Depression and Other Common Mental Disorders Global Health Estimates
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Depression and Other Common Mental Disorders Global Health Estimates
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Contents Overview 1. Introduction 2. Data sources 3. Global and regional estimates of prevalence Depressive disorders Anxiety disorders Common mental disorders
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6 7 8 8 10 12 13 13 14 14 16 17
4. Global and regional estimates of health loss Depressive disorders Anxiety disorders Suicide
References Appendix
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Overview
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Reliable, up-to-date estimates of the proportion of a general population affected by different diseases or health conditions is a key ingredient of effective health policy, planning and evaluation. This booklet provides latest available estimates of the prevalence of depression and other common mental disorders at the global and regional level, together with data concerning the consequences of these disorders in terms of lost health. Globally, the total number of people with depression was estimated to exceed 300 million in 2015. Nearly that number again suffers from a
range of anxiety disorders. Since many people experience both conditions simultaneously (comorbidity), it is inappropriate to simply add these two figures together to arrive at a total for common mental disorders. The consequences of these disorders in terms of lost health are huge. Depression is ranked by WHO as the single largest contributor to global disability (7.5% of all years lived with disability in 2015); anxiety disorders are ranked 6th (3.4%). Depression is also the major contributor to suicide deaths, which number close to 800 000 per year.
Frequently asked questions 1. What are common mental disorders? What is depression? Common mental disorders refer to two main diagnostic categories: depressive disorders and anxiety disorders. These disorders are highly prevalent in the population (hence why they are considered ‘common’), and impact on the mood or feelings of affected persons; symptoms range in terms of their severity (from mild to severe) and duration (from months to years). These disorders are diagnosable health conditions, and are distinct from feelings of sadness, stress or fear that anyone can experience from time to time in their lives. 2. How many people are affected by depression? At a global level, over 300 million people are estimated to suffer from depression, equivalent to 4.3% of the world’s population. 3. Is the number of people with common mental disorders increasing? T he number of persons with common mental disorders globally is going up, particularly in lower-income countries, because the population is growing and more people are living to the age when depression and anxiety most commonly occurs. 4. Who is most likely to get depressed? Although depression can and does affect people of all ages, from all walks of life, the risk of becoming depressed is increased by poverty, unemployment, life events such as the death of a loved one or a relationship break-up, physical illness and problems caused by alcohol and drug use.
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Introduction Reliable, up-to-date estimates of the proportion of a general population affected by different diseases or health conditions is a critical ingredient of effective health policy, planning and evaluation. Epidemiological studies of the prevalence and incidence of a range of psychiatric disorders have now been undertaken in a wide range of low-, middle- and high-income countries, which have contributed greatly to a better understanding of how common these disorders are across the world. Advances in measuring the fatal and non-fatal consequences of these diseases – including quantification of time spent in a state of illhealth – has also enabled a more systematic comparison of the relative contribution that different diseases and their underlying risk factors make to the overall toll of death and disability. This booklet provides latest available estimates of the prevalence of depression and other common mental disorders at the global and regional level, together with data concerning the consequences of these disorders in terms of lost health. Country-specific estimates are also provided (see Appendix ). It offers complementary information to that provided in other information products developed by WHO and others on the appropriate public health response to these disorders, including their treatment and prevention (http://www.who.int/topics/depression; http://www.who.int/mental_health/mhgap). Common mental disorders refer to two main diagnostic categories: depressive disorders and anxiety disorders; a definition of these disorders is provided in the Box on page 7.
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Data sources Syntheses of the available epidemiological literature on the prevalence of depression and other common mental disorders have been undertaken as part of earlier iterations of the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study, including reviews published for the 2000 and 2010 editions [1-4]. The latest set of Global Health Estimates made available by WHO is for 2015 (http://www. who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/ estimates), which includes regional and also country-specific estimates of deaths, years of life lost and years lived with disability by cause. In order to provide the most up-to-date information on the number of people with common mental disorders, WHO has worked with the lead GBD researchers for mental and behavioural disorders (based at the School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Australia) to produce – and present here – estimates by WHO Region for the year 2015. Country-specific estimates of disease prevalence for the year 2015, which are shown in the Appendix, can also be accessed via a GBD Results Tool made available by the Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation (Seattle, USA) at: http://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-tool.
