Susceptibility of larvae of Simulium griseicolle Becker from the Bandama river, Ivory Coast, to Abate (Temephos) after five years of treatment

1Suseepttbillty of larnae of Sirrulir:l Arisei-col1e Beeker ftom the Bandoma Rtver, rvory@rt;Tffi;C-Ecephos) after five years of treatuent ![ork canled out by D. Kurtak, Ao S@e; S. Ilcpe and LIo Oredraogo of the Vector Control Unit of the Onehoeerclasls Cont:rcI hogrannne at Korhogo; Ivory Coast, t@y 22-2), L98O - Report prepared by Do Kurtak &rne 6, L9e0 DIIRODUCTIOI.I rt has often heen obse:sred in the onchocerctasis control Programme area that larwae and pupae of other cpecies of slmuliun occur fui large nrr.mbers in rivers -,-rhere lreel-Jy treatrnents rrith Abate (temeptros) elfuinate Si:nul:un clamnosun flheob-.Id. I the ?ector of onchocereiasls and the target of tire treafuents (P. Guilletl pocoi A. sonee poco i Grebaut and "ftrllIet 1977). This obserrration is very welL supported by the uripublished recorris of routine cheeks for si-rsuliun la:srae carried. out by ocr personnel. [hese records show tha.t all sta6es of Sluuliun ArrseLcoIIe Reeker caJt be founC in rivers even sl'rortly after treatments. fhis argues agai-:n,;t the possibirity that $. grlseieo*e surrrlyes by corupletturg its Iife cycle in between treatments. lhic report gives tire results of succeptibility tests cagled out trith lanrae of S.griseicolle fron sltes it rl treated rlver in an attempt to dete:mlne 1f the sunrlral of the specles is due to a tore- rance of the insecticlde. IVEterlals curd i{lethods lhe laruae were coLlectett from turo sj-tes on the Bandana River naned BeIDa.A.mont and tsetra Radier. They.are locatecl 60 antl 65 lm res- peetineLy south of Korhogo, Ivory Coas;t. Each test contained a raixture of lartrae fron both the sltes. 1lreahrents cocmenced. in trEbruary, L975 tn thls river and have continued. on a week\r basls. Ia:rae ';rere transported on their cnrbstrates (mostly grass and dead leaves) ir, ,", ice chest to the afur-conditloned laboratory of the Korhogo subseetor of the ocPo Tests lvere run on the day of the coLlecti-ons. 'rhe susceptibllity tests were d.one accordlng to the method of Llouehet et aI (fgZZ). lhe water used ,nas flltered, delonlzerl tap-ss1"" from O,ragador:goue oxygenated nrith an aquariu'n alr punp for 24 hours before the test, and brought to a temperatrre of zOoC. -2- Technical Abate (temephos ) ai.tu.teO in ethanol (provided by the IIIIO) r'ras used for sone testc. Ihese solutlons were d.i:ted lriay to Augustl 1979. Hovever, the hfuhest concentration provided vrag not sufficlent.to produce tO@ mortality vrithout addi:ig toxic quantities of solvent. fherefore, other tests vrere ruul with ?roci-da fomulated Abate (ZVfr W). This ma.terltil '.'ri.s r.t lenst one year old. Dllutlons were prep;rred fron it in ethanol a few days before the tests. A series of tests was also nur lvith ethanol. Iarvae were renoved from the supports aiid placed in soup bowls of about 25O mt capacity. Each bowl cottained about 50 trl of clean test water a'urd 25-30 latlrae, An effort '*r:.s nad.e to select the younger ll::v-ae sjnce work urith S.dspsrosrm (Ltouchet et aI , (tgll) furtlicates that they are more sensitive than oIcler ones. After the lanrae