WHO guideline on school health services: web annex H: menu of interventions with WHO resources

In partnership with WHO guideline on school health services Web Annex H. Menu of interventions with WHO resources In partnership with WHO guideline on school health services Web Annex H. Menu of interventions with WHO resources WHO guideline on school health services. Web Annex H. Menu of interventions with WHO resources ISBN 978-92-4-003073-2 (electronic version) © World Health Organization 2021 Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo). Under the terms of this licence, you may copy, redistribute and adapt the work for non- commercial purposes, provided the work is appropriately cited, as indicated below. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that WHO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the WHO logo is not permitted. 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It is being made publicly available for transparency purposes and information, in accordance with the WHO handbook for guideline development, 2nd edition (2014). Contents Acknowledgements iv Abbreviations vi Web Annex H. Menu of interventions with WHO sources 1 References 7 Table H.1 Menu of interventions with WHO sources 2 Table H.2 SHS intervention examples of each type of “WHO source”, with compendium evidence 6 iii Drafting of the guideline Mary Louisa Plummer, Child and Adolescent Health Consultant, United States of America, and David A. Ross, Department of Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health and Ageing, WHO headquarters. GRADE methodologist Nandi Siegfried, Public Health Medicine Specialist, South Africa. Steering Group (WHO staff unless otherwise noted) Coordination David Ross and Kid Kohl, Department of Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health and Ageing. Members Jamela Al-Raiby, WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean; Wole Ameyan, Department of Global HIV, Hepatitis and Sexually Transmitted Infections Programmes; Valentina Baltag, Department of Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health and Ageing; Faten Ben-Abdelaziz, Department of Health Promotion; Paul Bloem, Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals; Sonja Caffe, WHO Regional Office for the Americas; Marie Clem Carlos, Department of Noncommunicable Diseases; Shelly Chadha, Department of Noncommunicable Diseases; Venkatraman Chandra-Mouli, Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research; Katrin Engelhardt, Department of Nutrition and Food Safety; Kaia Engesveen, Department of Nutrition and Food Safety; Regina Guthold, Department of Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health and Ageing; Joanna Herat, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); Symplice Mbola Mbassi, WHO Regional Office for Africa; Rajesh Mehta, WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia; Denise Mupfasoni, Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases; Martina Penazzato, Department of Global HIV, Hepatitis and Sexually Transmitted Infections Programmes; Marina Plesons, Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research; Leanne Riley, Department of Noncommunicable Diseases; Chiara Servili, Department of Mental Health and Substance Use; Stéphanie Shendale, Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals; Marcus Stahlhofer, Department of Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health and Ageing; Howard Sobel, WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific; Martin Weber, WHO