Definitions Depressive disorders are characterized by sadness, loss of interest or pleasure, feelings of guilt or low selfworth, disturbed sleep or appetite, feelings of tiredness, and poor concentration. Depression can be longlasting or recurrent, substantially impairing an individual’s ability to function at work or school or cope with daily life. At its most severe, depression can lead to suicide. Depressive disorders include two main sub-categories: m ajor depressive disorder / depressive episode, which involves symptoms such as depressed mood, loss of interest and enjoyment, and decreased energy; depending on the number and severity of symptoms, a depressive episode can be categorized as mild, moderate, or severe; and d ysthymia, a persistent or chronic form of mild depression; the symptoms of dysthymia are similar to depressive episode, but tend to be less intense and last longer. A further important distinction concerns depression in people with or without a history of manic episodes. Bipolar affective disorder typically consists of both manic and depressive episodes separated by periods of normal mood. Manic episodes involve elevated mood and increased energy, resulting in over-activity, pressure of speech and decreased need for sleep. Bipolar affective disorder is not included in the data below. Anxiety disorders refer to a group of mental disorders characterized by feelings of anxiety and fear, including generalised anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder, phobias, social anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). As with depression, symptoms can range from mild to severe. The duration of symptoms typically experienced by people with anxiety disorders makes it more a chronic than episodic disorder.
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Global and regional estimates of prevalence Depression he proportion of the global population with T depression in 2015 is estimated to be 4.4%. Upper and lower uncertainty intervals are represented in the bar graph by the error bars. Depression is more common among females (5.1%) than males (3.6%). revalence varies by WHO Region, from a low P of 2.6% among males in the Western Pacific Region to 5.9% among females in the African Region. Country-specific estimates can be accessed at http://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbdresults-tool. Prevalence rates vary by age, peaking in older adulthood (above 7.5% among females aged 55-74 years, and above 5.5% among males). Depression also occurs in children and adolescents below the age of 15 years, but at a lower level than older age groups. The total number of people living with depression in the world is 322 million. Nearly half of these people live in the South-East Asia Region and Western Pacific Region, reflecting the relatively larger populations of those two Regions (which include India and China, for example). he total estimated number of people living T with depression increased by 18.4% between 2005 and 2015 [5]; this reflects the overall growth of the global population, as well as a proportionate increase in the age groups at which depression is more prevalent.
Cases of depressive disorder (millions), by WHO Region 66.21 21% African Region Eastern Mediterranean Region European Region Region of the Americas South-East Asia Region Western Pacific Region 29.19 9% 52.98 16%
322 million 40.27 12% 85.67 27%
48.16 15%
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Prevalence of depressive disorders (% of population), by WHO Region Female Male Both
7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% 0% AFRICAN REGION EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN REGION EUROPEAN REGION REGION OF THE AMERICAS SOUTH-EAST ASIA REGION WESTERN PACIFIC REGION WORLD
Global prevalence of depressive disorders, by age and sex (%) Female Male
9% 8% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% 0% 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80 +
Source: Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 (http://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-tool )
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Global and regional estimates of prevalence Anxiety disorders The proportion of the global population with anxiety disorders in 2015 is estimated to be 3.6%. As with depression, anxiety disorders are more common among females than males (4.6% compared to 2.6% at the global level). n the Region of the Americas, as many as I 7.7% of the female population are estimated to suffer from anxiety disorder (males, 3.6%). Country-specific estimates can be found at http://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-tool. revalence rates do not vary substantially P between age groups, although there is an observable trend towards lower prevalence among older age groups. The total estimated number of people living with anxiety disorders in the world is 264 million. This total for 2015 reflects a 14.9% increase since 2005 [5], as a result of population growth and ageing.
Cases of anxiety disorder (millions), by WHO Region 54.08 20% African Region Eastern Mediterranean Region European Region Region of the Americas South-East Asia Region Western Pacific Region 25.91 10% 31.36 12%
264 million 36.17 14% 60.05 23%
57.22 21%
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Prevalence of anxiety disorders (% of population), by WHO Region Female Male Both
9% 8% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% 0% AFRICAN REGION EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN REGION EUROPEAN REGION REGION OF THE AMERICAS SOUTH-EAST ASIA REGION WESTERN PACIFIC REGION WORLD
Global prevalence of anxiety disorders, by age and sex (%) Female Male
7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% 0% 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80 +
Source: Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 (http://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-tool )
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Global and regional estimates of prevalence Common mental disorders Common mental disorders refer to a range of anxiety and depressive disorders. A summary of the global and WHO Regional prevalence of these disorders is shown below. Globally, it is estimated that 4.4% of the global population suffer from depressive disorder, and 3.6% from anxiety disorder. There is modest variation around this global rate of prevalence in WHO Regions: for depression, rates vary from 3.6% in the Western Pacific Region to 5.4% in the African Region; for anxiety disorders, rates vary from 2.9% in the Western Pacific Region to 5.8% in the Region of the Americas. ince many people experience both conditions S simultaneously (comorbidity), it is inappropriate to simply add these two figures together to arrive at a total for common mental disorders. Within these overall estimates of prevalence, there is a range of severity, with at least onethird of symptomatic cases following a moderate-severe course [4].
