WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION Western Pa-~Jific Regional Centre for the Promotion oi Environmental Planning and Applied Studies (PEPAS)
ORGANISATION MONDIALE DE LA SANTE Centre rigional du Pacifique occidental pour Ia promotion de Ia planification et des itudes appliquies en matiere d'envlronnement (PEPAS)
Universitl Pertanian Campus, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
REPORT
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WHO REGIONAL WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PLANNING
PEPAS, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 26 Nnvember- 1 December 1984
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·Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia December 1984
Mailing Address: c/o P.O. Boxl2550 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Tel. Nos.: 356101 356304 355425 ext. 609
Telegramme: UNISANTE KUALALUMPUA Telex No.: 31064
ICP/RUD/001
ENGLISH ONLY
REPORT ON THE WHO REGIONAL WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PLANNING
convened by the
WESTERN PACIFIC REGIONAL CENTRE FOR THE PROMOTION OF ENVIRONHENTAL PLANNING AND APPLIED STUDIES (PEPAS)
PEPAS, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 26 November - 1 December 1984
Not for sale
Printed and distributed by the '•
Western Pacific Regional Centre for the Promotion of Environmental Planning and Applied Stu~ies (PEPAS) December 1984
NOTE The v1ews expressed 1n this report are th0se of the members of the workshop and d0 not necessrJrily ieflect the p0lic"ies 0f the Organization.
This report has been prepared by the Western Pacific Regional Centre for the Promotion 0f Envir0nmE'ntal Planning: end Applied Studies (PEPAS) for Governments of Member States in the Region and for those who participated in the Regional Workshop on Environmental Health Planning which was held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysi8, from 26 November to 1 December 1984.
.. CONTHlTS
INTRODUCTION 2.
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OBJECTIVES OPENING CEREMONY WORKSHOP SESSIONS EVALUATION OF WORKSHOP SUMMARY, CONG1USIONS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A~~
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ANNEX 1 - LIST OF PARTICIPANTS ANNEX 2 - OPENING ADDRESS BY THE REGIONAL DIRECTOR ANNEX 3 - AGENDA •. . .. . .. • " • . . . • . • • . • • . . . • . . . • . . . . . . . . • • . • • • •
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ANNEX 4 - SUMMARY OF PROCEEDINGS (REPORTS OF RAPPORTEURS)* ANNEX 5 - SUMMARY OF WORKSHOP EVALUATION
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Including summary of country reports.
1.
INTRODUCTION
A WHO(PEPAS) Regiona l Workshop on Environm ental Health Planning was held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysi a, !rom 26 November to 1 Decembe r 1984. It was attended by 14 particip ants from 11 countrie s and areas in the WHO Western Pacific Region and 3 official observe rs. A number of unoffic ial observe rs from various governm ent authori ties in Malaysia also attended . A list of particip ants, official observe rs, guest speakers and secreta riat members . is presente d in Annex 1. --- -· - ~-~ -~ 2. OBJECTIVES
The objectiv es of the workshop were to enable the partfcip ants to: (1)
review principl es and approach es in environm ental health planning as related to urban and rural developm ent planning ; review principl es and approach es in sectora l environm ental health planning includin g: air quality planning ; water quality planning and solid waste managem ent; present and analyze a case study on regiona l envi ro.n menta 1 planning ; provide a forum for part1c1 pants to learn . the charact eristics of successf ul environm ental planni:ng approach es and ·g ain insight into the conflict ing issues in environm enta-l planning and methods of resoluti on; - . . · identify the status of developm ent and applica tion of environ mental. planning in the co~ntries of tbe Western Pacific Region. 3. OPENING CEREMONY
(2)
( 3) ,, (4)
(5)
-Fo\lowi ng : l,ntrodu ctory remarks by :Pr W~ 'Krei.sel ~ -Wo. ~:shop Co-oper ational Officer ; Dr K.~.Yao, Officer- in.;.Cha rge, J?E.J?As, . welcome d the ,p articipa nts on behalf of Dr H. Nakajim a, Re.gion~l : Di'r.ecto r of the· WHO Weste.r n Pacific Region. The text of h1s address ·is giv~ n in Annex 2. Dr Mohd. Yusof Sulaiman , Dean, of the Faculty of Science and Environm ental Studies , Univers i t;i Pertania n Malaysia (UPM) (Univer sity of Agricul ture, . Malaysi a), officia lly declared the worksho p open. 4. WORKSHOP SESSIONS
The worksho p sessions were chaired by Dr W. Kreisel . The agenda is given in Annex 3. Copies of the individu al working papers presente d during the worksho p are availabl e in the PEPAS library and can be obtained on request from PEPAS. Fellowin g a general review of the health conseque nces of urbaniz ation and industr ializati on presente d by Dr R. Mahatbe van, Deputy Directo r of Medical Service s, Selang<w , Hinistry of Health, Halaysi a, and the showing
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of two short films on air pollution, the workshop continued with the presentation of country reports, which presented information on the countries' areas, populations and distributions, and status of industrial development. Data were presented on ptiblic health problems and how, in some cases, these were related to envi rontbental pollution. The country illustrated how the countries and areas in . the Western Pacific Region represent a wide range of environmental conditions, wi tb a wide dispari·ty of potential and real e-ovironmental health problejDs. These varied from ~hose associated with he~vy industrialization and dense urbanization to those related more to the need to provide basic improvements 1n water supplies, excreta disposal and health education. Following the presentation of the country reports,, the workshop dealt with principles of environmental health planning, the development of environmental management plans and their terms of reference, the basic pr i nci-ples of sett3ng environmental s tandards and goals and the applicat;ility ~f e~viro~mental quality indicators and rapid pollution source evaluat1on Jecbn1ques. After the pre entation of the general principles and approaches to environmental mana~ement pl anning, the workshop concentrated on the presentation of the methqdologies used for estimating and projecting pollution loads in the water; air and solid waste sectors, the use of modelling and the development ofipollution control strategies. These presentations were based on the Han R~ver Basin Environmental Master Plan study which had been carried out in the:Republic of Korea during 1982-83, and the presentations were designed to e,phasize the necessity of correlating pollution projections wit~ e~onomic and social d~velopment scenar~os and the need to assess the l1nkages between and to 1ntegrate the env1ronment sectors. Following a session on the obj?ctives and methods of environmental impact assessment (EIA) and the presentation of an EIA case study, the workshop was concluded on the final day with a presentation by · Dr A. Mabeswaran on environmental planning alternatives and decision-making, with particular reference to Malay~iaJ and a panel di scussion on the development of environmental mana,ement strategies. The panel discussion ~as chaired by Dr C~P. Rees, S~nior Environmental Specialist of the Asian Development BanK-, which bad colfinanced the Han River Basin Environmental Master Plan project, and tbe t~pics covered inclu ded the need to ensure effective public-government communication in the development of such plans and the difficulties which 1often arose in ensuring that economic development • planners in governments were conscious of the necessity of taking environmental conclrns into consideration. During the we,k, partici.pants were given a conducted tour of the UPM central computer facilities and an automatic ambient air quality monitoring station adjacent t·~ the PEPAS building. Thetwprks_!1op Jroceedings are summarized 1n Annex 4. "' . 5.
r~ports
EVALUAT\ON OF WORKSHOP
The participa1ts were unanimous in concluding that' the ~JOrkshop had achieved its objec~ives and that overall the workshop had been an undoubted success. The prin4ipal educational gains which the participants considered had been achieved ;ere as follows:
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(1)
the importance of environmental sector integration; the applicability and limitation of environmental modelling 1n the formulation of envwronmental master plans; the implications of environmental standard setting, particularly the relationship between environmental standards and economic development.
(2) (3)
It was agreed that the use of a case study had enabled the participants to appreciate the practical applications of environmental management planning technique~·;- . e_ ven though the level of development and adverse environmental impacts in the Han River Basin were not necessarily representative of conditions in all the participants' countries and areas. Most of the participants would have preferred the working papers to have been distributed in advance, and many felt that there was not enough time for informal discussion. The workshop participants endorsed the view that similar workshops should be held in Member States where the participants could be selected to represent those actively involved in development planning and environmental quality management (see Annex 5 for the summary of workshop evaluation questionnaires). 6. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
All of the countries and areas in the WHO Western Pacific Region are experiencing some degree of environmental quality degradation and all perceive the real need to harmonize! economic development with the protection of the environment and the need to maintain adequate public health levels. The, level of environmental awareness and the extent of the potential pollution and related health problems vary widely among the Member States. The following conclusions and recommendations generally reflect the opinions of the workshop participants. . ' A. Environmental management planning
In order to. harmonize environmental quality management with development goals, comprehensive environmental management plans provide a workable . tool for presenting and evaluating alternative development scenarios in such a way that perceived environmental impacts can be demonstrated and quantified. Although the state-of~the art of comprehensive environmental management planning is still in its infancy, this should not be taken as an excuse for ignoring development-environmental degradation linkages. There is sufficient awareness throughout the WHO Western Pacific Region that such planning is beneficial, even though in many cases existing data bases are limited and adverse health effects unquantifiable. An environmental management plan must be viewed as an evolving tool which will be upgraded and amended as more information becomes available. It presents the only viable means of interrelating diverse environmental sectors with economic development plans.
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R.
