:RUOG +HDOWK 2UJDQL]DWLRQ 2UJDQLVDWLRQ PRQGLDOH GH OD 6DQWp 3EA?9=3G+9[=Y5 AJ>8H 10.4 BD,*&"D4H,:\>@6 B@&,FH84 *>b 7?;3G+G EH@ B,D&"b F,FF4b +% 21 >@b$Db 1997 (.
AC?K39!7G37! =+3=K+7O3?==YM #?9+1=+5 3 #?C[#! E =3;3 )@8:"* ',>,D":\>@(@ *4D,8H@D"
% ^H@< *@8:"*, D"FF<"HD4&",HFb (:@$":\>"b F4HJ"P4b & @H>@T,>44 >,4>L,8P4@>>ZN $@:,2>,6, &8:`R"b JFB,N4 & $@D\$, F >4<4. !8P,>H FH"&4HFb >" D"FT4D,>4, <,D @$V,FH&,>>@(@ 2*D"&@@ND">,>4b, &8:`R"b 4>H,(D"P4` BD@L4:"8H4R,F84N <,D BD@H4& @F>@&>ZN L"8H@D@& D4F8" ND@>4R,F84N $@:,2>,6 & <,*48@-F">4H"D>@6 F:J0$,, 4 @F@$,>>@ & B,D&4R>J` <,*48@-F">4H"D>J` B@<@V\, RH@ *@8"2":@ F&@` ^LL,8H4&>@FH\. C"2D"$@H8" 4 BD4>bH4, B@:4H484 2*@D@&\b *:b &F,N >" *&"*P"H\ B,D&Z6 &,8 *",H &@2<@0>@FH\ BD,*BD4>bH\ *,6FH&4b B@ $@D\$, F >,4>L,8P4@>>Z<4 $@:,2>b<4 & 8"R,FH&, &ZF@8@BD4@D4H,H>ZN. '9?#!9[=?+ #C+;a =+3=K+7O3?==YM #?9+1=+5 %%+)+=3+ 3 ?E=?%Y A?93G373 1. =" BD@Hb0,>44 *,FbH4:,H46 %?1 &@2(:"&:b:" 4FF:,*@&">4b 4 D"2D"$@H84 & @H>@T,>44 <,D @$V,FH&,>>@(@ 2*D"&@@ND">,>4b B@ $@D\$, F ND@>4R,F84<4 >,4>L,8P4@>>Z<4 $@:,2>b<41. 7"8 BD,*JF<@HD,>@, & Db*, D,2@:`P462. ?$2@D, BD,*BD4>bHZ6 3FB@:>4H,:\>Z< F@&,H@< & 1994 (., B@*H&,D0*",H 2>"R,>4, BD@L4:"8H484 4 B@HD,$>@FH\ & >,6 4 B@@VDb,H BD"&4H,:\FH&" BD4>4<"H\ >"P4@>":\>J` B@:4H484 *:b BD@L4:"8H484 4 $@D\$Z. 2. 1" B@F:,*>4, 50 BD@42@T:4 2"<,R"H,:\>Z, J:JRT,>4b & 2*@D@&\, >"F,:,>4b. A@&ZT,>4, *@N@*@&, J:JRT,>4, B4H">4b 4 04:4V>ZN JF:@&46, :JRT,, @$D"2@&">4, 4 @$,FB,R,>4, ^:,<,>H"D>ZN <,D @$V,FH&,>>@(@ 2*D"&@@ND">,>4b *@&,:4 FD,*>`` @04*",<J` BD@*@:04H,:\>@FH\ 042>4 BD4 D@0*,>44 & D"2&4&"`V4NFb FHD">"N *@ 64 :,H & 199% (. 7 2020 (. @>" <@0,H *@FH4R\ 71. ?*>"8@ "$@:,, *:4>>"b 042>\ <@0,H FH"H\ >"8"2">4,<, D"&>@ 8"8 4 *"D@<" (F<. )@8:"* @ F@FH@b>44 2*@D@&\b & <4D,, 1997 (.). #@:\T"b BD@*@:04H,:\>@FH\ 042>4, 42<,>,>4b & @$D"2, 042>4 $:"(@*"Db <@V>@<J F@P4":\>@-^8@>@<4R,F8@<J D"2&4H4`
% *">>@< *@8:"*, >,4>L,8P4@>>Z, $@:,2>4 &8:`R"`H ND@>4R,F84, F@FH@b>4b, BD,*FH"&:b`V4, 2>"R,>4, *:b @$V,FH&,>>@(@ 2*D"&@@ND">,>4b, " 4<,>>@: F,D*,R>@-F@FJ*4FHZ, $@:,2>4, >,8@H@DZ, @>8@:@(4R,F84, 2"$@:,&">4b, ND@>4R,F84, >,FB,P4L4R,F84, D,FB4D"H@D>Z, $@:,2>4, *4"$,H, >,8@H@DZ, ND@>4R,F84, F8,:,H>@<ZT,R>Z, D"FFHD@6FH&", BF4N4R,F84, D"FFHD@6FH&" 4 FH@<"H@:@(4R,F84, $@:,2>4, 4<,`V4, @*4> 4:4 $@:,, @$V4N L"8H@D@& D4F8" (>"BD4<,D, 8JD,>4,, &D,*>"b FD,*" 4 >,2*@D@&Z6 D,04< B4H">4b, 2:@JB@HD,$:,>4, ":8@(@:,<, @HFJHFH&4, L424R,F8@6 "8H4&>@FH4 4 FHD,FF), 8@H@DZ, <@(JH @F:@0>4H\ FJV,FH&J`VJ` (,>,H4R,F8J` BD,*D"FB@:@0,>>@FH\. 1 2 E<. @F@$,>>@ B@:@0,>4b D,2@:`P46 WHA29.66, WHA35.30, WHA36.32, WHA38.30, WHA42.35, WHA42.35, WHA42.36.