vrere selected. ;'rcl given a few ninutes to attach, the cleem water was carefully decmted and 25O nt of weter containing insecticide were ad.ded. The ocposure lasted from three hours to tlree hours thirty mjnutes and the temperahre of the water uras maintailed. between 2OoC and 25oC Ay controlLing the roon temperattre. At the end of the test, Iivfurg, norlbondl and dead larrrae were seperated ernd presersred. the la:rrae were separated by the followilog criterla :- f,iving :- larrrae which contracted quickly into a rrUrt shape wlth the head. near the anus urhen d.isturbed.. This reaetlon rvas lle- duced by rapping sharply on the ri-u of the bovrl r,vith a pencil or foreeps. I,lorlbond - Iarrae vrhieh moved when toucherl rrrith a forceps hrt ln a sluggioh a^nd un-coorr(Iinated. roaruaer. Dead - Ianrae whieh dld not move at aJ.I2 even when touched. lhe preserrred. Ie:srae were examined urrder a stereomlcroscope to verify species and ilstar before countirrg'. Orly Er€rieeise[q uras forurd. Iprvae were separated. into tlvo groups as to age. [hese groups were designated as instars J-J a.nd. insta.rs 6-7. Ihis separation was done aceording to the appearance of the histoblasts of the pupal gills (eee l*ig. 1). ? 7rr the absenee of a Key for' the ijrst.,rs of s,grisej-co1lel this system 1s provisiorrarl at best. [he i:rstrrs ru]y rrot be narked bJ'the changes i:r the liistoblasts jrr ex:rctly tLe maiiner j-rirLics.terl. fhe systen is, hovreverr easy to use :rncl. relatively u.re<iuivoc.-rl. rt is also roughly complrrable to systems used for s.dsrurosum. l?esults for the two age- Sroups vrere tabulatcd rcparately silce tt.c '.;orlr of l..rouchet et aI (f.977 ) ln.l.ic;ites that the last two instars of S.derrsros-un are consj-- derably morc tolerant than the precee<lir4; orr€sr Percentages of nortality were c-Iculiited bctli inchrding and oxcluding noribond lanrae. The pereent,:1.;es wf-'re co:rected for control mortality using the for"mrla of Abbotl when tkre control mortality was between 5/" and. 2M. Control morteility ne\rer exceecied 2@. [he percenta6es of inortallty were plotted agains;t dosage on logarith.ttis - probability paper. flhc coordi-nater: of tlie polnts vrere then ne:-lsured to the nearest 025 nrn iu:.d tlrr: rectili:rear. coordlnates used to ealculate the regression l1ne by least squdres enalysis using a [bxas Instmroents nodel TI 55 ealcula'bcr. ICSO urd LC95 were caLculated urith the same earcura cor, using tire ecluation of the re- gression Ilne. In the ease of repetitlve bests at the lJarne cooce[- tration, da.ta were conbined. when no slgnificaiit differenee was iadicated and :r nean and stantlar'il deviation carcura'bed for. errch poirt. fi test nprytallty - control mortality x I0OL LO@ - /o eontro! nortality alhe results .'ire presented in Tables 1-7 ancl FiSurcs 2-9. itrr 22 and 2J i,,hy1 tvhenever there l,vere more than 10 6th and. Ttlr l-nstar lal:v..e jlresent per concentration, they izere recorded separatell'. Where only a'. fei-; vrere prese:rt2 they are not recordecl' M 27 :md 28 l,Iay, e r.ore ri1;oroul sclection i'rs Fractised an,i t..:er€ rrere aLmost no older i.:astars. Fi.ure 2 \22 llay) presents separate curtres for olderl younEer and a.I-l- lrLl::.e rr:i:. Fig.J presents the s:uae clitt;: excluding moribond. I:rw.