Regional Office for Europe; and Juana Willumsen, Department of Health Promotion. Evidence review and synthesis Systematic overview of systematic reviews of comprehensive school health services Julia Levinson, Kid Kohl, Valentina Baltag and David Ross. Systematic reviews of the effectiveness and acceptability of comprehensive school health services Paul Montgomery, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom; Jacoby Patterson, Independent Senior Research Consultant, United Kingdom; and Anders M. Bach-Mortensen, University of Oxford, United Kingdom. Review of global WHO health service interventions for 5–19-year-olds Mary Plummer, Kid Kohl and David Ross. Survey of expert opinion on school health services Mary Plummer; Ace Chan, Stigma and Resilience Among Vulnerable Youth Centre (SARAVYC), School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Kid Kohl; Ashley Taylor (SARAVYC); Elizabeth Saewyc (SARAVYC); and David Ross. Acknowledgements iv Brief exploratory review of school health services globally Mary Plummer, Kid Kohl and Valentina Baltag. Guideline Development Group Rima Afifi, University of Iowa, United States of America; Habib Benzian, New York University, United States of America; Harriet Birungi, Population Council, Kenya; Rashida Ferrand, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Zimbabwe; Jorge Gaete, Universidad de los Andes, Chile; Najat Gharbi, Ministry of Health, Morocco; Murthy Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana, Indian Institute of Public Health, India; Henrica J. M. Fransen, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunisia; Julia Levinson, Boston University, United States of America; Erin D. Maughan, National Association of School Nurses, United States of America; Ella Cecilia Naliponguit, Department of Education, Philippines; Atif Rahman, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom; Elizabeth Saewyc (Chair), University of British Columbia, Canada; Susan Sawyer, University of Melbourne, Australia; Hui-Jing Shi, Fudan University, China; and Sharlen Vigan, World Bank, Togo. External Review Group Bruce Dick, Adolescent Health Consultant, Switzerland; Chris Kjolhede, Bassett Health Care Network, United States of America; Regina Lee, Professor of Nursing, University of Newcastle, Australia; Maziko Matemvu, Her Liberty, Malawi; Antony Morgan, Glasgow Caledonian University, United Kingdom; Blanca Pianello Castillo, International Federation of Medical Students’ Associations, Spain. Financial support The United Kingdom Department for International Development, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and the United States Agency for International Development. v Abbreviations GDG Guideline Development Group GRC Guideline Review Committee SHS school health services A glossary of terms used throught the guidance and its web annexes is provided in the guidance document. Glossary vi Menu of interventions with WHO sources Web Annex H Table. H.1 shows the menu of 87 interventions that the Guideline Development Group (GDG) identified as essential or suitable within school health services (SHS), organized by health area, type of health activity, WHO source and specific GDG categorization. Importantly, many interventions could have been placed in multiple cells of the menu, but, for the sake of simplicity and clarity, only one cell has been selected for each intervention. Also, summary names of interventions have been used in this menu; the full, precise wording of each intervention is given in Table 7 of the SHS guideline. This