Government consciousness
ThP level of gov~rnment consciousness of the need to take environmental matters into consideration when developing economic growth plans varies. Although all Hember States have designated official bodies with some responsibility for the environment, their level of authority is not always adequate to influence overall planning decisions. An environmental management plan will assist in presenting necessary information to decisionmakers in a logical manner and will enhance government consciousness of environmental concerns. There is undoubtedly a perceived need in some of the ~!ember States to educate government decision-makers in the necessity of dt>velnping an environmental awareness. C. Public awareness
An enlightened public awareness of environmental concerns wi 11 ensure that such concerns are not neglected by decision-makers. All too often pollution control polici~s and action are enacted more as a result of I pollution tragedies rather than as result of logical planning. An aware puhli c wi 11 assist in the monitoring of environmental qual-ity control legislation. There is, however, R perceived need to ensure that public awareness i s based on facts and is enlightened because the action of so-called activist fringe groups mav even slow down the development of an environmental consciousness at the decision-maker level. D. Environmental standards and goals
These must be developed within the context of the country or region in which they are to be applied • . Standards imported from developed countries, derived under different socio-economic and basel~ne environmental quality conditions, may be neither appropriate nor cost-effective. The distinction between environmental quality goals, which may he long-term, and standards, which are legaily enforceable instruments for preserving environmental quality, must be realized. E. Environmental impact assessment (EIA)
The usefulness of EIA in forcing planners to consider the environmental consequences of their actions is generally realized in Member States but then' are a number of reservations as to the amount of detai 1 which should he considered in preparing the EIA. It is evident that unless the EIA 1s to be evaluated by knowledgeable, well-informed decision-makers, its usefulness will be limited. F. Pollution source inventories
In s"ome o( the Member States, information on basic pollution generators is lacking. Although source-emission data are available from other countries, their applicability should ~lways be checked by a carefully designed field evaluation survey since' an environmental management master plan will be invalidated if the data base 1s not representative of local conditions.
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G.
Modelling
The use of computer modelling to simulate future environmental quality under a range of discharge condit~ons is accepted. For complex urban plans, such modelling is mandatory. However, all models must be viewed as a tool to aid the evaluation process and their degree of complexity should not be such that gross estimates must be made in deriving input data. H. Strate gy develo pment
The development of environmental quality control strategies 1s one of the principal functions- ~f an environmental management plan. The linkages between economic development and quality management must be demonstrated 1n such strategies and it is essential that sensitivity analyses be carried out to determine the effects on the stra~egy by projections of errors in the data base. Of particular relevance is the need to compare the effects of different economic develop~ent rates on .environmental quality and the effects on the costs of quality control facilities. Such analyses demand a wi1lingness on the part of high-level government economic planners to discuss the various development scenarios with the environmental management planners. I. Future workshops
The value of environmental management planning workshops has now been proved. The value of such workshops is enhanced by the inclusion of a practical case study example. It is recommended that WHO(PEPAS) should consider the possibility of conducting similar workshops in specific Member States, thereby ensuring that the principles and techniques of environmental management planning will reach those actively concerned in environmental quality control. It is ~mperative that representatives of the relevant government economic planni·ng boards be also included as participants in such in-country workshops~ 7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The permission given by the Government of the Republic of Korea for the Han River Basin Environmental Master Plan· to be used as a case study in the workshop, as well as its agreement to the secondment of Mr Han Sang-Wook, Director General of the Water Quality Division, O~fice of Environment, Republic of Korea as a Temporary Adviser to the w6rkshop are gratefully acknowledged. It should be pointed out that any comments or observations made by the speakers concerning the Han River Basin project are their own, and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Office of Environment of the Republic of Korea.
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ANNEX l LIST OF PAKTICIPANTS
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n i ci p<mt
Designation and address Staff Member Division of Radiation and Environmental Hygiene Department of Health and Epidemic Prevention Station Mini'stry of Public Health Beijing People's Republic of China Assistant Resea~cher Institute of Health National Centre for Preventive Medicine 29 Nan Wei Road Beijing People's Republic of China
Su
Zhi
Yue Lin
~1ahboob
Hasrat Ali
Senior Health Inspector Ministry of HP.a1th and Social We1farP P 0 Box 30 Suva Fi ji Division Head of Air and Land Programs Guam Envi ronmenta 1 Protection Agency Post Office Box ~999 Agana Guam 96910 United States of America 1
J~mPs
Louis Canto
• Envi ronrnental Protection Officer Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) llLF, Empire Centre Tsim Sha Tsui Kowloon Hong Kong Senior Engineer Office of Regional Planning Envi ronmenta 1 Sanitation Bure·au Ministry of Health and Welfare 1-2-2, Kasumigaseki Chiyoda-ku Tokyo 100 Japan Director Air Pollution ~~n~rol Unit Departm~nt of Environment Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment 1st Floor, MUI Plaza Jalan P. Ramlee Kuala Lumpu. Malaysia
?,1
trick Lei Chee Kwong
Hideaki Unno
Coh Kiam Seng
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Participant Mahathir bin Mansor
Designation and address Public Health Engineer Englneering Services Division Ministry of Health Block C, Government Offices Complex Ja lan Dungun Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Deputy Director Division of Public Health Department of Health P 0 Box 5013 Wellington New Zealand Senior Health Inspector Department of Health P 0 Box 3991 Boroko Papua New Guinea Supervising Sanitary Engineer II Bureau of Health Services Ministry of Health San Lazaro Gompound Sta. Cruz Manila Phi 1i ppines Supervising Sanitary Engineer Regional Health Office No. 6 Ministry of Health Mandurriao Iloilo City Manila Philippines Director Legal Affairs Division Office of Environment 39:1 Seosomun-dong Choong-ku Seoul 100 Republic of Korea Engineer Environmental Health Department Ministry of the Environment Princess House Alexandra Road Singapore
Arthur Lewis Thorstensen
Kaoga Galowa
Rosemarie Dalman Tuason
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Carlos J. Hilado
Lee Kyeong-Ho
Wong Soo Ching
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Secretariat S. f~ndo
Designation and address WHO Representative and Programme Co'ordinator Kuala Lumpur Officer-in-Charge &. '-later Quality Management " Adviser WHO(P.EPAS) Workshop Co-operational Officer and Air Quality Management Adviser WHO(PEPAS) Environmental Systems Engineer WHO(PEPAS) Admini?trative Officer WHO(PEPAS) Consultant WHO(PEPAS) Consultant WHO(PEPAS) WHO Water Quality Management Adviser to the Republic of horea Seoul Korea Temporary Adviser WHO (PEP AS)
K.~1.
Yao
W.
Kreisel
i'!.
i'iakamura Hay
V.
N.T. Stephens R.t-1. Bradley
P. Guo
S.W. Han
Ohservers ~1c,hcl.
Yu sof Su laiman
Dean Faculty o~ Science and Environmental Studies Universiti Pertanian Malaysta (University of Agriculture, Malaysia) Serdang Malaysia Junior Programme Officer United Nations Development Programme Blocks K9 & 10, Government Office Complex Jalan Duta Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Lecturer Faculty of Science and Environmental Studies Uni versi ti · . Pertanian Ha laysia (Univ~rsity of Agriculture, Malaysia) Serdang Malaysia
Ellen Okkersen
L l'E'
Si ew Hoon
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Guest Speakers R. Mahathevan Deputy Director of Medical Services Minis~ry of Health Block E, Government Offices Complex Jalan Dungun Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Acting Director-General Department of Environment Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment 1st Floor, MUI Plaza Jalan P. Ramlee Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
A. Maheswaran
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ANNEX 2 OPENING ADDRESSES
L';_,.,-.:,i ng <1dclress hy the Regi anal Director (deb vered by Dr K.H. Yao)
On behalf of Dr H. Nakajima, ~10 Regional Director for the Western RC'gion, l hnv e plensurC' in HC'lcoming you to PEPAS to attend this IJC r';lci Regional Workshop on Environment al Health Plannin g . aware, ever since the advent of the Industri::~1 concentratio n of the population in urban increasing kpvnl ution and the U'".tres, environment al pollution has becoine one of the major concerns of Pollution pro-blems result from the discharge of wastP product s c't lr · :wciety. i n t ,, th e environment , which overhurdens irs capacity to assimilate th f"se unw a nteq "residuals" of human activities. Residuals are generated 1n all activities, from agricultura l and forest production, raw material extraction, snd industrial production through to final consumption of goods al'r 1 servJ ces. As you are well
Consequentl y, most of th e mor e ser1ous pollution problems can be expected to occur in and around the densely populated areas and the in clus trial complexes. The seriousness of the pollution problems in these nre <1s is compounded by the number of people who are exposed to degraded environment al conditions, resulting in acute, subacute and chronic health effects and in impairment of well-being. In spite of the considerabl e efforts that have been undertaken to date by \mO Member States, environmen tal quality problems are far from being It is recognized that the traditional approach of dealing undPr control. with environment al problems on an ad hoc basis through many diverse programmes and agencies is no longer adequate because of the increasing size and complexity of the problems. The need for a multi- and interrli sciplinary approach is recognized, but_ progress in many countries in Jttaining this has been hampered by an inadequate understand{ ng of the p!_.,,_,1ems by those in authority, and by deficiencie s in organizatio n and m:1n:1~~ement and shortage of trained personnel with the appropriate bac!,ground. Sustained political support, policy and institution al changes at high levels, and the development of action-orie nted programmes are required to bring about the desired improvement in environmen tal quality. Many countries have initiated or e~panded previous long-standin g basic environmental health programmes on water supply, sewage and solid waste management. Some countries are reviewing theim often fragmented and highly varied legislation on environmen tal problems and enacting an overall framework legislatLon on the environment that is appropriate for today's needs. New agencies·~~ve b~en created in a nu~ber of Member States to coordinate the various individual environmen tal quality programmes and to examine environmental problems and issues not only f~om a national point of view but also erspective. with a regional and even global p_ However, there are very few examples of comprehensi ve environment al health planning which incorporate environmen tal health consideratio ns as well as the other environmen tal aspects such as natural ecosystems and environment al effects.