-.e. Ihe otiier fi6ures shorv 'bhe culrres ior tr:.-taus 7-5 r'ritli moribond Ia:sree i:rcluded in the rnortality. IC5O for instars j-l ivith moribond larrrae coultecL a.s dead iva.s between 0.46 pplr.'ncl 0.66 ppm for technical Abate ancl 0.19 ppm aud 6.22 ppn. for Froclda Abrte. The LC50 for ethanol for i.:estars 7-5 with noribond larrrae cotur.tcd,rs <Lead. r,ras betrvcen 9.7 ppt eard. 11.0 ppt (2r4 eurd 2.8 nfl/25oc1). The later j-nstnrs rvere in general nore tolerant th.:rr the yotmger insters. Tire lC5o for lnr.;tr-rrs 6-7 'nas fron 3% to 59lL hLgher than that for instars 3-5. Inclusion of ;rori-irond larvae jn morttrllty dccrer-.sed the Ili5O ay 5/" to 29/,. Dlseussion Ihere are no susceptibility data for S.g-:iseicolle previous to treatmen';. Data for S.darnnosutrr ')revious to treatront (rtouchet et aI l-977) glve an avera.Ije IC5O for teciinical Abate of O.O3? ppm for sites in lvory Coast c^nd liali. It is clear that larvae of S.grlseicolle from a treateri rivcr show a rmch higher physiological toLerance than Ia::vae of ll.claronosr.;;n before treatment. flhe con-birruecl effectlveness of the treatnents agai:rst S.clannosum indicates that the serisitivity of that speciec h.'.s not chunged greatly. Cornparison wit:r trntreated popu- lations of Sogriseieolle n'rist await measurements rnrLe in the extensj-on study i,reas of the OCI. IJntll these measurements are nade it carurot be stated unequivocally that tiris tolerance 1'139 secluired ,,.fter e.::posureo Res,ults -5- Dosage mortality cur:\res for exposed populations of S.griselqo]-le do not, howeverl have the form usually seen for resistant populatrons of jrsects. fhat is to sayr the upper encl of thc curwe d.oes not become horizontal (',ntO E(pert Cormrittee, 19?6). Classiccl resistance is usually markecl by an inability to ki11 a certej:r proportion of the population even at very high ttosagesl r,v[i6h ivas not the case in the tests reported here. Procida Abate is 2x - 3x more toxic than the C.ilutett technicaL material from the llliO Black fly lanra Susceptibility Kit. In the absenee of acsays, it is not possible to say izhether this d.iff,erence ls due to the fonnulation or to the degradation of the teckurical materi-aI. Ihe roortality rlue to the ethanol sol.rent increases rapidly at concentrations beyond C ppt. Ihus 2mL/25Omt test is the marcimum arnount of solvent s.rfe for S.griseicolle. There is enou6h clifference in mortality between the older and yor[-rger instars that it seems urise to separa'be them. flte younger Ia:nrae have been preferred i.n the past (ltriouchet et g], L977). lhe j:rclusion of moribond lanrae in the nortality figures decreases the IC5O to some extent. It is not certa.in that these norlbond larvae r,vi1I die. In fact, some fragmentary results of Reiter (fggO) i.naicate that a signifieant porbj-on of then will recover, especially at lorrer concentratj.ons of insccticlcl.e. llhe use of your:g lirn'a-e anC the inclusior:. of noribond^ lanrae cloes, however, asEure a nini-mum estimate of the IC50. Acloeowled.gements feehnical dlseussions and field work with llessrs. ?. Gulllet and H. Escarr.fe of the Institut du Recherche sur ltOnchocercosep !ouak6, Ivory Coast were very useflrl i.n planntrg the work. The assistance of OCP personnel of the Bouak6 Sector is gratefirlly aclorovrledged. -6- References Cited Grebaut, S. and P. Grrillct, 1977. Sensibilit6 i ltAbate, au chlorphoxjro et au DDT des popurations rarvaircs du eonprexe S. damrosun drns la phase IfI du Prograrnme dc Iutte contre ltOnchoccrcose d;ms la r6gio:r du bassin de Ia Vo1ta.. Report of the Institut de Recherche;j sur ltOrchocercose Ilo.97g1trar.tg/ Aapfi7. (rai.lneo ). Mouchet, J; G. Qu6lermec, D. Ber11 y. Sechanr .in.l S. Grebautl 1977, I'll6tl:o<iologie pour te:ter 1;r sensibirit6 ar:x insecticides cles larnres de sira4ir.::n qgrmog-um s.1. cahicrs o.R.srT.o.lio s6rie Brtonologle raedieale et parr;,sj-tologic 15 (I) : 55-66, Reiter, P. 1980. rresecticide testing in the or.chocerciasis Control Frog,ravvmc. 1972-1979. Unpubllshed report .bo the OCp (mi-aeo ). irniO Erpert committee on rnsecticides, L976. Resisternee des vecteurs et des r€servoirs de roaladies .rurc pestici<ieso 22nd. Report of the i/IIo Ecpert conmittee on rnseeti-ci.cles. (published as ifoo 5e5 h the fechnical Reports series of .Lhe r,i/[i01 Geneva). -7 - [ABI&' 1 thxicity of Technical Abate to lc.rrrae of S.griseicolle from gena on the B,.ndaneo River, Ivory coasfrffi@- Concerrtration l.io.of la:rrao(pp.) nestar fi mortalJ-+ norbid.i tIlty orl-.25 orL25 ot25 ot25 or5 or5 lro 1ro * ZtO t( 2tO CO;ITROI corvTRot o ot9 7o?e o 27 15 0 ?r2 6I )1o 50, r 100 100 1or, 9t5 o or9 4or 8 15, o 44r3 3t9 86, B 60, B 100 100 LorT 9r5 29 12 16 t3 2O 21 17 3L 27 7t 29 2L Based ora mortallty :- Instars 3-5 ( f,clO = Or 5o ppra ( ( I,C95 = lrO ppn Based. on ruortality + norbidity :- Instars 3-5 ( fff O = Or 46 ppm ( ( rfr9i = or93 ppm Irestars 6-7 ( rclO = OrB, pp!tr ( ( rcgr = 1r? ppn ir:stars 6-7 ( rclO = Or 58 ppn ( ( rrgl = L1 3 ppm I comeeted for eontrol mortality.by Abbotts fonurla when contror mortAlity is between 5% .ud 2Vl. frrortr',Iityl 7-5 G7 7-5 *7 3-5 6-7 i-5 6-7 1^5 c7 3-5 6-7 t( Testo rzhere ethanol solvent exc€€,,ed. B ppt. tr8- IABLE 2 To;:ieity of technical Aba'ce to lrrvae of Srgriseicollefrorr Seraa on thc. Bandema River, Ivory Coast 4l-5[6 f ttortatity IConcentration(pp*) or25 ot25 ot5 ot5 # 1r5 co;{1'R0I, cclttRof, Based on mortality :- Insta.rc 7-5 (f,ClO = Or SB ppm + morbidlty Bt3 9r1 L9r4 0 100 2r6 L514 nrstars 6-7 ( IC50 = 0192 ppm( ( ( IC95 = 2r, ppn ( r,csl - 11 2 ppm Basecl on nortality + morbidity :- Instg.rs j-5 rc50 = 0,66 ppm nrstars 6-7 I,C5C = L102 pPm T,C95 = Ie 75 nnra IC95 = 216 ppm 1 comectec-r. for contror mort.rlity by Abbotls fozmul-r.. vrhcn ccntror mortality is betr;een 5/, and 2V,. l+ Tests, y.drere ethi:noI solvent exceeded O ppt. ( ( ( ( ( ( IIo. of lazvae Instar ii,:ortalit}- 1 16 t3 36 a?L) 53 3e L1 1-5 6-7 1-5 6-7 3-5 3-5 6-7 5t6 o r1r 1 o 100 216 L5r4 -9- T.l.IrIE ] 'Ioxicity of hrccida Ablte 2OO E to lanrae of Sogrlseicolle fror,r Llenr. on tkre llandarm River, fvory Coast ArtT Concentratior(ppr) o r25 0r50 1ro COIiTROI /aortality-+ r-rorbidlty a 7414 86r4 Ioo 2t6 Based on nortality :- Iastars 3{ TC5O = O12'l LC95 = 0151 Based. on uortslity + morLlc].lty :- Inst.ars J-5 ( rrfo = os21 ( ( rrl'i = or45 comected for contror mortarity.by Abbotts fozrmrla i'rhen control nortaLity is between Jd1'. tmd 2@". ( ( ( 1 i.