at-a-glance menu is linked to a compendium (Web Annex A) that details the published global WHO evidence base and specific procedures or activities for each of the 87 interventions. Ta bl e H. 1. M en u of in te rv en tio ns w ith W HO so ur ce s GD G ca te go riz at io n of in te rv en tio ns a s e ss en tia l o r s ui ta bl e w ith in S HS , b y l oc at io n C a te g o ry fo rm a tt in g D e fi n it io n Es se nt ia l e ve ry w he re S ho ul d be in cl ud ed in S HS e ve ry w he re Su ita bl e ev er yw he re A pp ro pr ia te , b ut n ot e ss en tia l, i n SH S ev er yw he re Es se nt ia l/s ui ta bl e in c er ta in a re as E ss en tia l a nd /o r a pp ro pr ia te in S HS in c er ta in ge og ra ph ic a re as o nl y Ca te go riz at io n of W HO so ur ce c at eg or y of in te rv en tio ns , in cl ud in g w he th er it s p ub lic at io n w as ap pr ov ed b y th e Gu id el in e Re vi ew C om m itt ee (G RC ) No te : G RC a p p ro va l a n d /o r W H O s u p p o rt m a y b e g e n e ra l ( n o t n e c e ss a ri ly s p e c ifi c to S H S) . F ul l G RC Al l a sp ec ts o f t he in te rv en tio n ar e su pp or te d by a G RC -a pp ro ve d gu id el in e P ar tia l G RC So m e - bu t n ot a ll - a sp ec ts o f t he in te rv en tio n ar e su pp or te d by a G RC -a pp ro ve d gu id el in e [In a dd iti on , s om e or a ll a sp ec ts o f t he in te rv en tio n m ay b e su pp or te d by “O th er W HO ” p ub lic at io ns ] O th er W HO So m e or a ll a sp ec ts o f t he in te rv en tio n ar e su pp or te d by o th er [n ot G RC -a pp ro ve d] g lo ba l W HO p ub lic at io ns N o W HO so ur ce id e n ti fi e d No su pp or tin g pr oc ed ur es o r a ct iv iti es h av e be en fo un d in g lo ba l W HO p ub lic at io ns Ty pe o f S HS a ct iv ity He al th a re a 1. He al th p ro m ot io n 2. H ea lth ed uc at io n 3. S cr ee ni ng le ad in g to ca re a nd /o r r ef er ra l an d su pp or t a s ap pr op ria te 4. P re ve nt iv e in te rv en tio ns (s uc h as im m un iza tio ns an d m as s d ru g ad m in ist ra tio n) 5. C lin ic al a ss es sm en t le ad in g to c ar e an d/ or re fe rra l a nd su pp or t a s ap pr op ria te 6. H ea lth se rv ic es m an ag em en t 7. Su pp or t f or o th er pi lla rs o f a h ea lth - pr om ot in g sc ho ol a. G en er al /c ro ss - cu tti ng I- 01 . P ro m ot io n of ca re -s ee ki ng [P ar tia l G RC ] I- 02 . P ro m ot io n of h ea lth lit er ac y [O th er W HO ] I- 16 . S up po rt fo r he al th -p ro m ot in g cu rr ic ul um [F ul l GR C] I- 27 . E ns ur e c om pl ia nc e w ith sc ho ol en tr y re qu ire m en ts [O th er W HO ] I- 28 . R ou tin e p re ve nt iv e he al th ch ec k- up s [ Ot he r W HO ] – I- 5 6 . P ro v is io n o f fi rs t a id [ Fu ll GR C] I- 5 7. A d m in is tr a ti o n o f m e d ic a ti o n s [P a rt ia l G R C ] I- 5 8 . R e fe rr a l a n d s u p p o rt fo r pa in m an ag em en t [ Fu ll G RC ] I- 5 9 . R e fe rr a l a n d s u p p o rt fo r n o n -s p e ci fi c sy m p to m s [P ar tia l G RC ] I- 25 . U se p op ul at io n- le ve l d a ta t o p la n sc ho ol h ea lth se rv ic es [O th er W HO ] I- 26 . U se d a ta o n sc ho ol h ea lth se rv ic es fo r m o n it o ri n g a n d im pr ov em en t [ Ot he r W HO ] I- 60 . Im pl em en ta tio n ris k m an ag em en t p la n [O th er W HO ] I- 17 . S up po rt fo r p ol ic ie s on h ea lth p ro m ot io n [P ar tia l G RC ] I- 18 . S up po rt fo r o th er as pe ct s o f h ea lth - pr om ot in g sc ho ol s [P ar tia l G RC ] I- 19 . S up po rt fo r p ol ic ie s o n d is e a se /i n ju ry pr ev en tio n [P ar tia l G