(%
@*>@&D,<,>>@ B"D"*@8F":\>@ FB@F@$FH&J,H >,4>L,8P4@>>Z< $@:,2>b<, @F@$,>>@ D"FFHD@6FH&"< 8D@&@@$D"V,>4b 4 @>8@:@(4R,F84< $@:,2>b<, 4 &@ <>@(4N @H>@T,>4bN 4< FB@F@$FH&J,H <,0*J>"D@*>"b 8@<<J>48"P4b $:"(@*"Db (:@$":42"P44 ^8@>@<4R,F84N H,>*,>P46, H@D(@&:4, B@,2*@8 4 F@&D,<,>>ZN FD,*FH& <"FF@&@6 4>L@D<"P44. 3. =,8@H@DZ, >,2"&4F4<Z, @P,>84 >"4$@:,, D"FBD@FHD">,>>ZN F,D\,2>ZN $@:,2>,6 FH":4 *@FHJB>Z<4 >,*"&>@ (The Global Burden, Harvard, 1996; TDR/GEN/96.1; 4 )@8:"* @ F@FH@b>44 2*@D@&\b & <4D,, 1997 (.). % ^H4N *@8:"*"N F@*,D04HFb BD,*JBD,0*,>4, @ D@FH, >,4>L,8P4@>>ZN $@:,2>,6 4 @$ 4N BD4R4>"N, >,2"&4F4<@ @H FHD"> 4 F@P4":\>ZN 8:"FF@&, >,B@*(@H@&:,>>@FH4 BD"&4H,:\FH& 4 >,*@FH"H@R>@FH4 *,6FH&46 >" <,0*J>"D@*>@< JD@&>,. )@8:"* @ F@FH@b>44 2*@D@&\b & <4D, 2" 1997 (. B@*R,D84&",H, RH@ @F>@&>Z, ND@>4R,F84, >,4>L,8P4@>>Z, $@:,2>4 b&:b`HFb BD4R4>@6 B@RH4 B@:@&4>Z @P,>@R>@(@ R4F:" & 52 <4::4@>" F<,DH,6 & 1996 (., H.,. BD4<,D>@ 67 & *,>\. ?>4 H"80, b&:b`HFb BD4R4>@6 D"FBD@FHD">,>>@6 4>&":4*>@FH4 4 BD,*FH"&:b`H >"(DJ28J >" ^8@>@<4R,F84, D,FJDFZ &@ &F,< <4D,. 4. =,4>L,8P4@>>Z, $@:,2>4 - ^H@ >, H@:\8@ BD@$:,<" $@("HZN; >" >4N BD4N@*4HFb 40% &F,N F<,DH,6 & D"2&4&"`V4NFb FHD">"N, (*, @H >4N FHD"*"`H $@:,, <@:@*Z, :`*4, R,< & D"2&4HZN FHD">"N, - @R,>\ $,FB@8@6>"b H,>*,>P4b. A@ <,D, D@FH" B@8JB"H,:\>@6 FB@F@$>@FH4 & FHD">"N "F@ FD,*>4< *@N@*@<" $@:,, >4284, F@P4":\>Z, (DJBBZ >"F,:,>4b B@*&,D("`HFb <>@(@R4F:,>>Z< L"8H@D"< D4F8". I&,:4R,>4, B@HD,$:,>4, H"$"8" 4 B,D,N@* >" "2"B"*>Z," D"P4@>Z B4H">4b F &ZF@84< F@*,D0">4,< ^>,D(44, 8@H@DZ, F@2*"`H $@:,, &ZF@846 D4F8 >,4>L,8P4@>>ZN $@:,2>,6, 2"R"FHJ` & 2"(Db2>,>>@6 FD,*,, BD@4FN@*bH $@:,, $ZFHD@ & D"2&4&"`V4NFb