[o.of lrrv..re Iestar f mortllltyl 39 44 42 3a 3-5 ,-5 3-5 3-5 59.0 77.3 100 2t6 -L0- TABIA 4 lo-'r:-city of ltocida Ab te 2OO E to lerrrae of S.grisclcollefron Berur on the Banctarm River, Ivory Co{:.s.b, qTW Concentrzrtion or 05 orl25 or25o o.r5 lro 2to CONTROI /, aortaLity + morbidity 1 l.2r2 Br6 38r9 79r3 100 100 2to iased on nortality ;- I:rst'.-.rs 1-5 IC5O = 0121 LC95 = 0160 Based orr mortallty + morbidiby :- Insta:s J-5 ( rclo = orrg( rcsl = ot54 Corrr:etcrl fOr cont:.ol r'rortarli'by b,, Abbotts for-.:nrla -r.d1L.n control nortality is bctween 5,/" and 2V,. ( ( ( I l'io. of Ia:trae Instar f r.rort:rlity 1 49 57 54 5B 55 66 54 3-5 3-5 7-5 i-5 1-5 3-5 3-5 1or 2 3t5 37ro TorT 100 100 2to -11 - fAuIJS 5 ,Ioxicity of Procicla Abate 200 E to Isrzvee of S.Criselcolle fron ljcmil on the Brrrdarna River - Ivory Coast 2B/5/ea Concentration /" mortaLity _ + rnorbid-ity I o, 05 orL25 ot25o o,50 lro 2ro COIITROI 7.6 L213 3417 58.0 100 100 1r6 Based on mortality :- Instars 3-5 ( fClO ( rcsr = Ot29 = 0167 Based on mortality + rnorbidity :- Icstars J-5 (fclo - or22 (rc95 = or1g Combination of Data frorn .Iables 3t 4t 5 (mortality + norbidity) Instars 3-5 (rclo = or 19(rc95 = oe5r (1 s.D. - o, 16 - o.e4) (1 s.D. = or43 - 0161) Ito.of larrae Iastirr f l.,iortellty 1 55 57 64 69 69 5B 61 7-5 7-5 7-5 T5 7-r) 3-5 T5 o 513 18.B 46.4 100 lc0 0 -12- TABI,E 6 Toxici'by of otllanol provided by l/IiO bo la.rrrae of S.griseie_o1lc frorr Bera.r on the Bzndnrna ftiverl Ivory Coast 23/5/Bo Concentra (ppt ) 4 o L6 I6 72 colr[Rot coiI,tRoI, Based on mortality :- Irar-tars 3-5 (rcfo - 9t2 (rr95 = re Based. on rcortality + norbidity :- Inst:rrs J-! (fClO = Br 1 ppt(rcsl = 12 ppt Drstars 6-7 ( fCSo = t4 (r.,c95 = 2L I:st.:rs 6-7 (rclO (rcsl /, morttlLt;;^ + rlorbldityr 2r3 4t6 100 e\5 100 2t6 L514 = 111I ppt = 1716 ppt I Corrected for coiitrol r,rortaLity by Abbotls forrarli^ .;rhcn coutrol mortality is betvrecn 5% and 24. llo. of larvae Inr;titr fi morta.LityL 47 39 17 14 40 38 l,l 3-5 1-5 7-5 6-7 3-5 1-5 6-7 2t3 4t6 100 74r7 97 r5 2t6 ].:5r4 _13_ TAilln 7 'Ioxicity of cthanol (i,lcrcl:-Abso1utc ) to hzwac ofS.Griseicolle frorn Bcma on thc Brnd;uoa River, Ivor.;- Coast 27/5/w Coneentre.tion(ppt ) Ilased on mort.:.Iity :- Inst.'rs l-l B 1B t2 16 2O 24 f Mortality- + morbidityr 5.1 o 71.L 96.4 100 100 2.ocol'I[Rotr (rrlo (rc95 = 14 ppt = 2{ ppt Based on morta,lity + rnorbidity :- fnst,^rs l-5 (rclo Gngs I = 11 ppt = I3rI ppt correc'bed for contror rrortirrity'by Abbotts for:nrlr: ni'r.,:n control nortality is betl.rer:,n 5/ ancl- 2€,. .,Io. of Ia:srae Irstar f i:rort.,.Iity I 4t 11 65 56 60 55 5o T5 6-7 1-5 1-5 1-5 1-5 3-5 5.1 0 20ro 82.1 9i.e 8514 2.0 oo ! rrt ,"{ ffi E* t,1 ii orld o a o f € o (1 c,t +) oli() ,& Ilr o -{ G, :> n5 c) rf : c'c c:l :l '[,1 '[,1 f,l rl iil!lt:l irl ct, () (, c. cr1,.-l rl Cl(! i li' rllIr tl cJ l:F{tl (, ct ci () nl .< c, .!: +rooc ctr) ,r aJ 4) 15 () ti .n(,E rl €o(ro fl rJ(1 () Or CJO.{(, J) o .tJ(l 'r{ t+r o {, (, el Gr C) c'{(r >(r ?rl c.t ,t +J o J) tl t.: r-lt{!r() t_l C; rit :;l C) I . rilo vlr't Ir$ fi r[l : , l,-{ ..'rlr{ Fl li{ illt. . .r l,{r,l;] q{ (t() !r .. I( t tr. ! r I r' ( | /t{t l.r Q c-ii ofi; r-l D $r 9<oo Fl (',) oljdanr, (J(, Fltr€rl t) I ). ',1'a, (?