Prevalence of common mental disorders (% of population by WHO Region) Depressive disorders disorders Depressive
Anxiety disorders
6% 6% 5% 5% 4% 4% 3% 3% 2% 2% 1% 1% 0% 0% AFRICAN AFRICAN REGION REGION EASTERN EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN MEDITERRANEAN REGION REGION
EUROPEAN REGION
REGION OF THE AMERICAS
SOUTH-EAST ASIA REGION
WESTERN PACIFIC REGION
WORLD WORLD
Source: Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 (http://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-tool )
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Global and regional estimates of health loss Common mental disorders lead to considerable losses in health and functioning. These losses can be quantified at the population level by multiplying the prevalence of these disorders by the average level of disability associated with them, to give estimates of Years Lived with Disability (YLD). Global and WHO Regional YLD results from WHO’s Global Health Estimates for the year 2015 are shown below. Country-specific estimates are provided in the Appendix and are also available at http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_ disease/en YLDs are added to Years of Life Lost (YLL) to compute Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs), which are the key metric used to assess the Global Burden of Disease (GBD). In the case of depression and anxiety disorders, no YLL are attributed directly to these disorders in the GBD analyses, thus estimates of YLD also represent the total estimated DALYs for these conditions. Depression, however, is a major contributor to suicide (categorised in GBD analyses as intentional injuries); global and regional data on suicide is given below.
Depressive disorders Depressive disorders led to a global total of over 50 million Years Lived with Disability (YLD) in 2015. More than 80% of this non-fatal disease burden occurred in low- and middle-income countries. Rates vary across WHO Regions, from 640 YLD per 100 000 population in the Western Pacific Region to over 850 in low- and middleincome countries of the European Region. Globally, depressive disorders are ranked as the single largest contributor to non-fatal health loss (7.5% of all YLD).
Depressive disorders
Total YLD (thousands)
YLD per 100,000
% of all YLDs
Rank cause
Low- and middle-income countries - African Region - Eastern Mediterranean Region - European Region - Region of the Americas - South-East Asia Region - Western Pacific Region 7 229 4 049 3 517 5 106 13 967 10 525 9 608 731 685 859 844 724 640 839 7.9 6.9 8.1 9.3 7.0 7.2 7.9 2 2 2 1 2 2 2
High-income countries World
54 215
738
7.5
1
Source: WHO Global Health Estimates (http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease)
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Global and regional estimates of health loss Anxiety disorders Anxiety disorders led to a global total of 24.6 million YLD in 2015. Again, rates vary across WHO Regions, from 267 YLD per 100 000 population in the African Region to over 500 in the Region of the Americas. Estimates are lower for anxiety disorders compared to depression because these disorders are associated with a lower average level of disability. Anxiety disorders are ranked as the sixth largest contributor to non-fatal health loss globally and appear in the top 10 causes of YLD in all WHO Regions.
Anxiety disorders
Total YLD (thousands)
YLD per 100,000
% of all YLDs
Rank cause
Low- and middle-income countries - African Region - Eastern Mediterranean Region - European Region - Region of the Americas - South-East Asia Region - Western Pacific Region 2 639 2 093 1 239 3 433 5 522 4 506 5 061 267 354 302 567 286 274 442 2.9 3.6 2.9 6.2 2.8 3.1 4.2 7 7 8 3 9 8 4
High-income countries World
24 621
335
3.4
6
Source: WHO Global Health Estimates (http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease)
Suicide WHO Global Health Estimates provide a comprehensive assessment of mortality due to diseases and injuries for all regions of the world. In the year 2015, it is estimated that 788 000 people died due to suicide; many more than this number attempted (but did not die by) suicide. Suicide accounted for close to 1.5% of all deaths worldwide, bringing it into the top 20 leading causes of death in 2015. Suicide occurs throughout the lifespan and was the second leading cause of death among 15-29 year olds globally in 2015. The suicide rate varies by WHO Region and by sex, ranging from below 5 per 100 000 population among females in low- and middle-income countries of the Eastern Mediterranean and American Regions, to 20 or more among males in high-income countries and also in the lowand middle-income countries of the African, European and South-East Asian Regions. 78% of global suicides occurred in low- and middleincome countries in 2015. More data at http://www.who.int/mental_ health/prevention/suicide/suicideprevent/en WOR LD HE A LTH ORG A NIZ ATION
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High-income countries
Low- and middle-income countries
Global 100 suicides, by age and country income level (thousands) High-income countries 90 Low- and middle-income countries
100
80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85
Total suicide deaths (thousands)
Total suicide deaths (thousands)
90 80
70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Age
0 rate 5 per 10 100 000 15 20 population 25 30 35 Suicide
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
Male
Female
Age
Global High-income countries Low- and middle-income countries LMICs in Africa LMICs in the Americas LMICs in Eastern Mediterranean LMICs in Europe LMICs in South-East Asia LMICs in Western Pacific 0 5 10 15 20 25
Source: WHO Global Health Estimates (http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease)
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References
1. Üstün TN, Ayuso-Mateos JL, Chatterji S, Mathers C, Murray CJL. Global burden of depressive disorders in the year 2000. British Journal of Psychiatry, 200; 184: 386-392.
