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Uspe{noto spre~uvawe na izbornite neregularnosti - klu~en faktor za fer i demokratski izbori
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Koalicija “Site za pravi~no sudewe”
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Uspe{noto spre~uvawe na izbornite neregularnosti - klu~en faktor za fer i demokratski izbori
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Koalicija “Site za pravi~no sudewe”
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The successful supression of the election irregularities key factor for fair and democratic elections
Skopje, december 2005
C M Y K C M Y K
The successful supression of the election irregularities key factor for fair and democratic elections
The successful supression of the election irregularities key factor for fair and democratic elections
Avtor: Marijana NETKOVSKA
Publisher: Coalition “All for fair trials” br. Makedonija 11/2-10 1000 Skopje, R. Makedonija tel./faks: ++389 2 3215-263 e-mail: contact@all4fairtrials.org.mk www.all4fairtrials.org.mk
For the publisher: Vesna STOJKOVSKA, direktor
Editor: 2 Marijana NETKOVSKA
Technical editing and printing: Studio EMITER - Skopje tel./fax: (02) 3115-111 e-mail: emiter@unet.com.mk
Cover page:
Translator: Jasmina Kostadinova
Supported by
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Spillover Monitor Mission to Skopje The content of this publication does not necessarily represent the view or the position of the OSCE Spillover Monitor Mission to Skopje.
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The successful supression of the election irregularities key factor for fair and democratic elections
Table of contents Executive summary ......................................................................................................... 5 Theoretical and methodological approach ...................................................................... 6 1. Subject and objectives of the project .......................................................................... 6 2. Methodological approach ............................................................................................ 7
CHAPTER I 1. Legal frame of the local elections ............................................................................... 9 2. Election Bodies ........................................................................................................... 9 3.Scheduling elections, election campaign and conducting elections ......................... 10
CHAPTER II 1. Classification of criminal acts against the elections and the voting ......................... 12 3
CHAPTER III 1. Irregularities during the local elections in 2005 identified by accredited domestic and foreign observers ................................................................................. 16
CHAPTER IV 1. Phenomenological characteristics of the criminal acts against the elections and the voting committed during the local elections in 2005 .................... 19 - Time when the criminal acts were committed ........................................................ 19 - Place of committing the criminal acts .................................................................... 20 - Method of committing the criminal acts ................................................................ 20
2. Charged, indicted and convicted persons for criminal acts against the elections and the voting committed during the local elections in 2005 .............. 22 - Charged persons ...................................................................................................... 22 - Indicted persons ...................................................................................................... 24 - Profile of the indicted ............................................................................................. 25 Gender ............................................................................................................... 25 Age ..................................................................................................................... 25 Previous convictions ......................................................................................... 25
Coalition ”All for fair trials”
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The successful supression of the election irregularities key factor for fair and democratic elections
Nationality structure .......................................................................................... 26 Education ........................................................................................................... 26 Membership in the bodies that are conducting the local elections (election boards, municipal election committees and state election committee ............. 26 - Convicted persons .................................................................................................. 27
3. Sanctioning the perpetrators of the crimes against the elections and the voting ...... 29 - Types of criminal sanctions .................................................................................... 30 - Legal minimum, legal maximum and a judicial meting out of the criminal sanctions ......................................................................................... 30
4. Respecting international fair trials standards in the criminal procedure against the perpetrators of the criminal acts against the elections and the voting .......................................................................... 33
- Right to a trial before a competent, independent, impartial and by law established Court .................................................................................. 33 - Equal means ............................................................................................................ 33 - Right to be Present at the Trial ............................................................................... 34 - Trial in a reasonable time ....................................................................................... 35 - Right to remain silent ............................................................................................. 35 4 - Right to an interpreter ............................................................................................ 35 - Right to defense ...................................................................................................... 36
CONCLUSIONS ........................................................................................................... 37
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ALTERATION OF THE ELECTORAL LEGISLATION ...................................................................... 40
REFERENCES .............................................................................................................. 43
Coalition ”All for fair trials”
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The successful supression of the election irregularities key factor for fair and democratic elections
Executive summary In order to identify the problems that the judicial system faces while prosecuting persons under reasonable doubt that they have committed a criminal act against the elections and the voting, in July 2005, the Coalition ‘’All for Fair Trials’’ has started to observe all the cases in the domain of criminal acts against the elections and the voting committed during the local elections in 2005.
First of all, based on the information given by the Basic Public Prosecutor offices and the basic courts, it was established that for a total of 49 criminal acts against the elections and the voting, committed during the local elections, a total of 65 persons were charged.
Out of a total of 65 charged persons, the criminal charges were rejected against 15 persons, 13 persons are under investigation, for 6 persons the Public Prosecutor Office is collecting evidence and 31 persons are indicted. 5
Out of 31 indicted, the first instance proceedings against 4 persons are ongoing, for one person the charges are dropped with a verdict, 21 persons are pronounced guilty and 5 persons are convicted.
Regarding sanctioning the perpetrators of the criminal acts, 11 persons are sentenced to imprisonment, 7 persons were fined, 7 persons were paroled, and one minor received correctional measure-enhanced parental supervision under the auspice of a social body. When deciding on the type and height of the penalties, the sentences of the courts were within the frame of the legal minimum and maximum, except in two cases where seven persons were sentenced below the legal minimum.
Coalition ”All for fair trials”
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The successful supression of the election irregularities key factor for fair and democratic elections
THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH 1. Subject and objectives of the project
In order to increase the trust of the public in the legal system and the judiciary, to identify the problems in the judicial system and to point out the need for legal and institutional reforms, to increase the respect of the standards for fair trials by the domestic courts, as well as to introduce the public with the fair trials standards, in May 2003 the Coalition of 22 non-governmental organizations ‘’All for fair trials’’ was founded.
In July 2005, the Coalition started with the implementation of the project ‘’Monito- ring the prosecution of related crimes against the elections and the voting at the local elections 2005 ", financially supported by the OSCE mission in Skopje. 6 The project is implemented in order to determine the readiness and willingness of the state institutions to deal with the electoral irregularities, and especially the readiness of the judicial system to deal with the persons who committed criminal acts against the elections and the voting at the local elections in 2005. In that direction, the aim of the project is to identify the problems that the judicial system faces when prosecuting the perpetrators of criminal acts against the elections and the voting, as well as to point out the need for legal and institutional reforms. Several activities were undertaken within this project:
• Identification of the irregularities during the local elections in 2005 and their monitoring in the pre-trial and the criminal procedure;
• Trial monitoring of the judicial cases of the criminal acts against the elections and the voting;
• Analysis of the received information - of the monitored cases as well as from other informative channels;
• Cooperation with relevant institutions (Public Prosecutor offices, courts etc.) with purpose to collect data for prosecuting the perpetrators of criminal acts against the elections and the voting.
Coalition ”All for fair trials”
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The successful supression of the election irregularities key factor for fair and democratic elections
Through this research project the Coalition would like to give its modest contribution towards the achievement of greater efficacy in the fight to successfully prevent electoral irregularities as well as providing conditions to hold fair and democratic elections.
2. Methodological approach
One of the methods for realization of the project and the objectives and tasks is the method of observing the judicial proceedings.
In order to provide collection of impartial data that served as basic instrument to prepare thorough analyses about the condition regarding the prosecution and sanctioning the perpetrators of the criminal acts against the elections and the voting, the existing questionnaire of the Coalition was altered in accordance with the objectives of the project, and the observing was performed by six observers with considerable experience in the observation of the judicial cases.
Based on the information given by the Basic Public Prosecutors offices and the Basic Courts, 19 cases in relation to criminal acts against the elections and the voting during the Local Elections in the Republic of Macedonia in 2005 were instigated by the state institutions. 7 The data for the criminal prosecution of the perpetrators were collected through observation of the judicial proceedings, through written information given by the Basic Public Prosecutors offices and the Basic Courts, as well as through direct meetings with basic public prosecutors, deputy public prosecutors and judges. Namely, for 4 cases the data were collected through observation of the judicial proceedings, in such way that the observers after the performed observation based on the data about the case collected form the hearing, would fill in a questionnaire for observation, and the same was being submitted to the project-coordinator. For the cases that were completed at first instance, as well as for the cases that were legally completed, when the implementation of the project began, the data were collected through written information as well as through direct meetings with judges and prosecutors.
The data related to the criminal prosecution of persons, who during the local elections committed criminal acts against the elections and the voting, regarding the period from July 1, 2005 to December 1, 2005 were systematized and analyzed, so this report was prepared based on that systematization and analysis.
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The successful supression of the election irregularities key factor for fair and democratic elections
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Coalition ”All for fair trials”
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The successful supression of the election irregularities key factor for fair and democratic elections
CHAPTER I 1. Legal frame of the local elections
In accordance with the Constitution of the Republic of Macedonia, the local elections are regulated by the Law on local elections (Official Gazette of the Republic of Macedonia no.45/04).1 The law on local elections regulates in detail the proceedings and the conditions to elect members of the councils of the units of local self-government (hereinafter: municipalities), the Council of the City of Skopje and for election of Mayor of the municipalities and Mayor of the city of Skopje. The members of the councils are elected according to a proportional model, and the Mayor is elected according to a majority model. Every citizen of the Republic of Macedonia who has turned 18, has legal capacity, and has a permanent residence in the municipality, i.e. the city of Skopje where the elections are held, has the right to vote.
The Law on local elections guarantees freedom and confidentiality of the voting and no one can hold the voter accountable because of the voting or to demand to tell who he/she voted for or why he/she did not vote. 9
2. Election bodies
• The State Election Committee, is composed of a president who is appointed by the President of the Republic of Macedonia; four members (who are judges in the Supreme Court of the Republic of Macedonia) and their deputies who are appointed by the Parliament and whose mandate is four years. • Municipal Election Committees and the Election Committee of the city of Skopje (election committees), appointed by the State Election Committee, and they are comprised of a president and deputy appointed from the line of judges
1 Legal standards for regulation of the local elections are also contained in: • Law on Polling stations (Official Gazette of the Republic of Macedonia no.50/97); Law on the list of voters (Official Gazette of the Republic of Macedonia no.42/02); • A decision for establishing the number of members of the Municipality Councils in the Republic of Macedonia made by the Government of the Republic of Macedonia at a session on 23.08.2005. • Instructions for clarifying the application of the Law on local elections, Code of the rules and the procedure for observation of the local elections 2005, Calendar-journal for carrying out of the electoral activities for election of members of the Municipalities Councils and the city Council of the city of Skopje and for the mayors of the municipalities and the mayor of the city of Skopje and description of the polling stations, which according to the competence were made by State Election committee, and in order to provide legality in the preparations and the conducting of the elections.
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The successful supression of the election irregularities key factor for fair and democratic elections
of the basic court which covers the concerned district; four members and their deputies elected for a time period of four years.
• Election boards comprised of a president and his/her deputy; four members and their deputies. In accordance with their competencies, the election boards manage directly the voting at the polling stations, they provide regularity and confidentiality of the voting, they provide free and peaceful course of the voting and sum up and announce the results from the voting at the polling stations where they conducted the voting.
The Law on local elections gives exclusive privileges to the four leading parties in the part of appointing bodies that will conduct the elections. Appointing the bodies for conducting the elections by the four leading parties results in political influence on the judiciary, by which the efforts for independent functioning of the judiciary are being destroyed as well as the conditions to conduct fair and democratic elections.
3. Scheduling elections, election campaign, and conducting elections 10 The local elections in the Republic of Macedonia were initially scheduled for October 2004 (because the previous local elections were held in 2000), but they were held in March 2005. Namely, because of the conducting of the referendum, which was deciding how many municipalities there will be in the Republic of Macedonia, the Parliament of the Republic of Macedonia made alterations of the Law on legal elections, pursuant to which the President of the Parliament scheduled the local elections on 13.03.2005.
In order to provide legal and democratic course of the election campaign, 32 leaders of political parties and 3 independent candidates for mayors signed a Code of Conduct for free and fair local elections.2 However, in spite of the signed Code, the Association of citizens MOST in their Announcement for the media on 17.03.2005 noted premature start of the election campaigns by the candidates for mayor of the city of Skopje, and that is by placing a billboard in the centre of Skopje, holding press conferences where logos were displayed, banners and election slogans which will be used during the campaign, while in the announcement of March 9, 2005 on the basis of 188 reports, noted
2 This Code was published in the daily papers “Dnevnik” and “Fakti” on 25.02.2005 which were media supporters of the Code and the activities related to it.
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The successful supression of the election irregularities key factor for fair and democratic elections
abuse of children for the goals of the parties3, interruption of classes in order to participate in the party meetings, taking advantage of the cultural and sports events to promote the programs of certain candidates, cases of giving money, distributing food and other products to the citizens. As most frequent violations, the violations of articles 7 and 8 of the Code are mentioned, with constant fights between the participants in the pre- election race, mutual insults, and accusations between each other recorded during the massive public meetings. Unfortunately, although some irregularities were noted during the election campaign no complaint concerning that was submitted.
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3 “The election headquarters of the candidate for Mayor, Risto Penov, will take away all the billboards, posters, and advertisements where children appear. This is a reaction to the criticism of the Ombudsman Ixet Memeti that Penov is taking advantage of children for political aims.” - Dnevnik 02.03.2005.
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The successful supression of the election irregularities key factor for fair and democratic elections
CHAPTER II 1. Classification of the criminal acts against the elections and the voting
According to the current measures and standards of the democracy and the legal state, important condition for the existence of a democratic society founded on the human rights and freedoms, is undoubtedly the right of the citizen to freely choose the model of the political system and the representatives who on their behalf will govern the state and the social works. To that effect, the criminal acts against the elections and voting are incriminated, while the elementary issues which are important for legal conducting of the elections and realization of the constitutionally guaranteed voting right of the citizens to elect and to be elected are legally protected.
In Chapter 16 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Macedonia4, eight criminal acts against the elections and the voting are incriminated5: 12 In order to provide legal protection of the elections as a legal act and a form of realizing the voting right of the citizens, Article 158 of the CC (Criminal Code) of the Republic of Macedonia incriminates a criminal act Preventing elections and voting, which is committed by a person that with intent by using force, serious threat or other means, makes impossible or prevents the course of the elections or the voting, or would make impossible or prevent the confirmation and the announcement of the results of the voting. If the elections and the voting are prevented by usage of weapons, explosive or other dangerous devices, by using violence against two or more people or in an organized group, or in the region of two or more polling stations, then the criminal act in question is a more serious one – preventing elections and voting.
In order to protect from the activities that make the exercise of the voting right impossible, Article 159 of the Criminal code of the Republic of Macedonia incriminates
4 Official Gazette of the Republic of Macedonia No. 37/96, 80/99, 4/02, 43/03 and 19/04. 5 In Chapter VIII of the Criminal law of the Socialistic Republic of Macedonia from 1977, altered and amended in 1984, 1987, 1989, 1990, 1992 (when its name was changed into Criminal Law of the Republic of Macedonia) and 1993, under the name “Criminal acts against self-government” eight criminal acts against the election system are systematized: violation of the voting right, violation of the voter’s freedom of choice, destruction of electoral documents, calling to account because of the voting, misuse of the voting right, preventing elections, violation of the confidentiality of the voting and changing the results of the elections and the voting.
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The successful supression of the election irregularities key factor for fair and democratic elections
the criminal act Violation of the voting right, which is committed by a member of the electoral board, the election committee, the board for conducting a referendum or other official entity while performing its duty in connection with the elections and the voting, which:
• With the intention to disable others to exercise their voting right, and against the law will not enroll them in the list of voters or in the list of candidates, against the law will erase them from the list of voters or the list of candidates or in some other way6 will deprive the voter from the right to elect, to be elected or to vote, or
• Illegally will enable others to use the voting right, although knowing that that person does not have such a right.
Considering the fact that freedom of choice at the elections is a form of exercising the democratic freedoms and the rights of the person and the citizen and a necessary condition to exercise the voting right, Article 160 of the Criminal Code incriminates a criminal act Violation of the voter’s freedom of choice. The freedom of choice of the voters is infringed when somebody by using force, serious threat, a deceit or in some other way, forces or prevents a voter to exercise, not to exercise or to exercise the voting right in a certain sense. While, if a member of the electoral board, election committee, 13 the board that conducts the referendum or other official entity while performing its duty in connection with the elections or the voting, violates the freedom of choice of the voters, then it is a matter of more severe form of this criminal act.
The voting right is general (every person who has turned 18 and has legal capacity, has a right to vote) and immediate (the voter votes in person, i.e. he cannot transfer his/ her voting right to another person and he/she cannot vote instead of other person/ persons).7 Because the legality and legitimacy of the elections and the voting can be influenced by the participation of persons who do not have a voting right, voting instead of somebody else and when one person votes several times, Article 161 of the Criminal Code incriminates the criminal act Misuse of the voting right. The voting right is misused by the person that:
• Votes instead of another person, falsely introducing himself/herself that he/she is some other person,regardless whether the perpetrator has already voted on his/ her behalf, nor who he/she has voted for, but it is important that he/she has voted instead of another person, usurping their voting right.
6 “Other way” means disabling somebody else to exercise his voting right with any other illegal activity. 7 In accordance with Article 22 of the Constitution of the Republic of Macedonia.
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The successful supression of the election irregularities key factor for fair and democratic elections
• Will vote twice or more times, while it is irrelevant whether the perpetrator has voted many times on his/her behalf or on behalf of some other person or
• Will take part in the elections or the voting, although he/she knows that he/she does not have a voting right.
Within the frame of the penalizing intervention, the drawing of a line between the allowed influence on the voters which is an integral part of the election propaganda and gaining individuals over a destined ballot, candidate or outcome of the voting at a referendum, appears very often as a problem. The persuasion of individuals, promising some communal benefit (building of a road, street, water supply, opening jobs etc.), and other forms of personal influence, however stays within the limits of the allowed influence on the voters. With aim to provide protection of the legal character of the voting right, exercising that right in the function of election of state bodies or making important decisions, the freedom of choice should be protected from the personal bribing, i.e., from the ‘’buying’’ of individual votes. If the voter does not use his/her voting right for the purpose of electing state bodies or making important decisions, but for acquiring some personal benefit, then the function of the elections and the voting itself is violated: instead of an instrument for democratically constructed government and conveyance of decisions, they become a private business deal of the citizens and the candidates. Due to these reasons and with aim to provide protection of the elections from illegalities and 14 irregularities, Article 162 incriminates the criminal act Bribery at elections and voting.
The Criminal Code of the Republic of Macedonia anticipates active and passive bribery. Active bribery is when one person offers to another person (that has a voting right), gives or promises him/her a gift (promise for employment, a positive solution of some request of the voter etc.) in order to take part in the elections and to vote, or not to take part in the elections and not to vote or to use his/her voting right in such way as the briber requests. Passive bribery is when one person that has a voting right asks for himself/herself or receives a present or some other benefit in order to exercise, not exercise or to exercise the voting right in a certain sense.