() r{ .q '(!rl .t:t,(: Ei t-I\o Q E-'l e E{ v) t- I\.c tr1 Et 12 H .L oo G oo oo L aro f{(t 0rI'J Oql+, oatr ETG,clE-t cl <, Fl d oPcJ CF{G,PE! c, sJ .C r{Odr{+{, .,P+d6Pl{od.rQG' o c) o r{ Or o '0) c)fl6, E d -l .qJ at ol Fl. {, ,.1 o a, O) tr a, [-' .rl U} o .rJ a) c, r-1 E b t\ tr\IEln5tl c2 ..{t-l cl-l ..1<E E{q)k o a Ho r{ E > tnln. lF{r( q)+t ESF. C,cnA FrHf; =i: Eg o o I f r ' . 'itf r HJ 1+1| ri_ i'r rr.- -. i - r -. ra !r4a!-a*a\ itlhllrrr&ffirfjr.ffi -.r - F 2. Torici of tnchn; ca.I j-bate tc ia:r'a.e c: S. .-::s::c:-.e irqs,5di#f,tr{qys?frBIFl"i;;=i .".. -)(corrected '6 mortality exelu'ilng norbidlrl l-io:roo', _. € @g. Q Iocl o6 I o iJ o il I I I{-.! rl -:-l :: r- I i 6 -.t oI 'i ,ir'r I i' rt'I '1, f I i ti'r r1, I '!t ;! i,. ,l r4 ri t, .i t I 'i 'l I-r I / at a, a , -. I I I / ,, , ai It- I I / .,. J .j t@ / a e at , a , 4... D(rq o / , , , tl! --l-i - t--- , -a (O c) <r5 c : .l .-t It f- I o a) oI) -- .t rl 'l l! I I l1 t,' -t- .t _1 --;---r._' -,!!- - r' i t. rl F -:- I t I --i _a-_ , n.-'r- l: ---. ---{ l--+- 1 t' I .t t I .t i ! ,t .t 't I {o @ (o @ @I J, (O to E l: <0 .o I { I Ii x I .-l.L , --+. --. -t- I 'A i :l I I :/ ,t"i- --:xlt t oi I .13 I i. "i : I I I { EIl-l r-l ei ci E \oc\ t-- I I I / 7 tt'r,t- , ,- 1,I at , , ,'i, ..t J ,'. ,/ I I --- t- -' UT I I I I I I t. i /i V :,, ,t i i I I I i / , , I l---o'- / ---1 tl ,1. ;f, I . l: j t .:-Jo i i., l6 .i i ,lit- . t- ...: a i I I I t ,t a i I I tI L*t@@.,o @ +-.-_- L t- I0,5 10 c ol.'cilitfitATl Clt PitJ aII. _ I);S'i,LrS 1-!1 - - o-?O-_ 0 125 0,25 20 ri il :li - -- -- l.- -.. -: - c -{;tr'lr_l _1_-.--i I ! I i I I I I I I I a t- t IJII ---i. I I I I I t e l'rolli5. To:d-eity of technical Abate to lerrvae of 3' fj!}st": Bema on the Bandama RlYer, Ivory Coast. l{tay 22, 19BO' ( correcte d, o/o mortallty tncludlng norbldlty ) I 100i/ I I oig. tl I o 'l I /- at .i ,i al i .l I 1 I 6 i I t I I -lJ-'I c A q I i i It- I L.. I i L_. I I - ---.-+ ,{ tl ,.1/I I I r - -t- -- rt-J , a a 2!a v ,,1 I ! I I I -l ? ,. l { t : t t t l- I J I i I I t' I I '1 -- I I I a. l I i I i I I I I i : i I I I .t I I I t I I I -t i I I i I I -r-- I .t. I I _. l-- I I I I I .- t -.- I i: I t._* --.1rl 'itJO i I -l -,:l--- | i -l-- I : l-- I I I -i-- - '-'----- -/ i I )o J q 6r rJ C' q) r F.' F. Ft I I I I I t__--_lrlr i I iItI 1 I -T a 't ,- I I -t-. ,- , , l-.-. I I I :l 6 I I i I I r I I t ,, I i I I I I I I i 'o : I i I I I I i q t-o OJ .) a '5t o9o .0 @ q Iti Ili I I [, Ii:ir -.i --+ i aE- \ I 'q a I to 521.0 al1 5 7 x o 1_t(r-'INSTARSCONCEI{TRATION PPM 0.50.1 25 0,25 L i I I I I I I I - -.F -. I I I .,1 -t I i I i t, I ... I I I 1 I I It- N --1 I I -_J I I --f- -. +-. l. _i -l I -t I I I I I It- I I I I I i --t I+ l- I .a -- .t -r 'I . -. --l t I -t I I I l. ! I I i l- Fig. 4. Toricity of tcchnieel Abate to larvae of ;1. grisei<,, -ie frornBema on the Bandama Rlver, Ivory Coast llay 231 fggo. '!^ i il tv) I t, / (instars J-5;' corrected 7" nortality lneludlng morbidi. 4..--.,.-_.r_--r-_ I I I I I -rl I t ,t I I I I I II i i I -t -- ,, i I I l i i.. t. l I I -'---1 ,i I 1 I I I .-..-.r- + . .f I I - -t I I I I 'r-,l I I I I I .rl I j--- .+--- - I i I I ,l I I ,l I i I I 'I I .--i 'l i i .