2. B axter A, Scott JM, Vos T, Whiteford H. Global prevalence of anxiety disorders: a systematic review and meta-regression. Psychological Medicine 2013; 43: 897–910.
3. F errari A, Somerville AJ, Baxter A, Norman R, Patten S, Vos T, Whiteford H. Global variation in the prevalence and incidence of major depressive disorder: a systematic review of the epidemiological literature. Psychological Medicine 2013; 43: 471–481.
4. F errari AJ, Charlson FJ, Norman RE, Patten SB, Freedman G, Murray CJ, Vos T, Whiteford HA. Burden of depressive disorders by country, sex, age, and year: findings from the global burden of disease study 2010. PLoS Medicine 2013; 10: e1001547.
5. G BD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators, and others. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. The Lancet , 388: 10053.
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Appendix Prevalence and burden of depression and anxiety disorders: Country estimates, 2015
WHO African Region PREVALENCE* Depressive Disorders COUNTRY Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo Côte d'Ivoire Democratic Republic of the Congo Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda Sao Tome and Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone South Africa South Sudan Swaziland Togo Uganda United Republic of Tanzania Zambia Zimbabwe Total cases 1 683 914 892 128 411 695 102 065 640 502 448 822 886 273 24 240 202 081 478 228 33 769 180 632 843 736 2 871 309 34 909 219 549 4 480 113 73 303 74 821 1 100 048 474 541 71 467 1 952 981 98 988 155 406 1 041 000 679 385 605 969 160 624 52 570 1 122 987 104 001 653 348 7 079 815 425 516 7 270 560 991 3 722 243 895 2 402 230 529 011 53 223 277 532 1 747 769 2 138 939 636 819 603 529 % of population 4,5% 3,6% 3,9% 4,7% 3,6% 4,2% 3,9% 4,9% 4,2% 3,5% 4,4% 3,9% 3,8% 3,8% 4,2% 4,3% 4,7% 4,3% 3,9% 4,2% 3,9% 4,0% 4,4% 4,8% 3,5% 4,4% 4,1% 3,6% 4,1% 4,4% 4,1% 4,4% 3,4% 3,9% 3,8% 3,9% 3,9% 4,0% 3,9% 4,6% 4,4% 4,2% 3,9% 4,6% 4,1% 4,0% 4,0% Anxiety Disorders Total cases 1 657 172 675 748 290 713 68 954 471 618 323 003 620 704 15 175 143 526 357 769 23 946 129 558 600 520 2 113 267 24 147 156 599 3 139 003 50 501 51 218 744 217 333 416 49 420 1 375 341 63 601 119 871 731 036 501 153 446 852 109 873 42 559 819 845 72 803 485 497 4 894 557 358 986 5 085 397 168 3 068 172 958 1 768 851 369 254 37 984 194 844 1 070 004 1 551 036 469 177 422 238 % of population 4,5% 2,8% 2,7% 3,1% 2,7% 3,0% 2,7% 3,1% 3,0% 2,6% 3,1% 2,8% 2,7% 2,8% 2,9% 3,1% 3,3% 3,0% 2,7% 2,8% 2,7% 2,8% 3,1% 3,1% 2,7% 3,1% 3,0% 2,6% 2,8% 3,5% 3,0% 3,1% 2,5% 2,7% 3,2% 2,7% 2,7% 3,3% 2,8% 3,4% 3,1% 3,0% 2,8% 2,8% 3,0% 3,0% 2,8%