In order to protect the voters from possible pressures and negative consequences for the given vote, which is one of the basic presumptions for free, fair and democratic elections, Article 162 of the Criminal code anticipates the criminal act Violation of the confidentiality of voting, which provides legal protection of the freedom of choice of the voters when deciding how to use their voting right (for which candidate, i.e. ballot they will give their vote). The confidentiality of the voting is violated when one with any kind of activity will violate the confidentiality of the elections or the voting: by disabling the voter to vote in confidentiality, opening the ballot after the voting and to find out who the voter voted for, by marking the ballot etc. If the confidentiality of the voting is violated by a member of an election board, election committee, a board that
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The successful supression of the election irregularities key factor for fair and democratic elections
conducts the referendum, or other official entity while performing its duty in connection with the elections and the voting, or by using force, serious threat, by using official labour or economic dependence, then it is a matter of severe form of this criminal act.
Not damaged and not falsified electoral documents are documents that prove the validity of the elections. Aiming to provide an accurate documentation to confirm the validity of the elections, Article 164 of the Criminal Code incriminates the criminal act Destruction of electoral documents, which can be performed by destroying, hiding, damaging, altering or by some other activity by which an unusable electoral document will be made, a book or a text which is of use for the elections and the voting. There is a more serious form of this act if electoral documents are destroyed by a member of the electoral board, election committee, the board that conducts the referendum or other official entity while performing its duty in connection with the elections and the voting.
The legitimacy and the objectivity of the voting i.e. the verification and announcing of the results of the voting must not be questioned at any moment, because that would lead to losing the trust of the voters in the regularity of the conducted elections. The results of the conducted elections must be a reflection of the true will of the electorate, because otherwise the legality and the legitimacy of the elected representatives will be brought into question. In that direction, aiming to provide legitimacy of the elections, the voting, the verification and the announcement of the results of the voting, Article 165 of the Criminal Code incriminates a criminal act Electoral deceit. 15
The criminal act Electoral deceit is performed by a member of the election board, election committee, the board that conducts the referendum or other official entity while performing its duty in connection with the elections or the voting with intent (aware about the deceit while conducting the elections and the voting) will alter the number of the given votes by adding or taking out of one or more ballots, will alter the number of the votes while counting or alter the number of the votes when announcing the results of the elections or the voting by adding or subtracting one or more votes.
Coalition ”All for fair trials”
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The successful supression of the election irregularities key factor for fair and democratic elections
CHAPTER III 1. Irregularities during the local elections in 2005 identified by accredited domestic and foreign observers
A general assessment of the accredited domestic and foreign observers is that the local elections in the Republic of Macedonia in 2005 were fair, democratic and in accordance with the OSCE Copenhagen Document and the other international standards for democratic elections, but with serious irregularities in a significant number of municipalities in the western and north-western part of the country (the Kumanovo- Lipkovo region, the Tetovo region and the Gostivar region as well as in the part of the Skopje region, in the municipalities of Suto Orizari and Studenicani), which have an impact on the integrity of the whole election process.
The irregularities and the violations of the election process, confirmed by the accredited domestic and foreign observers refer to: Stuffing of ballot boxes; Group 16 voting; Interruptions of voting; Voting instead of other persons; Not using an invisible ink to avoid repeated voting; Family voting; Disobeying of the procedure for voting prescribed by law; Violent behavior and fighting; Usage of firearms for the purpose of intimidation; Not signing the voters in the statements from the list of voters; Violation of the confidentiality of the voting; Usage of voting manuals only in Albanian language; Tensions, unrests and intimidation outside the polling stations; Breaking ballot boxes; Agitating, assaults on voters and distributing propaganda material; Tension, unrests and intimidation inside the polling stations; Lack of election material; A direct participation of the members of the election boards (committees) in the violation of the voting right; Not-conducting a procedure to check the identity of the voters; Discovering a larger number of ballots in the ballot boxes than the number of voters who have given their vote; Late opening of the polling stations etc.
If irregularities are noted during the elections, every submitter of the list of candidates for Council members, the list of candidates for Mayor and every voter in the voting procedure, summing up and verifying the results of the voting has a right to submit a complaint to the election committee, within 48 hours after the noticing the irregularities.8
8 In accordance with Article 81 of the Law on Local elections of the Republic of Macedonia (Official Gazette No. 45/04).
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The successful supression of the election irregularities key factor for fair and democratic elections
The election committee will annul the voting at the polling station by a decision, if it establishes that the confidentiality of the voting has been violated; if the voting has been interrupted more than three hours; if the police have not answered the request of the election board for intervention, that was needed and influenced the voting at the polling station; if the number of the ballots in the ballot box is larger than the number of voters who have voted, and that number has an impact on the results of the voting at a level of municipality and the city of Skopje or if it establishes that some person or persons voted instead of other persons (person), and the number of those votes has an impact on the results of the voting at a level of municipality and the city of Skopje. An appeal against the decision of the election committee can be submitted within 24 hours to the Supreme Court which is obliged to act on the appeal within 48 hours after the receipt of the appeal.9
After the completion of the first election round, around 200 complaints for alleged irregularities were submitted to the municipal election committees, by the political parties and the independent candidates, but a larger part of the complaints have been rejected by the municipal election committees due to technical and procedural reasons. Deciding upon 77 appeals submitted against decisions of the municipal election committees, the Supreme Court conveyed 64 decisions, granted 17 cases, and rejected a large number of appeals and confirmed the decisions of the municipal election committees. After the completion of the second election round, 174 complaints were submitted to the municipal election committees for alleged irregularities, and a large number of the complaints were rejected by the municipal election committees. Against the decisions of the municipal 17 election committees, 76 appeals were submitted to the Supreme Court which accepted the appeals in 16 cases, but has rejected the appeals of large number of cases.10
As a result of the complaints and appeals filed for alleged irregularities during the election process, a re-voting was held on March 27, in 13 municipalities11; on April 10,
9 In accordance with Article 74 of the Law on Local elections of the Republic of Macedonia (Official Gazette No. 45/04). 10 Final report of the observing mission about the elections of OSCE/ODIHR, Warsaw, June 8, 2005. 11 Kicevo, Kumanovo, Zelenikovo, Konce, Mavrovo and Rostusa, Studenicani, Butel, Gostivar, Brvenica, Cair, Tetovo, Suto Orizari and Gazi Baba.
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in 11 municipalities 12; on April 24, in 2 municipalities 13, and there was re-voting on May 8 too.
In the municipality of Suto Orizari, because of the irregularities after the first election round, the results of the voting were annulled at four polling stations. Because of the repeated irregularities in the further election rounds, complaints were submitted, and consequently to that a repeated second round of voting was carried out on April 24. Because the newly elected Mayor was serving his prison sentence, his mandate was withdrawn in accordance with Article 54 paragraph 1 of the Law on local self-government and in accordance with this law Pre-term elections were scheduled. Based on the reports of 38 observers who in stationary and mobile teams monitored the voting on August 21, the Association of citizens MOST evaluates that the first election round of the pre-term elections for Mayor of the municipality of Suto Orizari took place in a peaceful atmosphere and without serious incidents. During the first election round the observers of MOST recognized cases of disobeying the voting procedure, i.e. an inadequate usage of UV lamp for check-out and an invisible spray for marking of the voters, disrespecting the confidentiality of the voting in the cases when the blind and the illiterate persons asked for help, cases of voting instead of another person, a large number of cases of family voting, as well as cases of organized transport of the voters and presence of propaganda material in the immediate vicinity of the polling stations recognized by the mobile teams of MOST.14 MOST evaluates that the second round of the pre-term elections for Mayor 18 of the municipality of Suto Orizari held on September 4, was without serious incidents, but with shortcomings while conducting the voting process seen from a technical point of view (inappropriate usage of a UV lamp for a check-out and invisible spray for marking of the voters), and the largest number of irregularities registered by the observers refer to family voting and voting instead of another person, as well as organized transport of the voters recognized by the mobile teams of MOST.
12 Butel, Dolneni, Stip, Makedonski brod, Ohrid, Zrnovci, Lipkovo, Cucer Sandevo, Mavrovo i Rostusa, Krivogastani and Brvenica. 13 Studenicani and Suto Orizari 14 In the daily newspaper Dnevnik dated 22.08.2005 it was published that the Central Headquarters of the Association of the Romany people in their announcement state that the voters in the village Gorno Orizari during the first election round were offered money to vote for a certain candidate for mayor, while at the polling station no. 2973 in Gorno Orizari around 2.45 p.m. persons in a car golf with license plate no. SK-478-ND, offered money to the voters to vote for a certain candidate for mayor.
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The successful supression of the election irregularities key factor for fair and democratic elections
CHAPTER IV 1. Phenomenological characteristics of the criminal acts against the elections and the voting committed during the local elections in 2005 During the local elections in Republic of Macedonia in 2005 a total of 49 criminal acts were committed against the elections and the voting: 13 criminal acts-preventing elections and voting (as per Article 158 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Macedonia), 9 criminal acts-violation of the voting right (as per Article 159 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Macedonia), 5 criminal acts-misuse of the voting right (as per Article 161 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Macedonia), 10 criminal acts-electoral deceit (pursuant to Article 165 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Macedonia), 11 criminal acts-destruction of electoral documents and 1 criminal act- violation of the freedom of choice of the voters.
19
Time when the criminal acts were committed Regarding the issue about the time of committing the criminal acts against the elections and the voting, whether they have been committed during the first election round, the second election round or during the re-voting, based on the statistical processing of the data, it was established that the largest part of the criminal acts (61% of the total number of criminal acts) were committed during the first election round, 27% of the total number of criminal acts were committed in the second election round, 8% on the re-voting on April 10, 2005, and 4% on the re-voting on April 24,2005.
Coalition ”All for fair trials”
C M Y K C M Y K
The successful supression of the election irregularities key factor for fair and democratic elections
Place of committing the criminal acts Criminal acts against the elections and the voting were committed in eight municipalities during the local elections in 2005. The largest number of criminal acts against the elections and the voting (a total of 12) were committed in the municipality of Suto Orizari, 9 criminal acts were committed in the municipality of Dolneni, 8 in the municipality of Lipkovo, 5 in Kicevo, 4 criminal acts committed in Prilep and 4 criminal acts committed in Brvenica, 2 criminal acts committed in the municipality of Studenicani, 2 criminal acts committed in the municipality of Gostivar, and 1 criminal act committed in the municipality of Vasilevo, Butel and Radovis.
The analysis of the data led to a conclusion that 95% of the total number of the criminal acts was committed inside the polling stations i.e. the premises where the voting took place, while only 5% of the criminal acts were committed outside of the polling stations. 20
Method of committing the criminal acts The Criminal act Preventing elections and voting, was committed in 13 cases in the following ways: by using weapons15- in 6 cases, by using force16- in 5 cases, and
15 Four persons by using weapons tore off a part of the election material and stuffed the ballot box with ballots, and by doing that they prevented the elections and the voting during the second election round at the polling station no.1391 in the municipality of Prilep. One person broke the glass of two windows in the room with a knife where the voting was held, and another person that was at a distance of 10 meters from the polling station pointed a shot gun towards the room where the voting was taking place and where there were a lot of people and fired a bullet in the next room, by which these persons prevented the elections and the voting during the first election round at the polling station no.1473 in the municipality of Dolneni. 16 One person by breaking three ballot boxes sealed with safety tapes prevented the elections and the voting during the first election round at the polling station no.2905 in the municipality of Butel. After a previous quarrel between two persons there was breaking of the ballot box, by which these persons prevented the elections and the voting during the second election round at the polling station no.1119 in the municipality of Lipkovo.
Coalition ”All for fair trials”
C M Y K C M Y K
The successful supression of the election irregularities key factor for fair and democratic elections
in 2 cases by taking the election material away (from the polling station)17.
Out of a total of 9 criminal acts-violation of the voting right, committed during the local elections, 6 of them were committed by illegal deprivation18 of the voters of their voting right, and in 3 cases illegally enabling persons who do not have a voting right, to use such right.19
During the local elections in 2005, the voting right was misused by 5 persons, four of who voted instead of the members of their family20. Concerning the destruction of electoral documents, out of 11 persons, 10 persons destroyed the electoral documents by destroying the list of candidates21, and by a serious threat,22 they violated the freedom of choice to one voter.
During the local elections in 2005 in the Republic of Macedonia, two persons were charged with bribery during elections and voting, but in both cases due to non-existence of reasonable doubt that the charged have committed the criminal act, the Prosecution office dropped the criminal charges. On the other hand, no criminal charges were filed against violation of the confidentiality of the voting.
21 17 The Basic Public Prosecutor Office of Gostivar gathers evidence against two persons for who there is a suspicion that they prevented the elections and the voting by taking away the election material, which was handed over to the president of the municipal election committee without Minutes. 18 During the second election round at the polling station no.1117 in the municipality of Lipkovo, the president and the four members of the election board, enabled one person to vote on his behalf and on behalf of the members of his immediate family, and by doing that they deprived the members of the family of the voting right. During the repeated voting on 24.04.2005 at the polling station no.2343 in the municipality of Studenicani, the president of the election board held the ballots and the list of voters in his hands and he did not allow the voting to begin, and by doing that he deprived the voters of the voting right. 19 During the first election round at the polling station no.1470 in the municipality of Dolneni, the president, one member and one deputy member of the election board, have illegally enabled three persons to use the voting right although they knew that they did not have such a right, and they gave one person 3 ballots for election of Mayor and election of counsels, another person was given 5 ballots for election of Mayor and election of counsels, and to a third person 3 ballots for election of Mayor and election of counsels, and after this, these persons were allowed to vote by putting all these ballots in the ballot boxes. 20 During the first election round at the polling station no.1470 in the municipality of Dolneni 3 persons misused the voting right, one person voted on behalf of his wife and mother, the other person voted on behalf of his mother, wife, daughter in law and daughter, and the third person voted on behalf of his wife and mother-in-law. 21 An investigative judge of Basic court Skopje II Skopje undertakes investigation activities against 10 persons for whom there is a suspicion that during the first election round as members of the election committee in many returns allowed NN persons to take a larger number of ballots for election of Mayor of the municipality of Suto Orizari, and in order to cover up the missing ballots they left a portion of the other ballots instead of them and that is for election of Mayor of the city of Skopje and for election of Counsels of the city of Skopje and the municipality of Suto Orizari, by which they destroyed list of candidates. 22 In the municipality of Radovis, one woman tried by using a serious threat to force another woman to exercise the voting right in a certain sense, threatening her that she will be replaced from her job (controller) if she does not place a picture of a certain candidate for mayor in her home where she lives and if she does not vote for him, and after she refused to do that, she was removed from her job to another job, cleaner of thread, as an example to the other employees if they do not vote for that candidate for mayor.
Coalition ”All for fair trials”
C M Y K C M Y K
The successful supression of the election irregularities key factor for fair and democratic elections
2. Charged, indicted and convicted persons for criminal acts against the elections and the voting committed during the local elections in 2005
Charged persons
20 criminal charges were filed against 65 persons for criminal acts against the elections and the voting in 2005.
The number of criminal charges and charged persons, separately for every criminal act against the elections and the voting, can be seen from the chart below:
22
Regarding the submitters of the criminal charges, the data analysis, showed that out of a total of 20 criminal charges, 14 criminal charges were filed by the Ministry of Internal Affairs, 4 criminal charges were filed by citizens, and 2 criminal charges were filed by the Association of the Romany people of the Republic of Macedonia.
After receiving the criminal charges, nine Public Prosecutor offices instigated 19 cases out of which seven were opened in Basic Public Prosecutor office (BPPO) - Skopje, and one case in Basic Public Prosecutor office Tetovo, one in Gostivar, one in Ohrid, one in Kicevo and one in Strumica.
Coalition ”All for fair trials”
C M Y K C M Y K
The successful supression of the election irregularities key factor for fair and democratic elections
Regarding the proceeding of the Public Prosecutor offices in 6 cases a request to conduct an investigation was submitted23, in 7 cases direct indictments have been raised24, in one case a request for initiating a preparatory proceeding is submitted25, three cases are closed with a decision to reject criminal charges26, and for two cases the proceeding is at a stage of gathering evidence by the Public Prosecutors offices27.
23
23 In accordance with article 151 of the Law on Criminal Procedure of the Republic of Macedonia (Official Gazette no.15/97, 44/02 and 74/04) 24 In accordance with article 153 of the Law on Criminal Procedure of the Republic of Macedonia (Official Gazette no.15/97, 44/02 and 74/04) 25 To a judge for minors of Basic court Skopje II Skopje, the Basic Public Prosecutor Office Skopje has submitted a request for conducting a preparatory procedure against one minor for a criminal act – prevention of elections and voting (In accordance with article 455 of the Law on Criminal Procedure of the Republic of Macedonia, Official Gazette no.15/97, 44/02 and 74/04) 26 The Basic Public Prosecutor Office Skopje has rejected 2 criminal charges (one for destruction of electoral documents and electoral deceit against 12 persons, and another for misuse of the voting right against one person), the Basic Public Prosecutor Office Radovis has rejected one criminal charge for bribery at elections and voting against one person, and with a decision by the Basic Public Prosecutor Office Ohrid a criminal charge for bribe at elections and voting against one person is rejected. In all four cases the decision for rejecting the criminal charges is made based on the same legal grounds: non-existence of a reasonable doubt that the charged has committed the criminal act (Article 144 paragraph 1 of the Law on Criminal Procedure of the Republic of Macedonia Official Gazette no. 15/97, 44/02 and 74/04) 27 The Basic Public Prosecutor Office of Tetovo gathers evidence against four persons for whom there is a suspicion that they committed a criminal act-electoral deceit. The Basic Public Prosecutor Office of Gostivar gathers evidence against two persons for whom there is a suspicion that they committed a criminal act – prevention of elections and voting.( In accordance with article 144 of the Law on Criminal Procedure of the Republic of Macedonia, Official Gazette no.15/97, 44/02 and 74/04)
Coalition ”All for fair trials”
C M Y K C M Y K
The successful supression of the election irregularities key factor for fair and democratic elections
Regarding the time that has passed from the moment of receipt of the criminal charges until the moment of raising the indictment, the analysis of the gathered data shows that in one case prosecution act was submitted the same day when the criminal charges were received in the Public Prosecutors office.28 In 34% of the cases pre-trial procedure lasted only one day, in 22% 3 days, in 11 % 7 days, in 11% half a month, and in 22%-75 days.
Indicted persons
31 persons are indicted for committing criminal acts against the elections and the voting during the local elections in 2005, 9 persons are indicted for prevention of elections and voting and 9 persons for violation of the voting right, one person is indicted for 24 violation of the freedom of choice of the voters, also one person is indicted for destruction of electoral documents. No one was indicted for bribery during elections and voting, or for violation of the confidentiality of voting.
28 On 22.03.2005 to the Basic Public Prosecutor Office Radovis criminal charges were filed against one person for criminal act- violation of the freedom of choice of the voters, and on the same day the Public Prosecutor office has raised a prosecution proposal to the Basic court Radovis.-Written notification by the Basic Public Prosecutor Office Radovis Ko no. 49/05 dated 09.09.2005.
Coalition ”All for fair trials”
C M Y K C M Y K
The successful supression of the election irregularities key factor for fair and democratic elections
Profile of the indicted
Gender
With respect to the gender of the persons indicted for criminal acts against the elections and the voting regarding the local elections in 2005, only one person is a woman, and all the other 30 indicted persons are men.
Age
The statistical processing of the gathered data, which refers to the age of the indicted, showed that the youngest indicted person is a minor 17 years old at the moment when committing the criminal act, and the oldest indicted person is 61 years old. 5% of the indicted are less than 20 years old, 35% of the indicted are from 20 to 35 years old, 35% of the indicted are from 35 to 45 years of age, and 20% of the indicted are over 45 years old.
