o D oa i{ FN l* (, '\ 3 N 5 \)\, r,B. \, (, o\ (: gtp t+o n D a a I q F] 3 F] F] I aHa H a, U E FH io ul.OP E r8ootlto\o\o N CA \o N (, \0N I I i I J $ : I I f il I IE IBlH l>r is i3 iE ll<tct iE IBIH l8 la I l I I --lh., t i t f', I I i i I it E E'r th: B(:g fltrt+o E' Fl r @ o (., o o \o NN \o N N \0 N o \o N Foot .+ 1..ot, H o 0, ul 0,o ttd D II o ,f 0t 0e 0tx Fl o E o o Ft o ot 0t o\ \o N \o N Fl- f,}l H o gl(r ut 0tot I C< o,h x o, H 0) o ooo Frj .+ a toN5 z o \0 z (2 l tsr Dto!l o o N(., !d F t , o oN -{E' I t/, o a.N( u,H H NItio o a+)roPIo I It z o rr rr n o 0, oo z o rr t, Fl o o, oA E'H l.r, u, \0 E f fl .+D (lctloh (r, \oN No a. \o N NN \o N co N \o NI I oF tao o:l EltPo w\o(, N \oN@o\eN lrF?5r-gOoo.9, .)r U)\o(rJ N \os No\cl\ tao\tr, N.. N c l' o\ ra o (, lJ,oN a. a , Io o!t DF ult ID oFoa a g otaF r+r. 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I r .ttt i t t, I I a a a I o I I I t I \o \o UJ : TI r-1 I aE GO H E =5\ m R rlo bt oDI F8ootlt ;5 o \0N N o\ o(, \o NN lJ,o o \o N o os \o N I I I N \o N I , I I o\ o \0N s o \0N o \0NN o\o oo \o N I Lj tI F6 rr I Ftr N N o trAII I i. $ at t I a :I I t I tIt I or. o o lJ, o o o5 w o Fi F IH lu ls IE 'l.il I r-r is !s is rg IB I !-rI(l iE !s iH IEl,{ lsl.r o c, EI H{ E! lr,z z 1 t o o\ \o N 5o (.^,sso gJ @ i I t i I I i I III { (., 5 }.@ t t .t ,' , ..',4'cr t. o J N II t III ? co N \r.t\n o o Bop do D 0, {I i t ri It I i t I Iii N(, o \o N @ N \o o6 0, ut o o F' o r) tr l-otr U) o(, 0l NN os \o N o5 o \o N H oi ot 0, ,l o o n o(/ 0, A 0l I : I N oo \o N \o o \0N l I I r I o o \od, (: ?q Ar- D .)o e fr l* .( (D D' FrD ci a tsrB6 a ,lr It o5 o\z o5 w o !{ u, oN(, I4l t w o \o f{, I Iu,o E4 I l!H ,-ltrt!6 o a+]ro t6Io t I I s. \0N B *E'lJ(tirclO O 3t''loll (, u, \o N UJo \oN N(, a \o N : l I s s \oN c0 N € u, o\(f, NNs\o w ogltr rilgEfl fc, F/o npEr*P.Ooo.fJ ci l.^t o\t,5 alp I f NN o\\0 _l a{6 I r- I a!F !o -]- lJ, UJ a!,o\o [- Uj olaws 5 NN o\(], 5 coN5 No sco I I N f* !1 (,5 alton;ro o ooil tE o ra ..r *F ts o I I I t -LI I I tt:j t {tJ-lo .. o\i. 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