RC ] I- 23 . T ra in in g of sc ho ol st af f [ Ot he r W HO ] I- 24 . In sp ec tio n of sc ho ol en vi ro nm en t [ Ot he r W HO ] I- 77 . R e fe rr a l a n d s u p p o rt fo r ch il d c a re rs [ N o W H O ] b. P os iti ve h ea lth an d de ve lo pm en t I- 07 . P ro m ot io n of ap pr op ria te u se o f e le ct ro n ic d ev ic es [P ar tia l G RC ] I- 08 . P ro m ot io n o f a d e q u a te s le e p [P ar tia l G RC ] I-1 0. P ro m ot io n of pa re nt in g sk ills [O th er W HO ] – – – I- 30 . I d e n ti fi ca ti o n o f d ev e lo p m e n ta l d is a b ili ti es [O th er W HO ] I- 4 4 . C o u n se lli n g r e la te d t o d ev e lo p m e n t [ P a rt ia l G R C ] I-4 3. Ps yc ho so ci al in te rv en tio n fo r w el l-b ei ng [F ul l G RC ] I-4 5. S up po rt fo r c ar eg ive r re la te d to a c hi ld ’s de ve lo pm en t [ Pa rti al G RC ] – – WHO guideline on school health services. Web Annex H. Menu of interventions with WHO sources2 Ty pe o f S HS a ct iv ity He al th a re a 1. He al th p ro m ot io n 2. H ea lth ed uc at io n 3. S cr ee ni ng le ad in g to ca re a nd /o r r ef er ra l an d su pp or t a s ap pr op ria te 4. P re ve nt iv e in te rv en tio ns (s uc h as im m un iza tio ns an d m as s d ru g ad m in ist ra tio n) 5. C lin ic al a ss es sm en t le ad in g to c ar e an d/ or re fe rra l a nd su pp or t a s ap pr op ria te 6. H ea lth se rv ic es m an ag em en t 7. Su pp or t f or o th er pi lla rs o f a h ea lth - pr om ot in g sc ho ol c. U ni nt en tio na l in ju ry – I- 48 . P ro vi si on o f e d u ca ti o n to p re ve nt un in te nt io na l in ju ry [ P a rt ia l GR C] – – I- 70 . R e fe rr a l a n d s u p p o rt fo r in ju ry [ Fu ll G R C ] I- 71 . R e fe rr a l a n d s u p p o rt fo r b u rn s [O th e r W H O ] I- 72 . R e fe rr a l a n d s u p p o rt fo r d ro w n in g [ P a rt ia l G R C ] – – d. V io le nc e – I- 49 . P ro vi si on o f e d u ca ti o n t o pr ev en t v io le nc e [P ar tia l G RC ] – – I- 50 . C ou ns el lin g to p re ve nt vi ol en ce [P ar tia l G RC ] I- 73 . R e fe rr a l a n d s u p p o rt fo r vi ct im s o f v io le nc e [ Fu ll G RC ] – – e. S ex ua l a nd re pr od uc tiv e he al th , in cl ud in g HI V I- 09 . P ro m ot io n of m en st ru al h yg ie ne m an ag em en t [ Ot he r W HO ] I- 15 . P ro vi si on o f s ex u a l a n d re p ro d u ct iv e h e a lt h e d u ca ti o n [F ul l G RC ] – – I- 51 . C on tr ac ep tiv e co un se lli ng [F ul l G RC ] I- 52 . C ou ns el lin g on se xu al ly tr a n sm it te d in fe ct io n pr ev en tio n [P ar tia l G RC ] I- 5 4 . R e fe rr a l a n d s u p p o rt fo r HI V pr op hy la xi s [ Pa rt ia l G RC ] I- 5 5 . R e fe rr a l a n d s u p p o rt fo r H IV te st in g se rv ic es [F ul l GR C] I- 74 . R e fe rr a l a n d s u p p o rt fo r pr eg na nc y [ Fu ll G RC ] I- 75 . R e fe rr a l a n d s u p p o rt fo r se xu a lly t ra n sm it te d in fe ct io n [F ul l G RC ] I- 53 . R ef er ra l a nd s up po rt fo r v ol un ta ry m ed ic al m al e ci rc um ci sio n [F ul l G RC ] – – Ta bl e H. 1 c on td 3 Ty pe o f S HS a ct iv ity He al th a re a 1. He al th p ro m ot io n 2. H ea lth ed uc at io n 3. S cr ee ni ng le ad in g to ca re a nd /o r r ef er ra l an d su pp or t a s ap pr op ria te 4. P re ve nt iv e in te rv en tio ns (s uc h as im m un iza tio ns an d m as s d ru g ad m in ist ra tio n) 5. C lin ic al a ss es sm en t le ad in g to c ar e an d/ or re fe rra l a nd su pp or t a s ap pr op ria te 6. H ea lth se rv ic es m an ag em en t 7. Su pp or t f or o th er pi lla rs o f a h ea lth - pr om ot in g sc ho