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.. Traditi onal environ mental quality sector plannin g such as a1r and water quality plannin g and solid waste manage ment, when separat ed from each other, is often ineffic ient to protect the natura l basis of man's existen ce. There are signifi cant linkage s among environ mental media that must be conside red both in the analys is of alterna t?ve polluti on contro l measur es and in the design and implem entatio n of polluti on control strateg ies. For exampl e, air polluti on contro l can result in water quality and solid wastes dispos al problem s, solid waste disposa l can result in air and water quality problem s, and so on. Even in cases where such compre hensive plans are being prepare d, there is often no well-de velope d means of integra ting environ mental health plannin g with the overal l econom ic and social develop ment plannin g of the governm ent. This worksho p is being convene d to discuss the major aspects of environ mental health plannin g, with emphas is on the integra tion of sector plannin g as well as other practic al issues. A specifi c compre hensive environ mental managem ent plan will be analyze d and discuss ed in order to familia rize partici pants with the actual practic e of environ mental health plannin g. It is to be noted, howeve r, that no environ mental health plannin g "guide" can be provide d for adoptio n withou t sui table modi f j cation 1n every country . I hope that thiR worksho p will provjde valuab le inform ation to assist Member States in their efforts to achieve an accepta ble environ mental quality through the applicat~ on of sound environ mental health plannin g. It only remains for me to wish the worksho p a succes sful outcom e.
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Opening address by the Dr Mohd. Yusof Sulaiman, Dean, Faculty of Science and Envirnnmentod Studies, Univers:it:i Pertan:ian Malaysia It is a great pleasure for me to be here this morning and I thank PEPAS I"'' rh.· iPvit'lti0n. like manv 0ther developing countries 1n the Western Paci fie ~e~i0n has undergone rapid development, particularly industrialization and ud':lf'i7<1Lion in the last 75 years. While it cannot he denierl r.hat ,1,·vel0pment has resulted ]n many positive effects, it has also produced r•··!';JLive imp.1cts nn the environment. The i.c:suc> nf environmental healtr• has l•t•cn!nP a matter of public concern. In particular, there is concern that as tl•. ~).1ce ,.r envirc>nmPntal degradation spee<is up, envirnnmental health may f'lll further and further behind in relation to the size of its problem. One ,_,,., ... gcwd. example found in Hal<'lysi3 tndav is the !HC'blem nf s0lid waste management, which has yet to be resolved. Even more worrying is the r!Fl!Jilgement of hazardous wastes which are generated in incre0sing quantities hv the industrial sector. Presently, there is no policy on the collection, treatment, storage and disposal of hazardous waste. As proper d]spnsal sites for hazard0us waste are non-existent, toxic materials are currently he~n~ disposed of at the existing garbage dumps which do not even measure up to the standard of a sanitary landfill, stored in factories or discharged i1>Cn the open clrains without any treatment. ~!any factors could have c•ntributed to this state of affairs such as the lack of priorities aud ,·nr:1mi tment JCcorclE•cl to envi ronment<ll prohlc>ms, poor planning ancl lack o( Jl'ltinn::Il envir0nmc'ntal policies. Hany countriPs have respondecl by initiatinp, environmental health rrogrammes such as provision of safe water supplies and industrial safety :o~H: hvgiene. In manv coses, these are carried out auton0mnusly and without 1nuch prior planning b'y various agencies or ministries. Consequently, they ,,·;.•Jl cluplicatPcl nn0' another's pffort, 0perated at cross-purpnso~ and cnmpeted f0r the limited resources. This led to not only little progress heing achieved but also the ineffective and inefficient use nf resources. R.esources available for environmental health programmes will always he 1 jp,j reel and under the curre>nt c•con1'mic si tuati0n, th(• supply "'oulcl h(' evrn fllore scarce. Hence, to make the most efficient and effecti v'e use of these resources, there is a great need for more systematic planning and operation ,,f future environmental health programmes. Malaysia, like many other c0untries, still lacks these planning capabilities and WHO(PEPAS) can play a very useful r0le here by cooperating with Member States towards developing natinrnl environmental health planning capabilities. A workshop such as this one will be a good start towards achieving this goal. Hopefully, this worksh0p will generate greater interest in environmental health planning and hasten the development of more appropriate and effective environmental health programmes. While it is well and good that more training workshops and seminars shot1ld ~~_organized to aid ~he development of en~ironmental health planning, pnlicy-makers·~nd governments must also be made to recognize and appreciate the full significance of environmental ·proble~s including those related to health. Such appreciation is still lacking in spite of past experience which has shown that a disregard for environmental consequences has led to a wastage of resources or even the detriment of development projects. Take for example the use of pesticides. Pesticide use has increased tremendously ~~lavsia,
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over the la~t two decades and contributed tremendously to increasing food production and controlling vector-~orne diseases. However, lack of consideration for the effects of pesticides on human life and on various life forms in the environment has led to the emergence of adverse effects such as illnesses and deaths due io exposure to pesticides and pest resistance against pesticides. It is therefore obvious that besides developing capa~ilities in environmental health planning, there is an even more important need for us to impress on the policy-makers the significqnce of environmental health programmes. To end this address, I would like to wish all participants good health and a pleasant stay in the country.
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ANNEX 3
AGENDA
MONDAY, 26 NOVEMBER ,J.t!l.
9.00 Y.30 -
q.JO q.45
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Opening ceremnnv Group photograp h Coffee hrPak
2.
g . L~ 'i - 1 n . o')
10.05- 10.10 l0.10- 10.20 10.20- 10.10 10.30- 11.30
3. 4. ') . b.
Administ rative briefing Introduct ion of participa nts Workshop nb iPc ti ves Health consequen ces of urbanizat ion and industria lization R. Mnhatheva n Discussio n
11.30- 11.40
11.40-12 .10
7.
Presentat ion of fi 1ms "Air is Life" and "Energy Consequen ces•• Discussio n Lunch
12. 10 12.30 -
12.30 2.00
2. 00 3.1') -
3.15 '3.30
8.
Presentat ion of country reports Coffee hrenk
3.30 4.50 -
4.50 5.15
9.
1 Presentat ion of country reports (Cont d)
Discussio n
TUESDAY, 27 NOVEMBER a . m.
9.00 - 10.00
10.
1 Presentat ion of country reports (Cont d)
1.().00 - 10.15
Discussio n Coffee hreak 11. Principle s of environme ntal health planning W. Kreisel
10.15- 10.30 10.30- 11.00
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11.00 - 11.30
12 .
Approaches to the development of a regional environmental management plan W. Kreisel Terms of reference of a regional environmental management plan R.M. Bradley Discussion Lunch
11.30- 12.15
13.
.
12.15- 12.30 12.30 2.00 2.00 4.30 14.
Field visit to Universiti Pertanian Malaysia (University of Agriculture, Malaysia)
WEDNESDAY, 28 NOVEMBER a . m.
9.00- 10.15 10.15 - 10.30 10.30- 11.30 11.30- 12.15
15.
Proc~ss
of environmental standard setting N.T. Stephens
Coffee break Discussion 16.
Role of indic·a tors in environmental quality management M. Nakamura Discussion Lunch
12.15 - 12.30 12.30 2.002.00 3.15 17.
Evaluation and assessment of a1r, water and land pollution sources M. Nakamura Coffee break Evaluation and assessment of air, water and land .pollution sources (Cont'd)
3.15 3.30 4.15 -
3.30 ·4.15 5.00 18.
Linkages between development and pollution generation R.M. Bradley Discussion
5.00 -
5.15
THURSDAY, 29 NOVEMBER a.m .
9.00 -
9.50
19.
Estimation of current air pollution loads 1n the study area (case study) W. Kreisel Discussion
9.50 - 10.05
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10.0~
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10./0
Coffee break
10.20 - 11.]0
20.
Estimation of current water pollution loads 1n the study area (case study) S. W. Han D:i scussi on
11.10-11.25 11.25 - 12.15
21 .
Estimation of current solid waste pollution loads in the study area (case study) P. Guo Discussion Lunch
n.m.
12.15- 12.30 12.30-
:z.oo 2.30 22.
2.00 -
Application of modelling 1n environmental planning N. T. Stephens Modelling :in air quality management N. T. Stephens Discussion Coffee break
:) • j(\
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].JO
23.
3. 30
3.45 !1.
3.45
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no 24.
4 . 00 5.00 -
5.00 5.15
Modelling in water quality management R.M. Bradley Discussion
FHIDAY, 30 NOVEMBER
9.00 - 10.30
25.
Air quality proiection and development of control strategies in the stud~ area (case s,tudy) . W. Kreisel Coffee break
10.30 - 10.45
10.45 - 12.30
. 26.
Water quality projection and development of control strategies in the study area (case stur!y) R .M. Bradley Lunch
]> . ]'] '
12.30
2.00 'L 'lO
27 .
Solid wnste projection and development of control strategies :in the study area (case sturly) P. Guo Coffee hreak
].30 -
3.45
,, - 18 -
.' 3.45 4.30 28. Environmental impact assessment (EIA) objectives and methods K.M. Yao Presentation of an EIA case study N.T. Stephens
4.30 -
5.30
29.
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SATURDAY, 1 DECEMBER a.m.
9.00 -
9.45
30: .
Environmental planning alternatives and deci sion-nuiking A. Maheswaran Discussion Coffee break
9.45 - 10.00 10.00- 10.15 10.15 - 11.15 11. 15 - 11. 45 11.45 - 12.00 31.