FHD">"N. "]B4*,<4@:@(4R,F846 B,D,N@*" F ,(@ *&@6>Z< $D,<,>,< 4>L,8P4@>>ZN 4 >,4>L,8P4@>>ZN $@:,2>,6 @$ZR>@ b&:,>4, &@ <>@(4N D"2&4&"`V4NFb FHD">"N, (*, BD4<,D>@ *&, HD,H4 $@:,2>,6 BD4N@*4HFb >" 2"$@:,&">4b F,D*,R>@-F@FJ*4FH@6 F4FH,<Z (64%), @>8@:@(4R,F84, $@:,2>4 (60%) 4 ND@>4R,F84, @$FHDJ8H4&>Z, $@:,2>4 :,(84N (66%). AC?%+C+==Y+ AC?K39!7G3Q+E73+ ;+CY 5. ;>@(@R4F:,>>Z, 4FF:,*@&">4b, BD@&,*,>>Z, 2" B@F:,*>4, 40 :,H, &Zb&4:4 @BD,*,:,>>Z, L"8H@DZ D4F8" >,4>L,8P4@>>ZN $@:,2>,6 4, H"84< @$D"2@<, & B@:\2J BD@(D"<< B@ F@8D"V,>4` H"84N D4F8@&. 7 8@>PJ 1970-N (@*@& *,<@>FHD"P4@>>Z, BD@(D"<<Z & +&D@B, 4 & E@,*4>,>>ZN SH"H"N !<,D484 J$,*4H,:\>@ B@8"2":4, RH@ H"84, D4F84 <@(JH $ZH\ F>40,>Z. AD@,8H & E,&,D>@6 7"D,:44 (K4>:b>*4b) BD@*,<@>FHD4D@&": JFH@6R4&Z, ^LL,8HZ >" BD@Hb0,>44 20-:,H>,(@ B,D4@*". G"84, BD@(D"<<Z %?1, 8"8 INTERHEALTH (4>H,(D4D@&">>"b BD@(D"<<" @$V4>>@(@ 2*D"&@@ND">,>4b) 4 CINDI (3>H,(D4D@&">>Z, &<,T"H,:\FH&" & @H>@T,>44 >,4>L,8P4@>>ZN $@:,2>,6 & <"FTH"$"N &F,6 FHD">Z) F@B@FH"&:b`H D,2J:\H"HZ & FHD">"N F D"2:4R>Z<4 FN,<"<4 8J:\HJD>@(@ 4 F@P4@^8@>@<4R,F8@(@ D"2&4H4b. =" ;"&D4844 >" BD@Hb0,>44 BbH4 :,H >"$:`*",HFb 2"<,H>@, F@8D"V,>4, & F@8D"V,>4, & D"FBD@FHD">,>44 (4B,DH,>244, B@&ZT,>>@(@ F@*,D0">4b N@:,FH,D4>" 4 8JD,>4b; & A,84>, 4 Gb>\*24>, & 74H", >"$:`*":4F\ F@@H&,HFH&J`V4, B@:@04H,:\>Z, 42<,>,>4b & D"P4@>, B4H">4b 4 "DH,D4":\>@< *"&:,>44; BD@,8H Q4:4 B@8"2":, RH@ <@0>@ BD,*JBD,0*"H\ D">>,, 8JD,>4, FD,*4 T8@:\>48@&; &@ KD">P44 2"8@> ]&,>" BD4&,: 8 10-BD@P,>H>@<J F>40,>4` JB@HD,$:,>4b H"$"8"; 42<,>,>4b & P,>@@$D"2@&">44 >" <bF@ 4 <@:@R>Z, BD@*J8HZ & A@:\T, @8"2":@ R,H8@, &@2*,6FH&4, >" B@8"2"H,:4 F<,DH4 @H 8@D@>"D>@6 $@:,2>4 F,D*P".