HEALTH LOSS / DISEASE BURDEN** Depressive Disorders Total Years Lived with Disability (YLD) 302 560 162 164 74 822 18 183 116 782 83 625 161 242 4 434 36 269 86 646 6 254 32 656 152 346 519 491 6 307 40 426 837 683 13 179 13 808 199 155 85 482 12 887 360 776 18 087 27 302 192 046 125 773 109 936 29 062 8 769 206 184 18 766 118 877 1 291 694 76 205 1 327 102 476 624 44 266 420 696 96 566 9 502 50 494 332 539 393 870 117 732 109 953 % of total YLD 8,1% 6,9% 8,0% 7,2% 7,7% 9,9% 7,9% 9,8% 6,9% 6,4% 9,4% 7,2% 7,4% 5,9% 7,9% 8,2% 10,1% 6,9% 8,5% 8,7% 7,5% 7,6% 8,3% 8,1% 6,0% 8,8% 8,8% 7,1% 7,7% 7,0% 7,6% 8,0% 7,3% 7,5% 7,5% 8,2% 8,1% 7,1% 7,9% 7,2% 7,5% 6,8% 8,2% 10,5% 8,5% 8,3% 8,0% Anxiety Disorders Total Years Lived with Disability (YLD) 153 227 62 325 26 960 6 290 44 021 30 197 57 581 1 413 13 168 33 144 2 227 11 919 55 535 194 080 2 225 14 474 292 650 4 617 4 776 69 179 30 868 4 577 127 454 5 829 11 014 67 747 46 617 41 506 10 173 3 928 75 476 6 709 45 282 451 762 33 342 474 36 958 285 16 063 161 543 33 856 3 463 18 159 99 558 143 867 43 464 39 083 % of total YLD 4,1% 2,7% 2,9% 2,5% 2,9% 3,6% 2,8% 3,1% 2,5% 2,4% 3,4% 2,6% 2,7% 2,2% 2,8% 2,9% 3,5% 2,4% 3,0% 3,0% 2,7% 2,7% 2,9% 2,6% 2,4% 3,1% 3,2% 2,7% 2,7% 3,1% 2,8% 2,9% 2,8% 2,6% 3,3% 2,9% 2,9% 3,3% 2,9% 2,8% 2,6% 2,5% 3,0% 3,1% 3,1% 3,1% 2,8%
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WHO Region of the Americas PREVALENCE* Depressive Disorders COUNTRY Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia (Plurinational State of) Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States of America Uruguay Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) Total cases 4 424 1 914 354 19 138 14 586 14 956 453 716 11 548 577 1 566 903 844 253 2 177 280 216 608 605 879 464 164 721 971 255 032 4 848 580 994 33 700 437 639 308 862 134 054 4 936 614 238 161 162 293 332 628 1 443 513 8 892 5 144 24 914 67 614 17 491 047 158 005 1 270 099 % of population 5,1% 4,7% 5,2% 5,4% 4,4% 4,4% 5,8% 4,7% 5,0% 4,7% 4,7% 5,5% 4,7% 4,6% 4,4% 4,7% 3,7% 4,5% 4,3% 4,0% 4,8% 4,2% 4,2% 4,4% 5,2% 4,8% 4,9% 4,9% 4,8% 5,2% 5,9% 5,0% 4,2% Anxiety Disorders Total cases 5 327 2 542 091 22 721 16 640 19 295 565 857 18 657 943 1 652 746 1 100 584 2 691 716 211 997 675 037 570 312 879 900 267 780 5 910 652 313 42 507 565 920 335 907 159 012 4 281 809 257 009 166 598 483 755 1 730 005 10 640 6 187 30 273 79 574 18 711 966 203 915 1 322 024 % of population 6,1% 6,3% 6,2% 6,1% 5,7% 5,4% 9,3% 4,9% 6,5% 5,8% 4,6% 6,1% 5,7% 5,6% 4,6% 5,7% 4,2% 5,7% 5,5% 4,3% 5,7% 3,6% 4,5% 4,5% 7,6% 5,7% 5,9% 5,8% 5,8% 6,1% 6,3% 6,4% 4,4%
HEALTH LOSS / DISEASE BURDEN** Depressive Disorders Total Years Lived with Disability (YLD) 794 340 420 3 413 2 575 2 713 82 101 2 129 960 261 307 149 514 388 707 38 445 107 008 83 703 130 497 44 820 871 102 878 6 025 78 379 55 220 23 997 866 544 42 494 28 701 61 720 261 997 1 591 918 4 460 12 023 3 088 893 27 816 222 271 % of total YLD 9,0% 8,5% 8,7% 8,0% 8,9% 8,6% 10,3% 6,9% 8,8% 9,4% 9,1% 8,8% 9,1% 9,2% 8,0% 8,4% 7,5% 8,1% 7,1% 8,6% 8,5% 8,6% 8,8% 8,4% 10,5% 9,7% 8,6% 8,4% 8,6% 8,3% 8,4% 8,2% 7,5% Anxiety Disorders Total Years Lived with Disability (YLD) 492 235 969 2 093 1 522 1 792 52 430 1 718 833 151 851 102 106 250 109 19 684 62 007 52 941 81 544 24 732 545 60 518 3 914 51 941 31 320 14 640 399 231 23 978 15 460 44 812 160 659 981 570 2 797 7 302 1 709 258 18 881 121 610 % of total YLD 5,6% 5,9% 5,4% 4,8% 5,9% 5,5% 8,3% 4,0% 6,0% 6,0% 4,7% 5,1% 5,7% 5,8% 4,4% 5,2% 4,4% 5,3% 4,7% 4,9% 5,2% 4,0% 5,0% 4,5% 7,6% 5,9% 5,3% 5,2% 5,4% 5,0% 4,6% 5,6% 4,1%
WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region PREVALENCE* Depressive Disorders COUNTRY Afghanistan Bahrain Djibouti Egypt Iran (Islamic Republic of) Iraq Jordan Kuwait Total cases 1 038 610 62 549 43 909 2 995 824 3 637 308 1 263 249 287 844 181 756 % of population 3,3% 4,8% 5,1% 3,5% 4,9% 3,7% 4,0% 5,0% Anxiety Disorders Total cases 1 238 880 56 344 28 806 3 593 172 3 481 366 1 520 493 306 823 165 624 % of population 4,0% 4,3% 3,3% 4,2% 4,6% 4,5% 4,3% 4,6%
HEALTH LOSS / DISEASE BURDEN** Depressive Disorders Total Years Lived with Disability (YLD) 185 693 11 363 8 090 522 195 657 493 228 412 51 978 33 389 % of total YLD 5,5% 8,9% 9,1% 5,8% 8,7% 6,5% 8,3% 10,1% Anxiety Disorders Total Years Lived with Disability (YLD) 114 133 5 208 2 664 331 342 322 102 140 747 28 470 15 413 % of total YLD 3,4% 4,1% 3,0% 3,7% 4,3% 4,0% 4,6% 4,7%
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WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region (cont.) PREVALENCE* Depressive Disorders COUNTRY Lebanon Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Morocco Oman Pakistan Qatar Saudi Arabia Somalia Sudan Syrian Arab Republic Tunisia United Arab Emirates Yemen Total cases 255 280 265 833 1 484 441 199 961 7 436 224 105 684 1 339 976 420 387 1 376 305 688 074 518 432 444 016 915 231 % of population 4,7% 4,5% 4,5% 4,7% 4,2% 5,1% 4,5% 4,0% 3,6% 3,9% 4,9% 5,1% 3,6% Anxiety Disorders Total cases 300 239 265 210 1 477 408 176 827 6 262 026 87 955 1 276 716 308 684 1 578 125 751 216 492 065 354 199 1 058 170 % of population 5,5% 4,5% 4,5% 4,1% 3,5% 4,2% 4,3% 2,9% 4,1% 4,3% 4,6% 4,1% 4,1%
HEALTH LOSS / DISEASE BURDEN** Depressive Disorders Total Years Lived with Disability (YLD) 44 975 48 069 265 318 36 698 1 329 328 19 456 244 948 76 854 246 473 124 586 93 432 80 786 165 951 % of total YLD 6,5% 8,0% 7,4% 8,9% 7,1% 10,0% 9,5% 6,9% 6,3% 5,6% 8,3% 9,3% 6,5% Anxiety Disorders Total Years Lived with Disability (YLD) 27 488 24 552 135 833 16 416 577 640 8 196 118 912 28 312 145 698 69 906 45 412 32 854 98 554 % of total YLD 4,0% 4,1% 3,8% 4,0% 3,1% 4,2% 4,6% 2,6% 3,7% 3,1% 4,0% 3,8% 3,8%
WHO European Region PREVALENCE* Depressive Disorders COUNTRY Albania Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Montenegro Total cases 131 048 142 712 415 916 428 873 510 764 502 075 185 557 360 724 205 541 42 662 525 488 267 213 75 667 293 921 2 949 572 189 241 4 116 728 593 136 493 783 12 533 212 555 342 181 3 049 986 732 699 229 637 102 702 169 685 26 350 20 049 28 627 % of population 4,8% 5,0% 5,1% 4,6% 5,6% 4,8% 5,1% 5,2% 5,1% 5,1% 5,2% 5,0% 5,9% 5,6% 4,8% 5,0% 5,2% 5,7% 5,1% 4,1% 4,8% 4,6% 5,1% 4,4% 4,1% 4,9% 5,6% 5,0% 5,1% 4,8% Anxiety Disorders Total cases 104 925 100 447 402 993 314 260 289 048 494 697 140 314 276 820 155 404 42 863 390 124 262 759 40 476 169 432 3 783 136 132 053 4 603 120 500 877 377 347 14 944 280 677 206 844 2 988 571 549 157 178 981 66 862 95 684 25 754 19 497 22 561 % of population 3,8% 3,5% 4,9% 3,4% 3,2% 4,7% 3,8% 4,0% 3,8% 5,1% 3,8% 4,9% 3,2% 3,2% 6,2% 3,5% 5,8% 4,9% 3,9% 4,9% 6,3% 2,8% 5,0% 3,3% 3,2% 3,2% 3,2% 4,9% 4,9% 3,8%