Development of environmental management strat:egies - panel discussion Workshop evaluation and conclusions Closing ceremony
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ANNEX 4 SUNMARY OF PROCEEDINGS (REPOP,T OF RAPPORTEURS)
1101'!DAY ,
26
NOVEHBER
Opening ce re;u0ny Dr W. Kr e isel welcomed the delegates and mad e brief intr0ductor y on th e workshop. _ The Opening Addres s prepared hy Dr H. Naka 1ima, Pe oi0nal Directnr of the~WHO Western Pacific Region, \vas then delive~ed on n i ~ behalf by Dr K.M. Yao, Officer-in-C harge of PEPAS. The address sullil\larized th e reasons for environment al degradation s and emphasized the linkages betw ee n environment al sectors and the difficultie s of integrating envirnnme ntal health planning with economic planning and development goals. Dr Yao qlso explained that by kind courtesy of the Government of the R.e puh li c of Korea, the wnrkshop would be ahl e to use the Han River Basin Environme ntal Master Plan as a case study. In this way, the practical il~lf'L·mentation of environment al quality control plans could be analyzed ~v the de legates and the results, with modificatio n to reflect local c;, ,~c~ i Li 0ns , could b e applied elsewhere. r,:·m: JT·k~
The Welcome Address was delivered by Dr Mohd Yusof Sulaiman, Dean, Fatt'lty nf Science and Environment al Studies, Universiti Pe rtanian Malaysia (University oi Agriculture , Malaysia). In welcoming the delegates to ~al av sia, Dr Mohd Yusnf stated that in recent years the rate of development in Malaysia had been very rapid and a number of pollution problems had r Psu lted, some of the most critical being th e dischar ge of toxi c wastes from industry and the increasing use of pesticides in agriculture . Dr Mohd Yusof h1 · lifves that a workshop such as this was 3 useful medium fnr initiatin)! e~cha ng es n£ ideas on integrating formal planning procedures with environt"P. ·jnr:ll pn1lut1nn control but he stressed that in Malaysia there was <::t ill a need fo r such integration to be recogniz ed at the policy-make r leve l.
hr i ~ ·fing
rr1 2
Aft e r intrnducing the WHO Consultants to the delegates and a short on administrat ive matters by Mrs V. Hay, Administrat ive Officer, :;,rincipal <.vorl<shop oh .iectives~were summarized by Dr W. Kreisel.
Session paper no. 6 Th e first session paper ·of the worksh0p, 11 Health Consequence s of Urbani z2tion and Industrializ ation" was delivered by OrR. Mahathevan, Ministry of Health, Malaysia. The author introduced his paper with a summary of the main adverse environment al factors.res ulting from urhanizatio n and industriali zation. He stressed the population- related problems ~nd nvted that if the world's population doubled every 35 years, th e n so did the waste outputs and the need for basic health services, t-Jaste collection and disposal infrastructi ng•, -etc. Dr R. Mahathevan itemized some specific problems of development which were occurring in Malaysia these included air pollution in industrial areas, toxic chemical discharges from industry and agriculture , uncontrolle d disposal of solid wastes, noise, and mental/soci al disorders resulting fr6m industrializ ation and rural-urban mi g r a tion pressures.
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Particular problems which were arising in Malaysia included disposal of radioactive wastes, pesticide poisoning (60% of which were suiciderelated), squatter developments and a recurrence of water-related diseases and specific disease vector distribution changes resulting from changing land use. .The discussion on the paper covered a wide range of topics with most of the questions relating to air pollution. These covered such topics as relationships between lung cancer and ambient air quality and air pollution standards in Malaysia. Dr Mahathevan stated th't lung cancer was rapidly increasing and was believed to be primarily associated with smoking although there appeared to be a tendency for higher rates to be associated with industrial areas. In reply to a question on control methods for pesticiderelated suicides, Dr Mahathevan said that Malaysian pesticide manufacturers had been persuaded to change the colour of the pesticide and to add smell and emetic agents, but the results of such changes had still to be evaluated. Presentation of films The morning session concluded with the showing of films entitled "Air is Life" and "Energy Consequences". !he discussion on the films centred on the credibility <Jf the "greenhouse effect" and .the synergistic effects of different air pollutants. It was generally conclu~ed that although there was no definite proof of the possible long-term gl~bal adverse effects of measured ~arbon dioxide emissions, t~ere was ~greement that the problem was real and control ~ctions should be taken. . Presentation of country reports ., . . .II("
The whole of the afternoon session was devoted to the presentation of country reports. The first report, delivered by Dr Yue Lin, People's Republic of China (PROC), discussed environmental pollution control legislation in PROC and summarized five main problem areas which were: (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) a large population; a large number of widely scattered small- and medium-sized i ndustrie~; the use of coal for heating and power generation; old equipment in many of the industries; and a high intestinal infestation rate in rural areas.
The speaker outlined measures which were being introduced to implement pollution control. Such measures included tax incentives on the use of recycled waste materials in industry, pollution fees related to discharge loads and the setting up of planning committees to coordinate development and pollution control. Most of the discussion concentrated on the relative importance of the different agencies connected with the environment. The second report was presented by Mr M.H. Ali for Fiji. He outlined the main environmental pollution problems as being related to the destruction of natural areas for development projects and a number of local problems such as leakage from oi 1 storage tanks, septic tank effluent discharges and algal blooms from excessive fertilizer use. The speaker
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emphasiz ed that environm ental pl~nning did not have a high priority in Fiji The d-iscussi on illustra ted the interes t in legislat ive aspects and showed how, aL least in the context of a relative ly sparsely populate d country , the P~isting pollutio n preventi on legislat ion, which was based on preventi ng nutsance was reasonab ly effectiv e. aw' that public awarene ss of pollutio n problems w8s quite recent.
The report for Malaysia delivere d by Mr K.S. Goh presente d a detailed list of pollutio n problems which were being encount ered. Some of the more inq)(•rta nt problems \vere marine pollutio n in the Straits of Malacca , implem e ntation of sewage treatmen t taciliti es in towns, solid waste managem ent, trr dis~osal of toxic and hazardou s wastes, vehicula r nois~ and soil e rosion. Mr Goh describe u the existing legislat ion and how it had already be e n very effectiv e in reducing pollutio n loads from the rubber and palm oil industri es by more than 90%. Some of the major conclusi ons resultin g fr(\n• the di scuss1on were the need to make the use of environm ental impact ':l s se s sments mandato ry for all planning projects and the need to formaliz e Ll~t • inte)irCJ tion 0f the enviroum ental and economic rlanning process es. Tlw report for !long K<•ng, delivere d by Mr Patrick C.K. Lei, c n f1c •·utrated on the operatio n of the· Env-iron mental Protecti on Agency which was establis hed 1n 1980. The key elements which were incorpo rated into the n< ''·' ;H;ency were: (1)
the estahlis hment of a formal_ nrganiza tional policy; legislat ion and control ; planning and environm ental impact assessm ent; construc tion and operatio n of communi ty waste treatme nt faciliti es; environm ental monitor ing; and consulta tion between polluter s and the communi ty. ,
(2) (J)
(4)
(S)
(6)
Hr Lei outlined the concept of control zones which had been designat ed tl"rnll g hout the area anc! gave some details on the water and air quality < 'nli nances which had been formula ted to cor>trol polluti 0n, the latter dea ling with stati0na ry sources only. The current pollutio n problem s in .llnnf· Kong were presente d during the discussi on, these were shown to be ~ s s entially traff-ic and aircraf t noise, industr ial waste discharg es to harbours and small rivers and air pollutio n from small industr ies situated in mixed residen tial/ind ustria'! areas. In answer to a question on the impact of the transfer of adminis tration to the Peopleis Republic of China . i.n 1097, 1-lr Lei stated that there 1v-ere no plans to curtail investm ent in 'the environm ental protecti on field in the interim period and there had for many year~ been. a regular liaison on poliutio n control matters between Hong Kong ~nd the PROC. The final country report of the da.ry'was presente d by Mr H. Unno for Japan. He summari zed the serious problems which had arisen as a result of the rapid economic developm ent in the ni eteen-fi fties and sixties and stated that the main p0llutio n problem s inc :ded traffic noise and vibratio n in residen tial areas; eutroph ication in lak· : and semi-cl0 sed bodies of water; difficu lty of finding suitable landf 1 sites; the need to improve tne amenity level of the li' qg environm ent 1nd the need tl) provide sewage
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treatment facilities for the third of the population still served by nightsoil systems and another third of the population still relying on septic tanks. Mr Unno summarized the pollution control legislation and stated that currently Japan was investi~g 1.7% of its ~NP in the environmental protection sector, an annual investment equivalent to about US$19 billion. The discussion concentrated on the specific legislation in Japan for dealing with small problems such as toxic metal discharges. TUESDAY, 27 NOVEMBER Presentation of country reports (cont'd) The country report on New Zealand was presented by Mr Thorstensen. The question of a lack of defined "structure" in the administration of environmental matters was raised. The question also related to a lack of intersectoral cooperative mechanisms being a potential detriment for the implementation of a long-term continuous programme. The response was that there is no perceived need fo·r a more formal structure since the results o[ the present system are positive. The same observations were reported to New Zealand by an OECD review in 1980 noting a lack of structure. New Zealand sees no need for a more complex structure since judging by the results of the present system they are justified in keeping things simple. A question on training for inspectors and other environmental personnel was asked since the system does not rely on standards and requires a welltrained staff. The response was that so~e 100 local public health inspectors are well trained by specialized courses. There &re also 12 regional officers who are well-trained. In addition, the country ,is small and the people are well educated and informal. The question of the relationship of the Ministry concerned with construction and work with .the Ministry of Public Health was raised. The response was that the community is small and there are frequent meetings between those in the various ministries. There is a close degree of cooperation, and a willingness on the part of the people to work together. A question was raised concerning problems related to waste generated by timber preservation practices and how this problem was handled on a technical basis. The response was that the 150 small treatment plants generate toxic sludge residues with a relatively high (in the order of 5%) concentration of arsenic, chromium and copper sludge. The technical treatment process consists of mixing the sludge with sawdust (which is in abundance) which is then neutralized with calcium hydroxide (lime). This raises the pH and precipitates or renders insoluble the copper dnd chromium which is then leached and taken to a refuse site. At the refuse site the material is mixed with large quantities of dnme~tic refuse (based on a U.K. procedure) with the result of aLsorbing/diluting/ne utralizing the materials. Results are a very dilute leachate. There t"as a question of hotv New Zealand enforces the $10,000 fine and $1,000 per day c~ntinuous fine provisions without standards. The response was that although the provision for $1,000 per day continuing violation fine was there, it had n: ver been implemented. The threat of being f~und in a second violation was deemed sufficient. It was stated that the highest fine imposed has bPen $10,000 for a recent violation and the prospect of being found in violation a second ti~e prevents further continuing type vi o 1 at ions .