25
Previous convictions
Regarding earlier convictions of the indicted, a larger part ( 85%) of the indicted do not have a criminal record, while a smaller part (15%) of the indicted are repeaters i.e. persons previously convicted for other criminal acts.
Coalition ”All for fair trials”
C M Y K C M Y K
The successful supression of the election irregularities key factor for fair and democratic elections
Nationality structure
With respect to the nationality structure of the indicted, 61% of the indicted are Albanians, 26% are Turks, 5% are Romany people, and 5% are Macedonians.
Education
In regard to the education level of the indicted, the data analysis showed that half of the indicted have finished primary school, 35% have finished secondary school, and 5% of the indicted have finished the fourth grade in primary school, 5 % have a junior college diploma and 5% have a Bachelors Degree.
26
Membership in the bodies that are conducting the local elections (election boards, municipal election committees and state election committee)
The list of indicted for the criminal acts against the elections and the voting regarding the local elections in 2005 includes voters, persons with no voting right and the largest number of the indicted at the moment of committing the act were members of the bodies for conducting the local elections (election boards, municipal election committees and state election committee).
Coalition ”All for fair trials”
C M Y K C M Y K
The successful supression of the election irregularities key factor for fair and democratic elections
Although a large number of the criminal acts are committed by members of the bodies responsible for conducting the local elections, there are also cases when the members of the bodies responsible for conducting the elections have been attacked by the perpetrators of the criminal acts against the elections and the voting, when trying to prevent the committing of the criminal acts.29
Furthermore, there is one case when the members of the election board largely contributed in discovering the criminal act.30
Convicted persons
For criminal acts against the elections and the voting committed during the local elections in 2005 in the Republic of Macedonia, in first-instance procedure 21 persons were found guilty, and by enforced verdict 5 persons were convicted.
27
29 During the first election round a minor went inside the room of the polling station in the municipality of Suto Orizari and tried to take a larger number of ballots, and when a member of the election board tried to stop him, the minor physically attacked the member of the election board, hitting him with his fist in the face, and after the rest of the members of the election board opposed the minor, he left the polling station. 30 The members of the election board at the polling station Vasilevo before the start of the voting under suspicion that something is wrong (after the weak and old persons voted, the indicted as a president of the election board, took the voting material, and kept it in his house that night), went through the ballots and established that 17 of them are invalid, i.e. on 17 ballots the candidates for mayors were circled under points (1 and 2).
Coalition ”All for fair trials”
C M Y K C M Y K
The successful supression of the election irregularities key factor for fair and democratic elections
The ratio between the numbers of charged, indicted, persons found guilty by first- instance verdicts and convicted persons can be seen from the following table:
28 Regarding their ratio, separately for every criminal act against the elections and the voting, the following data have been established:
Coalition ”All for fair trials”
C M Y K C M Y K
The successful supression of the election irregularities key factor for fair and democratic elections
3. Sanctioning the perpetrators of the crimes against the elections and the voting Acting upon the charges brought by the Basic Public Prosecutor offices, six Basic Courts have opened 12 cases. The largest number of cases, a total of 5 refers to the criminal act-prevention of elections and voting, three cases refer to criminal acts - violation of the voting right and misuse of the voting right, two cases refer to electoral deceit, one case refers to destruction of electoral documents and one case refers to violation of the freedom of choice of the voters.
29
The Basic courts deciding upon the cases, have reached conviction verdicts in 10 cases (verdicts by which the indicted are found guilty and criminal sanctions have been pronounced), in one case a rejected verdict has been reached31 (a verdict by which the indictment is rejected), and for one case the first-instance procedure is ongoing.32
31 In accordance with article 341 point 3 of the Law on Criminal Procedure of the Republic of Macedonia (Official Gazette no.15/97, 44/02 and 74/04), the Basic Court Skopje I Skopje has reached a verdict by which the indictment is rejected, i.e. a verdict by which the charges against one person charged with criminal act - prevention of elections and voting are rejected, because the deputy Basic Public Prosecutor has withdrawn the charges during the main trial. 32 A criminal case against 4 persons indicted for qualified (a more serious) form of criminal act – prevention of elections and voting according to article 158 paragraph 2 of the Criminal Law of the Republic of Macedonia. The main trial for this case is held before Basic court.
Coalition ”All for fair trials”
C M Y K C M Y K
The successful supression of the election irregularities key factor for fair and democratic elections
Types of criminal sanctions
To the persons who have been found guilty, three types of criminal sanctions have been pronounced (imprisonment and fine); alternative measures (conditional verdict) and correctional measure (enhanced supervision by the parents under control of a social body). Imprisonment has been pronounced to 11 persons, 7 persons are fined, to 7 persons a conditional verdict is pronounced, and to one person – a minor, a correctional measure (enhanced parental supervision under auspice of a social body) was pronounced.
Legal minimum, legal maximum and a judicial meting out of the criminal sanctions 30 The legal minimum of the penalty foreseen for the perpetrator of the criminal act prevention of elections and voting is six months, and the maximum five years. On the other hand, if the elections and the voting are prevented by using weapons, explosive or other dangerous devices, by using force against two or more persons or in an organized group, or if the point in question is prevention of elections and voting in the district of two or more polling stations, then the legal minimum is 1 year, and the maximum of the punishment with imprisonment is 10 years.
Four persons have been found guilty for committing a criminal act Prevention of elections and voting, and the following sanctions have been pronounced:
• One person is sentenced to eight months imprisonment; • A conditional verdict has been pronounced to two persons – sanction imprisonment of one year and six months, which will not be enforced if the indicted do not commit a new criminal act for a time period of two years,33
33 When meting out the sanction, the court has taken as extenuating circumstances the following: that the indicted are family men, that they do not have a criminal record and the good behavior of the indicted before the court, and as aggravating circumstances the court has taken the following: the seriousness of the criminal act, the way of committing it, the consequences of committing such a type of criminal act, the motive because of which the act is committed and the circumstances under which the act is committed.
Coalition ”All for fair trials”
C M Y K C M Y K
The successful supression of the election irregularities key factor for fair and democratic elections
• A correctional measure was pronounced to one minor - enhanced supervision by the parents under control of a social body.
The perpetrator of a criminal act – violation of the voting right can be punished by the court with a fine or imprisonment of up to one year.
Nine persons have been found guilty for violation of the voting right and the following sanctions were pronounced:
• One person is sentenced with imprisonment of eight months, • Imprisonment in a duration of two months was pronounced to three persons34 • Five persons were fined.
If a person violates the freedom of choice of the voters, the court can pronounce a fine or imprisonment of up to one year, while the member of an election board, election committee, board for conducting a referendum or other official person when performing his duty in connection with the elections or the voting violates the freedom of choice of the voters can be sentenced with an imprisonment of three months up to three years.
One person convicted for violation of the freedom of choice was fined. 31 According to the Criminal Code of the Republic of Macedonia, everybody who abuses the voting right can be punished with a fine or imprisonment of up to one year.
Five persons who during the local elections misused the voting right were sanctioned in the following manner:
• One person is sentenced to eight months of imprisonment, • Three persons were sentenced to two months imprisonment, • One person was fined.
To the person who destroys electoral documents, the court can pronounce a fine or imprisonment of up to one year, while to a member of an election board, election committee, board for conducting a referendum or other official person, when performing his duty in connection with the elections or the voting, then the court can pronounce a fine or imprisonment of up to three years.
34 While meting out the type and the height of the sanction, the court has considered as aggravating circumstances: the social danger of committing such criminal acts and a more frequent committing of such criminal acts in the region where the indicted live, and as extenuating circumstances the court has considered the partial confession for the committed criminal act, the family’s material condition and the circumstance that the indicted have not been convicted so far.
Coalition ”All for fair trials”
C M Y K C M Y K
The successful supression of the election irregularities key factor for fair and democratic elections
For destroying electoral documents, one person is sentenced to imprisonment for a period of six months.
In accordance with article 165 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Macedonia, to the perpetrator of a criminal act-election deceit a sentence - imprisonment for a time period of three months up to five years can be pronounced.
Six persons found guilty for electoral deceit were sanctioned in the following manner:
• One person sentenced to six months imprisonment, • A conditional verdict has been pronounced to five persons,– sanction imprisonment for a time period of five months, which will not be enforced if the indicted do not commit a new criminal act for a time period of one year.
32
Coalition ”All for fair trials”
C M Y K C M Y K
The successful supression of the election irregularities key factor for fair and democratic elections
4. Respecting international fair trials standards trials in the criminal procedure against the perpetrators of the criminal acts against the elections and the voting Right to a trial before a competent, independent, impartial and by law established court
The structure of the court is one of the key issues to conduct an impartial and fair trial, via which the principle of equality of the citizens before the law and the courts is acquired. Within the frames of the project 4 court cases were observed, and based on the data of 9 questionnaires, it was established that 3 cases were tried/heard by a panel made of one judge and two lay judges (1+2), and one case was heard/ tried by a single judge.
33 Equal means
One of the ways via which the standard of equal means is acquired, is the possibility of proposing evidence by the indicted and his/her Defense lawyer during the proceedings. Based on 10 filled in questionnaires, it was established that in two cases the Defense proposed new evidence, and the court in both cases has partially accepted the proposed evidence. In a criminal process held before Basic Court Prilep against four persons for a criminal act – prevention of elections and voting pursuant to Article 158 paragraph 2 v.v. paragraph 1 and article 19 of the Criminal code of the Republic of Macedonia, at the hearing the Defense proposed interrogation of three witnesses, and the court accepted two of the proposed witnesses to be interrogated, and at another hearing the Defense proposed interrogation of six witnesses, and the court deciding upon this proposal has partially accepted to interrogate two of the proposed witnesses.
Coalition ”All for fair trials”
C M Y K C M Y K
The successful supression of the election irregularities key factor for fair and democratic elections
Right to be present at the Trial
Trying in absentia is possible only in the cases prescribed by the Law on criminal procedure of the Republic of Macedonia.35 The statistical analysis of the gathered data regarding trying in presence (absentia) of the indicted, led to a conclusion that 21 indicted were tried in presence, and only two were tried in absentia-in a criminal case held before Basic Court Kumanovo out of a total of six indicted (all properly summoned in the Minutes), four were present, and two indicted were not present, so in accordance with article 454 paragraph 4 of the Law on criminal procedure the court has decided to try both the indicted in absentia. The Law on criminal procedure of the Republic of Macedonia provides for several measures for providing presence of the indicted.36
The processing of the gathered data, showed that in the criminal procedures that are held for criminal acts against the elections and the voting, the presence of 21 indicted was provided by summons. Detention was ordered against two persons. Namely, on 25.04.2005 the Ministry of Internal Affairs filed criminal charges against three persons for violation of the voting right. Acting upon the criminal charges, the Basic Public Prosecutor Office in Skopje has submitted a proposal to undertake certain investigation activities with a proposal for detention measure to all the three charged persons, and an investigative judge at the Basic court Skopje II Skopje had ordered 8 days detention to 34 all three charged persons, based on the same legal grounds (due to existing circumstances, which indicated danger that the three charged persons could escape, Article 184 paragraph 1 point 1 of the Law on Criminal Procedure, Official Gazette of the Republic of Macedonia no.15/97, 44/02 and 74/04). After one of the charged appeared in court and was interrogated in the presence of a Defense lawyer, the investigative judge terminated the detention measure because he established that the reasons for which the detention had been ordered do no longer exist, and also Basic Public Prosecutor Office Skopje has made a decision to withdraw the criminal charges due to non-existence of well founded suspicion that this reported person has committed the criminal act.
35 In accordance with article 292 of the Law on Criminal Procedure of the Republic of Macedonia (Official Gazette no.15/ 97, 44/02 and 74/04), at the proposal of the defendant, the court can reach a decision for trying in absentia, if the indicted is on the run or is not accessible to the state bodies, and there are especially important reasons to be tried in absentia. In a shortened procedure, in accordance with Article 428 paragraph 4 of the Law on Criminal Procedure of the Republic of Macedonia, if the indicted does not appear at the main trial, although he/she is regularly summoned and the summons could not be returned due to non-reporting to the court about the change of address or residence, the court can decide the main trial to be held in his/her absentia on condition his/her presence is not necessary. 36 Summons; bringing in; promise by the indicted that he/she will not leave the place of residence i.e. his/her whereabouts; other precautionary measures which provide the presence of the indicted (a prohibition on leaving the place of residence i.e. whereabouts, an obligation of the indicted to report from time to time to a certain official person or to a competent state body, temporary taking away of travelling or other papers for crossing the state border i.e. a prohibition of its issuance and temporary taking away of the driver’s license, i.e. a prohibition of its issuance), guarantee and detention (Chapter XVII of the Law on Criminal Procedure Official Gazette no. 15/97, 44/02 and 74/04).
Coalition ”All for fair trials”
C M Y K C M Y K
The successful supression of the election irregularities key factor for fair and democratic elections
Trial in a reasonable time
The right of a trial in a reasonable time means that the procedure, considering the right of the indicted to have enough time to prepare his/her defense, must proceed and the verdict must be reached without unnecessary delays, i.e. in a reasonable time.
Regarding the time duration of the criminal proceedings in first instance in 3 cases, the criminal proceedings lasted from 15 to 30 days, in 3 cases lasted up to 45 days, in 1 case it lasted 75 days and in one case it lasted up to 120 days, which points to the fact that the persons indicted for criminal acts against the elections and the voting committed during the local elections in 2005 in the Republic of Macedonia, were tried in a reasonable time.
35
Right to remain silent
The right to remain silent is the most important guarantee that forced methods will not be used on the indicted for getting his statement or confession. Considering whether the indicted has used the right to remain silent, based on the statistical analysis of the gathered data it was noted that 17 indicted did not use the right to remain silent, but they have presented their defense.
Right to an interpreter
The members of the communities which are not a majority in the Republic of Macedonia, have the right to equality and non-discrimination before the court, a right to use their language and alphabet in the proceedings and a right to an interpreter when
Coalition ”All for fair trials”
C M Y K C M Y K
The successful supression of the election irregularities key factor for fair and democratic elections
they do not understand the Macedonian language and its Cyrillic alphabet. Considering that 20 indicted are members of the communities that are not a majority in Republic of Macedonia (13 Albanians, 6 Turks and 1 Romany person), it is an interesting fact that all of them have used the Macedonian language in the criminal proceedings.
Right to defense
The indicted has a right to defend himself/herself by himself/herself or with the help of a lawyer that he chooses. If the indicted cannot bear the expenses for the defense and if the proceedings are held for a criminal act for which a sanction imprisonment for more than one year is prescribed, then he/she is entitled to a free legal assistance and in cases precisely stated by law, the indicted must have a defense lawyer. In a total of 4 observed cases, based on the data received from 9 filled in questionnaires, it was established that one indicted did not have a defense lawyer, and 11 indicted had a lawyer who they chose themselves.
36
Coalition ”All for fair trials”
C M Y K C M Y K
The successful supression of the election irregularities key factor for fair and democratic elections
CONCLUSIONS 1. General evaluation of the accredited domestic and foreign observers is that the local elections in the Republic of Macedonia in 2005 were fair, democratic and in accordance with the OSCE Copenhagen Document and the other international standards for democratic elections, but with serious irregularities (stuffing the ballot boxes, group voting, violation of the confidentiality of the voting, family voting, not conducting the procedure to check the identity of the voters etc.) in a significant number of municipalities in the western and northwestern part of the country that has an impact on the integrity of the whole election process.
2. A large number of complaints (submitted to the municipal election committees) and appeals (filed to the Supreme Court of the Republic of Macedonia) are an objective indicator of the irregularities and the violations during the elections process. As a result of the complaints and the appeals (the irregularities) a re-voting process was held on March 27, April 10, April 24, May 8, as well as early elections in the municipality of Suto Orizari. 37
3. During the local elections 49 criminal acts were committed against the elections and the voting, out of which 61% were committed during the first election round, 27% during the second election round, 8% during the re-voting on 10.04.2005, and 4% during the re-voting on 24.04.2005.
4. Criminal acts were committed in 11 municipalities, and the largest number of crimi- nal acts was committed in the municipality of Suto Orizari.
5. In total 95% of the criminal acts were committed inside the electoral premises (in the polling stations no. 1117 and 1119 in the municipality of Lipkovo, no. 1470 and 1473 in the municipality of Dolneni, no. 2968 and 2971 in the municipality of Suto Orizari, no. 1391 in the municipality of Prilep, no. 2905 in the municipality of Butel and in the polling station no. 2343 in the municipality of Studenicani), and the re- maining 5% were committed outside the polling stations.
6. Large number of the criminal acts were committed by members of the bodies that conducted the local elections. Namely out of a total of 31 indicted, 15 were mem- bers of the bodies that conducted the local elections, out of which 4 of the indicted
Coalition ”All for fair trials”
C M Y K C M Y K
The successful supression of the election irregularities key factor for fair and democratic elections
at the moment of committing the criminal act were presidents of the election boards, and 11 indicted were members of the election boards.
7. The Ministry of internal affairs reported 70% of the criminal acts during the local elections, only 10% were reported by the citizens, and 20 % by the Association of the Romany people of the Republic of Macedonia.
8. During the local elections in 2005, 65 persons were charged for criminal acts against the elections and the voting. Out of a total of 65 reported persons, the criminal charges were dropped for 15 persons, and that is on the same legal grounds – non-existence of a well founded suspicion that the reported has committed the act, against 13 persons an investigation is carried out, for 6 persons evidence is collected by the Public Prosecutor Office, and 31 persons were indicted.
9. Out of 31 indicted, against 4 persons the first-instance procedure is ongoing, for 1 person a verdict is reached by which the indictment is rejected, 21 persons are found guilty, and 5 persons are convicted.
10. Based on analyzing the data for the kind and height of the criminal sanction pro- nounced to the perpetrators of the criminal act against the elections and the voting related to the local elections, it was determined that the Macedonian courts were 38 within the frames of the legal maximum and minimum, except in two cases where the sanctions were below the legal minimum.
11. In regard to respecting the international fair trial standards in the criminal proceed- ings against the perpetrators of the criminal acts against the elections and the vot- ing, on the basis of the gathered data it was established that the perpetrators were tried in presence (except two indicted), in a reasonable time before a competent, in- dependent, impartial and by law founded court. The indicted did not use the right to remain silent, or the right to an interpreter, and they used the right to propose evi- dence in their defense as well as the right to defend themselves with the help of a defense lawyer at their own choice.
12. Large part of the irregularities recognized by the domestic and foreign observers, represent criminal act.
• Breaking ballot boxes; existence of tension, unrests and intimidation inside and outside the polling stations; the violent behavior and fights in the polling sta- tions; the assaults on voters are a criminal act – prevention of elections and vot- ing; • Voting instead of other persons; the family voting – are a criminal act – misuse of the voting right;
Coalition ”All for fair trials”
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The successful supression of the election irregularities key factor for fair and democratic elections
• The violation of the confidentiality – represents a criminal act – violation of the confidentiality of the voting; • The Agitation on the voters in front of the polling stations – represent a criminal act – violation of the freedom of choice of the voters;
As opposed to the large number of persons who during the local elections in 2005: have voted instead of others, have broken ballot boxes, have violated the confidential- ity of the voting etc.37 the number of persons against who criminal charges have been filed is very small, and even smaller is the number of indicted persons, which justifies the conclusion that the assessment of the criminal prosecution of the perpetrators of crimi- nal acts against the elections and the voting during the local elections during 2005, is negative.