-;- [ rI I I '-l ,I -i I I _/ / / I ! ; I I I I 'l I I I I Ilot_ I I ;. _t - I I I -l :. I i I I / t / x T I I I I t "i t._ I I t- -f' Il' -j I I .t --1... .I I i'T '- I I I I -l- I I 'I I i i .: I I I 't I I i' -t I I I l i I 1 I I I : l-;-tt I I I I IJ U I I -lI t "l :,'i, tn t-''1 t' I i- I IL I I i I I I I ! I I I I I L I t I i I ii- I I I I I I I I I I I Il- I i I ] rl c Go ,0 t,& @ j I5 ,) (o @ t-- I I -t I I t' ..1 i 'I i ,l -. ... -l f -+- I I I I -l I I I i I L I I I I i I l I I -! t I I t. __J x I /it 7 .-1.. t ,01 1,5 ! I I I CONCEI{TRATION PPM 0,25 0,5 ---t .l I. !i' I I .-1 '--r I t- ]_ -1 I .t I I l: t---. I I I I --- I (, -1- I I ; I I I I ,l I I i I *t .i I I I I I -..-l I I I I I I ..; I I --t_' I I I I 'l : ! i I I I I I / ;- I i 5. ,L,oxicity of ?rocida Abate 2L,Od to lal'vae of u. ;lr',: :c;ILe .-r'' Derou on the Bandim;RlG;, i"o"y-co"stl'tay 27, L}BO.(instars 3-5; eorreeted /o mottali.ty lnclu<ling morbtdity) F ig.t o 9o Pc(ri <, o @ : ,c 3 I I I i "ll 'f l, ll I I ! i .---T I .:. II t- I I ti l, -: -- -[ itl:lritl ,l l-1 - ---t - - I I I I i " -'I -- : I I :' i !-:-. i i I _l I I I ! t- I I ! I ||Iiliril lrll,:li 'lr ,:ll ---ll 'i: il:-l _+F-__ .'.1 lq J ,o +-rJ- 1-_ ----'-- -l I : I I I I I I I -'f-'i I I I I -[ I -f I ,.i I .J I t.l i I t i 'i' it a a3 '- '-to I I I I I I I : I I I I -.- t I i I I I I I irl I I I I .l I I I -l I I I -.t I i _ -_i. I I I -'- -'!- I I I t- I I I I I t- I I I I I I I I I ; I i -^r'N c 6o oo c 5 i c n or to :c ,o g @ q' ,c D 'i) (O l( F{ H l- -4F L: r i; I '-r"'l-';-ll t..-. 'I ,lr ,l';[-l- ,t I I I 'l I -1 I I t It' Ii- I I I --1 i I T I I I I I I I t- I I i i I I I i I I t- I I t' I I -.--.1_ I. ..t t' I I I I I I i/, ,,/ ,l :lrl :--l ,I ri 'l Ilr -:-'1.'-' I It: I I Iii: !l t: ,l t't- I I I ! I -i I I I I -.1-- i I ,! --.tF. i I I I .t i -'1 I t I I I I I I I I I I i I I L ol ,el __ i I 1,0 :l I - , --- L- -J. CONCEIMRATION PPM 0,25 0,5@o rl I r- I t I _j i-- t i Il, I I ,t -l I __! I _t I I I .l I t I I I i I I I ! I /, / -': 1' ) : 6. Toxicity of Procida Abate zUUD to larvae of J. gr.r:,._eollu ,'.o,.. Bema on the Bandamn Rlver, Ivory Coast. l{iay zJ, I9BO.(instars )-!; corrected t6 mortaliQr lncluding morbidif) - 16. a (ao o u c) N x: -- -- - l-- t I t-- 700rt I 'ri I .t -:-. I I i I I .-.1-. I I .t V/i I I I If- I I I I I I I I i I .t I I I I Il. ,i I I I I t"- I I i I I I I .t I I i I I ; I : I I 'o ro I I :l i -l I I I -:. i I i I I I ,,i rl -l I i I I I I i N 6 I I I I i i I I i I I I I r- -1-l -+ /: Ii/ D -l :. >{ H .f i:t o .*. --1 I I -!--/. No g o ol o g) o t { i r' I ts I I -+ i -i i/l i5 I t- I I I It_t,) i I I I lr I I I i i -{ - I I ls' I I IN I l- t-, l(! r' ; I I i i I I I I l. i I x I --1. I I I i t_ t I I I It' I I jlt V t-. i ..:l ,,i 't' :l I I --.i. I I i lQe I ! t t_ I I I i I I i I I I I I I ! I I I I/ togt /1 .o @ o(D G o <L ,o .o tl\ @ .-j I ,.'t, I t l I I I t- t i It: I .'- -l -, ,t I I .; I I I i t: I i -i. I I I I I : 0 --lL.- @Ito(o 10,125 0,250,0 5 I 0,5 CONCENT IATION PIT'I l'i L _i_ I I I I I ;l ._l I ,.t -lt-i---- ..tl I I-l ,i ..t: -i I I I --1 - a- -.2 ,II I :,t. t,;T- I -t I i i I i i I I I I I I I I I I -i .t I I I 'l ,l I i 't t'. 