(%
6. 3<,,HFb $@:\T@6 @$X,< *">>ZN @ H"84N &@2*,6FH&4bN. % E,&,D>@6 7"D,:44 @BbH\ 0, 60BD@P,>H>@, F>40,>4, F<,DH>@FH4 @H 8@D@>"D>@6 $@:,2>4 F,D*P" FD,*4 >"F,:,>4b FD,*>,(@ &@2D"FH" & @F>@&>@< @$XbF>b,HFb F>40,>4,< HD,N (:"&>ZN D4F8@& (N@:,FH,D4>, &ZF@8@, "DH,D4":\>@, *"&:,>4,, 8JD,>4,). S4D@84, 8@>HD@:\>Z, 4FF:,*@&">4b, >"BD4<,D MONICA (;@>4H@D4>( F,D*,R>@-F@FJ*4FHZN $@:,2>,6) B@*H&,D0*"`H H"84, *">>Z, & $@:,, T4D@8@< <"FTH"$,. C,284, F>40,>4b F<,DH>@FH4 @H F,D*,R>@-F@FJ*4FHZN $@:,2>,6 & !&FHD44, 7">"*,, K4>:b>*44, =@&@6 1,:">*44, E@,*4>,>>ZN SH"H"N !<,D484 4 >,8@H@DZN *DJ(4N FHD">"N F&b2">Z F 42<,>,>4,< & JD@&>bN D4F8" B"D"::,:\>@ F J:JRT,>4,< :,R,>4b. 7. 1>"R4H,:\>Z, 2"&@,&">4b & B:">, 2*@D@&\b 4 8"R,FH&" 042>4 $:"(@*"Db $@D\$, F >,4>L,8P4@>>Z<4 $@:,2>b<4 4 "B@*"&:,>4,< 2"$@:,&",<@FH4", H"84< @$D"2@<, BD"8H4R,F84 &@2<@0>Z. % )@8:"*, @ F@FH@b>44 2*@D@&\b & <4D,, 1997 (., H"80, @H<,R",HFb, RH@, >,F<@HDb >" @$V,, FH"D,>4, >"F,:,>4b, >, J&,:4R4&",HFb F,D\,2>"b 4>&":4*>@FH\. KJ>8P4@>":\>"b FB@F@$>@FH\ B@04:ZN b&:b,HFb &"0>Z< L"8H@D@< & 2"HD"H"N >" F@P4":\>J` 4 <,*48@F">4H"D>J` FL,DZ. AD@L4:"8H48" >,4>L,8P4@>>ZN $@:,2>,6 >" $"2, @$V4>Z & K4>:b>*44 & 2>"R4H,:\>@6 <,D, &Z2&":" T,FH4:,H>,, J&,:4R,>4, FD,*>,6 @04*",<@6 BD@*@:04H,:\>@FH4 042>4 2" B@F:,*>4, 25 :,H, & N@*, 8@H@DZN R4F:@ :`*,6, B@:JR"`V4N B,>F4` B@ 4>&":4*>@FH4 42-2" F,D*,R>@-F@FJ*4FHZN $@:,2>,6, F>424:@F\ >" 25%, bF>@ B@8"2Z&"b, RH@ H"8"b BD@L4:"8H48" 4 $@D\$" @$,FB,R4&"`H 8DJB>Z, 2"&@,&">4b & @$:"FH4 2*@D@&\b. EGCI7GIC! )9a )!9[=+5S3M )+5EG%35 8. % D,2J:\H"H, ^B4*,<4@:@(4R,F84N 4FF:,*@&">46 4 F@P4":\>ZN 4FF:,*@&">46 @$V4> & D"2:4R>ZN R"FHbN <4D" $Z:4 R,H8@ &Zb&:,>Z <>@(@R4F:,>>Z, L"8H@DZ D4F8" & D"FBD@FHD">,>44 @F>@&>ZN >,4>L,8P4@>>ZN $@:,2>,6 4 $Z:@ JFH">@&:,>@, RH@ BD4R4>" 4N &@2>48>@&,>4b F&b2">" F >,2*@D@&Z< @$D"2@< 042>4 4 2"(Db2>,>>@6 @8DJ0"`V,6 FD,*@6. A@H,>P4":\>Z6 D4F8 <@0>@ @BD,*,:4H\ J0, & D">>,< *,HFH&,, RH@ F&4*,H,:\FH&J,H @ H@<, RH@ 4N BD,*JBD,0*,>4, >,@$N@*4<@ >"R4>"H\ & D">>4, (@*Z 042>4 4 BD@*@:0"H\ & H,R,>4, &F,(@ B,D4@*" B@*D@FH8@&@(@ 4 2D,:@(@ &@2D"FH". EHD"H,(4b @F>@&">" >" 2>"R4H,:\>@< R4F:, @$V4N B@**"`V4NFb 42<,>,>4` L"8H@D@& D4F8", H"84N 8"8 B@HD,$:,>4, H"$"8", &ZF@8@8":@D46>Z6 D"P4@> B4H">4b (@F@$,>>@ >"FZV,>>Z, 