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37 Report, local elections 2005, May 2005, Association of citizens MOST; Final report of the Observing mission of OSCE/ODIHR on the elections, Warsaw, June 8, 2005
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RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ALTERATION OF THE ELECTION LEGISLATION 1. In order to create conditions for conducting fair and democratic elections, the es- tablishment of politically independent bodies to conduct the elections is very important, so in that direction, it is necessary, the new Law on elections to foresee the following:
The members of the State election committee, the municipal election committees and the election boards to be appointed by the courts but not upon proposal of the political parties in power, who in the last elections for parliament representatives won the most votes nor at the proposal of the political parties in opposition who in the last elections won the most votes.
2. In accordance with Article 62 of the Law on local elections, while verifying the results of the voting at the polling stations, the unused ballots are placed in a special envelope which is closed, sealed and the number of the polling station and the total number of the unused ballots are written on it. 40 The legal provision like this leaves a possibility for the unused ballots to be misused, and the new law on elections should foresee:
After verifying the number of unused ballots, on the unused ballots a mark of some kind should be put (notching with scissors, marking by a marker etc.), which leaves no possibility to misuse the unused ballots.
3. In accordance with article 81 of the Law on local elections, every submitter of a list of candidates for Council members and a list of candidate for Mayor and every voter in the procedure for voting, summing up and verifying of the results of the voting has a right to file a complaint to the election committee.
This legal provision excludes the domestic observers from the procedure for protection of the voting right, which is unjustified because the domestic observers are directly present during the voting, the summing up and the verifying of the results of the voting. That is why, besides the submitter of the list of candidates for Council members and a list of candidate for Mayor, the new Law on elections should provide for a right for submitting complaints and appeals to the competent bodies, and for the non-governmental organizations too which appear as domestic observers.
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4. The new Law on elections should prohibit members who were convicted for criminal acts against the elections and the voting, to be elected in the future again as members of election bodies (State Election Committee, Municipality Election Committee, and Election Board).
5. The new Law on elections should provide an obligation for the State Election Committee and the Municipality Election Committee, to submit the election material to the Public Prosecutor offices, if the election material can be used as evidence in the procedure for prosecuting the perpetrators of criminal acts against the elections and the voting.
6. The criminal prosecution of the perpetrators of criminal acts against the elections and the voting will be more efficient if the new law on elections draws a more precise line between election irregularities and criminal acts against the elections and the voting. The new Law on elections must not contain a provision which is contained in the Law on local elections, article 97 paragraph 1 "A physical entity will be punished with a fine of 40.000 to 50.000 denars for an offence of voting instead of other persons or voting on behalf of another person, as well as for prevention of presence of police, if there was need for that.") because with this provision the voting instead of more persons and the voting on behalf of somebody else are determined as an offence, and those activities (the voting instead of more persons and the voting on behalf of somebody else) in accordance with the Criminal Code represent a criminal act – misuse of the voting right, 41 due to what there is a danger that the person could be punished both for an offence and for a criminal act concerning the same activity, which is contrary to the principle of a prohibition for a repeated trial (non bis in idem)38.
7. In the new Law on elections, besides the election irregularities which are criminal acts against the elections and the voting (breaking ballot boxes, family voting, voting instead of somebody else, violation of the confidentiality of the voting etc.), all the other election irregularities should be treated as offences. For the purpose of successful handling and prevention of these election irregularities, the new Law on elections, should authorize an election board (after it establishes that some person has committed such an irregularity) to inform the police which secures the facility where the polling station is located, and the police should be authorised to compile a record and based on the same to file offence charges.
38 "No one can be tried again for an act for which he/she has already been tried and for which a legally binding court verdict has been reached." Article 14 paragraph 2 of the Constitution of the Republic of Macedonia. "No one can be tried again or punished for an act for which he/she has already been tried and for which a legally binding court verdict has been reached ."Article 5 of the Law on criminal proceedings of the Republic of Macedonia.
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References • European convention for protection of the human rights and the basic freedoms and protocols no.1, 4, 6, 7 and 11 (Official Gazette of the Republic of Macedonia no.11/97) • Zakon za izbira~ki mesta (Sl.vesnik na RM br.50/97) • Zakon za izbira~ki spisok (Sl.vesnik na RM br.42/02) • Zakon za javno obvinitelstvo (Sl.vesnik na RM br.80/92, 19/93 i 49/96) • Zakon za krivi~na postapka (Sl.vesnik na RM br.15/97, 44/02 i 74/04) • Zakon za lokalni izbori (Sl.vesnik na RM br.45/04) • Zakon za lokalna samouprava (Sl.vesnik na RM br.05/02) • Zakon za prekr[ocite (Sl.vesnik na RM br.15/97) • Zakon za sudovite (Sl.vesnik na RM br.36/95, 45/95 i 64/03) • Zakon za teritorijalnata organizacija na lokalnata samouprava vo Republika Makedonija • Report, local elections 2005, May 2005, Association of citizens MOST • Kambovski Vlado, kazneno pravo-op[t del, Skopje 2004 • Kambovski Vlado, kazneno pravo-poseben del, Skopje 1997 • Kanev~ev Metodija, krivi~no-pravna za[tita na izborniot sistem, doktor- 43 ska disertacija, Skopje 1994 • Klimovski Savo, ustaven i politi~ki sistem, Skopje 1997 • Final report of the Observing mission of OSCE/ODIHR on the elections, Warsaw, June 8, 2005 • Kodeks za pravilata i procedurata za nabquduvawe na lokalnite izbori 2005 (Sl.vesnik na RM br.45/04) • Krivi~en zakonik (Sl.vesnik na RM br.37/96, 80/99, 4/02, 43/03 i 19/04) • Matovski Nikola, kazneno procesno pravo-op[t del, 2003g. Skopje • Ustav na RM (Sl.vesnik na RM br.52/91) i Amandmani na Ustavot: I i II (Sl.vesnik na RM br.1/92); III (Sl.vesnik na RM br.31/98); IV-XVIII (Sl.vesnik na RM br.91/01) i XIX (Sl.vesnik na RM br.84/03) • {kari] Svetomir, Makedonija na site kontinenti, mir-demokratija-geopolitika, Skopje 2000g. * * * www.dik.mk www.most.org.mk www.dnevnik.com.mk www.utrinskivesnik.com.mk www.vecer.com.mk www.mhc.org.mk www.balkantimes.com
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Skopje, dekemvri 2005
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Uspe{noto spre~uvawe na izbornite neregularnosti - klu~en faktor za fer i demokratski izbori
Avtor: Marijana NETKOVSKA
Izdava~: Koalicija “Site za pravi~no sudewe” ul. Makedonija br. 11/2-10 1000 Skopje, R. Makedonija tel./faks: ++389 2 3215-263 e-mail: contact@all4fairtrials.org.mk www.all4fairtrials.org.mk
Za izdava~ot: Vesna STOJKOVSKA, direktor
Urednik: 2 Marijana NETKOVSKA
Tehni~ko ureduvawe i pe~at: Studio EMITER - Skopje tel./faks: (02) 3115-111 e-mail: emiter@unet.com.mk
Korica:
Poddr`ano od
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Spillover Monitor Mission to Skopje Sodr`inata na ova izdanie ne sekoga{ gi odrazuva pogledite ili stavovite na Nabquduva~kata Misija na OBSE vo Skopje.
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Sodr`ina
Kratko rezime ......................................................................................................................... 5 Teoretsko-metodolo[ki pristap ...................................................................................... 6 1. Predmet i celi na proektot ............................................................................................ 6 2. Metodolo[ki pristap ...................................................................................................... 7
GLAVA I 1. Zakonska ramka na lokalnite izbori ............................................................................ 9 2. Organi za sproveduvawe na izbori ................................................................................ 9 3. Raspi[uvawe, izborna kampawa i odr`uvawe na izborite ................................... 10
GLAVA II 3 1. Klasifikacija na krivi~nite dela protiv izborite i glasaweto ..................... 12
GLAVA III 1. Neregularnosti vo tekot na lokalnite izbori vo 2005g. utvrdeni od akreditirani doma[ni i stranski nabquduva~i .............................. 16
GLAVA IV 1. Fenomenolo[ki karakteristiki na krivi~nite dela protiv izborite i glasaweto izvr[eni za vreme na lokalnite izbori vo 2005g. • Vreme na izvr[uvawe na krivi~nite dela ............................................................. 19 • Mesto na izvr[uvawe na krivi~nite dela ............................................................. 20 • Na~in na izvr[uvawe na krivi~nite dela ............................................................. 20
2. Prijaveni, obvineti i osudeni lica za krivi~ni dela protiv izborite i glasaweto izvr[eni za vreme na lokalnite izbori vo 2005g. • Prijaveni lica .............................................................................................................. 22 • Obvineti lica ............................................................................................................... 24 • Profil na obvinetiot ................................................................................................ 25 • Polova struktura ......................................................................................................... 25 • Starosna struktura ...................................................................................................... 25
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• Porane[na osuduvanost .............................................................................................. 25 • Nacionalna struktura ................................................................................................. 26 • Obrazovanie ................................................................................................................... 26 • ^lenstvo vo organite za sproveduvawe na lokalnite izbori (izbira~ki odbori, op[tinski izborni komisii i dr`avna izborna komisija) ........................................................................................ 26 • Osudeni lica .................................................................................................................. 27
3. Sankcionirawe na storitelite na krivi~ni dela protiv izborite i glasaweto ........................................................................................ 29 • Vidovi krivi~ni sankcii. .......................................................................................... 30 • Zakonski minimum, zakonski maksimum i sudsko odmeruvawe na krivi~nite sankcii ................................................................................ 30
4. Po~ituvawe na me\unarodnite standardi za pravi~no sudewe vo krivi~nata postapka protiv storitelite na krivi~ni dela protiv izborite i glasaweto • Pravo na sudewe pred nadle`en, nezavisen, nepristrasen i so zakon zasnovan sud ...................................................................... 33 • Ednakvost na sredstvata ............................................................................................. 33 • Pravo da se bide prisuten na sudeweto ................................................................... 33 4 • Sudewe vo razumen rok ................................................................................................ 35 • Pravo na mol~ewe ......................................................................................................... 35 • Pravo na preveduva~ .................................................................................................... 35 • Pravo na odbrana .......................................................................................................... 36
ZAKLU^OCI ...................................................................................................................... 37
PREPORAKI ZA IZMENA NA IZBORNOTO ZAKONODAVSTVO ............ 40
Bibliografija ...................................................................................................................... 43
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Kratko rezime So cel, da se identifikuvaat problemite na koi naiduva sudskiot sistem pri krivi~noto gonewe na licata za koi postoi osnovano somnenie deka storile krivi~ni dela protiv izborite i glasaweto, od juli 2005god. Koalicijata “Site za pravi~no sudewe“ zapo~na so nabquduvawe na site predmeti vo oblasta na krivi~nite dela protiv izborite i glasaweto izvr[eni za vreme na lokalnite izbori vo 2005god.
Najnapred, vrz osnova na izvestuvawa dadeni od strana na Osnovnite Javni Obvinitelstva i Osnovnite sudovi se utvrdi deka za vkupno 49 krivi~ni dela protiv izborite i glasaweto izvr[eni za vreme na lokalnite izbori se prija- veni vkupno 65 lica.
Od vkupno 65 prijaveni lica sprema 15 lica e otfrlena krivi~nata prijava, 5 protiv 13 lica se sproveduva istraga, za 6 lica se pribiraat dokazi od strana na javnoto obvinitelstvo, a 31 lice e obvineto.
Od vkupno 31 obvinet, sprema 4 lica prvostepenata postapka e vo tek, za 1 lice e donesena presuda so koja se odbiva obvinenieto, 21 lice e oglaseno za vinovno, a 5 lica se osudeni.
Vo pogled na sankcioniraweto na storitelite na krivi~nite dela, na 11 lica im e izre~ena kazna zatvor, 7 lica se pari~no kazneti, na 7 lica im e izre~ena uslovna osuda, a na 1 maloletnik mu e izre~ena vospitna merka-zasilen nadzor od strana na roditelite pod kontrola na socijalen organ. Pri odlu~uvaweto za vidot i visinata na krivi~nite sankcii, sudovite se dvi`ele vo ramkite na zakonskiot minimum i maksimum, osven vo dva sudski predmeta kade na 7 lica im se izre~eni krivi~ni sankcii pod zakonskiot minimum.
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TEORETSKO-METODOLO[KI PRISTAP 1. Predmet i celi na proektot So cel da se zgolemi doverbata na javnosta vo pravniot sistem i sudstvoto, da se identifikuvaat problemite vo sudskiot sistem i da se uka`e na potrebata za pravni i institucionalni reformi, da se zgolemi po~ituvaweto na standardite za pravi~no sudewe pred doma[nite sudovi kako i da se zapoznae javnosta so stan- dardite za pravi~no sudewe, vo maj 2003god. e osnovana Koalicijata na 22 nevla- dini organizacii “Site za pravi~no sudewe”.
Vo juli 2005 godina, Koalicijata zapo~na so implementacija na proektot “Sledewe na krivi~niot progon vo vrska so delata protiv izborite i glasaweto“, finansiski poddr`an od strana na misijata na OBSE vo Skopje. 6 Proektot e realiziran so cel da se utvrdi podgotvenosta na dr`avnite in- stitucii da se spravat so izbornite neregularnosti, a osobeno podgotvenosta na sudskiot sistem da se spravi so licata koi za vreme na lokalnite izbori vo 2005 god. izvr[ija krivi~ni dela protiv izborite i glasaweto. Vo taa nasoka, pro- ektot ima za cel da se identifikuvaat problemite so koi se soo~uva sudskiot sistem pri goneweto na storitelite na krivi~ni dela protiv izborite i glasa- weto, kako i da uka`e na potrebata za pravni i institucionalni reformi. Vo ramkite na proektot bea prezemeni pove]e aktivnosti:
• Identifikacija na neregularnostite vo tekot na lokalnite izbori vo 2005god. i nivno sledewe vo pretkrivi~nata i krivi~nata postapka;
• Nabquduvawe na sudskite predmeti za krivi~nite dela protiv izborite i glasaweto;
• Analiza na dobienite informacii od nabquduvanite predmeti, kako i od drugi informativni kanali;
• Sorabotka so relevantni institucii (javni obvinitelstva, sudovi i dr.) zaradi pribirawe na podatoci za krivi~noto gonewe na storitelite na krivi~ni dela protiv izborite i glasaweto
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Preku ovoj istra`uva~ki proekt Koalicijata saka da go dade svojot skromen pridones kon postignuvawe na pogolema efikasnost vo borbata za uspe[no spravuvawe so izbornite neregularnosti, kako i obezbeduvawe uslovi za odr`u- vawe fer i demokratski izbori.
2. Metodolo{ki pristap Eden od metodite na realizacija na proektot i postavenite celi i zada~i e metodot na nabquduvawe na sudskite postapki.
So cel da se obezbedi pribirawe na nepristrasni podatoci koi poslu`ija kako osnoven instrument za izgotvuvawe na temelni analizi za sostojbata so goneweto i sankcioniraweto na storitelite na krivi~ni dela protiv izborite i glasaweto, postoe~kiot pra[alnik na Koalicijata be[e izmenet soglasno celite na proektot, a nabquduvaweto go vr[ea [est nabquduva~i so bogato iskustvo vo nabquduvaweto na sudskite predmeti. Najnapred, vrz osnova na izvestuvawa dadeni od strana na Osnovnite Javni obvinitelstva i Osnovnite sudovi se utvrdi deka se oformeni vkupno 19 pred- meti za krivi~ni dela protiv izborite i glasaweto izvr[eni za vreme na lokal- nite izbori vo RM vo 2005 g. 7 Podatocite za krivi~niot progon na storitelite bea pribirani preku nabquduvawe na sudskite postapki, preku pismeni izvestuvawa dadeni od strana na Osnovnite Javni obvinitelstva i Osnovnite sudovi, kako i preku neposredni sredbi so osnovni javni obviniteli, zamenici javni obviniteli i sudii. Imeno, za 4 predmeti podatocite bea pribaveni preku nabquduvawe na sudskata po- stapka, na na~in [to nabquduva~ite, po izvr[enoto nabquduvawe vrz osnova na podatocite za predmetot pribaveni od ro~i[teto, popolnuvaa pra[alnik za nabquduvawe, i istiot go dostavuvaa do proekt-koordinatorot. Za predmetite, koi vo momentot na zapo~nuvawe na implementacijata na proektot bea zavr[eni vo prv stepen, kako i za predmetite koi bea pravosilno zavr[eni, podatocite bea pribirani preku pismeni izvestuvawa kako i preku neposredni sredbi so sudii i obviniteli.
Podatocite za krivi~niot progon na licata koi za vreme na lokalnite izbori izvr[ile krivi~ni dela protiv izborite i glasaweto, se odnesuvaat na periodot od 01.07.2005 do 01.12.2005g. a so sistematizacija i analiza na istite e izgotven ovoj izve[taj.
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GLAVA I
1. Zakonska ramka na lokalnite izbori Soglasno Ustavot na Republika Makedonija, lokalnite izbori se reguliraat so Zakonot za lokalni izbori (Sl.vesnik na RM br.45/04).1 Zakonot za lokalni izbori detalno gi regulira postapkata i uslovite za izbor na ~lenovi na so- vetite na edinicite na lokalnata samouprava (vo natamo[niot tekst: op[tini), Sovetot na gradot Skopje i za izbor na gradona~alnik na op[tinite i gradona- ~alnik na gradot Skopje. ^lenovite na sovetite se izbiraat po proporcionalen model, a gradona~alnikot se izbira spored mnozinski model. Pravo da izbira ima sekoj dr`avjanin na Republika Makedonija koj napolnil 18 godini `ivot, ima delovna sposobnost i e so postojano `iveali[te vo op[tinata, odnosno gradot Skopje kade [to se vr[at izbori. Zakonot za lokalni izbori garantira sloboda i tajnost na glasaweto i nikoj ne smee da go povika izbira~ot na odgovornost poradi glasaweto nitu pak od nego da bara da ka`e za kogo glasal ili zo[to ne glasal. 9
2. Organi za sproveduvawe na izbori • Dr`avna izborna komisija, sostavena od pretsedatel koj go nazna~uva Pretsedatelot na RM; ~etiri ~lena (koi se sudii vo Vrhovniot sud na RM) i nivni zamenici koi gi nazna~uva Sobranieto, a ~ij mandat iznesuva ~etiri godini.
• Op[tinski izborni komisii i izbornata komisija na grad Skopje (izbo- rni komisii), imenuvani od strana na DIK, a se sostaveni od pretsedatel
1 Pravni normi za regulirawe na lokalnite izbori, isto taka se sodr`ani i vo: • Zakon za izbira~kite mesta (Sl.vesnik na RM br.50/97); Zakon za izbira~kiot spisok (Sl.vesnik na RM br.42/02); • Odluka za utvrduvawe na brojot na ~lenovite na sovetite na op[tinite vo RM donesena od Vladata na RM na sednica na 23.08.2005god. • Upatstva za pojasnuvawe na primenata na zakonot za lokalni izbori, Kodeks za pravilata i procedurata za nabquduvawe na lokalnite izbori 2005god., Kalendar-rokovnik za izvr[uvawe na izbornite dejstvija za izbor na ~lenovi na sovetite na op[tinite i sovetot na grad Skopje i za gradona~alnici na op[tinite i gradona~alnik na grad Skopje i Opis na izbira~ki mesta, koi soglasno svoite nadle`nosti gi donese DIK, a so cel obezbeduvawe zakonitost vo podgotovkite i sproveduvaweto na izborite.