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The country report of the Republic of Korea was presented by Mr Kyeong-Ho Lee. The question on the relationship of the local governmental units to the central government in environmental plannipg was asked. The response was that the local governments are not funded or staffed in environmental areas and consequently the central government h&ndles regional environmental mJtters. Even in the case of domestic solid waste where it is the duty of the regional governments, the n8tional government must actually cover this area. There was a question on which level of government is responsible for enforcement of environmental ~egulations. The answer was that since only the local/regional agencies have the contacts or relationships with the polluting industries (private companies) 'the regional agencies are responsible. A ~uestion on population distribution in urban and rural areas was raised.· The response was that approximately 56% of the people live 1n urban areas and the rest in rural. Rut, there are many large cities, for Pxample in the Han River area, with a total population of 13 million people.
There was a question on nightsoi1 treatment in urban and rural areas. The response is that by 1986, 100% of the urban nightsoil will be taken c:ne of by treatment plants (66 located in towns and cities). The country report of Guam was presented by Mr J.L. Canto.
A question was asked as t0 how the beverage can recycling system c>perated. The response was that by law all metal containers for imported beverages must be 100% alumini\-)m. The aluminium is recycled on Guam, and tl1t> orice of $0. 70/kg, an incentive to either not discard the c•ms, or active scavenge for resale, is enough to take care of the problem. There was a question of whether Guam has a costal zone management plan and whether the new hotels and condominiums on the beaches create watPr pollution problems. Th~ re~ponse was that there is a tzM plan, and llii•t lanrl use .1reas <Jre specified therein. It was stated thCJt e~ll hotels and condomi ni urns are serv'O'rl by sewer systems and treatment plants and thus dt• 110t create p0lluti on problems. (C~~l),
There was a question on sewage sludge disposal since 70% of the country s served by sewers. The response was that heavy metals concentrations 1 n s,·vc'i!.e slurlge is very low, .and that due to low soi 1 nutrient content, ;"''.riculture tnkcs a1l of the .sluclge few l8nd appl:ication. 1
There was a question on the difference between "hardfill" and "Lanclfill". The response was that "landfills" are designated for n' s i rl en t i.a 1 1,1aste and garbage, while the "hardfi 11s" are for construction material~.' 0
There was a question ab011t enfo rcement problems and experience. The r response was that enforcement prQcedu~es usually meet with cooperation with 901: of the problems being settled out of Cfl urt. Of the 10% taken to court there is a long delay of 6 to 8 months for resolution. The country report of the Philippines was presented by Mr C. Hilado.
• I
A quest ion on how Philjp pines handl es the loggin g indus try proble m of water pollu tion jn stream s, lakes , river s and coast al areas was raise d. The respo nse was that the Philip pines does not have water pollu tion proble ms from loggin g, the proble m is ill5g al defor estati on by illeg al logge rs. Legal large logge rs have treatm ent plant s and the other s have suffi cient water diluti on in stream s so there is no water pollu tion. A solut ion to the loggin g proble m was offere d by New Zeala nd where a requir ement for "set-b ack" from river and stream banks keeps lnggin g well back fr0m the river and allow s for natur al filter s to keep sedim ents and run-o ff out of the n vers. There was a quest ion relati ve to "ecol ogica l map" prepa ration in Luzon to defin e areas of prohi bited develo pment , etc. and a reque st for comm ent. The respo nse was that the maps are being prepa red by the Human Settle ments Comm ission , not the Minis try of Healt h. There was a quest ion relati ve to ensur ing the imple menta tion of mitig ation measu res spe,ci fied in the EIA for a develo pment proje ct befor e the proje ct gets under way. The respo nse was that enforc ement is the respo nsibi lity of the Natio nal Pollu tion Contr ol Comm ission , and the policy is under the Human Settle ments C0mm ission , not the Minis try of Healt h. In the case of a new large nucle ar energ y plant , the EIA was done by outsi de consu ltants . The count ry repor t of ~apua
New Guine a was prese nted by Mr K. Galow a.
A quest ion of inter secto ral coope ration was raise d. The respo nse was that the Minis try has its own enforc ement 'staff , and coope ration is good.
The quest ion of the releva nce of enviro nmen tal plann ing in the conte xt of the chara cter of Papua New Guine a was raise d. In view of the urgen cy for prima ry health care and sanita tior. needs it was quest ioned wheth er funds shoul d be diver ted for EIA type activ ities. The actua l health proble ms in the count ry are prior itized as follow s: (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
(6) (7) (8) (9)
water and sanit ation ; housi ng sanit aton; solid waste ; vecto r contr ol; food hygie ne; enviro nmen tal aspec ts of land, air, accid ent preve ntion ; air p0llu tion; soil pollu tion.
se~;
Also, it was stated that prior ities were being placed on deliv ery 0f drink ing water to withi n 15 minut es walki ng distan ce of 80% of the peopl e, and for p:rnpl e schem es for waste cnntr ol and treatm ent in lncal comm unitie s. A quest ion was asked regar ding effor ts in health and sanit ation educa tion. The respo nse was that this is a natio nal prnble m fnr a count ry which is young and primi tive. Healt h and sanit ary educa tion is very impo rtant.
The count ry repor t of Singa pnre was prese nted hv Miss S.C. Wong.
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The qt! E's ti0n of industrial ~wlici W'JSt C' disp0sal in Sing::1pnre ,.,as The respnnse '"as that industrial "'nstc ic: cn11<'CtPrJ hy privatP r·<ilsed. contractors and taken to public dispnsal sitE's where thc> u•ntractnr i•; required to declare the type of waste. "Cfficiall y ", :::in~'.apnre does nnt have l•273nlnus <,vast\"- P::JC: lJ ~ener.'ltr'r of such mate•i<~l is required tn tCJke :it bock tn the country nr 0rigiu. llaz<Jrclous "'ilste CPtltrnl is nntv !>Ping cnnsiciered in 0 speci~l ~'l:t''~''· il cnmpl ext's "'''" A quesli on rt'l',<trcli ng jWtn,] 0ncl clH•mi c:_ respPnse> '"as that such si tPs ~lr<• ;:nn~·d 0n i :; I :• rH! ,,. cP•tst · 1 I fr0m p0pulated central :-trf'as. n~~lr(•( l. 'il ' <' '·!:
'l'l·• ·
r , ... ,, . ,
The A questiPn rPlativP tn leAd lf'vels fln(! rc>)";Ul:Jtir."" W<JR 8~;\<ec!. resp0nse was rhat th e regulations discussed in the repnrt werP fnr lPnd cnntents in gasnline. Airl>nr~e lead levels wPre rerPrterl t0 ~ P ]Pss rhan J. :Z micn,grams per cuhm:ic meter. A quest-inn '·"1" posed reL1t:inr. to the din1-ini~herl r0le 0f "Annus governmentCJl agencies in the environmental planning prncess since tl ·e initi<ltinn n[ the J'.!':lt:inmll Pl:nming C.nwm:ir:c:inn. 'f'h<' respons e w1c: the1t thf' vnrious agencies, hy thPir input tn the circlllCJterl plans of other <I?Pncir>s by thP r:;.;:::i0na1 Pl<lnniPg ConlOliSRl<'n, IJo('l ()<iequCltE' lllput anrl this 31R0 provided for cl0se cnqpcration ond i(l:int ,pl.ann:ing. Sumnoci rv c-omments l•y the ·chairman SincC' it is 0"id0nt th'lt envirnnmPnt;t1 j.(·:Jltll pr0hlr>mc: '' -1 1"' ' !•.rc•:;t·Jv '~-irl,]n the reginns rcprPsented at the w0r.l<shop, tl1is f.1ct must h(· rnkr·n inl<• cnnsidcrc.ti•~'l in ~~~~hsPquent rliscussi0ns nn r>nvirnnnl<>ntal l!e;1ltlt pl'lnl·i,·.(•. Session papers nos. 11, 12 and 13 Tl:e papers \ver<' pr<>sentec! hy Or hT. KrC'i se1 ancl Dr R.:-1. hr.·1d l<·y. A question on the difference 1 n cost " boppfl t anal vsi s anrl cns!effectiveness analvsis was 'asked. The resp011se "'as that the c0st effectiveness analysis requires the setcing of goals nr stand'lrds :in order Fnr cnst henC'f; t ~,n,t1vsi"' t0 c;cbieve a least cost nr most effpctive rpsnlt. H0wever, while the cost of damages there is no need fo~ sta~dards or goals. (and hence the henefit .s ) to services and F'.00ds con ]-.p estimAtr:>r! the avert e< 1 damages (henefits) of long-term health effects, which are not acutP, arc very difficult or :imposs:ibl~ tn derive i~ terms nf m0netnry values. Aesthetic damages f'uch as losses :in visihil:ity nr had od0urs are glmnst completely heyr.nd m0netary assessment P,;er. :·:1l{i ng i ntn accntmt the concrprs of opportunity costs or willingness-to-pay. A st<:Jtc:'r.lent '-'"l~ m;ld<' thnt si nc<' values di ff'<'r frn1n cn11n\ r y r-n cn1111t'ry A response de<Ilt with the fact that c0st henefit analyses would differ. envir0nmental quality ~tundards ArP hased 0n criteria which reflect scientific knowledge, bvt standards vary from country to country dependjng up0n resources. Ttwrefore, s0me·rnuntrics hCJVf' lo~>' C:' r health stattdnrds l>ased 0n judgement. General prohlems with attaching dollar 'r.::dues tCl human hef.llth and human life were discussed.