04DZ), ":8@(@:\ 4 >,*@FH"H@R>"b L424R,F8"b "8H4&>@FH\ (& B@F:,*>,, &D,<b & ^H@H FB4F@8 *@$"&:,>Z FHD,FFZ 4 2"(Db2>,>4, @8DJ0"`V,6 FD,*Z); J &2D@F:ZN @>4 R"FH@ BD4FJHFH&J`H & D"2:4R>ZN 8@<$4>"P4bN. % D"2&4HZN FHD">"N :4T\ @*>@ 8JD,>4, b&:b,HFb BD4R4>@6 90% F:JR",& D"8" :,(84N, 75% F:JR",& ND@>4R,F84N @$FHDJ8H4&>ZN D,FB4D"H@D>ZN $@:,2>,6 4 25% F:JR",& 4>L"D8H" <4@8"D*". %ZF@8@8":@D46>Z6 D"P4@> B4H">4b 4 <":@B@*&40>Z6 @$D"2 042>4 &,*JH 8 @04D,>4` 4 4T,<4R,F8@6 $@:,2>4 F,D*P", 4>FJ:\HJ, >,8@H@DZ< L@D<"< D"8", *4"$,HJ 4 ND@>4R,F8@6 D,&<"H4R,F8@6 $@:,2>4. 9. A,D&Z6 BD4>P4B 2"8:`R",HFb & 8@<B:,8F>@< B@*N@*,, @F>@&">>@< >" @BD,*,:,>44 D4F8" 4 *,H,D<4>">H 2*@D@&\b, >" 8@H@DZ, <@0>@ @8"2Z&"H\ B@:@04H,:\>@, &@2*,6FH&4, :4T\ & H@< F:JR",, 8@(*" F,8H@D 2*D"&@@ND">,>4b 4 F<,0>Z, F,8H@D" *,6FH&J`H F@(:"F@&">>@. E,8H@D 2*D"&@@ND">,>4b *@:0,> 4(D"H\ 8"H":4H4R,F8J` D@:\ 4 FB@F@$FH&@&"H\ 8@@D*4>"P44 *,6FH&46, 8@H@DZ, b&:b`HFb <>@(@F,8H@D":\>Z<4, <>@(@*4FP4B:4>"D>Z<4 4 @FJV,FH&:b`HFb >" JD@&>, @$V4>Z. %H@D@6 BD4>P4B 2"8:`R",HFb & $@:,, H,F>@< &2"4<@*,6FH&44 4 F@HDJ*>4R,FH&, F:J0$ 2*D"&@@ND">,>4b BD4 F@FD,*@H@R,>44 B,D&4R>@6 <,*48@-F">4H"D>@6 B@<@V4 >" BD,*JBD,0*,>44 4:4 F@8D"V,>44 L"8H@D@& D4F8". A,D&4R>"b BD@L4:"8H48" >,4>L,8P4@>>ZN $@:,2>,6, 8@H@D"b *@FHJB>" &F,< FHD">"<, *@:0>" &8:`R"H\ <,DZ, 8"F"`V4,Fb &F,(@ >"F,:,>4b, 4 <,DZ, 8"F"`V4,Fb (DJBB >"F,:,>4b B@&ZT,>>@(@ D4F8", - B,D&Z, >"BD"&:,>Z >" F@8D"V,>4, FD,*>,(@ JD@&>b D4F8" & @$V4>,, 8@H@DZ6 4<,,H B,D&@FH,B,>>@, 2>"R,>4, 4
(%
*@B@:>b,HFb FHD"H,(4,6 :,R,>4b (DJBB >"F,:,>4b &ZF@8@(@ D4F8", " B@F:,*>4, >"BD"&:,>Z >" (DJBBZ >"F,:,>4b &ZF@8@(@ D4F8", @$ZR>@ & F&b24 F F@R,H">4,< L"8H@D@& D4F8" 4/4:4 & F&b24 F H,<, RH@ J0, 4<,,HFb $@:,2>\. 10. S4D@8"b B@:4H48" 4 FHD"H,(4b, @F>@&">>Z, >" FHDJ8HJD, @$V,FH&,>>@(@ 2*D"&@@ND">,>4b 4 F:J0$"N B@ @8"2">4` <,*48@-F">4H"D>@6 B@<@V4 F N@D@T@ BD@*J<">>Z< F@@H>@T,>4,< &ZT,J8"2">>ZN <,D, " H"80, J8D,B:,>4, 2*@D@&\b, BD@L4:"8H48" $@:,2>,6, D">>,, @$>"DJ0,>4,, :,R,>4, 4 D,"$4:4H"P4b 4<,`H FJV,FH&,>>@, 2>"R,>4, *:b D"2D"$@H84 8@<B:,8F>@6 BD@(D"<<Z $@D\$Z F >,4>L,8P4@>>Z<4 $@:,2>b<4 >" <,FH>@<, >"P4@>":\>@< 4 D,(4@>":\>@< JD@&>bN. ?F>@&>Z, ^:,<,>HZ 11. A@:4H48" @$V,FH&,>>@(@ 2*D"&@@ND">,>4b AD,*JBD,0*,>4, >,4>L,8P4@>>ZN $@:,2>,6 