'I I .l I. .t , I f I I - ro. to 'lo:Gcrry of I rocida Abate z(,oit t,o lulva. t,[' :i. Lj ,- r .cc)r,eBema on the _Bandnma River, rvory coas! r,iay 28, rggo. -- . (lnstars ,-ji corrected li nortarlty incru<i-ing ;no.tiaity; .1. '/.o0 o x; I i 1 t- I I i 'i i I I I -.-i I ,l Iri;ti _.; _ I i ,t :i -l I I I I I I I I I i rl j I I I t- I --.-- -J--- - .- -- ---- -- l--- I I -t ! I I I , .. i-t-'i I I I i t.- I N /I (: J c -l - I i I .i I I t I :--- I I I I I I I --l I i I .li-.J "l I 'r</ / I I fr-l- @ O o ,Il c, t_ t-:.-- -lil -t l N I I I I I I .l I / __l-, _l 0,25 I .-l I I t I I ! I i '1 I I I I I I I I I I / I -l I 1 '-- I I I -F. ..- l: I I I .t I i -1 I I I I -.1 t I / / xI i I ,/ l- I I I I I I I .l i t, t. ; '.t' I .L .l I l I I I I t i ^l ,nl I i ',1oi i ol @:- I alai UI I I -lsl ,.,1 oL ", 1 I I I i I -{ ! I I I I I ! : I / I I I Il-- I I Iotc t5 l.' 1,O500,05 0x25 CONCEIMRATIOIf PTDI .J b o o : a a ! I I I I I ot-' I a I I I I I -t I I a I !., ,b 3 :.rg. [i. 'floxicity of etkgn<il provided by '/HO to iarvr.e of -. t'i _.'r-colleBen'a on the Bandama River, Ivory Coast. 'lay 22-25, 1980. (instars ,-5; corrected /5 mortality lnc1rr'ting morbidity) {toor. il -r, I & I I ll t- __1 / I I t I i Cg i I I -1 I i I I ( t- I I I i I I I I t I I I I I I _l I I I I I | ''"l I '-1 Jcf---1 ,t5 r@ I I I I I i I -.t --. 'l ,lrl ;i :-rttil I -t I I I I :l I 't 3 o I I I I -t lt ii f I F F. '. r -i3ll I 'l i ........, FI lC) I Ill ' t -t ,t i' I ll .._1. .i-- I ;') *- i^- I I -t i I --t_ I I .t I i I -i- I .-..!. I I _._t I I i ---t- I I I t' i --- F I l N o oc t o @o I I I ..t ., l- ! l- t- I I t t I Il. I I I t_ I I t i : '-'t I ''1 I I -i I I .--t I I 'l I I I l i I I I I:l I I I I - '-1 I : _l I l (o u (o :n ------t*i_ '.s I :l cl .CD I <L' €l .'l i I I i I I i t I I i I(o :o @ .o o I ,l I .-.J---* ,i .--1..-.. ,i -'1 ..' I I I -f I I I i .l I i I .l I i i -i i I I ! I I I I I i I I I I I I I I i --i' I I t I I I -l-- I I t- + ,t. I I I I I I I .*l- I t I I I I -'t I i ;- t. il'r I l' I I -l I I --f I I It, I i I I 3216 CONCE}MRATICN PPT --l'-, 'i i I -l I -ir I I I,,t,t. t- I I I i' I l. I I --l I I ,,1 I - -.1 T I I I IL. I I I I I I . gr11 re-icc, i- t e-'ig. 9. Tod.city of ethanol from Bema on the Bandana ,(instars J-!; corrected fr (ltferck - absolute ) to larvae ofRiverr Ivory Coast. t'ftty tJ, 198( mortaliQr lncluding morbidity ) to07, I x @fI I I I I 'l I I I I I 'j ? o t-' -)- Il{ l- t: ,j -. .-L-1--f 1 I I I - -T'_-.;, I I I I I l_- I I ) I I I : I I I I -F-I-t+ Ii- It-- i I I i I i I ._-.L -- i I I I --.1 _ I I I I I I N o I I -t I I It I I ..t I i I I I i I I i I I I I I .; I I i I I 't I I I I I I I I i + I I I I i I I l_ .l t_ I I i -t +- I Lt- (: -1 il :1,.I ;.1 -i I .{ I rt I I I I I.._ 1 I I T t) to {o Cn Ll- I I l_ I I I I l- I ...1 I r ..1- I -t I I -t I I i I I l- i I I I l-- -- --r-- q: i I I I i I I I i I I I i ts.I ! J I -t- I -t- ..- - ,t I It -- I ,i i i i I I I I _- 1. - _- I 'I I I 'l I I I l- -l I I ii I I --..- t-.-.. i -t-- -T- - ---i I t-- I i I I I I -t to o (o @\, (o(, @ 'o e I @ l I I l -'-l I i --i I 'I ,t , . -t ,I ii --,--til .l 'I ., i I i I I I I t I I I I I I I t._. I 3 L___ ,o @ 816 CONCEI.ITRATION PPT l. 32 @ @ i I i I I -t I :] I i --1 I o -l I I i- I I I I I I I I I I I i I I t- i _t t' I I I I I I ,1, ! I 1.. I I i --I --.