'i I
1
I
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~1TEDNESDAY,
28
NOVE~1BEJ\
Session papers no. 15 <Jnd 16 The morning session began with a presentation by Dr N.T. Stephens on the "Process of Environmental Standard Setting". The speaker introduced some definitions of the basic elements of environmental pollution control. For example, he explained the interrelationships between constituents, contaminants and pollutants and their development into · environmental standards. He explained that a standard should not be viewed as a level to which pollution could be permitted to increase. Dr Stephens defined criteria as being the bases for standards, representing the observed effects or responses of one or more contaminants or pollutants on a defined receptor under certain specified conditions. The speaker explained how dose-response relationships were determined, how biological manifestations were defined and how standards were then derived from the dose-response criteria. This process involves a determination of acceptability, considerations of social and political factors, and is inevitably location-specific. Dr Stephens discussed the concept of risk assessment and its relationship to the derivation of standards. He explained how this necessitated not only the determinations of statistical probability of occurrence but also evaluations of the acceptability and importance of the risk by the potential populations. Dr Stephens described how the setting of standards requires decisions on what are the smallest levels to be considered, how minor or major should adverse public health manifestations, for example, be accepted. Societal and economic factors are an intrinsic component of both standard setting and the decision as to what proportions of the populations should be protected. Moral and ethical judgements were inevi~ably involved. Dr Stephens concluded with a number of examples of standard setting and criteria mainly in the air quality sector, and explained how the relationships between duration of exposure and concentrations were taken into account in e~tablishing the standards. In opening the discussion, Dr Stephens posed a number of questions. These included the use of fixed or' variable standards, how to define the population segment to be protected, basing standards . on t€chnological or ecological grounds and whether standards o~ goals should be specified. The ensuing discussion covered a . wide range of fopics. There appeared to be a general consensus that eventually some form of global standards would be promulgated in order to prev~nt such occurrences as the export of polluting industries to developing countries and the transportation of hazardous materials for processing or even disposal in developing c0untries. In answer to a number of questions on the derivation of the ambient air quality standards in the U.S.A., Dr Stephens explained that hy law, primary standards in the U.S.A. do not consider economic factors although they are designed t0 protect the most sensitive segments of the populati0n. Voluntary exposure to pollution risks, by smokers for example, was not intended to he reflected in the air quality standards. The apparent dichotomy betweem emission air standards in the U.S.A. being less stringent than ambient standards was explained by Dr Stephens to be based on the assumption that emission standards were applied to areas where the public had free access, su c h areas excluded factory premises.
..
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27
Dr Stpplwns i ntr0duced the c0ncept of ]'reventi n~ si ~ni fi c~mt dotori c.r i1 t i n n ( P S D ) A n r 1 c· x 1' 1 a :i ned h O\•' tho "'<'o p t :i 011 n f p n 1 1 u t i C' n 1 n :HI " s 1~ :1 r i n?:" in li.H' U.S.A. l1ad resulted :in significant cC\c:t c:;:nllngs. The !'l;!i:Jysi'C2n e):penenct~ 0f -intr0duc:in~· f'.raduol stcmr!ards in 0rder ro JH'YTlit r(,::!S0TVil'l:· c0mp]iAnce t:inws was describert. Th\· gener'll C<'nclt,c::ion 0f n sritn11l:1t"0ry ,1-jc;cu~,c:inn tv:J" t-11<~1- ;:lti~<>II.Pil st<JTHL11-d:: fr('m devrl0p<'tl cpuntries could l>l· ral<c'n :~c: ttH'ful )'.t'idclinc~: 1'~1 devt'lopi:H.!, CC'Ulltt-il"'• Ll:c tin:~l dC'Lit:iliOII r.!_ c;Li!Ll(!~ird~' \;'lei t"<''· i•r• llliH'r I!' 1·\·•' C0lltC'Xt of the l0c.11 trchnJCill, S0Cl.1l, C'Ct'Tlt'!ll]C' <lilcl r>n~it·ical 011\liTf>fllllC';II
The second paper of the morning on "Ro1e of inclif''ltorc: in Pnvirrn"H'l't<J1 quality management" t-r<ts c!el:ivPred by Dr ~1. Nalc.1mnril (\,'liO). Tn intr0ducin;' bi ,, p.:1per, Dt- Nctl,<~murii <li scusc:ed th~· nc0d Lc' tiS\' valL'c :uclpc·mcllL i 11 t\,r· sP1Pcti on of envi ronment;:ll i nd:i cat0rs and f'}:pl Ai ned !Jm,r tlw conc0pt nf ''sornPthi ng is hetter than noth-ing" is pr<C'fC'r.11>lc· t<' t~1C' cflncc'r.t· PI 11 s0methi ng defective is worse than nothing". The c:pe.:Jker exp11i ned tl1:1 t inrlexing Hns an attempt: to simplify cPmplc>x nrohlems into somPthinv manageahlc for the use of decision-makers in thc political contPxt. !Jr N;Jl;<'m'•rn t'xploined that the indice.s clrt' ,,,.,,-,, n';lli~:tic il rlwv :1n· topical, re1ating tl' separRte e'nvironmetital sect0r~~. r2tber thc,n tnt-], .. wh0l<~ ctw-ironment, bPcause of tl•e prohlems 01 m:n1n•in,2, -111d r1ti0nc1l-i~i'!i' '' larger numher of variables. He then described the svstem of suh-i nclezi n;• f0r i n<'i vi duC~1 c0nst.i tuPnts tv h-i ch ' '<1 r- 311· P s se-nti n l prCicedur"' pri c•r U' aggregating to f0nn a C<?mposite index. The "~lric,us metl10:-!0lcw:ies oJ aggrer.ation wen? c!escri1,Pc' unrl Dr N<Jkamur·1 S11Ff'Pstec' tk1t tilE' met·\l('c: (\r summing tlw prorlucts of the scores of the i ndi vi dua 1 suh-i ndi ces Rnc! th<·i r respecti"e \vPightc: lt!:JS nl(lst commonly usee! in the envir0nnwnU!l m:Jn<-1).!,('!11('!~1 field. Examples t' t: crwi rnnmenlo 1 ]nrl:i ces v/ere prc~cntetl hy Dr l'!;JlrLJnnJr'' l-nr river water quality in Halaysia anri hy Dr Kreisel f0r ::1ir CJU<llitv, n01 c;p levels, and social impacts in tlw FPcl!'rJl r:l'\'l'l'lic C'f Cr>rrn:>r~y. The discussion generally concluder! ~.hat indices could pr0virie usPh•1 :information for dec:ision-m~king, particularly At m:inisteri.1l level. A question was raised whether any countries represented had mnrie 0r were making use of environment<Jl indices. New ZealRncl is using <J verv simple "topical" (water iquality) indicator, and finds it quite useful. It lv<JS stat<~d that rPsults 0f studies uti1izin)~ <'ltvir0nr,ental indices in tlw form of maps are very useful in showing .results to the public, hut that caution sh0uld he exerciserl~in their use. Session paper no.
17
A questiPn relative t0 the WHO manuals "'as nskerl. The questi0n was whether the em:iss:i0n factors used include assumptions of control mPasures such as Best Avai lahle Control Technolngy (BACT), or ~1re hased on no contr0ls. The response was that th~y assume no controls or unc0ntrollecl emissions. lt was questioned why the very rough rapid assessment procedures was advocated for EIA process. The resp0nse wCJs that:
- 28 -
..
(1)
som etim es such data are usef ul 1n some EIAs and som etim es not; and the rapi d assessment~rocedure may be a usef ul EIA tool for roug h EIAs in deve lopi ng cou ntri es whe re fewe r data are ava ilab le.
(2)
Dr Naka mura hand ed out some "han ds on" homework for the grou p in rapi d asse ssm ent proc edu res. Dr Brad ley endo rsed the pr0b lem of data acq uisi tion in the rapi d asse ssm ent proc ess. The Han Rive r exp erie nce show ed that the tran slat ion of data took 15 mon ths and ther efor e init ial assu mpt ions had to he made follo wed by refi nem ents as data beca me ava ilab le. He stat ed the nec essi ty of mai ntai ning acco rd- with Gov ernm ent agen cies on esti mat es and data as one procee~s with such a stud y. · Dr Kre isel ques tion ed the app lica bili ty and vali dity of the emi ssio n fact ors and aske d if thes e emi ssio n fact ors had been adop ted or adju sted . The resp onse was that the emi ssio n fact ors were test ed with Afri can and Mid dle- East ern data , and it was conc lude d that as long as the indi vidu al proc ess was wel l spe cifi ed, the resu lts were stat isti cal ly vali d. They can be used for orde r-of -ma gnit ude asse ssm ents and rati os. It was stat ed that more emis sion fact ors from Indi a, Japa n, Rep ubli c of Kore a and Tha ilan d shou ld be com pile d as they beco me ava ilab le. A state men t was made that emi ssio n fact ors from U.S. EPA docu men t AP-4 2 were a fact or of 10 off for dom estic hea ting as prac tise d in Kore a (for carb on mon oxid e) due to diff eren ces tn type s of hea ters . It was aske d if the map ping proc edur es used coul d disp lay mob ile sour ce resu lts in an area , as in auto mob ile CO or lead dist ribu tion s. The resp onse was t~at the de~ail was not fine enou gh to give sma ll area resu lts, only broa d or roug h grid resu lts as for a who le city or regi on. It was stat ed t~at rapi d ana lysi s purp oses such as envi ronm enta l ma_ ster te~hniques
plan niqg .
are not good enou gh for
A que stio n was asked if the rapi d ana lysi s tabl e's con tain 1 ed data on serv ice indu stri es _ such pS dry clea ning and pho tofi nish ing. The resp onse was neg ativ e. Sess ion pape r no. 18 Dr Brad ley was aske d to elab orat e on low grow th/h igh grow th scen ar1o s. The resp onse incl ude d a disc ussi on of mec hani sms for mak ing such proj ecti ons incl udin g clos e coo pera tion and con sult atio n with hou sing auth orit ies and stud y of actu al hist oric al grow th tren ds com pare d to pro ject ions . A que stio n was aske d abou t per cap ita wat er cons ump tion esti mat es base d upon data in the form of per cap ita cons ump tion by type of dwe lling and by num ber of occu pant s per dwe lling . The disc ussi on reve aled that eng inee ring judg eme nt fact ors and surv ey data com bine d with proj ecte d
- 29 -
dwelling type gP.neral trend occupants per types 0f data
and density figures were used in making those estimates. The is that as the type of housing is up-graded, the number nf dwelling decreases and water consumption increases. Both must he considered in consumption estimates for the future.