4 $@D\$" F >4<4 b&:b`HFb >,@HX,<:,<Z< 8@<B@>,>H@< JFH@6R4&@(@ (J<">4H"D>@(@ D"2&4H4b 4 @$V,FH&,>>@(@ 2*D"&@@ND">,>4b, B@F8@:\8J & $@:\T4>FH&, F:JR",& BD,0*,&D,<,>>"b F<,DH>@FH\ B@**",HFb BD,*JBD,0*,>4`, " 2"$@:,&",<@FH\ &@2:"(",H @(D@<>@, $D,<b >" F4FH,<J 2*D"&@@ND">,>4b 4 F@P4":\>J` F4FH,<J. =" >"P4@>":\>@< JD@&>, <4>4FH,DFH&" 2*D"&@@ND">,>4b 4(D"`H 8"H":4H4R,F8J` D@:\ 4 *@:0>Z F@ND">bH\ F&@` FB@F@$>@FH\ @BD,*,:bH\ B@:4H48J FHD">Z & @$:"FH4 2*D"&@@ND">,>4b 4 FB@F@$FH&@&"H\ D,(J:4D@&">4` @ND">Z 2*@D@&\b 4 D"2&4H4b D,FJDF@& 2*D"&@@ND">,>4b, @FJV,FH&:bb <@>4H@D4>( 2*@D@&\b >"F,:,>4b 4 8"R,FH&" <,*48@-F">4H"D>@6 B@<@V4 & F@@H&,HFH&44 F 4<,`V4<4Fb 2>">4b<4, @BZH@< 4 <@H4&"P4,6, " H"80, @HD"0"b <,0F,8H@D":\>Z, 4 <>@(@*4FP4B:4>"D>Z, LJ>8P44 >" D"2:4R>ZN JD@&>bN F:J0$ 2*D"&@@ND">,>4b, 8"8 J8"2">@ & ?HH"&F8@6 N"DH44 B@ J8D,B:,>4` 2*@D@&\b (1986 (.). 12. E@HDJ*>4R,FH&@ 4 8@@D*4>"P4b 7"8 2"H,< B@*R,D8>JH@ & )0"8"DHF8@6 *,8:"D"P44 (1997 (.), B@<4<@ BD,*BD4>bH4b @R,>\ &"0>ZN <,0F,8H@D":\>ZN *,6FH&46, FJV,FH&J,H 8"8 >,@$N@*4<@FH\, H"8 4 &@2<@0>@FH\ F@HDJ*>4R,FH&" <,0*J <4>4FH,DFH&"<4 2*D"&@@ND">,>4b, >,BD"&4H,:\FH&,>>Z<4 @D(">42"P4b<4, R"FH>Z< F,8H@D@< 4 (DJBB"<4 >"F,:,>4b. =,BD"&4H,:\FH&,>>Z, @D(">42"P44 BD,*:"("`H $:"(@BD4bH>Z, &@2<@0>@FH4 >"P4@>":\>@(@ 4 <,0*J>"D@*>@(@ N"D"8H,D" *:b BD,*BD4>bH4b BD@*J<">>ZN JF4:46 B@ &Zb&:,>4` @$V4N <@<,>H@& 4 B@ 8@@D*4>"P44 <,D@BD4bH46 & @$:"FH4 BD,*JBD,0*,>4b >,4>L,8P4@>>ZN $@:,2>,6 4 $@D\$Z F >4<4. ;,0*J>"D@*>"b "3>4P4"H4&" B@ F@ND">,>4` 2*@D@&@(@ F,D*P"", 42:@0,>>"b & %48H@D46F8@6 *,8:"D"P44 (1992 (.), b&:b,HFb N@D@T4< BD4<,D@< H"84N <,0*J>"D@*>ZN JF4:46 B@ $@D\$, F F,D*,R>@-F@FJ*4FHZ<4 $@:,2>b<4. 13. A,D,@D4,>H"P4b F:J0$ 2*D"&@@ND">,>4b 4 :`*F84, D,FJDFZ % 8@>H,8FH, D,L@D<Z F,8H@D" 2*D"&@@ND">,>4b HD,$J,HFb @FJV,FH&:,>4, *&JNP,:,&@(@ B@*N@*" 8 &@BD@F"< BD,*JBD,0*,>4b >,4>L,8P4@>>ZN $@:,2>,6: (1) >@&Z, LJ>8P44 @$V,FH&,>>@(@ 2*D"&@@ND">,>4b, >"BD"&:,>>Z, >" D,T,>4, BD@$:,<, F&b2">>ZN F@ FHDJ8HJD@6, FJV,FH&J`V,6 >" JD@&>, @$V4>Z *:b BD,*JBD,0*,>4b $@:,2>,6 4 $@:,, H,F>@(@ F@HDJ*>4R,FH&" F@ F:J0$"<4 B@ BD,*@FH"&:,>4` <,*48@-F">4H"D>@6 B@<@V4; (2) @B@D" >" FJV,FH&J`V4, F:J0$Z *:b 8@@D*4>"P44 *,6FH&46 B@ BD@L4:"8H48, 4 :,R,>4`, @N&"HZ&"`V4N &,F\ B,D4@* 042>4, F @8"2">4,< B@**,D084 BD@(D"<<"< J8D,B:,>4b 2*@D@&\b & T8@:, & P,:bN F@2*">4b <@*,:,6 2*@D@&@(@ B4H">4b 4 L424R,F84N JBD"0>,>46, " H"80, BD,*JBD,0*,>4b D">>,(@ B@b&:,>4b BD4&ZR,8 8JD,>4b. ):b 8@>8D,H>ZN (DJBB D4F8" & F@@H&,HFH&J`V4N BD@H@8@:"N :,R,>4b >,L"D<"8@:@(4R,F8@, &@2*,6FH&4, *@:0>@ F@R,H"H\Fb F ^LL,8H4&>@6 F H@R84 2D,>4b 2"HD"H :,8"DFH&,>>@6 H,D"B4,6 & @H>@T,>44 @BD,*,:,>>ZN $@:,2>,6 4:4 JF:@&46, 8@H@DZ< J*,:b,HFb
(%
B,D&@FH,B,>>@, &>4<">4,, @F@$,>>@ & D"2&4&"`V4NFb FHD">"N, (*, @(D">4R,>Z :,8"DFH&,>>Z, FD,*FH&". C"$@H>484 <,*48@-F">4H"D>@6 B@<@V4 *@:0>Z J:JRT"H\ F&@4 2>">4b 4 >"&Z84 @$V,>4b B@FD,*FH&@< B@*(@H@&84 B@ &@BD@F"< BD@L4:"8H484, BD,0*, &F,(@ & D,2J:\H"H, >,BD,DZ&>@(@ @$D"2@&">4b. ?*>"8@ $@:,, BD"(<"H4R,F8@, &>,*D,>4, ^:,<,>H@& @$V,FH&,>>@(@ 2*D"&@@ND">,>4b & F4FH,<J >"R":\>@(@ 4 BD@*&4>JH@(@ <,*4P4>F8@(@ @$D"2@&">4b 4 @$D"2@&">4b <,*4P4>F84N F,FH,D *@:0>@ $ZH\ @*>@6 42 P,:,6 D,L@D<Z. G"8@6 8@<B:,8F>Z6 B@*N@* & @H>@T,>44 @F>@&>ZN LJ>8P46 F,8H@D" 2*D"&@@ND">,>4b B@FH,B,>>@ $J*,H BD4>4<"H\ JFH@6R4&Z6 N"D"8H,D. 14. ]B4*>"*2@D <@>4H@D4>( 4 @P,>8" #"2" *">>ZN, & 8@H@D@6 JFH">@&:,>Z >@D<Z 4 FH">*"DHZ, b&:b,HFb FJV,FH&,>>Z< 8@<B@>,>H@< BD@(D"<< $@D\$Z F >,4>L,8P4@>>Z<4 $@:,2>b<4 *:b @$,FB,R,>4b B:">4D@&">4b, <@>4H@D4>(" 4 @P,>84, " H"80, *:b @$,FB,R,>4b @$D"H>@6 F&b24. GD,$J,HFb $@:\T, &D,<,>4 *:b 42<,>,>4b 8@^LL4P4,>H@& 2"$@:,&",<@FH4 >,4>L,8P4@>>Z<4 $@:,2>b<4, R,< 4>L,8P4@>>Z<4 $@:,2>b<4. A@^H@<J >,@$N@*4<@ @BD,*,:4H\ L"8H@DZ D4F8" 4 B@8"2"H,:4 *:b 42<,D,>4b FH,B,>4 H"8@(@ 42<,>,>4b, B@2&@:b`V,(@ @FJV,FH&:bH\ 8@DD,8H4D@&8J BD@(D"<< & BD@P,FF, 4N @FJV,FH&:,>4b. =,@P,>4<@, 2>"R,>4, 4<,,H @BZH %?1 & F@2*">44 >"*,0>ZN B@8"2"H,:,6 *:b BD@&,*,>4b @P,>84 H,>*,>P46 4 FD"&>,>4b @BZH" FHD">. 15. AD4<,>,>4, *">>ZN 4 @BD,*,:,>4, B@HD,$>@FH,6 & @$:"FH4 >"JR>ZN 4FF:,*@&">46 % P,:bN *@B@:>,>4b FJV,FH&J`V4N *">>ZN HD,$J,HFb BD@&,*,>4, @B,D"H4&>ZN 4FF:,*@&">46, 8"F"`V4NFb $@:,, ^LL,8H4&>@6 B@**,D084 F:J0$"<4 2*D"&@@ND">,>4b BD@(D"<<, @FJV,FH&:b,<ZN & @$V4>,, $@:,, ^LL,8H4&>@ *,6FH&J`V4N (DJBB B,D&4R>@6 <,*48@F">4H"D>@6 B@<@V4, ^LL,8H4&>ZN F H@R84 2D,>4b 2"HD"H 8:4>4R,F84N <,D B@ F@8D"V,>4` D4F8", " H"80, :,R,>4b F:JR",& 2"$@:,&">4b. GD,$J,HFb H"80, BD@&,*,>4, *":\>,6T4N 4FF:,*@&">46, 8"F"`V4NFb >,4>L,8P4@>>ZN $@:,2>,6 J 0,>V4>, J B@04:ZN 4 BD,FH"D,:ZN, " H"80, (,>,H4R,F8@6 BD,*D"FB@:@0,>>@FH4 4 D,24FH,>P44 8 $@:,2>4. ;+/)I=!C?)