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i negov zamenik koi se imenuvaat od redot na sudiite na osnovniot sud koj go pokriva podra~jeto za koe e osnovan; ~etiri ~lena i nivni zamenici koi se izbiraat za vreme od ~etiri godini.
• Izbira~ki odbori, sostaveni od pretsedatel i negov zamenik; ~etiri ~lena i nivni zamenici. Soglasno svoite nadle`nosti, izbira~kite odbori neposredno rakovodat so glasaweto na glasa~kite mesta, obez- beduvaat pravilnost i tajnost na glasaweto, obezbeduvaat slobodno i mirno odr`uvawe na glasaweto i gi sumiraat i objavuvaat rezultatatite od glasaweto na glasa~kite mesta kade go sproveduvale glasaweto.
Zakonot za lokalni izbori im dava isklu~itelni privilegii na ~eti- rite vode~ki partii vo delot na nazna~uvaweto na organite za sprove- duvawe na izborite, so [to grubo se kr[i ustavno zagarantiranata nezavisnost na sudstvoto. Nazna~uvaweto na organite za sproveduvawe na izborite od strana na ~etirite vode~ki partii doveduva do partizacija na sudstvoto, so [to se ru[at naporite za nezavisno funkcionirawe na sudstvoto kako i uslovite za sproveduvawe na fer i demokratski izbori.
3. Raspi{uvawe, izborna kampawa 10 i odr`uvawe na izborite Lokalnite izbori vo Republika Makedonija prvi~no bea zaka`ani za oktom- vri 2004g. (bidej]i prethodnite lokalni izbori se odr`aa vo 2000g.), no se odr`aa vo mart 2005g. Imeno, poradi odr`uvaweto na referendumot koj odlu- ~uva[e kolku op[tini ]e ima vo RM, Sobranieto na RM donese izmeni na Zako- not za lokalni izbori, soglasno koi Pretsedatelot na Sobranieto na RM gi zaka`a lokalnite izbori na 13.03.2005g.
So cel da se obezbedi zakonski i demokratski tek na izbornata kampawa, 32 pretsedateli na politi~ki partii i 3 nezavisni kandidati za gradona~alnici potpi[aa Kodeks na odnesuvawe za slobodni i fer lokalni izbori.2 Me\utoa, i pokraj potpi[aniot Kodeks, GA MOST vo svoeto Soop[tenie za mediumite od 17.03.2005g. konstatira predvremeno zapo~nuvawe na izbornite kampawi od strana na kandidatite za gradona~alnik na grad Skopje, i toa so postavuvawe na bilbord vo centarot na Skopje, dr`ewe konferencii za mediumi na koi se istaknati logoa, baneri i izborni slogani koi ]e se koristat vo tekot na kampa- wata, dodeka vo soop[tenieto od 09.03.2005g. vrz osnova na 188 izve[tai, konsta-
2 Ovoj kodeks be[e objaven vo dnevnite vesnici “ Dnevnik” i “Fakti” od 25.02.2005g. koi bea mediumski poddr`uva~i na kodeksot i aktivnostite povrzani so nego.
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tira zloupotreba na deca za partiski celi3, prekin na nastavata za u~estvo na partiski mitinzi, iskoristuvawe na kulturnite i sportskite nastani za promo- virawe na programite na odredeni kandidati, slu~ai na davawe pari, delewe na prehrambeni i drugi produkti na gra\anite. Kako naj~esti prekr[uvawa se spo- mnati prekr[uvawata na ~lenovite 7 i 8 od Kodeksot, so postojani prepukuvawa pome\u u~esnicite vo predizbornata trka, me\usebnite navredi i obvinenija evidentirani pri masovnite javni sobiri. Za `al, iako bea konstatirani nepra- vilnosti vo tekot na izbornata kampawa ne be[e podnesen nitu eden prigovor vo vrska so toa.
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3 “Izborniot [tab na kandidatot za gradona~alnik Risto Penov ]e gi povle~e site bilbordi, plakati i reklami na koi se pojavuvaat deca. Ova e reakcija po kritikite na narodniot pravobranitel Ixet Memeti deka Penov zloupotrebuva deca za politi~ki celi. ” - Dnevnik 02.03.2005g.
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GLAVA II
1. Klasifikacija na krivi~nite dela protiv izborite i glasaweto Spored sovremenite merila i standardi na demokratijata i pravnata dr`ava, va`en uslov za postoeweto na demokratskoto op[testvo zasnovano vrz ~o- vekovite slobodi i prava, e nesomneno pravoto na gra\aninot slobodno da go izbira modelot na politi~kiot sistem i pretstavnicite koi vo negovo ime ]e upravuvaat so dr`avnite i op[testvenite raboti. Vo taa smisla, se inkri- miniraat krivi~nite dela protiv izborite i glasaweto, so [to krivi~no-pravno se za[tituvaat elementarnite pra[awa koi se od zna~ewe za zakonito spro- veduvawe na izborite i ostvaruvawe na ustavno garantiranoto izbira~ko pravo na gra\anite da izbiraat i da bidat izbrani.
Vo glava [esnaesetta od Krivi~niot zakonik na Republika Makedonija4 se 12 inkriminirani osum krivi~ni dela protiv izborite i glasaweto5: So cel da se obezbedi krivi~no-pravna za[tita na izborite kako dr`avno- praven akt i oblik na ostvaruvawe na pravoto na glas na gra\anite vo ~l.158 od KZ na RM e inkriminirano krivi~noto delo spre~uvawe na izbori i glasawe, koe go vr[i toj [to umisleno so upotreba na sila, seriozna zakana ili na drug na~in ]e go onevozmo`i ili ]e go spre~i odr`uvaweto na izbori ili glasawe, ili pak ]e go onevozmo`i ili spre~i utvrduvaweto ili objavuvaweto na rezultatite od glasaweto. Dokolku izborite i glasaweto se spre~eni so upotreba na oru`je, eksplozivni ili drugi opasni napravi, so primena na nasilstvo sprema dve ili pove]e lica ili vo organizirana grupa, ili na podra~jeto na dve ili pove]e izbira~ki mesta, toga[ stanuva zbor za pote`ok oblik na krivi~no delo spre- ~uvawe na izbori i glasawe.
4 Slu`ben vesnik na RM br.37/96, 80/99, 4/02, 43/03 i 19/04. 5 Vo glava VIII od Krivi~niot zakon na SRM od 1977g. menuvan i dopolnuvan vo 1984, 1987, 1989, 1990, 1992(koga e preimenuvan vo Krivi~en zakon na RM) i 1993g., pod naslov “Krivi~ni dela protiv samoupravuvaweto” se sistematizirani osum krivi~ni dela protiv izborniot sistem: povreda na izbira~ko pravo, povreda na slobodata za opredeluvawe na izbira~ite, uni[tuvawe na izborni ispravi, povikuvawe na odgovornost poradi glasawe, zloupotrba na pravoto na glas, zagrozuvawe i popre~uvawe na izborite, povreda na tajnosta na glasaweto i falsifikuvawe na rezultatite od izborite i glasaweto.
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Zaradi za[tita od dejstvija na onevozmo`uvawe na vr[ewe na izbira~koto pravo, vo ~l.159 od KZ na RM e inkriminirano krivi~noto delo povreda na izbira~koto pravo, koe go vr[i ~lenot na izbira~ki odbor, izborna komisija, odbor za sproveduvawe referendum ili drugo slu`beno lice vo vr[eweto na slu`bata vo vrska so izborite ili glasaweto, koe:
• so namera da mu onevozmo`i na drug vr[ewe na izbira~koto pravo, pro- tivzakonito nema da go zapi[e vo izbira~kiot spisok ili vo listata na kandidati, protivzakonito ]e go izbri[e od izbira~kiot spisok ili od listata na kandidati ili na drug na~in6 ]e go li[i izbira~ot od pravoto da izbira, da bide izbran ili da glasa, ili
• na protivzakonit na~in ]e mu ovozmo`i na drug da koristi izbira~ko pravo, iako znae deka toa lice nema takvo pravo.
Trgnuvaj]i od faktot deka slobodata na opredeluvawe na izborite e oblik na ostvaruvawe na demokratskite slobodi i prava na ~ovekot i gra\aninot i neop- hoden uslov za ostvaruvawe na izbira~koto pravo, vo ~l.160 od KZ e inkrimi- nirano krivi~noto delo povreda na slobodata na opredeluvawe na izbira~ite. Slobodata na opredeluvawe na izbira~ite e povredena toga[ koga nekoj so upotreba na sila, seriozna zakana, izmama ili na drug na~in ]e prisili ili ]e spre~i izbira~ da go vr[i, da ne go vr[i ili da go vr[i izbira~koto pravo vo 13 opredelena smisla. Dodeka pak, ako ~len na izbira~ki odbor, izborna komisija, odbor za sproveduvawe na referendum ili drugo slu`beno lice vo vr[eweto na slu`bata vo vrska so izborite ili glasaweto, ja povredi slobodata na opre- deluvawe na izbira~ite toga[ stanuva zbor za pote`ok oblik na ova krivi~no delo.
Izbira~koto pravo e op[to (izbira~ko pravo ima sekoe lice koe ima navr- [eno 18g. i ima delovna sposobnost) i neposredno (izbira~ot glasa li~no, odnosno ne mo`e svoeto izbira~ko pravo da mu go prenese na drug i ne mo`e da glasa namesto drug, drugi).7 Bidej]i vrz legalnosta i legitimnosta na izborite i glasaweto mo`e da vlijae i u~estvoto na lica [to nemaat izbira~ko pravo, glasaweto namesto drug i glasaweto pove]e pati od strana na edno isto lice, so ~l.161 od KZ e inkriminirano krivi~noto delo zloupotreba na izbira~koto pravo. Izbira~koto pravo go zloupotrebuva liceto koe: • ]e glasa namesto drug, la`no pretstavuvaj]i se deka e nekoe drugo lice
6 Pod drug na~in se podrazbira onevozmo`uvawe na drug da go ostvari izbira~koto pravo so sekoe drugo protivpravno dejstvie. 7 Soglasno ~l.22 od Ustavot na RM
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]e glasa vo negovo ime odnosno namesto nego, pri [to bez zna~ewe e dali storitelot ve]e glasal vo svoe ime, nitu pak za kogo glasal, tuku e va`no da glasal namesto drug, uzurpiraj]i go negovoto pravo na glas, • ]e glasa dva ili pove]e pati, a pritoa irelevantno e dali storitelot glasal pove]e pati vo svoe ime ili pak vo imeto na nekoe drugo lice ili • ]e zeme u~estvo na izborite ili glasaweto, iako znae deka nema izbira~ko pravo.
Vo ramkite na kaznenata intervencija, mnogu ~esto kako problem se na- metnuva povlekuvaweto linija pome\u dopu[tenoto vlijanie vrz izbira~ite [to e sostaven del na izbornata propaganda i nivnoto poedine~no pridobivawe za opredelena lista, kandidat ili ishod na glasaweto na referendum. Poedi- ne~noto ubeduvawe, vetuvawe na nekakva op[ta korist (izgradba na pat, ulica, vodovod, otvorawe rabotni mesta i sl.), i drugi oblici na li~no vlijanie, sepak ostanuva vo granicite na dopu[tenoto vlijanie vrz izbira~ite. So cel, da se obezbedi za[tita na javno-pravniot karakter na izbira~koto pravo, vr[eweto na toa pravo vo funkcija na izbor na dr`avni organi ili donesuvawe na va`ni odluki, slobodata na izborite treba da se za[titi od li~noto potkupuvawe, odnosno od poedine~noto “kupuvawe” glasovi. Dokolku izbira~ot svoeto izbi- ra~ko pravo ne go koristi zaradi izbor na dr`avni organi ili donesuvawe na va`ni odluki, tuku zaradi steknuvawe na nekakva li~na korist, toga[ doa\a do 14 naru[uvawe na samata funkcija na izborite i glasaweto: namesto instrument za demokratsko konstituirawe na vlasta i donesuvawe odluki, tie stanuvaat pri- vatna trgovska zdelka na gra\anite i kandidatite. Poradi ovie pri~ini, a so cel da se obezbedi za[tita na izborite od nezakonitosti i nepravilnosti, vo ~l.162 e inkriminirano krivi~noto delo potkup pri izbori i glasawe.
Krivi~niot zakonik na RM predviduva aktivno i pasivno potkupuvawe. Ak- tivno potkupuvawe postoi vo slu~aj koga edno lice na drugo lice (koe ima izbi- ra~ko pravo) mu nudi, mu dava ili pak mu vetuva podarok (vetuvawe na vrabotuvawe, pozitivno re[avawe na nekoe barawe na glasa~ot i sl.) so namera da go pridobie da u~estvuva na izborite i da glasa, da ne u~estvuva na izborite i da ne glasa ili pak da go iskoristi svoeto izbira~ko pravo na na~in kako [to od nego ]e pobara potkupuva~ot. Pasivno potkupuvawe postoi vo slu~aj koga edno lice koe ima izbira~ko pravo ]e pobara za sebe ili ]e primi podarok ili druga korist za da go vr[i, da ne go vr[i ili da go vr[i izbira~koto pravo vo opredelena smisla.
So cel, izbira~ite da se za[titat od eventualni pritisoci i od negativnite konsekvenci za dadeniot glas, [to e edna od osnovnite pretpostavki za slobodni, fer i demokratski izbori, vo ~len 162 od KZ e predvideno krivi~noto delo povreda na tajnosta na glasaweto, so [to se obezbeduva krivi~no-pravna za[ti- ta na slobodata na opredeluvaweto na izbira~ite pri odlu~uvaweto za toa kako
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]e go iskoristat svoeto izbira~ko pravo (za koj kandidat, odnosno lista na kandidati ]e go dadat svojot glas). Tajnosta na glasaweto ja povreduva toj [to so bilo kakvo dejstvie ]e ja povredi tajnosta na izborite ili glasaweto: so one- vozmo`uvawe na izbira~ot tajno da glasa, so otvorawe i uvid vo glasa~koto liv~e po glasaweto i soznavawe za kogo glasal izbira~ot, so obele`uvawe na gla- sa~koto liv~e i sl. Dokolku tajnosta na glasaweto e povredena od strana na ~len na izbira~ki odbor, izborna komisija, odbor za sproveduvawe referendum, ili drugo slu`beno lice pri vr[ewe na slu`bata vo vrska so izborite ili gla- saweto, ili pak so upotreba na sila, seriozna zakana, so iskoristuvawe na slu`bena, rabotna ili ekonomska zavisnost, toga[ stanuva zbor za pote`ok oblik na ova krivi~no delo.
Neo[tetenite i nefalsifikuvanite ispravi se dokumenti so koi se utvrduva i potvrduva validnosta na izborite. Vo nasoka na obezbeduvawe na ispravna dokumentacija za potvrduvawe na validnosta na izborite vo ~l.164 od KZ e inkriminirano krivi~noto delo uni[tuvawe na izborni ispravi, koe mo`e da bide izvr[eno so uni[tuvawe, prikrivawe, o[tetuvawe, prepravawe ili so nekoe drugo dejstvie so koe ]e bide napravena neupotrebliva isprava, kniga ili spis [to slu`i za izborite ili glasaweto. Pote`ok oblik na ova delo postoi dokolku izborni ispravi se uni[teni od strana na ~len na izbira~ki odbor, izborna komisija, odbor za sproveduvawe referendum ili drugo slu`beno lice vo vr[eweto na slu`bata vo vrska so izborite ili glasaweto. 15
Zakonitosta i objektivnosta, vo sproveduvaweto na glasaweto odnosno vo utvrduvaweto i objavuvaweto na rezultatite od glasaweto, ne smee da bide stavena pod somnevawe vo nieden moment, za[to toa bi dovelo do gubewe na doverbata na izbira~ite vo regularnosta na sprovedenite izbori. Rezultatite od sprovedenite izbori mora da bidat odraz na vistinskata volja na elektoratot, za[to vo sprotivno ]e se dovede vo pra[awe legalitetot i legitimitetot na izbranite pretstavnici. Vo taa nasoka, zaradi obezbeduvawe zakonitost na izborite, glasaweto, utvrduvaweto i objavuvaweto na rezultatite od glasaweto, vo ~l.165 od KZ e inkriminirano krivi~noto delo izborna izmama.
Krivi~no delo izborna izmama vr[i ~lenot na izbira~ki odbor, izborna komisija, odbor za sproveduvawe referendum ili drugo slu`beno lice vo vr[e- weto na slu`bata vo vrska so izborite i glasaweto, koe umisleno (svesen za izmamata vo sproveduvaweto na izborite i glasaweto) ]e ]e go izmeni brojot na dadenite glasovi so dodavawe ili odzemawe na edno ili pove]e glasa~ki liv~i- wa, ]e go izmeni brojot na glasovite pri prebrojuvaweto ili pak ]e go izmeni brojot na glasovite pri objavuvaweto na rezultatite od izborite ili glasaweto so dodavawe ili odzemawe na eden ili pove]e glasovi.
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GLAVA III
1. Neregularnosti vo tekot na lokalnite izbori vo 2005g. utvrdeni od akreditirani doma{ni i stranski nabquduva~i Op[ta ocena na akreditiranite doma[ni i stranski nabquduva~i e deka lokalnite izbori vo RM vo 2005 g. bea fer, demokratski i vo soglasnost so Dokumentot od Kopenhagen na OBSE i drugite me\unarodni standardi za demo- kratski izbori, no so seriozni nepravilnosti vo zna~itelen broj op[tini vo zapadniot i severozapadniot del od zemjata(Kumanovsko-Lipkovskiot, Tetov- skiot i Gostivarskiot region kako i vo del od Skopskiot region, vo op[tinite {uto Orizari i Studeni~ani), koi vlijaat vrz integritetot na celokupniot izboren proces.
Neregularnostite i naru[uvawata na izborniot proces, utvrdeni od 16 strana na akreditiranite doma[ni i stranski nabquduva~i se odnesuvaat na: polnewe na glasa~ki kutii; grupno glasawe; prekini na glasawe; glasawe za drugi lica; nekoristewe na nevidlivo mastilo za izbegnuvawe na povtorno glasawe; semejno glasawe; nepo~ituvawe na procedurata na glasawe pro- pi[ana so zakon; nasilno odnesuvawe i me\usebni fizi~ki presmetki; upo- treba na ogneno oru`je za zapla[uvawe; nepotpi[uvawe na glasa~ite vo izvodite od izbira~kiot spisok; naru[uvawe na tajnosta na glasaweto; ko- ristewe na upatstva za glasawe samo na albanski jazik; tenzija, nemiri i zapla[uvawe nadvor od izbira~kite mesta; kr[ewe na glasa~ki kutii; agi- tirawe, napadi vrz glasa~i i distributirawe na propaganden materijal; tenzija, nemiri i zapla[uvawe vo samite izbira~ki mesta; nedostatok na izbira~ki materijal; direkno u~estvo na ~lenovite na izbornite odbori (komisii) vo prekr[uvaweto na izbira~koto pravo; nesproveduvawe na po- stapka za proverka na identitetot na glasa~ite; pronao\awe na pogolem broj glasa~ki liv~iwa vo glasa~kite kutii od brojot na glasa~i koj go dale svojot glas; zadocneto otvarawe na glasa~kite mesta i sl.