ol f. Co m m un ic ab le di se as e I- 03 . P ro m ot io n of pe rs on al h yg ie ne [O th er W HO ] I-1 2. P ro m ot io n of in se ct ic id e- tre at ed be d ne ts [O th er W HO ] – I-3 6. S cr ee ni ng – in fe ct io us d ise as es [O th er W HO ] I- 38 . Im m un iza tio ns fo r a ll ch il d re n [ Fu ll G R C ] I-4 0. Im m un iza tio ns fo r ch ild re n in h ig h- ris k po pu la tio ns [F ul l G RC ] I-3 9. Im m un iza tio ns fo r c hi ld re n in c er ta in re gi on s [F ul l G RC ] I-4 1. M as s dr ug ad m in ist ra tio n [F ul l G RC ] I- 6 1. R e fe rr a l a n d s u p p o rt fo r co m m on in fe ct io ns [P ar tia l GR C] I- 6 2. R e fe rr a l a n d s u p p o rt fo r l es s c om m on in fe ct io ns [P ar tia l G RC ] I- 6 4 . R e fe rr a l a n d s u p p o rt fo r H IV -i n fe ct e d c h il d re n [ Fu ll GR C] I- 63 . M an ag em en t o f i n fe ct io u s d is e a se o u tb re a ks [ P a rt ia l GR C] – g. N on co m m un ic ab le di se as e, se ns or y fu nc tio ns , p hy sic al di sa bi lit y, or al he al th , n ut rit io n an d ph ys ic al ac tiv ity I- 04 . P ro m ot io n of or al h ea lth ca re [O th er W HO ] I- 05 . P ro m ot io n of re d u ce d s u g a r [F u ll GR C] I- 06 . P ro m ot io n of in cr e a se d p h y si ca l ac tiv ity [F ul l G RC ] I- 11. P ro m ot io n of ap pr op ria te su n ex po su re [O th er W HO ] I- 13 . P ro vi si on of n ut rit io n e d u ca ti o n [ Fu ll GR C] I- 14 . P ro vi si on o f ph ys ic al a ct iv ity e d u ca ti o n [ Fu ll GR C] I- 31 . S cr ee ni ng – vi si on p ro b le m s [O th e r W H O ] I- 32 . S cr ee ni ng – h e a ri n g p ro b le m s [O th e r W HO ] I- 33 . S cr ee ni ng – o ra l h e a lt h p ro b le m s [O th e r W HO ] I- 34 . S cr ee ni ng – n u tr it io n p ro b le m s [O th er W HO ] I-3 5. S cr ee ni ng – di ab et es [O th er W HO ] I-4 2. M ic ro nu tri en t su pp le m en ta tio n [F ul l GR C] I- 6 5 . R e fe rr a l a n d s u p p o rt fo r an ae m ia [P ar tia l G RC ] I- 6 6 . R e fe rr a l a n d s u p p o rt fo r ov er w ei gh t [ Fu ll G RC ] I- 6 7. R e fe rr a l a n d s u p p o rt fo r as th m a [F ul l G RC ] I- 6 8 . R e fe rr a l a n d s u p p o rt fo r ch ro n ic c o n d it io n s o th e r th a n H IV , a n a e m ia a n d a st h m a [P ar tia l G RC ] I- 6 9 . R e fe rr a l a n d s u p p o rt fo r d is a b ili ty [ P a rt ia l G R C ] I-4 6. C ou ns el lin g on n ut rit io n an d ph ys ic al a ct iv ity [P ar tia l G RC ] – I- 21 . S up po rt fo r p ol ic ie s on a na ph yl ax is [P ar tia l GR C] Ta bl e H. 1 c on td WHO guideline on school health services. Web Annex H. Menu of interventions with WHO sources4 No te : e a ch o f t h e 8 7 in te rv e n ti o n s is c a te g o ri ze d in t h e m e n u b y h e a lth a re a , t yp e o f h e a lth a ct iv it y, a n d fi n a l G D G r a n ki n g a s e ss e n ti a l o r s u ita b le w ith in s ch o o l h e a lth s e rv ic e s, b y lo ca ti o n . I m p o rt a n tl y, m a n y in te rv e n ti o n s co ul d be p la ce d in m ul tip le m en u ce lls , b ut fo r c la rit y h er e on e ce ll i s s el ec te d fo r e ac h in te rv en tio n. A lso , fo r t he sa ke o f b re vi ty , s um m ar y n am es o f i nt er ve nt io ns h av e be en u se d in th is m at rix ; f ul l, p re ci se n am es a re g ive n in Ta bl e 7 o f t he S HS g ui de lin e. W eb A nn ex A (C om pe nd iu m o f i nt er ve nt io ns w ith W HO e vi de nc e) p ro vi de s m or e de ta ile d in fo rm at io n ab ou t e ac h in te rv en tio n. HE AD SS S: ho m e, ed uc at io n, e m pl oy m en t, ea tin g, a ct iv ity , d ru gs , s ex ua lit y, sa fe ty , s ui ci da l t hi nk in g an d de pr es sio n st at us (a ss es sm en t). Ta bl e H. 1 c on td Ty pe o f S HS a ct iv ity He al th a re a 1. He al th p ro m ot io n 2. H ea lth ed uc at io n 3. S cr ee ni ng le ad in g to ca re a nd /o r r ef er ra l an d su pp or t a s ap pr op ria te 4. P re ve nt iv e in te rv en tio ns (s uc h as im m un iza tio ns an d m as s d ru g ad m in ist ra tio n) 5. C lin ic al a ss es sm en t le ad in g to c ar e an d/ or re fe rra l a nd su pp or t a s ap pr op ria te 6. H ea lth se rv ic es m an ag em en t 7. Su pp or t f or o th er pi lla rs o f a h ea lth - pr om ot in g sc ho ol h. M en ta l h ea lth , su bs ta nc e us e an d se lf ha rm – – I-3 7. Sc re en in g - m en ta l he al th c on ce rn s [ O th er W HO ] – I- 29 . C o n d u ct H EA D S S S as se ss m en ts [O th er W HO ] I- 47 . C ou ns el lin g on su b st a n ce u se [ P a rt ia l G R C ] I- 76 . P ro v id e sh o rt -t e rm o r cr is is co un se lli ng [P ar tia l GR C] I- 78 . R e fe rr a l a n d s u p p o rt fo r b e h a v io u ra l d is o rd e rs [ Fu ll GR C] I- 79 . R e fe rr a l a n d s u p p o rt fo r e m ot io na l, a nx ie ty , d e p re ss iv e d is o rd e rs [ Fu ll GR C] I- 8 0 . R e fe rr a l a n d s u p p o rt fo r e a ti n g d is o rd e rs [ O th e r W H O ] I- 8 1. R e fe rr a l a n d s u p p o rt fo r st re ss [P ar tia l G RC ] I- 8 2. R e fe rr a l a n d s u p p o rt fo r su ic id e ri sk /s e lf -h a rm [ Fu ll GR C] I- 8 3. R e fe rr a l a n d s u p p o rt fo r so m a to fo rm d is o rd e rs [ Fu ll GR C] I- 8 4 . R e fe rr a l a n d s u p p o rt fo r p sy ch o ti c d is o rd e rs [ Fu ll GR C] I- 8 5 . R e fe rr a l a n d s u p p o rt fo r h a rm fu l s u b st a n ce u se [ Fu ll GR C] I- 8 6 . R e fe rr a l a n d s u p p o rt fo r su b st a n ce d e p e n d e n ce [ Fu ll GR C] I- 8 7. R e fe rr a l a n d s u p p o rt fo r su b st a n ce w it h d ra w a l [ Fu ll GR C] – I- 18 . S up po rt fo r p ol ic ie s on m en ta l h ea lth pr om ot io n [P ar tia l G RC ] I- 22 . S up po rt fo r p ol ic ie s o n b u lly in g [ P a rt ia l G R C ] 5 Table H.2. SHS intervention examples of each type of “WHO source”, with compendium evidence WHO source EXAMPLE OF AN SHS INTERVENTION Example of a supporting WHO citation (Web Annex A) Citation source Short name: GDG categorization Long name Full GRC support All aspects of the intervention are supported by a GRC-approved guideline I-75. Referral and support for sexually transmitted infection Essential in SHS everywhere I-75. Referral and support for management of sexually transmitted infection I-75 - PA122-PA125. [Composite] recommendations for treatment of Treponema pallidum (syphilis), genital herpes simplex virus, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, including for infected adolescents [GRC-approved] WHO (1–4) Partial GRC support Some – but not all – aspects of the intervention are supported by a GRC-approved guideline I-07. Promotion of appropriate use of electronic devices Essential in SHS everywhere I-07. Promotion of appropriate use of electronic devices, such as television, Internet, games I-07 - PA409. [As part of] psychoeducation to promote adolescent well-being and functioning … The health-care provider should encourage and help the adolescent to get enough sleep. Promote regular bed routines and remove any TV or other electronic devices with screens from the sleeping area or bedroom [GRC-approved] WHO (5) I-07 – PA494. Cyberbullying (bullying, harassing or threatening a person online) harms