=Y+ )+5EG%3a 3 C?9[ %?1 16. )@ >"FH@bV,(@ &D,<,>4 <,DZ B@ BD,*JBD,0*,>4` >,4>L,8P4@>>ZN $@:,2>,6 4 $@D\$, F >4<4 $Z:4 @(D">4R,>Z 42-2" LD"(<,>H"D>@(@ N"D"8H,D" *,bH,:\>@FH4 @H*,:\>ZN (@FJ*"DFH&R:,>@&. GD,$J`HFb (:@$":\>Z, *,6FH&4b *:b *@B@:>,>4b H"84N JF4:46 4, & F:JR", >,@$N@*4<@FH4, *:b F@*,6FH&4b @D(">42"P44 BD@(D"<<, B@F8@:\8J <>@(4, L"8H@DZ D4F8" >@FbH <,0*J>"D@*>Z6 N"D"8H,D, H"84, 8"8 D4F8, &@2>48"`V46 & D,2J:\H"H, F@*,6FH&4b H@D(@&:, H"$"R>Z<4 42*,:4b<4 4:4 FB@F@$FH&J`V4<4 @04D,>4` BD@*J8H"<4 B4H">4b, >, (@&@Db J0, @ D4F8,, F&b2">>@< F 2"(Db2>,>4,< @8DJ0"`V,6 FD,*Z. %?1 <@$4:42@&":" <,0*J>"D@*>@, F@@$V,FH&@, JFH">@&4& FH">*"DHZ 4 >@D<Z *,6FH&46, >"BD"&:,>>ZN BD@H4& F,D*,R>@F@FJ*4FHZN $@:,2>,6, D"8", *4"$,H", ND@>4R,F84N D,&<"H4R,F84N $@:,2>,6 4 >"DJT,>46 (4(4,>Z D@H@&@6 B@:@FH4, " H"80, *,6FH&46 & @$:"FH4 ^B4*,<4@:@(44, BD@L4:"8H484 4 :,R,>4b. 17. IR4HZ&"b ^H@ &@2D"FH"`V,, $D,<b, %?1 *@:0>" 2">bH\ :4*4DJ`V,, <,FH@ & <,0*J>"D@*>@< F@HDJ*>4R,FH&, & $@D\$, BD@H4& >,4>L,8P4@>>ZN $@:,2>,6. 3FB@:\2Jb 4<,`V4,Fb & ,, D"FB@Db0,>44 D,FJDFZ 4 &@2<@0>@FH4 *:b F@HDJ*>4R,FH&", ,6 >,@$N@*4<@ B@**,D04&"H\ 4 8@@D*4>4D@&"H\ JF4:4b B@: (1) D"FT4D,>4` D,(4@>":\>ZN F,H,6 F@HDJ*>4R,FH&" & P,:bN F@*,6FH&4b 8@<B:,8F>@<J B@*N@*J & @$:"FH4 BD@L4:"8H484 >,4>L,8P4@>>ZN $@:,2>,6 4 $@D\$Z F >4<4; (2) D"2D"$@H8, 4, & F:JR", >,@$N@*4<@FH4, B,D,F<@HDJ >@D< 4 FH">*"DH@&; 4 (3) J8D,B:,>4` H,N>4R,F8@(@ B@H,>P4":" & (@FJ*"DFH&"N
(%
R:,>"N *:b D"2D"$@H84 B@:4H484 4 BD@(D"<<, " H"80, *:b B,D,N@*" @H >"JR>@4FF:,*@&"H,:\F84N 4 *,<@>FHD"P4@>>ZN BD@,8H@& 8 8@<B:,8F>Z< >"P4@>":\>Z< BD@(D"<<"<. )+5EG%3a 3EA?9=3G+9[=?'? 7?;3G+G! 18. 3FB@:>4H,:\>Z6 8@<4H,H, &@2<@0>@, B@0,:",H D,8@<,>*@&"H\ ',>,D":\>@<J *4D,8H@DJ F@2*"H\ B:"> *,6FH&46 B@ BD,*JBD,0*,>4` >,4>L,8P4@>>ZN $@:,2>,6 4 $@D\$, F >4<4 & P,:bN @8"2">4b B@**,D084 (@FJ*"DFH&"<-R:,>"< & @FJV,FH&:,>44 BD"8H4R,F84 D,":42J,<ZN 4 ^LL,8H4&>ZN BD@(D"<<; BD,*:@04H\ ',>,D":\>@<J *4D,8H@DJ @8"2Z&"H\ F@*,6FH&4, 4 B@**,D08J & D"2D"$@H8, (:@$":\>@6, >"P4@>":\>@6 4 <,FH>@6 F4FH,< ^B4*>"*2@D"; 4 & 8"R,FH&, >,@H:@0>@6 <,DZ J8D,B4H\ B@H,>P4": *:b @FJV,FH&:,>4b H"84N <,D.
= = =