Dokolku se konstatiraat nepravilnosti vo tekot na izborite, sekoj podnosi- tel na lista na kandidati za ~lenovi na sovet i lista na kandidat za grado- na~alnik i sekoj izbira~ vo postapkata za glasawe, sumirawe i utvrduvawe na rezultatite od glasaweto ima pravo da podnese prigovor do izbornata komisija,
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i toa vo rok od 48 ~asa po konstatiraweto na nepravilnostite8. Izbornata komisija, so re[enie ]e go poni[ti glasaweto na glasa~koto mesto ako utvrdi deka bila naru[ena tajnosta na glasaweto; ako glasaweto bilo prekinato po- dolgo od tri ~asa; ako policijata ne odgovorila na baraweto za intervencija od strana na izbira~kiot odbor, a za toa imalo potreba i vlijaelo vrz sprovedu- vaweto na glasaweto na izbira~koto mesto; ako brojot na glasa~kite liv~iwa vo glasa~kata kutija e pogolem od brojot na izbira~ite koi glasale, a toj broj vlijae na rezultatite od glasaweto na nivo na op[tina i gradot Skopje ili ako utvrdi deka nekoe lice ili lica glasale za drugi lica (lice), a brojot na tie glasovi vlijae na rezultatite od glasaweto na nivo na op[tina i gradot Skopje. Protiv re[enieto na izbornata komisija, vo rok od 24 ~asa mo`e da se podnese `alba do Vrhovniot sud koj e dol`en da postapi po `albata vo rok od 48 ~asa po nejziniot priem.9
Po zavr[uvaweto na prviot izboren krug, do op[tinskite izborni komisii se podneseni okolu 200 prigovori za navodni nepravilnosti, od strana na poli- ti~kite partii i nezavisnite kandidati, no golem del od prigovorite se otfr- leni od strana na op[tinskite izborni komisii poradi tehni~ki i proceduralni pri~ini. Odlu~uvaj]i po 77 `albi podneseni protiv odluki na op[tinskite izborni komisii, Vrhovniot sud ima doneseno 64 odluki so koi vo 17 slu~ai gi uva`il `albite, a vo pogolem broj slu~ai gi odbil `albite i gi potvrdil odlukite na op[tinskite izborni komisii. Po zavr[uvaweto na vtoriot izbo- 17 ren krug, do op[tinskite izborni komisii se podneseni 174 prigovori za navodni nepravilnosti, pri [to golem del od prigovorite se otfrleni od strana na op[tinskite izborni komisii. Protiv odlukite na op[tinskite izborni komi- sii se podneseni 76 `albi do Vrhovniot sud koj vo 16 slu~ai gi uva`il `albite, no vo golem broj slu~ai gi odbil `albite.10
Kako rezultat na prigovorite i `albite podneseni za navodni nepravilnos- ti vo tekot na izborniot proces, se odr`a preglasuvawe na 27 mart vo 13 op[tini11;
8 Soglasno ~l.81 od Zakonot za lokalni izbori (Sl.vesnik br.45/04) 9 Soglasno ~l.74 od Zakonot za lokalni izbori ( Sl.vesnik br.45/04) 10 Kone~en izve[taj na Nabquduva~kata misija za izborite na OBSE/ODIHR, Var[ava, 8 juni 2005g. 11 Ki~evo, Kumanovo, Zelenikovo, Kon~e, Mavrovo i Rostu[a, Studeni~ani, Butel, Gostivar, Brvenica, ^air, Tetovo, {uto Orizari i Gazi Baba.
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na 10 april vo 11 op[tini12; na 24 april vo 2 op[tini13, a preglasuvawe ima[e i na 8 maj.
Vo op[tina {uto Orizari, kako posledica na nepravilnostite po prviot izboren krug, bea poni[teni rezultatite od glasaweto vo ~etiri izbira~ki mesta. Poradi povtorenite nepravilnosti vo natamo[nite izborni krugovi bile podneseni prigovori, pa kako posledica na toa se sprovede povtoren vtor krug glasawe na 24 april. Bidej]i novoizbraniot gradona~alnik se nao\a[e na iz- dr`uvawe na zatvorska kazna, negoviot mandat be[e povle~en soglasno ~l.54 st.1 od Zakonot za lokalna samouprava i soglasno ovoj zakon bea raspi[ani vonredni izbori. Vrz osnova na izve[taite na 38 nabquduva~i koi vo stati~ni i mobilni timovi go sledele glasaweto na 21 avgust, GA MOST ocenuva deka prviot izboren krug od vonrednite izbori za gradona~alnik na op[tina {uto Orizari pomina vo mirna atmosfera i bez seriozni incidenti. Vo tekot na prviot izboren krug nabquduva~ite na MOST zabele`ale slu~ai na nepo~ituvawe na procedurata na glasawe, odnosno nesoodvetna upotreba na UV lamba za proverka i nevidliv sprej za obele`uvawe na glasa~ite, nepo~ituvawe na tajnosta na glasaweto vo slu- ~aite koga pomo[ barale slepite i nepismeni lica, slu~ai na glasawe za drugo lice, golem broj na slu~ai na semejno glasawe, kako i slu~ai na organiziran prevoz na glasa~ite i prisustvo na propaganden material vo neposredna blizina na izbira~kite mesta zabele`ano od stana na mobilnite timovi na MOST.14 18 Vtoriot krug od vonrednite izbori za gradona~alnik na op[tina {uto Orizari odr`an na 4 septemvri, MOST ocenuva deka pominal bez seriozni incidenti, no so nedostatoci vo sproveduvaweto na procesot na glasawe gledano od tehni~ki aspekt (nesoodvetna upotreba na UV lamba za proverka i nevidliv sprej za obele`uvawe na glasa~ite), a najgolem broj od nepravilnostite registrirani od strana na nabquduva~ite se odnesuvaat na semejno glasawe i glasawe za drugo lice, kako i organiziran prevoz na glasa~ite zabele`ano od strana na mobilnite timovi na MOST.
12 Butel, Dolneni, {tip, Makedonski brod, Ohrid, Zrnovci, Lipkovo, ^u~er Sandevo, Mavrovo i Rostu[a, Krivoga[tani i Brvenica. 13 Studeni~ani i {uto Orizari 14 Vo dnevniot vesnik Dnevnik od 22.08.2005god. e objaveno deka Centralniot [tab na Sojuzot na Romite vo svoe soop[tenie tvrdi deka na glasa~ite vo seloto Gorno Orizari vo tekot na prviot izboren krug im se nudeni pari za da glasaat za odreden kandidat za gradona~alnik, dodeka pak na glasa~koto mesto 2973 vo Gorno Orizari okolu 14.45 ~asot lica so vozilo golf so registarski tabli~ki SK-478-ND, im nudele pari na izbira~ite za da glasaat za opredelen kandidat za gradona~alnik.
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GLAVA IV
1. Fenomenolo{ki karakteristiki na krivi~nite dela protiv izborite i glasaweto izvr{eni za vreme na lokalnite izbori vo 2005g. Vo tekot na lokalnite izbori vo RM vo 2005g. se izvr[eni vkupno 49 krivi~ni dela protiv izborite i glasaweto: 13 krivi~ni dela spre~uvawe na izbori i glasawe (po ~l.158 od KZ na RM), 9 krivi~ni dela povreda na izbira~koto pravo (po ~l.159 od KZ na RM), 5 krivi~ni dela zloupotreba na izbira~koto pravo (po ~l.161 od KZ na RM), 10 krivi~ni dela izborna izmama (po ~l.165 od KZ na RM), 11 krivi~ni dela uni[tuvawe na izborni ispravi i 1 krivi~no delo povreda na slobodata na opredeluvawe na izbira~ite.
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Vreme na izvr{uvawe na krivi~nite dela
Vo pogled na pra[aweto za vremeto na izvr[uvawe na krivi~nite dela protiv izborite i glasaweto, dali se izvr[eni vo tekot na prviot, vtoriot izboren krug ili pak vo tekot na preglasuvawata, vrz osnova na statisti~kata obrabotka na podatocite, se utvrdi deka najmnogu krivi~ni dela (61% od vkup- niot broj krivi~ni dela) se izvr[eni vo tekot prviot izboren krug, 27% od vkupniot broj krivi~ni dela se izvr[eni vo vtoriot izboren krug, 8% na preglasuvaweto na 10.04.2005g., a 4% na preglasuvaweto na 24.04.2005g.
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Mesto na izvr{uvawe na krivi~nite dela
Vo pogled na mestoto na izvr[uvawe, za vreme na lokalnite izbori vo 2005g. vo osum op[tini se izvr[eni krivi~ni dela protiv izborite i glasaweto. Najmnogu krivi~ni dela protiv izborite i glasaweto (vkupno 12) se izvr[eni vo op[tina {uto Orizari, 9 krivi~ni dela se izvr[eni vo op[tina Dolneni, 8 vo op[tina Lipkovo, 5 vo Ki~evo, po 4 krivi~ni dela se izvr[eni vo Prilep i Brvenica, po 2 vo op[tinite Studeni~ani i Gostivar, a po 1 krivi~no delo vo op[tinite Vasilevo, Butel i Radovi[.
Analizata na podatocite dovede do zaklu~ok deka 95% od vkupniot broj krivi~nite dela se izvr[eni na glasa~kite mesta odnosno vo prostoriite kade se sproveduvalo glasaweto, dodeka pak samo 5% od krivi~nite dela se izvr[eni 20 nadvor od glasa~kite mesta.
Na~in na izvr{uvawe na krivi~nite dela
Krivi~noto delo spre~uvawe na izbori i glasawe, vo 13 slu~ai e izvr[e- no na slednive na~ini: so upotreba na oru`je15- vo 6 slu~ai, so upotreba na 15 ^etiri lica so upotreba na oru`je iskinale del od izbira~kiot materijal i ja polnele izbira~kata kutija so glasa~ki liv~iwa, so [to gi spre~ile izborite i glasaweto vo tekot na vtoriot izboren krug na izbi- ra~koto mesto br.1391 vo op[tina Prilep. Edno lice so no` skr[ilo staklo na dva prozora vo prostorijata kade se odr`uvalo glasaweto, a drugo lice koe se nao\alo na rastojanie od 10 metri od glasa~koto mesto vperilo lovna pu[ka kon prostorijata kade se glasalo i kade imalo mnogu lu\e i ispukal kur[um vo sosednata prostorija, so [to ovie lica gi spre~ile izborite i glasaweto vo tekot na prviot izboren krug na izbira~koto mesto br.1473 vo op[tina Dolneni. 16 Edno lice so kr[ewe na tri izbira~ki kutii zape~ateni so sigurnosni lenti, gi spre~ilo izborite i glasaweto vo tekot na prviot izboren krug na izbira~koto mesto br.2905 vo op[tina Butel. Po prethodna raspravija i turkawe pome\u dve lica do[lo do kr[ewe na glasa~kata kutija, so [to ovie lica gi spre~ile izborite i glasaweto vo tekot na vtoriot izboren krug na izbira~koto mesto br.1119 vo op[tina Lipkovo.
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sila 16- vo 5 slu~ai, a vo 2 slu~ai so odzemawe i oddale~uvawe (od glasa~koto mesto) na izbira~kiot materijal17.
Od vkupno 9 krivi~ni dela povreda na izbira~koto pravo izvr[eni za vreme na lokalnite izbori, 6 od niv se izvr[eni so protivzakonito li[uvawe18 na izbira~ite od izbira~koto pravo, a vo 3 slu~ai so protivzakonito ovozmo`uvawe na lica koi nemaat izbira~ko pravo da iskoristat takvo pravo.19
Za vreme na lokalnite izbori izbira~koto pravo go zloupotrebile vkupno 5 lica, od koi ~etiri lica glasaj]i za ~lenovite na svoeto potesno semejstvo20. Vo pogled na uni[tuvawe na izborni ispravi, od vkupno 11 lica, duri 10 lica izbornite ispravi gi uni[tile so uni[tuvawe na glasa~ki listi.21, a so upotreba na seriozna zakana22 na eden izbira~ mu e povredena slobodata na opredeluvawe, za vreme na lokalnite izbori vo 2005g.
Vo tekot na lokalnite izbori vo 2005g. vo RM, za potkup pri izbori i glasawe se prijaveni dve lica, no i vo dvata slu~ai poradi nepostoewe na osnovano somnenie deka prijavenite go storile krivi~noto delo krivi~nata prijava e otfrlena od strana na obvinitelstvoto. Od druga strana, ne e podnesena nitu edna krivi~na prijava za povreduvawe na tajnosta na glasaweto. 21 17 OJO Gostivar pribira dokazi protiv dve lica za koi postoi somnenie deka gi spre~ile izborite i glasaweto so odzemawe i oddale~uvawe na izbira~kiot materijal, koj bez zapisnik go predale na pretsedatelot na op[tinskata izborna komisija. 18 Vo tekot na vtoriot izboren krug, na izbira~koto mesto br.1117 vo op[tina Lipkovo, pretsedatelot i ~etvoricata ~lenovi na izbira~kiot odbor, na edno lice mu ovozmo`ile da glasa za sebe i za ~lenovite na svoeto potesno semejstvo, so [to ~lenovite na semejstvoto gi li[ile od pravoto da glasaat. Za vreme na povtorenoto glasawe na 24.04.2005g. na izbira~koto mesto br.2343 vo op[tina Studeni~ani, pretsedatelot na izbira~kiot odbor vo svoite race gi dr`el glasa~kite liv~iwa i izbira~kiot spisok i nedozvoluval da zapo~ne glasaweto, so [to li[il izbira~i od pravoto na glasawe. 19 Vo tekot na prviot izboren krug na izbira~koto mesto br.1470 vo op[tina Dolneni, pretsedatelot, eden ~len i eden zamenik ~len na izbira~kiot odbor, protivzakonito im ovozmo`ile na tri lica da koristat izbira~ko pravo iako znaele deka tie nemaat takvo pravo, i toa na edno lice mu dale po 3 glasa~ki liv~iwa za izbor na gradona~alnik i za izbor na sovetnici, na drugo lice mu dale po 5 glasa~ki liv~iwa za izbor na gradona~alnik i za izbor na sovetnici, a na treto lice po 3 glasa~ki liv~iwa za izbor na gradona~alnik i za izbor na sovetnici, po [to im dozvolile da glasaat so stavawe na site ovie glasa~ki liv~iwa vo glasa~kite kutii. \20 Vo tekot na prviot izboren krug, na izbira~koto mesto br.1470 vo op[tina Dolneni 3 lica go zloupotrebile izbira~koto pravo, i toa ednoto lice glasaj]i za negovata sopruga i majka, drugoto lice glasaj]i za negovata majka, sopruga, za snaata od sinot i za ]erkata, a tretoto lice glasaj]i za negovata sopruga i baba. 21 Istra`en sudija na Osnoven sud Skopje II Skopje prezema istra`ni dejstvija protiv 10 lica za koi postoi somnenie deka vo tekot na prviot izboren krug kako ~lenovi na izbira~ki odbor bez da ja izvestat izbornata komisija vo pove]e navrati dozvolile NN lica da zemat pogolem broj glasa~ki listi za izbor na gra- dona~alnik na op[tina {uto Orizari, a za da go prikrijat nedostatokot na istite na nivno mesto ostavile del od drugite glasa~ki liv~iwa i toa za izbor na gradona~alnik na grad Skopje i za izbor na sovetnici na grad Skopje i za op[tina {uto Orizari, so [to gi uni[tile glasa~kite listi. 22 Vo op[tina Radovi[, edna `ena se obidela so upotreba na seriozna zakana da prisili druga `ena da go vr[i izbira~koto pravo vo opredelena smisla, zakanuvaj]i i se deka ]e bide smeneta od rabotnoto mesto (kon- trolor) ako ne postavi slika na opredelen kandidat za gradona~alnik vo domot vo koj `ivee i ako ne glasa za nego, pa otkako o[tetenata odbila da go stori toa bila smeneta na rabotno mesto ~ista~ na konec kako primer za drugite vraboteni dokolku ne glasaat za toj kandidat za gradona~alnik.
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2. Prijaveni, obvineti i osudeni lica za krivi~ni dela protiv izborite i glasaweto izvr{eni za vreme na lokalnite izbori vo 2005g.
Prijaveni lica
Za krivi~ni dela protiv izborite i glasaweto vo vrska so lokalnite izbori vo 2005g. se podneseni vkupno 20 krivi~ni prijavi protiv 65 lica.
Brojot na krivi~ni prijavi i na prijaveni lica, poodelno za sekoe krivi~no delo protiv izborite i glasaweto, mo`e da se vidi od slednata tabela:
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Vo pogled na podnositelite na krivi~nite prijavi, analizata na podatocite, poka`a deka od vkupno 20 krivi~ni prijavi, 14 krivi~ni prijavi se podneseni od strana na Ministerstvoto za vnatre[ni raboti , 4 krivi~ni prijavi se podneseni od strana na gra\anini, a 2 krivi~ni prijavi ima podneseno Sojuzot na Romi od RM.
Po priemot na krivi~nite prijavi, vo devet Osnovni javni obvinitelstva se oformeni 19 predmeti od koi sedum se oformeni vo OJO Skopje, tri predmeti vo OJO Prilep, po dva predmeti vo OJO Kumanovo i OJO Radovi[, a po eden predmet vo OJO Tetovo, Gostivar, Ohrid, Ki~evo i Strumica.
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Vo pogled na postapuvaweto na Osnovnite Javni obvinitelstva vo 6 predmeti e podneseno barawe za sproveduvawe na istraga23, vo 7 predmeti e podignato direkno obvinenie24, vo eden predmet e podneseno barawe za poveduvawe na podgotvitelna postapka25, tri predmeti se zavr[eni so re[enie za otfrlawe na krivi~nata prijava26, a po 2 predmeti postapkata e vo faza na pribirawe na dokazi od strana na Osnovnite javni obvinitelstva27.