An observation was made that in Singap0re the present water consumption exceeds, by a go0d margin, the projections made by a consultant in 1S79. An inquiry about sediment transport studies in the Han River study was made. The response was that due t0 dam c0nstructinn, sediment transport was not a problem there. In discussions regarding pollutant discharge and industrial process data a question was asked relative to Government access to such private -industrial inf0rmation. It was generally concluded that such data are essential to the planning and control process, and in many countries are available to the Government with confidentiality agreements. In some S , such data are not available. countriEt_ The question of emission inventory up-dating in Korea was asked. The response was that since 1979 a study was conducted and inventory up-dated everv tw0 years. Session paper no. 19 A question 0f the mean1ng of m1x1ng height was asked. The response was that mixing heights were determir.ed by radiosonde temperature profiles, in the morning and afternoon, and that mixing heights represent the height: of an air volume within which "mixing" (dilution, dispersi0n, etc.) occurs. The questi0n of inclusion of environmental policies in the Ban River planning process was raised. The response and further discussion indicated that planning committees, such as the committee for the National Fiscal Development Plan included representatives from the Environmental Agency, and that draft plans are circulgted to all appropriate agencies (including Environmental) for review and comment pr-ior to adoption. Inputs for energy and transportation p0licies, \vhile not in a formal manner, are also considered. A question 0f health effects in. the Seoul area due to elevated S02 concentrations was asked. The response was that indeed health effect s~udies (epidemiologica l studies) were considered, and are underway as recommended by a consultant, ·but that such studies must be conducted over a lengthy time frame, and results are nnt yet available. Session paper no. 20 The.comp~s1
.
.
tinn nf solids in run-nff was questioned.
The response was that it was les1 than 30% volatiles, and mostly sand and dustfall. The asbestos referred tn ~as an examination of street dust fnr fibres from brake linings of autos. The amount was insignificant.
- 30 -
An extended discussion of septic tank and nightsoil treatment methods ensued. The summary ~o1as: urban area nightsoil treatment will be 100% by 1986. In rural areas nightsoil and septic tank sludges will be gradually upgraded first to nightsoil trea~ent plant improvements, then eventually (10 to 20 years) they will be converted to sewage systems. The comment was ~ade that in Korea spillage and nuisance from nightsoil handling was minimal since it is all taken care of by mechanical vacuum systems. Session paper no. 21 A question of fly problems at the dump site was asked. The response was that, yes, indeed flies were a problem and that the landfill was not sanitary, but by one step-at-a-time, eventually it would be upgraded. Previously, the ash helped to neutralize garbage which was composed of almost 90% of ash. Now, ash is more and more scavenged so that this neutralizing effect is cancelled. It was asked where water treacment plant sludges were disposed of. The answer was that it went directly to the river, but it could be used as a flocculent in sewage treatment plants. In response to an enquiry about why organic phosphates but not organic chlorides are on the "short list", it was stated that the law on1y regulate organic phosphates but that other legislation regulates pesticides. FRIDAY, 30 NOVEMBER Session paper no. 25 A question of cost effectiveness for low sulphur fuel versus Flue Gas Desulphurization was raised. The response was that FGD is practical . only for large sources, a}.!d small sources are the major problem in Han River area. In response to a question about -the most effec~ive strategy_for Fiji, it was reitera:ted that an entire ·analysis would be re·quired of' ?11 alternatives before one could select the best. It was questioned as to whether or not many data were available prior to the study, or whether all studies were done in the 21 month time frame by the consultant. The response was that much prior work was available but that it was supplemented and verified by consultant studies during the 21month period. A statement to describe the transportation strategies of Hong Kong was made, ana the electronic trip-billing system of discouragement of drivers on certain routes was described. Their transportation department also levies heavy import taxes and fees to discourage automobile use. Session paper no. 26 Dr Guo began by emphasizing the need to take into account the cl1anging habits of the population in projecting future domestic waste generation and composition. For example, he showed that because of the anticipated
- 31 -
reduction in vegetable and ash content, the per capita solid waste generation in Seoul would fall from 1.3 kg/d in 1981 to about 1.0 kg/d in 2001. Industrial waste projections were determined from field visits to individual factories and from discussions with consignment companies in the case of hazardous wastes. Dr Guo then described the modelling carried out to evaluate direct haul or transfer station transportation for solid wastes. He discussed the alternative treatment and disposal strategi~.s which were evaluated. These were essentially based on incineration with energy recovery, composting, or various alternatives of sanitary landfill with or without the use of transfer stations in the collection system. The analyses showed that sanitary landfills were the most cost~effective strategy in all locations. Dr Guo described how the plan recommended the upgrading of the existing open dumps into correctly operated sanitary landfills, with the construction of a new landfill on tidal land at Incheon. For hazardous wastes, the plan also recommended the construction of a regional landfill s.ite in the Greater Seoul-Incheon area, and the basic design principles · and costs of .this facility were described. To conclude his presentation, Dr Guo showed a series of slides which illustrated the current solid waste collection, recycle and disposal practices in the study area. The discussion covered a range of topics including the difficulty of predicting how refuse characteristics would change in the future · and bow• economic develop~ent in the future would make it less attractive for recycling to be carried out by hand at the landfill sites. In the Korean context it was described haw resource-recovery was actively carried out at the home and there was a high public awareness of the economic advantages of such recycling. It was generally considered that although landfills were appropriate at present, economic development could result in changes in social awareness in the future with a resulting need to consider alternative waste disposal systems. The potential problem of land acquisition for . landfills was discussed at some length and it was pointed out by Dr Guo that in the study area it was fortunate that the major waste generation centre was close to Incheon where reclamation of tidal lands was being carried out. The session was conclude~ with a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of co-disposal of hazardous waste compared to containment. Session paper no. 28 The second presentation of the afternoon session was that of Dr K.M •. Yao on "Environmental impact assessment (EIA) - objectives and methods", in which he emphasized that although the basic concept of EIA was good, its ef~ective implementation in developing countries was often hindered by lack of experienced personnel. Dr Yao defined EIA as being the reduction of potential adverse impacts and increase in likely benefits through the identification and assessment of alternatives, including the no-go alternative, and then outlined the basic procedures in carrying out an EIA. The paper was then discussed and a number of contributors stated that there were deficiencies in the ~pplication of EIA in many developing countries, even though in some areas it was already legally mandated for major public projects. But these deficiencies were recognized and it was hoped that with experience the EIA would develop into a valuable decisionmaking tool.
- 32 -
Session paper no. 2q The final presentat ion of the day ~as an EIA case study delivered by Dr N.T. Stephens. The study con~erned the Matigarda Bay Project carried out for the U.S. Federal Power Commissio n in 1977. The project was to build an LNG terminal, together with a gas distribut ion system, on the Gulf Coast of Texas. Dr Stephens described the activitie s which were carried out to character ize the environme ntal setting, to assess the environme ntal impacts and to evaluate measures for mitigatin g the adverse impacts. In the discussio n, a number of participa nts queried how such factors as trees and wildlife were valued. It was generally agreed that the EIA did produce an awareness of the wider context of a project and forced political decisionmakers to widen their terms of reference . The interestin g comment was made that it was now becoming common in s·ome countries for interest groups to be subs i dized to enable them to present their case in the EIA proc~ss • . Panel discussio n The panel discussio n was chaired by Dr C. Rees, Asian Developme nt Bank (ADB). The discussio n focussed heavily on public participa tion in environmental planning. Examples were presented on experienc es with publi~ participation in several countries . It was stated that public participa tion is "easy" in developed countries but faces some problems in the devel6pin g countries . In New Zealand, a "formal" process of environme ntal "auditing " has been institutio nalized. The public is being given the opportuni ty to comment on environme ntal reports for be.t ween 30 and 60 days. Subseque ntly, public comments are reviewed and as far as possible incorpora ted. In the p·ast, the tendency has been for many adverse comments ti be made which in the end are not justified . In Malaysia, public participa tion is also increasin g at the planning level., At the local lev'el drafts of project plans are submitted to the public for comments. Thei Klang Valley Developme qt Plan was cited in this context.· In term~ of 11 individua l 11 projects, public participa tion is still in its infancy. In future, . in .:Malaysia ; :lllajor projects ·r e 'q uiring EIA ~~lFbe · · subjected to public rElview. . . . Relating _ to non-gover nmental public e-qvironm entalist groups, these groups have picked up momentum in Malaysia ,i n pointing out what governmen t has not d~ne. Con~umer groups come up with criticism and collect sign~tures to support their views. To some extent these groups have contribut ed to highlight problems. On the negative side, these groups frequentl y exaggerat e and put problems out of dimension . Neverthe less, the governmen t has establish ed a dialogue with non-gover nmental organjzat ions. In addition ;-- the recent display of environme ntal understan ding of economic pl2nners in a Budget hearing was cited 1n Malaysia. The participa nt from the Republic of Korea stressed that people need to be educated as to the causes and effects on the environme nt before being construct ive in their comments. Subseque ntly, public participa tion wi 11 be more effective . At the moment, a formalize d process of public participa tion 1s considere d to be not so effective in the Republic of Korea. In Papua New Guinea, the Planning Act calls for public comment on all developme nt proposals and informati on released by ministrie s.
- l:l -
Tt was commented that control efforts are onl y emphasized when the influential public is adversely affected b y e nvironmental probl e ms summarized by the term "stimulation of disasters to awareness". It was also noted, with spec:i"'"fic refer e nce to Japan, that tl1ere is a general change of who is educating whom in the environmental field. Iuitially, members of tbe public \vere nnt able to :1rticulate tl! e mselves an d pr e ssed governments for changes; At ~resent, many non-professionals are Thus, tlw opposite mav \,q:_- 11 infnrmed as a result of government education. he true, that the public 1s educating the government.