HEALTH LOSS / DISEASE BURDEN** Depressive Disorders Total Years Lived with Disability (YLD) 23 191 25 011 71 493 75 676 88 082 85 411 32 452 62 733 35 873 7 414 92 430 45 898 13 226 51 222 508 609 32 986 694 409 104 423 86 247 2 094 37 006 60 190 521 547 128 283 40 696 17 012 29 143 4 549 3 437 5 048 % of total YLD 8,4% 8,3% 7,6% 8,6% 8,5% 7,2% 7,6% 7,9% 7,6% 8,3% 8,1% 7,7% 8,9% 8,4% 7,6% 8,0% 7,5% 9,1% 7,7% 6,9% 8,1% 8,5% 7,8% 7,9% 8,5% 7,0% 8,2% 7,9% 7,8% 8,2% Anxiety Disorders Total Years Lived with Disability (YLD) 9 691 9 239 36 944 29 118 26 404 45 377 12 825 25 232 14 184 3 948 35 687 24 114 3 701 15 490 347 528 12 150 420 330 45 905 34 497 1 381 25 878 19 168 273 305 50 624 16 646 6 106 8 733 2 364 1 788 2 075 % of total YLD 3,5% 3,1% 4,0% 3,3% 2,5% 3,8% 3,0% 3,2% 3,0% 4,4% 3,1% 4,0% 2,5% 2,6% 5,2% 2,9% 4,5% 4,0% 3,1% 4,6% 5,7% 2,7% 4,1% 3,1% 3,5% 2,5% 2,5% 4,1% 4,1% 3,4%
D EPR ESSION A ND OTHER COMMON MENTA L D ISOR D ERS: G LOBA L HE A LTH ESTIM ATES
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WHO European Region (cont.) PREVALENCE* Depressive Disorders COUNTRY Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Moldova Romania Russian Federation Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Tajikistan The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Turkey Turkmenistan Ukraine United Kingdom Uzbekistan Total cases 752 777 227 446 1 878 988 578 234 207 247 931 842 7 815 714 419 302 268 516 99 864 2 408 700 446 734 388 870 304 018 97 232 3 260 677 214 010 2 800 587 2 692 081 1 186 450 % of population 4,7% 4,7% 5,1% 5,7% 5,4% 5,0% 5,5% 5,0% 5,1% 5,1% 5,2% 4,9% 5,0% 3,8% 5,0% 4,4% 4,2% 6,3% 4,5% 4,2% Anxiety Disorders Total cases 1 024 103 352 815 1 439 553 502 452 122 481 688 815 4 428 232 323 690 205 731 74 661 1 911 186 441 926 383 015 250 738 75 708 2 998 925 169 788 1 410 593 2 557 430 933 129 % of population 6,4% 7,4% 3,9% 4,9% 3,2% 3,7% 3,1% 3,8% 3,9% 3,8% 4,1% 4,8% 4,9% 3,1% 3,9% 4,0% 3,4% 3,2% 4,2% 3,3%
HEALTH LOSS / DISEASE BURDEN** Depressive Disorders Total Years Lived with Disability (YLD) 126 075 38 271 330 423 99 553 36 037 163 836 1 338 953 73 404 47 451 17 461 424 436 76 431 66 584 54 561 17 207 574 459 38 201 494 383 454 789 211 394 % of total YLD 7,1% 7,2% 8,2% 8,5% 9,0% 7,9% 7,8% 7,8% 8,4% 7,8% 8,7% 7,4% 7,9% 8,5% 8,7% 7,5% 8,9% 9,6% 6,8% 8,7% Anxiety Disorders Total Years Lived with Disability (YLD) 93 907 32 434 132 083 45 962 11 272 63 079 401 799 29 632 18 904 6 833 176 159 40 596 35 153 23 435 6 979 277 019 15 830 128 834 235 230 86 883 % of total YLD 5,3% 6,1% 3,3% 3,9% 2,8% 3,0% 2,3% 3,2% 3,3% 3,0% 3,6% 3,9% 4,2% 3,7% 3,5% 3,6% 3,7% 2,5% 3,5% 3,6%
WHO South East Asia Region PREVALENCE* Depressive Disorders COUNTRY Bangladesh Bhutan Democratic People's Republic of Korea India Indonesia Maldives Myanmar Nepal Sri Lanka Thailand Timor-Leste Total cases 6 391 760 30 947 874 632 56 675 969 9 162 886 12 739 1 917 983 890 361 802 321 2 885 221 33 932 % of population 4,1% 4,2% 3,7% 4,5% 3,7% 3,7% 3,7% 3,2% 4,1% 4,4% 3,0% Anxiety Disorders Total cases 6 900 212 27 304 886 706 38 425 093 8 114 774 11 394 1 727 123 999 454 669 259 2 275 400 32 769 % of population 4,4% 3,7% 3,7% 3,0% 3,3% 3,3% 3,3% 3,6% 3,4% 3,5% 2,9%