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23 Soglasno ~l.151 od ZKP na RM(Sl.vesnik br.15/97, 44/02 i 74/04) 24 Soglasno ~l.153 od ZKP na RM(Sl.vesnik br.15/97, 44/02 i 74/04) 25 Do sudija za maloletnici na Osnoven sud Skopje II Skopje, OJO Skopje ima podneseno barawe za poveduvawe podgotvitelna postapka protiv edno lice-maloletnik za krivi~no delo spre~uvawe na izbori i glasawe (soglasno ~l.455 od ZKP na RM Sl.vesnik br.15/97, 44/02 i 74/04) 26 OJO Skopje ima otfrleno 2 krivi~ni prijavi (edna za uni[tuvawe na izborni ispravi i izborna izmama protiv 12 lica, a druga za zloupotreba na izbira~koto pravo protiv edno lice), OJO Radovi[ ima otfrleno edna krivi~na prijava za potkup pri izbori i glasaweprotiv edno lice, a so re[enie na OJO Ohrid e otfrlena krivi~na prijava za potkup pri izbori i glasawe protiv edno lice. Vo site ~etiri slu~ai re[enieto za otfrlawe na krivi~nata prijava e doneseno vrz ist zakonski osnov-nepostoewe na osnovi na somnenie deka prijaveniot go storil krivi~noto delo (~l. 144 st.1 od ZKP na RM, Sl.vesnik br15/97, 44/02 i 74/04) 27 OJO Tetovo pribira dokazi protiv ~etiri lica za koi postoi somnenie da storile krivi~no delo izborna izmama. OJO Gostivar pribira dokazi protiv dve lica za koi postoi somnenie da storile krivi~no delo spre~uvawe na izbori i glasawe.(soglasno ~l.144 od ZKP na RM, Sl.vesnik br.15/97, 44/02 i 74/04)
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Vo pogled na vremeto pominato od momentot na priem na krivi~nata prijava do momentot na podignuvawe na obvinenie, analizata na sobranite podatoci poka`a deka vo eden slu~aj e podignato obvinenie istiot den koga krivi~nata prijava e primena vo obvinitelstvoto,28 Vo 34% od slu~aite prethodnata pos- tapka traela samo eden den, vo 22% 3 dena, vo 11 % 7 dena, vo 11% polovina mesec, a vo 22% 75 dena.
Obvineti lica
Za krivi~ni dela protiv izborite i glasaweto izvr[eni za vreme na lokal- nite izbori vo 2005g. se obvineti vkupno 31 lice. Po 9 lica se obvineti za 24 spre~uvawe na izbori i glasawe i za povreda na izbira~koto pravo, za povreda na slobodata na opredeluvawe na izbira~ite i za uni[tuvawe na izborni ispra- vi e obvineto po edno lice, a nitu edno lice ne e obvineto za potkup pri izbori i glasawe, nitu za povreda na tajnosta na glasaweto.
28 Na 22.03.2005g. do OJO Radovi[ e podnesena krivi~na prijava protiv edno lice za krivi~no delo povreda na slobodata na opredeluvawe na izbira~ite, i istiot den Obvinitelstvoto ima podignato obvinitelen predlog do Osnovniot sud Radovi[.-Pismeno izvestuvawe od OJO Radovi[ KO br.49/05 od 09.09.2005g.
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Profil na obvinetiot
Polova struktura
Vo pogled na polovata struktura na licata obvineti za krivi~ni dela protiv izborite i glasaweto vo vrska so lokalnite izbori vo 2005g., samo edno lice e od `enski pol, a site ostanati 30 obvineti se lica od ma[ki pol.
Starosna struktura
Statisti~kata obrabotka na sobranite podatoci, koi se odnesuvaat na vo- zrasta na obvinetite, poka`a deka najmladiot obvinet e maloletnik koj imal 17 godini vo momentot na izvr[uvaweto na krivi~noto delo, a najstariot obvinet ima 61 godina. 5% od obvinetite imaat do 20 godini, 35% od obvinetite imaat od 20 do 35 godini, 35% od obvinetite imaat od 35 do 45 godini, a 20% od obvinetite imaat nad 45 godini.
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Porane{na osuduvanost
Vo pogled na porane[nata osuduvanost na obvinetite, pogolem del ( 85%) od obvinetite se neosuduvani lica, dodeka pak pomal del (15%) od obvinetite se povratnici odnosno lica koi se porano osuduvani za drugi krivi~ni dela.
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Nacionalna struktura
Vo pogled na nacionalnata struktura na obvinetite, 61% od obvinetite se Albanci, 26% se Turci, 5% se Romi, 5% se Makedonci.
Obrazovanie
Vo pogled na obrazovnoto nivo na obvinetite, analizata na podatocite poka`a deka polovina od obvinetite se so osnovno obrazovanie, 35% imaat sredno obrazovanie, a po 5% od obvinetite imaat ~etvrto oddelenie, vi[o i visoko obrazovanie.
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^lenstvo vo organite za sproveduvawe na lokalnite izbori (izbira~ki odbori, op{tinski izborni komisii i dr`avna izborna komisija)
Za krivi~ni dela protiv izborite i glasaweto vo vrska so lokalnite izbori vo 2005g. se obvineti izbira~i, lica bez izbira~ko pravo, a najgolem broj od obvinetite vo momentot na izvr[uvawe na deloto bile ~lenovi vo organite za
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sproveduvawe na lokalnite izbori (izbira~ki odbori, op[tinski izborni komisii i dr`avna izborna komisija).
Iako golem broj od krivi~nite dela se izvr[eni od strana na ~lenovi na organite za sproveduvawe na lokalnite izbori, ima i slu~ai koga ~lenovite na organite za sproveduvawe na izborite bile napa\ani od strana na storitelite na krivi~ni dela protiv izborite i glasaweto, pri obidite da go spre~at izvr- [uvaweto na krivi~nite dela.29
Isto taka, ima i eden slu~aj koga ~lenovite na izbira~kiot odbor dale golem pridones vo otkrivaweto na krivi~noto delo.30
Osudeni lica
Za krivi~ni dela protiv izborite i glasaweto izvr[eni za vreme na lokal- nite izbori vo 2005g. vo RM, vo prvostepena postapka se oglaseni za vinovni vkupno 21 lice, a so pravosilna presuda se osudeni 5 lica.
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29 Vo tekot na prviot izboren krug eden maloletnik vlegol vo prostorijata na glasa~ko mesto vo op[tina {uto Orizari i se obidel da zeme pogolem broj glasa~ki liv~iwa, a koga ~len na izbira~kiot odbor se obidel da go spre~i vo toa, maloletnikot fizi~ki go napadnal ~lenot na izbira~kiot odbor, udiraj]i go so boks (tupanica) vo predelot na liceto, a otkako ostanatite ~lenovi na izbira~kiot odbor mu se sprotistavile na maloletnikot, toj go napu[til izbira~koto mesto. 30 ^lenovite na izbira~kiot odbor na izborno mesto vo op[tina Vasilevo pred po~etokot na glasaweto pod somne` deka ne[to ne e vo red (bidej]i otkako glasale nemo]nite lica, obvinetiot kako pretsedatel na izbira~ki odbor, go zel glasa~kiot materijal, i istiot no]ta go ~uval vo svojata ku]a), gi pregledale glasa~kite liv~iwa i utvrdile deka 17 od niv se neva`e~ki, odnosno na 17 liv~iwa bile zaokru`eni kandidatite za gradona~alnici i pod dvata redni broja (1 i 2).
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Odnosot pome\u brojot na prijaveni, obvineti, lica oglaseni za vinovni so nepravosilni presudi i osudeni lica mo`e da se vidi od slednava tabela:
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Vo pogled na nivniot odnos, poodelno za sekoe krivi~no delo protiv izbo- rite i glasaweto, se utvrdeni slednite podatoci:
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3. Sankcionirawe na storitelite na krivi~ni dela protiv izborite i glasaweto Postapuvaj]i po obvinenijata podneseni od strana na Osnovnite javni obvi- nitelstva, vo [est Osnovni sudovi se oformeni vkupno 12 predmeti. Najmnogu predmeti, vkupno pet se odnesuvaat na krivi~noto delo spre~uvawe na izbori i glasawe, tri predmeti na krivi~nite dela povreda na izbira~koto pravo i zloupotreba na izbira~koto pravo, dva predmeti se odnesuvaat na izborna izmama, eden predmet na uni[tuvawe na izborni ispravi i eden predmet se odnesuva na povreda na slobodata na opredeluvawe na izbira~ite.
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Osnovnite sudovi odlu~uvaj]i po predmetite, vo 10 predmeti imaat doneseni osuditelni presudi (presudi so koi obvinetite se oglaseni za vinovni i im se izre~eni krivi~ni sankcii), vo eden predmet e donesena odbivatelna presuda31 (presuda so koja se odbiva obvinenieto), a po eden predmet prvostepenata posta- pka e vo tek.32
31 Soglasno ~l.341 to~ka 3 od ZKP na RM(Sl.vesnik br.15/97, 44/02 i 74/04), Osnovniot sud Skopje I Skopje ima doneseno odbivatelna presuda, odnosno presuda so koje e odbieno obvinenieto protiv edno lice obvineto za krivi~no delo spre~uvawe na izbori i glasawe, bidej]i zamenikot osnoven javen obvinitel vo tekot na glavniot pretres se otka`al od obvinenieto. 32 Krivi~en predmet protiv 4 lica obvineti za kvalificiran (pote`ok) oblik na krivi~noto delo spre~uvawe na izbori i glasawe po ~l.158 st.2 od KZ na RM. Glavniot pretres po ovoj predmet se vodi pred Osnoven sud Prilep.
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Vidovi krivi~ni sankcii
Vo pogled na krivi~nite sankcii, na licata koi se oglaseni za vinovni im se izre~eni tri vidovi na sankcii: kazni (kazna zatvor i pari~na kazna); alter- nativni merki (uslovna osuda) i vospitna merka (zasilen nadzor od strana na roditelite pod kontrola na socijalen organ ). Kazna zatvor im e izre~ena na 11 lica, 7 lica se pari~no kazneti, na 7 lica im e izre~ena uslovna osuda, a na edno lice-maloletnik mu e izre~ena vospitna merka(zasilen nadzor od strana na roditelite pod kontrola na socijalen organ)
Zakonski minimum, zakonski maksimum i sudsko odmeruvawe na krivi~nite sankcii 30 Zakonskiot minimum na kaznata zatvor predvidena za storitelot na krivi~no delo spre~uvawe na izbori i glasawe iznesuva [est meseci, a maksimu- mot pet godini. Od druga strana dokolku izborite i glasaweto se spre~eni so upotreba na oru`je, eksplozivni ili drugi opasni napravi, so primena na na- silstvo sprema dve ili pove]e lica ili vo organizirana grupa, ili pak ako stanuva zbor za spre~uvawe na izbori i glasawe na podra~jeto na dve ili pove]e izbira~ki mesta toga[ zakonskiot minimum iznesuva 1 godina, a 10 godini maksimumot na kaznata zatvor.
Za krivi~no delo spre~uvawe na izbori i glasawe se oglaseni za vinovni ~etiri lica, na koi im se izre~eni slednite sankcii:
• edno lice e osudeno na zatvor vo traewe od osum meseci; • na dve lica im e izre~ena uslovna osuda, kazna zatvor vo traewe od edna godina i [est meseci koja nema da se izvr[i ako obvinetite ne izvr[at novo krivi~no delo za vreme od dve godini,33 33 Pri odmeruvaweto na sankcijata, sudot kako olesnitelni gi zemal slednite okolnosti: deka obvinetite se semejni lu\e, deka se neosuduvani i dobroto dr`ewe na obvinetite pred sudot, a kako ote`nuva~ki gi zemal slednite okolnosti: te`inata na krivi~noto delo, na~inot na izvr[uvawe, posledicite od izvr[uvaweto na vakov vid na krivi~no delo, pobudite poradi koi e storeno deloto i okolnostite pod koi deloto e izvr[eno.
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• na edno maloletno lice mu e izre~ena vospitna merka-zasilen nadzor od strana na roditelite pod kontrola na socijalen organ.
Izvr[itelot na krivi~no delo povreda na izbira~koto pravo sudot mo`e da bide kaznet pari~no ili pak na zatvor do edna godina.
Na devette lica oglaseni za vinovni za povreda na izbira~koto pravo, im se izre~eni slednite sankcii:
• edno lice e osudeno na zatvor vo traewe od osum meseci, • na tri lica im e izre~ena kazna zatvor vo traewe od dva meseci,34 • na pet lica im e se izre~eni pari~ni kazni.
Dokolku nekoe lice ja povredi slobodata na opredeluvawe na izbira~ite sudot mo`e da mu izre~e pari~na kazna ili kazna zatvor do edna godina, dodeka pak ~lenot na izbira~ki odbor, izborna komisija, odbor za sproveduvawe na ref- erendum ili drugo slu`beno lice koe vo vr[eweto na slu`bata vo vrska so izborite ili glasaweto ]e ja povredi slobodata na opredeluvawe na izbira~ite mo`e da bide osuden na zatvor vo traewe od tri meseci do tri godini.
Na edno lice osudeno za povreda na slobodata na opredeluvawe na izbira~ite, 31 mu e izre~ena pari~na kazna.
Soglasno KZ na RM, sekoj onoj koj ]e go zloupotrebi izbira~koto pravo, mo`e da bide kaznet pari~no ili pak na zatvor do edna godina.
Na pette lica koi vo tekot na lokalnite izbori go zloupotrebile izbira~- koto pravo, im se izre~eni slednite sankcii:
• edno lice e osudeno na zatvor vo traewe od osum meseci, • na tri lica im e izre~ena kazna zatvor vo traewe od dva meseca, • na edno lice mu e izre~ena pari~na kazna.
Na liceto koe ]e uni[ti izborni ispravi, sudot mo`e da mu izre~e pari~na kazna ili kazna zatvor do edna godina, dodeka pak na ~len na izbira~ki odbor, izborna komisija, odbor za sproveduvawe referendum ili drugo slu`beno lice vo
34 Pri odmeruvaweto na vidot i visinata sankcijata, sudot kako ote`nitelni okolnosti gi zemal: op[tes- tvenata opasnost od izvr[uvawe na vakvi krivi~ni dela i za~estena pojava od izvr[uvawe na vakvi krivi~ni dela na podra~jeto kade [to `iveat obvinetite, a kako olesnitelni okolnosti kaj obvinetite sudot gi zemal delumnoto priznanie za storenoto krivi~no delo, semejno materijalnata polo`ba, okolnosta deka obvine- tite dosega se neosuduvani .
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vr[eweto na slu`bata vo vrska so izborite ili glasaweto, toga[ sudot mo`e da mu izre~e pari~na kazna ili kazna zatvor do tri godini.
Za uni[tuvawe na izborni ispravi e osudeno edno lice na zatvor vo traewe od [est meseci.
Soglasno ~l. 165 od KZ na RM na storitelot na krivi~no delo izborna izmama mo`e da mu se izre~e kazna zatvor vo traewe od tri meseci do pet godini.
Na [estte lica oglaseni za vinovni za izborna izmama im se izre~eni sledni- te sankcii: • na edno lice mu e izre~ena kazna zatvor vo traewe od [est meseci, • na pet lica im e izre~ena uslovna osuda, odnosno kazna zatvor vo traewe od pet meseci koja nema da se izvr[i ako obveinetite ne storat novo krivi~no delo za vreme od edna godina.
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4. Po~ituvawe na me|unarodnite standardi za pravi~no sudewe vo krivi~nata postapka protiv storitelite na krivi~ni dela protiv izborite i glasaweto Pravo na sudewe pred nadle`en, nezavisen, nepristrasen i so zakon zasnovan sud Za ostvaruvawe na nepristasno i ~esno sudewe preku [to se ostvaruva i na~eloto na ednakvost na gra\anite pred zakonot i sudovite, edno od klu~nite pra[awa e pra[aweto za sostavot na sudot. Vo ramkite na proektot bea nabqu- duvani 4 sudski predmeti, i vrz osnova na podatocite od vkupno 9 pra[alnici, se utvrdi deka vo 3 slu~ai sudel sovet sostaven od sudija i dvajca sudii porotnici 1+2, a vo eden slu~aj sudel sudija poedinec.
Ednakvost na sredstvata 33 Eden od na~inite preku koi se ostvaruva standardot ednakvost na sredstvata, e mo`nosta za predlagawe na dokazi od strana na obvinetiot i negoviot branitel vo tekot na postapkata. Vrz osnova na vkupno 10 popolneti pra[alnici, se utvrdi deka vo dva slu~ai odbranata predlo`ila novi dokazi, a sudot i vo dvata slu~ai delumno gi prifatil predlozite za novi dokazi. Vo krivi~na postapka koja se vodi pred Osnoven sud Prilep protiv ~etiri lica za krivi~no delo spre~uvawe na izbori i glasawe po ~l.158 st.2 v.v. st.1 i ~l.19 od KZ na RM, na ro~i[te odbranata predlo`ila soslu[uvawe na tri svedoci, a sudot prifatil da se soslu[aat dvajca od predlo`enite svedoci, a na drugo ro~i[te odbranata pre- dlo`ila soslu[uvawe na [est svedoci, a sudot odlu~uvaj]i po ovoj predlog, prifatil da se soslu[aat dvajca od predlo`enite svedoci.
Pravo da se bide prisuten na sudeweto Sudeweto vo otsustvo e mo`no samo vo slu~aite propi[ani so ZKP na RM.35 35 Soglasno ~l.292 od ZKP na RM(Sl.vesnik br.15/97, 44/02 i 74/04), po predlog na tu`eniot, sudot mo`e da donese re[enie za sudewe vo otsustvo, ako obvinetiot e vo begstvo ili ne e dostapen na dr`avnite organi, a postojat osobeno va`ni pri~ini da mu se sudi vo otsustvo. Vo skratena postapka, soglasno ~l.428 st.4 od ZKP na RM, ako obvinetiot ne dojde na glavniot pretres, iako e uredno povikan ili pokanata ne mo`ela da se vra~i poradi neprijavuvawe do sudot na promenata na adresata ili prestojuvali[teto, sudot mo`e da odlu~i glavniot pretres da se odr`i i vo negovo otsustvo pod uslov negovoto prisustvo da ne e nu`no.
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Statisti~kata analiza na sobranite podatoci za sudewe vo prisustvo (otsus- tvo) na obvinetiot, dovede do zaklu~ok deka na 21 obvinet mu e sudeno vo negovo prisustvo, a samo na dvajca obvineti im e sudeno vo otsustvo-vo krivi~en pred- met koj e voden pred Osnoven sud Kumanovo od vkupno [estmina obvineti (site uredno izvesteni na zapisnik), ~etvorica bile prisutni, a dvajca obvineti ne bile prisutni, pa soglasno ~l.454 st.4 od ZKP, sudot odlu~il na dvajcata obvi- neti da im se sudi vo otsustvo.
ZKP na RM predviduva nekolku merki za obezbeduvawe prisustvoto na obvi- netiot.36
Obrabotkata na sobranite podatoci, poka`a deka vo krivi~nite postapki koi se vodeni za krivi~ni dela protiv izborite i glasaweto, prisustvoto na 21 obvinet e obezbedeno so pokana. Dodeka pak sprema 2 lica e opredelena merka pritvor. Imeno, na 25.04.2005g. MVR ima podneseno krivi~na prijava protiv tri lica za povreda na izbira~koto pravo i za zloupotreba na izbira~koto pravo. Postapuvaj]i po krivi~nata prijava, OJO Skopje ima podneseno predlog za prezemawe opredeleni istra`ni dejstvija so predlog za opredeluvawe merka pritvor sprema trite prijaveni lica, a istra`en sudija na Osnovniot sud Skopje II Skopje im opredelil pritvor na trite prijaveni lica vo traewe od po 8 dena, vrz osnova na ist zakonski osnov (poradi postoewe na okolnosti koi uka`uvale 34 na opasnost od begstvo na trite prijaveni lica, ~l.184 st.1 to~ka 1 od ZKP Sl.vesnik na RM br.15/97, 44/02 i 74/04). Otkako eden od prijavenite se javil vo sudot i bil soslu[an vo prisustvo na branitel, istra`niot sudija mu go ukinal pritvorot bidej]i utvrdil deka ne postojat pri~inite poradi koi mu bila opredelena merka pritvor, a OJO Skopje za ova lice donelo re[enie za otfr- lawe na krivi~nata prijava poradi ne postoewe na osnovano somnenie da ova prijaveno lice go storilo krivi~noto delo.