Additional examples of the Federal Republic of Germc.~y we r e stated v.·here an envi ronmentalis't party ("Greens") is even represented in the na tional parliament. ln Fiji, the publici s also aware of developm e nt consequences. ior example, in the hydropower development, Fiji has used the public particiHltion proc e ss and does not plnn projects without public cons e nsus. J Economists are increasingly receptive to incorporatin g environmental consider~tions into economic planning. Relating to the Han River Basin Study of the Re public of Korea, the ft w<Js p0int (' d qu~stion c>f training and transfer of tech~olngy wa s rai s 0d. thal: and study the of element import~nt an was this out that (1)
formalized overseas training for senior environme ntal personn e l and people wotking along with counterparts in U.S.A. was prcwi ded; courses 1n the Republic of Korea on specific topic s were conducted; on-the-job training was most important (the expatriates were required to train their counterparts); a training division was established to make sure that training was done properly. quot~d
(2)
(3)
(4)
Finally, a document was States:
which may be of interest to Member
Integrated Regional Development Planning Guidelines and Case Studies from OAS Experience Kirk Rogers Director, Department of Regional Development C~neral Secretariat OAS Washington, D.C. 20006 United States of America W0rking evaluation and conclusions It was positively noted that the format of not using workshop participants as chairman and/or rapporteur is very suitable for technnl0gy transfer workshops. Generally, it~was stated 'hat the workshop was very timely and very useful for l>lemher States. Pa icularly, the use of a cas e study was praised since it il L · strated practi 1 planning 1s s ues. T\vn hi participa s: formal conclusions were made b ~
- 34 -
(l)
most countries have come to realize that maintenance of a healthy human and natural environment, instead of being a constraint on economic development, is actually an integral part of sound social and economic d~velopment; and it is recognized that the traditional approach towards dealing with environmental problems on an ad hoc basis via many rliverse programmes and agencies is no long;; adequate because of the increasing size and complexity of the problems. There is a need for a multidisciplinary integrated approach.
(2)
Closing ceremony Dr Yao, Officer-in-Charge of 'PEPAS and Dr Kreisel, workshop Co-operational officer, expressed their appreciation to the University of Agriculture, Malaysia for supporting this workshop and the Government of the Republic of Korea for its generosity in approving the use of the Han River Basin Study as a case study at the workshop. The consultants and all other staff were commended for their excellent contributions to the success of the workshop. The workshop closed at 12.15 p.m.
-- ]
')
-
AN NF.X 5
SUMHARY OF
~.JORKSHOP
EVALUATION
Thirteen out nf fnurteen pRrticipants returned the ev.1lt1ation questionnaire. Referring to the attached summary, about 80 percent of all 247 single answers were pos1t1ve. Nearly 100 percent of the participants felt that the objectives of the workshop had been met and about 92 percent were of the opinion that they have learnt new skills or concepts during the workshop. Relat:i ng to question 5 of the evaluat:i on quest:i 0rma:i re "Overa 11 conclusion 11 , 100 percent of the answers were positive, i.e. all participants felt that such meetings should he held regularly, that attendance was worthwhile personally, and also worthwhile to the country. However, responses to whether there is any better way to achieve the workshop objectives varied widely. Suggestions included that longer and/or more frequent workshop~ be held, one environmental sector be dealt with at a time before discussing the next, and workshops of this nature he held among countries and areas in similar stages of development and hence, having similar environmental health problems. In essence, the limited time available was considered a major constraint to cover the whole field of .environmental health planning in great depth. Time const!aints also affected the assessment of whether there was enough opportunity to exchange knowledge and experience with other participants. About 30 percent of the ~art:ic:ipants felt that they had not sufficient ti~e for discussions, while about 77 percent were of the opinion that the wbrking papers had not been distributed sufficiently 1n advance. Administrative aspec'ts were rated highly with 100 percent feeling that all arrangements were satisfactory. As follow-up activities, it has been recommended, among others, that national governments should: (1)
conduct environmental quality management plan studies; establish mechanisms to integrate environmental dimensions into development planning; send additional information regularly to WHO; attach more importance to integrated planning 1n development projects; integrate planning concepts into structures of emerg1ng governmental environmental age ·1es; esta~li sh en~ironmentally orie in any development that is lik· the populatil'll at laq~y nnd th· l; and national lr
(2)
(3) (4)
(5)
(6)
ed committees which have a say y to affect the livelihood of ~eneral envir0nment <Jt th e
- 36 -
(7)
conduct follow-up workshops/seminars especially in collaboration with relevant government agencies which are actually involved in the development of master plan studies.
that WHO should: (a) provide Consultancy services to Member States to conduct similar or more specific national workshops on environmental health planning, for example environmental modelling; economic ,.a,spe.cts. oL.en.vit;Qnmental planning. . ··-. . : . ,. ,:· . . - ·. .. . (b)
,,,...., ..
provide inte·r-country personnel to review certain aspects of environmenial quality management, viz, air pollution ~nd solid waste; disseminate the report of this workshop to a wider audience; and conduct workshops at PEPAS on environmental health planning regularly.
(c) (d)
that other agencies should: (a) (b) (c) (d) disseminate information regarding environmental health (e.g., ADB); provide training material (e.gq UNEP); sponsor national seminars (e.g., ADB); and generally play a more dynamic role in the development of master plans for environmental quality management.
Summary evaluatinn
~beet
Ye~
No
Ye~
& Nn %
Blank %
Tntal
Questi nns % tn understnnd the impnrtance nf
%
% 13 13 100
1.1
(a) (h)
enviro~~ental sectnr integratinn;
13 12
100 92.3
to appreciate the applicability and limitation nf envirnnmental mndeling in the fnrmulation nf environriiental master plans; to understand the implication of environmental standard setting, e.g., the rela ti r>nshi p he tween envi ronme~_:~_l_ standards and ecnnomi c de~~~e~~-~- _ ·-- -· .. _ __ _ _ -
1
-
- - - f - - - + ---if - - -+---1-----
7. 7
-
-
-
-
1 00
13 - - - --+- 100 -- .. - 1-
-
--·--·- 13 100 100
(c) _ 1 __
!- - -- - -+-I_f_ n_o_,__:p_l_e_a_s_e_ d_e_s_c_r_t_ ·h _e _.2.2
- - - - - - - - - - _ . - - - -- . _ _ _ 1_ ._ 2____ -1·H _ a_ v_ e new skills or concepts been ~e arnt _~ . :~~ ~e:_5_ i_ n_ g?
12 92.3 _ .
7. !
1--_:_-
_:_ _
-
1--· 13
1---- - - -+---- - - - - - - - - -- - - ------·----- ---·- ..
f--1_._3 _ _ _ _ 1-c_a_n __ t_h_e_ s_ e_ s_ k_ i_ l_ l_ s_ a_ n _ d _ c_o_n _c_e_:pc..t_s _ b _e _ a _p :...p :...._ h_ .e _ d_ i_ n~ y_ o_ u_ -r_ c_ n_ u_ n_ t_ r~ y _?_____ _ __ ___ ___+ __ l_ 0-+__ 7_ 6_._ 7 -II-- .,.-j---- + l--I-7 _._7 _ +_ J _1 _1 _ 5_ ._ 6--II--1..:. 3-1f-= l...: 0...: 0 :___ 1 2.1 Were you able tn express ynur ideas nr prnblems at the meeting? · 2 15.6 11 84.4 Was there enough opportunity to exchange knowledge and experience with other participant~? If response to any of the above is no, give comments as appropriate. 2.3 -
10
76.6 ·-
2 --
15.6 - -
7.7 - -f- - 1 -
13
100
----+-"---'-'---'-----'---'-- -'--'-- - - - - · - - - - - - · -
Were you satisfied with all wnrking for speci fic paper(s):
paper~
prnvided?
If~· If~·
please explain 10 2
-- +---+- ---1 7. 7
2.5 2.6
Did you have enough time to study the working papers? the working papers sufficiently _j.~adv_an'c:=2__ _ _ _ _
-------- - - did ynu receive
76.7 15.6 100
2 10
15.6 76.7 -7.7
1
- ----~--+--- 1
13
100
Were methods of i ~tro~~:ti nn~ nd p~:_ se_~ta ti ~n ~ d_i_~f_ere ~t _ tnpi <:..::._ _~a!i ~ fact_ nry! (a) Were you fully satisfied with discussions at the plenary session? If no, 2.7 ------~ p_ l_ e_ a_ s_ e_e __ x _:p _l a i n. _ __ __ _ _. . __ __ _ _ __ ·- - _ If there were field visits as part of the meeting, were they useful to meet 2.8.1 the nhjectives? If no, explain ynur response.
- - - -2 15.6 23
13
100
13 9 6
- - - +- -·f-
r
68.8 46.3 38.5 77
2 3 1
15.6
1 7. 7
13 13 100 -
If there were no field visits, do you consider field visits would have been 2.8.2 useful to meet the meeting objectives? If nr>, explain your respnnse. Were the duration and scheduling of different activities- lectures, group 3 discussinns, etc. -satisfactory? If no, please describe. r---Are organization nr administrative arrangements for travel, accommodatinn, 4 per diem, meeting room, secretarial support arid interpretation satisfactory? If nn, please describe. 1--- - - - - - i- - - - - - - - - - - -· - . -- · (a) Do you feel that the recommendatinn/conclut"inns reflected the meeting cnnsenf:uf:? _ 5 (b)
- --
- - -- - - - - ·- -- - -
-
23 -
- - --- - - -·+---11---- -1 ·- - - 1- -
3
5
7.7 23
-
· - 1- - -~---l---4--~
7
53.8
13 13
100 100
10
3
13
100 _ - _ __ ·-I - =-
13
100 100
9 _ 69.3
4
30.7
13
Do you feel that such meetings should be held regularlyJ _ ______ ---- -- ---- -- ~~ - ~ ----l---+--+----l---l----+__:1:.:3 :._-l-l :...O ::..O :__-l (c) · Dn you feel that ynur _ a ttendance was worthwhile to you personally? . 13 100 - -- - +----1- --- + --- +-- - -1-1_ 3-t_ l...;. O _ O_ Do you feel that your participation was worthwhile to your cnuntry? Total 13 196 100 27
(d)
10.9
4
-
19
-
13 247
100 100
79.8
1.6
7.7