HEALTH LOSS / DISEASE BURDEN** Depressive Disorders Total Years Lived with Disability (YLD) 1 126 841 5 434 140 654 10 050 411 1 547 905 2 171 324 077 149 766 133 964 479 955 5 813 % of total YLD 7,1% 6,9% 6,5% 7,1% 6,6% 7,0% 6,1% 5,4% 6,9% 6,7% 5,9% Anxiety Disorders Total Years Lived with Disability (YLD) 636 383 2 512 82 294 3 519 527 752 870 1 062 159 773 92 533 61 893 209 803 3 055 % of total YLD 4,0% 3,2% 3,8% 2,5% 3,2% 3,4% 3,0% 3,4% 3,2% 3,0% 3,1%
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WHO Western Pacific Region PREVALENCE* Depressive Disorders COUNTRY Australia Brunei Darussalam Cambodia China Fiji Japan Kiribati Lao People's Democratic Republic Malaysia Micronesia (Federated States of) Mongolia New Zealand Papua New Guinea Philippines Republic of Korea Samoa Singapore Solomon Islands Tonga Vanuatu Viet Nam Total cases 1 318 599 15 198 508 823 54 815 739 30 568 5 058 124 3 452 209 326 1 127 643 3 182 117 436 221 338 223 094 3 298 652 1 904 645 5 803 162 203 16 535 3 205 7 917 3 564 934 % of population 5,9% 4,0% 3,4% 4,2% 3,5% 4,2% 3,1% 3,2% 3,8% 3,1% 4,2% 5,4% 3,0% 3,3% 4,1% 3,2% 4,6% 2,9% 3,2% 3,1% 4,0% Anxiety Disorders Total cases 1 548 120 13 431 479 469 40 954 022 29 053 3 680 899 3 534 204 147 1 461 481 3 362 91 585 302 816 237 578 3 075 517 1 759 818 5 975 127 570 17 879 3 333 8 204 1 941 166 % of population 7,0% 3,6% 3,2% 3,1% 3,3% 3,1% 3,2% 3,1% 4,9% 3,3% 3,3% 7,3% 3,2% 3,1% 3,8% 3,3% 3,6% 3,1% 3,3% 3,2% 2,2%
HEALTH LOSS / DISEASE BURDEN** Depressive Disorders Total Years Lived with Disability (YLD) 235 180 2 679 86 275 8 981 401 5 040 850 351 574 35 637 191 059 536 20 864 37 989 36 917 554 100 325 944 970 28 675 2 780 535 1 328 606 692 % of total YLD 9,1% 8,4% 6,2% 7,3% 5,6% 6,7% 5,4% 6,0% 6,9% 6,2% 8,6% 8,1% 4,7% 6,2% 7,3% 5,9% 9,0% 5,6% 5,8% 6,0% 7,4% Anxiety Disorders Total Years Lived with Disability (YLD) 142 603 1 256 44 575 3 804 591 2 665 340 015 325 19 030 135 638 313 8 535 27 887 21 730 284 591 163 056 554 11 941 1 658 309 762 180 920 % of total YLD 5,5% 3,9% 3,2% 3,1% 3,0% 2,7% 3,1% 3,2% 4,9% 3,6% 3,5% 5,9% 2,8% 3,2% 3,6% 3,4% 3,8% 3,4% 3,3% 3,4% 2,2%
* Source: Global Burden of Disease study 2015 (http://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-tool ) ** Source: Global Health Estimates 2015 (http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/en/ )
Depression and Other Common Mental Disorders Global Health Estimates Reliable, up-to-date estimates of the proportion of a general population affected by different diseases or health conditions is a key ingredient of effective health policy, planning and evaluation. This booklet provides latest available estimates of the prevalence of depression and other common mental disorders at the global and regional level, together with data concerning the consequences of these disorders in terms of lost health.
WHO/MSD/MER/2017.2