36 Pokana; priveduvawe; vetuvawe na obvinetiot deka nema da go napu[ti `iveali[teto odnosno presto- juvali[teto; drugi preventivni merki so koi se obezbeduva prisustvo na obvinetiot(zabrana za napu[tawe na `iveali[teto odnosno prestojuvali[teto, obvrska na obvinetiot da se javuva povremeno na odredeno slu`beno lice ili kaj nadle`en dr`aven organ, privremeno odzemawe na patna ili druga isprava za preminuvawe na dr`avnata granica odnosno zabrana za nejzino izdavawe i privremeno odzemawe na voza~ka dozvola, odnosno zabrana za nejzino izdavawe), garancija i pritvor (Glava XVII od ZKP Sl.vesnik br.15/97, 44/02 i 74/04).
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Sudewe vo razumen rok
Pravoto na sudewe vo razumen rok zna~i deka postapkata, uva`uvaj]i go pravoto na obvinetiot na dovolno vreme za podgotvuvawe na odbranata, mora da se odviva i presudata mora da bide donesena bez nepotrebno odlagawe, odnosno vo razumen rok.
Vo pogled na vremetraeweto na krivi~nata postapka vo prv stepen vo 3 slu~ai krivi~nata postapka traela od 15 do 30 dena, vo 3 slu~ai traela do 45 dena, vo 1 slu~aj traela do 75 dena i vo 1 slu~aj traela do 120 dena, [to uka`uva na faktot deka na licata obvineti za krivi~ni dela protiv izborite i glasaweto izvr[eni za vreme na lokalnite izbori vo 2005g. vo RM, im e sudeno vo razumen rok.
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Pravo na mol~ewe
Pravoto na mol~ewe e najzna~ajna garancija deka kon obvinetiot nema da se primenat prisilni metodi za da se dobie negov iskaz ili priznanie. Vo pogled na pra[aweto dali obvinetiot go koristel pravoto na mol~ewe, vrz osnova na statisti~kata analizata na sobranite podatoci se utvrdi deka 17 obvineti ne go koristele pravoto na mol~ewe, tuku ja iznele svojata odbrana.
Pravo na preveduva~
Pripadnicite na zaednicite koi ne se mnozinstvo vo RM, imaat pravo na ednakvost, ramnopravnost i nediskriminacija pred sudot, pravo da go koristat svojot jazik i pismo vo postapkata i pravo na preveduva~ koga ne go razbiraat makedonskiot jazik i negovoto kirilsko pismo. So ogled da 20 obvineti se pripadnici na zaednicite koi ne se mnozinstvo vo RM (13 Albanci, 6 Turci i 1 Rom), interesen e faktot deka site tie vo krivi~nata postapka go koristele makedonskiot jazik.
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Pravo na odbrana
Obvinetiot ima pravo da se brani sam ili so pomo[ na branitel po svoj izbor. Dokolku spored svojata imotna sostojba, obvinetiot ne mo`e da gi podne- se tro[ocite na odbranata i ako postapkata se vodi za krivi~no delo za koe e propi[ana kazna zatvor nad edna godina, ima pravo da dobie besplatna pravna pomo[, a vo slu~ai precizno utvrdeni so zakon obvinetiot mora da ima branitel. Vo vkupno 4 nabquduvani predmeti, vrz osnova na podatocite dobieni od 9 popolneti pra[alnici, se utvrdi deka 1 obvinet nemal branitel, a 11 obvineti imale branitel koj sami go odbrale.
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ZAKLU^OCI 1. Op[ta ocena na akreditiranite doma[ni i stranski nabquduva~i e deka lokalnite izbori vo RM vo 2005 g. bea fer, demokratski i vo soglasnost so Dokumentot od Kopenhagen na OBSE i drugite me\unarodni standardi za demokratski izbori, no so seriozni nepravilnosti (polnewe glasa~ki kutii, grupno glasawe, naru[uvawe na tajnosta na glasaweto, semejno glasawe, nesproveduvawe na postapka za proverka na identitetot na glasa~ite i sl.) vo zna~itelen broj op[tini vo zapadniot i severozapadniot del od zemjata koi [to vlijaat vrz integritetot na celokupniot izboren proces.
2. Golemiot broj prigovori (podneseni do op[tinskite izborni komisii) i `albi (podneseni do Vrhovniot sud na RM) se objektiven indikator za nere- gularnostite i naru[uvawata na izborniot proces, a kako rezultat na pri- govorite i `albite (neregularnostite) se odr`a preglasuvawe na 27 mart, na 10 april, na 24 april , na 8 maj, a ima[e i vonredni izbori vo op[tina {uto Orizari. 37 3. Vo tekot na lokalnite izbori se izvr[eni vkupno 49 krivi~ni dela protiv izborite i glasaweto, i toa 61% od vkupniot broj krivi~ni dela se izvr[eni vo tekot na prviot izboren krug, 27% vo tekot na vtoriot izboren krug, 8% na preglasuvaweto na 10.04.2005g., a 4% na preglasuvaweto na 24.04.2005g.
4. Krivi~ni dela se izvr[eni vo 11 op[tini, a najmnogu dela se izvr[eni vo op[tina {uto Orizari.
5. 95% od vkupniot broj krivi~ni dela se izvr[eni vo samite prostorii kade se sproveduvalo glasaweto ( vo izbira~kite mesta 1117 i 1119 vo op[tina Lipkovo, 1470 i 1473 vo op[tina Dolneni, 2968 i 2971 vo op[tina {uto Orizari, 1391 vo op[tina Prilep, 2905 vo op[tina Butel i vo izbira~koto mesto 2343 vo op[tina Studeni~ani), a ostanatite 5% se izvr[eni nadvor od izbira~kite mesta.
6. Golem broj od krivi~nite dela se izvr[eni od strana na ~lenovi na organite za sproveduvawe na lokalnite izbori. Imeno od vkupno 31 obvinet, 15 obvi- neti se ~lenovi na organite za sproveduvawe na lokalnite izbori, i toa 4 obvineti vo momentot na izvr[uvawe na krivi~noto delo bile pretsedateli na izbira~ki odbori, a 11 obvineti bile ~lenovi na izbira~ki odbori.
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7. 70% od krivi~nite dela izvr[eni za vreme na lokalnite izbori se prijaveni od strana na Ministerstvoto za vnatre[ni raboti, 10% se prijaveni od strana na gra\ani, a 20% od strana na Sojuzot na Romi od RM.
8. Za krivi~ni dela protiv izborite i glasaweto izvr[eni za vreme na lokal- nite izbori vo 2005g. se prijaveni vkupno 65 lica. Od vkupno 65 prijaveni lica za 15 lica e otfrlena krivi~nata prijava, i toa vrz osnova na ist zakonski osnov-nepostoewe na osnovano somnenie deka prijaveniot go storil deloto, protiv 13 lica se sproveduva istraga, za 6 lica se pribiraat dokazi od strana na javnoto obvinitelstvo, a 31 lice e obvineto.
9. Od vkupno 31 obvinet, sprema 4 lica prvostepenata postapka e vo tek, za 1 lice e donesena presuda so koja se odbiva obvinenieto, 21 lice e oglaseno za vinovno, a 5 lica se osudeni.
10. Vrz osnova na analizata na podatocite za vidot i visinata na krivi~nite sankcii izre~eni na storitelite na krivi~ni dela protiv izborite i glasa- weto vo vrska so lokalnite izbori, se utvrdi deka pri odmeruvaweto na sankciite makedonskite sudovi se dvi`ele vo ramkite na zakonskiot maksi- mum i minimum, osven vo dva predmeti kade sankcijata e odmerena pod zakon- skiot minimum. 38 11. Vo pogled na po~ituvaweto na me\unarodnite standardi za pravi~no sudewe vo krivi~nata postapka protiv storitelite na krivi~ni dela protiv izbo- rite i glasaweto, vrz osnova na sobranite podatoci se utvrdi deka na stori- telite im e sudeno vo nivno prisustvo (osven na dvajca obvineti), vo razumen rok, pred nadle`en, nezavisen, nepristrasen i so zakon zasnovan sud. Obvi- netite go ne go koristele pravoto na mol~ewe, nitu pak pravoto na preve- duva~, a go koristele pravoto da predlagaat dokazi vo svoja odbrana, kako i pravoto da se branat so pomo[ na branitel po svoj izbor.
12. Golem del od neregularnostite zabele`ani od strana na doma[nite i stran- ski nabquduva~i, pretstavuvaat krivi~no delo.
• kr[eweto na glasa~ki kutii; postoewe na tenzija, nemiri i zapla[uvawe na samite izbira~ki mesta i nadvor od izbira~kite mesta; nasilnoto odne- suvawe i me\usebnite fizi~ki presmetki vo izbira~kite mesta; napadite vrz glasa~i-pretstavuvaat krivi~no delo spre~uvawe na izbori i glasawe; • glasaweto za drugi lica; semejnoto glasawe-pretstavuvaat krivi~no delo zloupotreba na izbira~koto pravo; • naru[uvaweto na tajnosta na glasaweto-pretstavuva krivi~no delo po- vreda na tajnosta na glasaweto;
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• agitiraweto vrz izbira~ite pred izbira~kite mesta-pretstavuvaat kri- vi~no delo povreda na slobodata na opredeluvawe na izbira~ite;
Nasproti golemiot broj lica koi za vreme na lokalnite izbori vo 2005g: glasale za drugi, kr[ele glasa~ki kutii, ja naru[uvale tajnosta na glasaweto, i sl.,37 mnogu e mal brojot na licata protiv koi se podneseni krivi~ni prijavi, a u[te pomal e brojot na obvineti lica, poradi [to e opravdan zaklu~okot deka ocenkata za krivi~noto gonewe na storitelite na krivi~ni dela protiv izbori- te i glasaweto za vreme na lokalnite izbori vo 2005g, e negativna.
39
37 Izve[taj, lokalni izbori 2005, maj 2005, GA MOST; Kone~en izve[taj na nabquduva~kata misija za izborite na OBSE/ODIHR, Var[ava, 8 juni 2005
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PREPORAKI ZA IZMENA NA IZBORNOTO ZAKONODAVSTVO 1. Zaradi sozdavawe na uslovi za sproveduvawe na fer i demokratski izbori od golemo zna~ewe e formiraweto politi~ki nezavisni organi za sproveduvawe na izborite, pa vo taa nasoka, neophodno e so noviot izboren zakon da se predvidi slednoto:
^lenovite na Dr`avnata izborna komisija, op[tinskite izborni komisii i izbira~kite odbori da se imenuvaat od strana na sudovite, ne po predlog na politi~kite partii na vlast koi na poslednite izbori za pratenici osvoile najmnogu glasovi i politi~kite partii vo opozicija koi na poslednite izbori za pratenici osvoile najmnogu glasovi.
2. Soglasno ~l.62 od Zakonot za lokalni izbori, pri utvrduvaweto na rezul- tatite od glasaweto na izbira~kite mesta, neupotrebenite glasa~ki liv~i- wa se stavaat vo poseben plik koj se zatvora, zape~atuva i vrz nego se zapi[uva 40 brojot na izbira~koto mesto i vkupniot broj na neupotrebenite liv~iwa.
Vakvata zakonska odredba ostava mo`nost mo`nost neupotrebenite glasa~ki liv~iwa da se zloupotrebat, poradi [to so noviot izboren zakon da se predvidi:
Po utvrduvaweto na brojot na neupotrebenite glasa~ki liv~iwa, na neupo- trebenite glasa~ki liv~iwa da se stavi nekakov znak (zasekuvawe so no`ica, obele`uvawe so marker i sl.), so [to nema da postoi mo`nost neupotrebenite glasa~ki liv~iwa da se zloupotrebat.
3. Soglasno ~l.81 od Zakonot za lokalni izbori, sekoj podnositel na lista na kandidati za ~lenovi na sovet i lista na kandidat za gradona~alnik i sekoj izbira~ vo postapkata za glasawe, sumirawe i utvrduvawe na rezultatite od glasaweto ima pravo da podnese prigovor do izbornata komisija.
Ovaa zakonska odredba gi isklu~uva doma[nite nabquduva~i od postapkata za za[tita na izbira~koto pravo, [to e neopravdano bidej]i doma[nite nabquduva~i se neposredno prisutni pri glasaweto, sumiraweti i utvrdu- vaweto na rezultatite od glasaweto. Zatoa, pokraj podnositelot na lista na kandidati za ~lenovi na sovet i lista na kandidat za gradona~alnik, so noviot izboren zakon da se predvidi pravo za podnesuvawe na prigovori i `albi do
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Uspe{noto spre~uvawe na izbornite neregularnosti - klu~en faktor za fer i demokratski izbori
nadle`nite organi, i za nevladinite organizacii koi se javuvaat kako do- ma[ni nabquduva~i.
4. So noviot izboren zakon, za ~lenovite na organite za sproveduvawe na izbo- rite (DIK, OIK i IO) koi se osudeni za krivi~ni dela protiv izborite i glasaweto, da se predvidi zabrana za tie lica vo idnina povtorno da bidat ~lenovi na organi za sproveduvawe na izborite.
5. Vo noviot izboren zakon da se predvidi obvrska za DIK i OIK, da go dostavat izbira~kiot materijal do Osnovnite Javni obvinitelstva, dokolku izbi- ra~kiot materijal mo`e da poslu`i kako dokaz vo postapkata za krivi~no gonewe na storitelite na krivi~ni dela protiv izborite i glasaweto.
6. Krivi~noto gonewe na storitelite na krivi~ni dela protiv izborite i glasaweto ]e bide poefikasno dokolku so noviot izboren zakon se napravi precizna granica pome\u izborni neregularnosti i krivi~ni dela protiv izborite i glasaweto. Noviot izboren zakon ne smee da sodr`i odredba kakva [to e sodr`ana vo Zakonot za lokalni izbori (~l.97 st.1 “So pari~na kazna od 40.000 do 50.000 den. ]e se kazni za prekr[ok fizi~ko lice koe glasa za pove]e lica ili glasa vo ime na drugo lice, kako i za spre~uvawe na prisustvo na policija, ako za toa imalo potreba.”) bidej]i so ovaa odredba glasaweto za pove]e lica i glasaweto vo ime na drug se opredeleni kako prekr[ok, a 41 istite tie dejstvija (glasaweto za pove]e lica i glasaweto vo ime na drug) soglasno KZ pretstavuvaat krivi~no delo zloupotreba na izbira~koto pravo, poradi [to postoi opasnost edno lice za edno isto dejstvie da bide kazneto za prekr[ok i za krivi~no delo, [to e sprotivno na na~eloto na zabrana za povtorno sudewe (non bis in idem)38.
7. Vo noviot izboren zakon, osven izbornite neregularnosti koi pretstavuvaat krivi~ni dela protiv izborite i glasaweto (kr[ewe na glasa~ki kutii, semejno glasawe, glasawe za drug, naru[uvawe na tajnosta na glasaweto i sl.), site drugi izborni neregularnosti da se predvidat kako prekr[oci. Zaradi uspe[no spravuvawe i spre~uvawe na ovie izborni neregularnosti, so noviot izboren zakon da se ovlasti izbira~kiot odbor (otkako ]e utvrdi deka nekoe lice izvr[ilo takva neregularnost) da ja izvesti policijata koja go obez- beduva objektot vo koj e smesteno glasa~koto mesto, a na policijata da i bide dadeno ovlastuvawe po konstatirawe na sostojbata da sostavi zapisnik, i vrz osnova na istiot da podnese prekr[o~na prijava. 38 “Nikoj ne mo`e povtorno da bide suden za delo za koe ve]e bil suden i za koe e donesena pravosilna sudska odluka.”-~l.14 st.2 od Ustavot na RM “Nikoj ne mo`e povtorno da bide suden ili kaznet za delo za koe ve]e bil suden i za koe e donesena pravosilna sudska odluka.”~l.5 od ZKP na RM
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Bibliografija • Evropska konvencija za za[tita na ~ovekovite prava i osnovni slobodi i protokolite br.1, 4, 6, 7 i 11 (Sl.vesnik na RM br.11/97) • Zakon za izbira~ki mesta (Sl.vesnik na RM br.50/97) • Zakon za izbira~ki spisok (Sl.vesnik na RM br.42/02) • Zakon za javno obvinitelstvo (Sl.vesnik na RM br.80/92, 19/93 i 49/96) • Zakon za krivi~na postapka (Sl.vesnik na RM br.15/97, 44/02 i 74/04) • Zakon za lokalni izbori (Sl.vesnik na RM br.45/04) • Zakon za lokalna samouprava (Sl.vesnik na RM br.05/02) • Zakon za prekr[ocite (Sl.vesnik na RM br.15/97) • Zakon za sudovite (Sl.vesnik na RM br.36/95, 45/95 i 64/03) • Zakon za teritorijalnata organizacija na lokalnata samouprava vo Re- publika Makedonija • Izve[taj, lokalni izbori 2005, maj 2005, GA MOST • Kambovski Vlado, kazneno pravo-op[t del, Skopje 2004 • Kambovski Vlado, kazneno pravo-poseben del, Skopje 1997 • Kanev~ev Metodija, krivi~no-pravna za[tita na izborniot sistem, dok- torska disertacija, Skopje 1994 43 • Klimovski Savo, ustaven i politi~ki sistem, Skopje 1997 • Kone~en izve[taj na Nabquduva~kata misija za izborite na OBSE/ ODIHR, Var[ava, 8 juni 2005 • Kodeks za pravilata i procedurata za nabquduvawe na lokalnite izbori 2005 (Sl.vesnik na RM br.45/04) • Krivi~en zakonik (Sl.vesnik na RM br.37/96, 80/99, 4/02, 43/03 i 19/04) • Matovski Nikola, kazneno procesno pravo-op[t del, 2003g. Skopje • Ustav na RM (Sl.vesnik na RM br.52/91) i Amandmani na Ustavot: I i II (Sl.vesnik na RM br.1/92); III (Sl.vesnik na RM br.31/98); IV-XVIII (Sl.vesnik na RM br.91/01) i XIX (Sl.vesnik na RM br.84/03) • {kari] Svetomir, Makedonija na site kontinenti, mir-demokratija- geopolitika, Skopje 2000g. *** www.dik.mk www.most.org.mk www.dnevnik.com.mk www.utrinskivesnik.com.mk www.vecer.com.mk www.mhc.org.mk www.balkantimes.com
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CIP - Katalogizacija vo publikacija Narodna i univerzitetska biblioteka “Sv. Kliment Ohridski”, Skopje 343.415:343.18(497.7) 343.18:343.415(497.7) NETKOVSKA, Marijana USPE[NOTO spre~uvawe na izbornite neregularnosti klu~en faktor za fer i demokratski izbori. / Marijana NETKOVSKA. - Skopje: Koalicija Site za pravi~no sudewe, 2005. - 44 str.: ilustr. vo boja; 24 cm ISBN 9989-2502-4-3 a) Krivi~ni dela protiv izborite - Pravosudstvo - Makedonija COBISS.MK-ID 63330826
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