children. Many programmes that seek to improve the whole-school culture and to teach students social and emotional skills can address cyberbullying. In settings where students have regular access to the Internet and social media, it is important to establish policies, behavioural expectations and supportive interventions around cyberbullying as part of an education and life skills strategy. Education about responsible use of personal data and online safety can also help children protect themselves from violence or exploitation [Other WHO] WHO (6) Other WHO support Some or all aspects of the intervention are supported by other global WHO publications I-32. Screening – hearing problems Essential in SHS everywhere I-32. Screening for ear and hearing problems I-32 - PA235. Implement school-based hearing screening with the aim to identify, refer and manage common ear diseases and hearing loss. Integrate hearing screening into school health programmes and develop linkages for provision of suitable care: medical, surgical and rehabilitative [Other WHO] WHO (7,8) No WHO source identified No supporting procedures or activities have been found in global WHO publications I-77. Referral and support for child carers Suitable in SHS everywhere I-77. Referral and support for child carers (such as students who provide unpaid support to a parent who could not manage without this help) [No known WHO source] To further explain “WHO source”, Table H.2 provides SHS intervention examples of each type, with relevant support from the compendium of interventions with WHO evidence (see Web Annex A). WHO guideline on school health services. Web Annex H. Menu of interventions with WHO sources6 References1 1. WHO guidelines for the treatment of Treponema pallidum (syphilis). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016 (https://www.who.int/ reproductivehealth/publications/rtis/syphilis- treatment-guidelines/en/). 2. WHO guidelines for the treatment of genital Herpes simplex virus. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016 (https://www.who.int/ publications/i/item/978924154987). 3. WHO guidelines for the treatment of Chlamydia trachomatis. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016 (https://www.who. int/reproductivehealth/publications/rtis/ chlamydia-treatment-guidelines/en/). 4. WHO guidelines for the treatment of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016 (https://www.who. int/reproductivehealth/publications/rtis/ gonorrhoea-treatment-guidelines/en/). 5. mhGAP intervention guide for mental, neurological and substance use disorders in non-specialized health settings. Version 2.0. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016 (https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/ mhgap-intervention-guide---version-2.0). 6. INSPIRE handbook: action for implementing the seven strategies for ending violence against children. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018 (https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/ inspire-handbook-action-for-implementing- the-seven-strategies-for-ending-violence- against-children). 7. Childhood hearing loss: act now, here’s how. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016 (WHO/NMH/NVI/16.1; https://apps.who.int/iris/ handle/10665/204507). 8. Childhood hearing loss: strategies for prevention and care. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016 (https://apps.who.int/iris/ handle/10665/204632). 1 All weblinks accessed 25 May 2021. 7 For more information, please contact: mncah@who.int