¼ º Î àô Ú ò
§ø³Õ³ù³óÇ³Ï³Ý Í³é³ÛáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³Ù³Ï³ñ·áõ٠ѳë³ñ³Ï³Ï³Ý ÙdzíáñáõÙÝ»ñÇ ¹Çïáñ¹³Ï³Ý ³é³ù»ÉáõÃÛ³Ý Ëñ³ËáõëáõÙÁ áñå»ë ѳϳÏáéáõåóÇáÝ ÙÇçáó³éáõÙ¦ Íñ³·ñÇ ßñç³Ý³ÏÝ»ñáõÙ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óí³Í ÙáÝÇïáñÇÝ·Ç ¨ ëáóÇáÉá·Ç³Ï³Ý ѳñóÙ³Ý ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùÝ»ñÁ
ºðºì²Ü – 2007Ã. ´áí³Ý¹³ÏáõÃÛáõÝ
ܲʲ´²Ü .................................................................................................................................3
1. ØàÜÆîàðÆÜ¶Æ ¸Æî²ðÎàôØܺðÀ....................................................................................4
2. ÎàèàôäòÆàÜ èÆêκðÀ...................................................................................................12
3. º¼ð²Î²òàôÂÚàôÜ ºì ²è²æ²ðÎàôÂÚàôÜܺð ............................................................15 ܲʲ´²Ü ä»ï³Ï³Ý ϳé³í³ñÙ³Ý Ñ³Ù³Ï³ñ·áõÙ ÏáéáõåódzÛÇ ï³ñ³ÍÙ³Ý å³ÛÙ³ÝÝ»ñáõ٠ѳë³ñ³Ï³Ï³Ý é»ëáõñëÝ»ñÁ û·ï³·áñÍíáõÙ »Ý Ç ß³Ñ ÁÝïñÛ³ÉÝ»ñÇ Ý»Õ ßñç³Ý³ÏÇ: àõëïÇ ÏáéáõåódzÛÇ ¹»Ù å³Ûù³ñÁ å»ïù ¿ ëÏë»É Ñ»Ýó ϳé³í³ñÙ³Ý ûÕ³ÏÇó: ä»ï³Ï³Ý ͳé³ÛáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³Ù³Ï³ñ·áõÙ ÙñóáõÛÃÇ ¨ ³ï»ëï³íáñÙ³Ý Å³Ù³Ý³Ï³ÏÇó ѳٳϳñ·Ç ëï»ÕÍáõÙÁ ÏáéáõåódzÛÇ Ñ³ÕóѳñÙ³Ý Ïéí³Ý ÏѳݹÇë³Ý³: ²Û¹ ѳٳϳñ·Ç ÙÇçáóáí Ϸݳѳïí»Ý ù³Õ³ù³óÇ³Ï³Ý Í³é³ÛáÕÝ»ñÇ ÏáÕÙÇó Çñ»Ýó ýáõÝÏóÇáÝ³É å³ñï³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ÇÙ³óáõÃÛ³Ý ¨ ³Û¹ å³ñï³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ï³ï³ñÙ³Ý Ñ³Ù³ñ ³ÝÑñ³Å»ßï ·Çï»ÉÇùÝ»ñÇ ¨ ÑÙïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ïÇñ³å»ïÙ³Ý ³ëïÇ׳ÝÁ, ÇÝãå»ë ݳ¨ Ýñ³Ýó µ³ñáÛ³Ñá·»µ³Ý³Ï³Ý ѳٳå³ï³ëË³Ý áñ³ÏÝ»ñÇ ³éϳÛáõÃÛáõÝÁ: г۳ëï³ÝÇ Ð³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝáõÙ ù³Õ³ù³óÇ³Ï³Ý Í³é³ÛáõÃÛ³Ý ³ñ¹Ûáõݳí»ï ¨ ·áñÍáõÝ Ñ³Ù³Ï³ñ·áí ûÅïí³Í ѳÝñ³ÛÇÝ Ï³é³í³ñÙ³Ý Ï³Û³óÙ³Ý ·áñÍáõ٠ϳñ¨áñ ¿ ù³Õ³ù³óÇ³Ï³Ý Ñ³ë³ñ³ÏáõÃÛ³Ý Ù³ëݳÏóáõÃÛáõÝÁ, áñÁ ¹ñë¨áñíáõÙ ¿ ݳ¨ ù³Õ³ù³óÇ³Ï³Ý Í³é³ÛáÕÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³ÉñÙ³Ý ¨ Ýñ³Ýó å³ßïáÝ»³Ï³Ý ³é³ç˳ճóÙ³Ý Ñ³ñó»ñÇ ÉáõÍÙ³Ý Å³Ù³Ý³Ï: ºÉÝ»Éáí ÐÐ å»ï³Ï³Ý ϳé³í³ñÙ³Ý Ñ³Ù³Ï³ñ·Ç ³ñ¹Ûáõݳí»ïáõÃÛ³Ý µ³ñ»É³íÙ³Ý ·áñÍáõ٠ѳë³ñ³Ï³Ï³Ý ϳ½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ¹»ñÇ Ù»Í³óÙ³Ý ËݹñÇó ¨ ù³Õ³ù³óÇ³Ï³Ý Í³é³ÛáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³Ù³Ï³ñ·áõÙ ÏáéáõåódzÛÇ ¹ñë¨áñáõÙÝ»ñÇ Ï³Ý˳ñ·»ÉÙ³Ý ¨ ³éϳ ËݹÇñÝ»ñÇ Éáõë³µ³ÝÙ³Ý ³ÝÑñ³Å»ßïáõÃÛáõÝÇó` ÙñóáõóÛÇÝ ¨ ³ï»ëï³íáñÙ³Ý ·áñÍÁÝóóÝ»ñÇÝ Ù³ëݳÏóáÕ ù³Õ³ù³óÇ³Ï³Ý Í³é³ÛáÕÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï, ³Û¹ ·áñÍÁÝóóÝ»ñÇ Ýϳïٳٵ ѳë³ñ³Ï³Ï³Ý ÙáÝÇïáñÇÝ·Ç Çñ³Ï³Ý³óÙ³Ý Ñ³Ù³ï»ùëïáõÙ, ëï³Ý¹³ñï³óí³Í ѳñó³½ñáõÛóÇ ÙÇçáóáí ëáóÇáÉá·Ç³Ï³Ý ѻﳽáïáõÃÛáõÝ ¿ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óí»É: ¼áõ·³Ñ»é³µ³ñ, ѳñóÙ³Ý »Ý »ÝóñÏí»É ݳ¨ ÙñóáõóÛÇÝ ¨ ³ï»ëï³íáñÙ³Ý ·áñÍÁÝóóÝ»ñÇ Å³Ù³Ý³Ï ¹Çïáñ¹³Ï³Ý ³é³ù»ÉáõÃÛáõÝ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óÝáÕ Ñ³ë³ñ³Ï³Ï³Ý ϳ½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ý»ñϳ۳óáõóÇãÝ»ñÇó µ³Õϳó³Í ËÙµÇ ³Ý¹³ÙÝ»ñ-¹Çïáñ¹Ý»ñÁ: ØáÝÇïáñÇÝ·Á ¨ ¹ñ³ ÑÇÙùáõÙ ÁÝÏ³Í Ñ»ï³½áïáõÃÛáõÝÁ »ñ»ù ųٳݳϳÛÇÝ ÷áõÉ»ñÇó ¿ñ µ³Õϳó³Í, ÇÝãÝ Ç ÃÇíë ³ÛÉáó, ù³Õ³ù³óÇ³Ï³Ý Í³é³ÛáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³Ù³Ï³ñ·Ç íñ³ г۳ëï³ÝÇ Ð³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝáõÙ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý ϳñ¨áñ Çñ³¹³ñÓáõÃÛ³Ý` ËáñÑñ¹³ñ³Ý³Ï³Ý ÁÝïñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ³½¹»óáõÃÛáõÝÝ áõëáõÙݳëÇñ»Éáõ ѳݷ³Ù³Ýùáí ¿ å³Ûٳݳíáñí³Í: ²é³çÇÝ Å³Ù³Ý³Ï³Ñ³ïí³ÍÝ Áݹ·ñÏáÕ ÷áõÉáõÙ (16.03.2007Ã. - 04.05.2007Ã.) ¹Çïáñ¹³Ï³Ý ³é³ù»ÉáõÃÛáõÝ ¿ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óí»É ï³ñµ»ñ å»ï³Ï³Ý ·»ñ³ï»ëãáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ 36 ÙñóáõÛÃÝ»ñÇ ¨ 14 ³ï»ëï³ódzݻñÇ Å³Ù³Ý³Ï, ÇëÏ Ñ³ñóíáÕÝ»ñÇ ù³Ý³ÏÁ ϳ½Ù»É ¿ 151 é»ëåáݹ»Ýï (ѳٳå³ï³ë˳ݳµ³ñ 73 ¨ 78 Ù³ëݳÏÇó): ØáÝÇïáñÇÝ·Ç »ñÏñáñ¹ ¨ »ññáñ¹ ÷áõÉ»ñáõÙ ëáóÇáÉá·Ç³Ï³Ý ѻﳽáïáõÃÛáõÝÁ Áݹ·ñÏ»É ¿ ÐÐ ËáñÑñ¹³ñ³Ý³Ï³Ý ÁÝïñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇó Ñ»ïá ÁÝÏ³Í Å³Ù³Ý³Ï³Ñ³ïí³ÍÁ (20.06.2007 - 01.10.2007): гñóÙ³ÝÁ Ù³ëݳÏó»É ¿ 144 é»ëåáݹ»Ýï, (ѳٳå³ï³ë˳ݳµ³ñ 41 ¨ 103 Ù³ëݳÏÇó, 31 ÙñóáõÛà ¨ 39 ³ï»ëï³ódz): ²ÛëåÇëáí, ѳñóÙ³Ý Ù³ëݳÏÇóÝ»ñÇ ÁݹѳÝáõñ ÃÇíÁ ϳ½Ù»É ¿ 295 é»ëåáݹ»Ýï (67 ÙñóáõÛÃÇ ¨ 53 ³ï»ëï³ódzÛÇ Å³Ù³Ý³Ï Ñ³Ù³å³ï³ë˳ݳµ³ñ 114 ¨ 181 Ù³ñ¹): гñóí³ÍÝ»ñÇ 56,5%–Á ³ñ³Ï³Ý, ÇëÏ 43,5%-Á` Ç·³Ï³Ý ë»éÇ Ý»ñϳ۳óáõóÇãÝ»ñ »Ý: سëݳ·ÇïáõÃÛ³Ý ³éáõÙáí 31,9%–Á ïÝï»ë³·Çï³Ï³Ý, 9,6%-Á Çñ³í³µ³Ý³Ï³Ý, 15,8%-Á ÇÝŻݻñ³Ï³Ý, 6,2%-Á µ³Ý³ëÇñ³Ï³Ý Ù³ëݳ·ÇïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ áõÝ»Ý: 8,8%-Á Ù³ëݳ·ÇïáõÃÛ³Ùµ µÅÇßÏ ¿, 4,2%-Á` Ù³Ýϳí³ñÅ, 3,5%-Á` å³ïÙ³µ³Ý ¨ ³ÛÉÝ: ²ñ¹Ç³Ï³Ý ϳé³í³ñÙ³Ý Ñ³Ù³Ï³ñ·Ç ѳٳñ ³ÛÝåÇëÇ Ï³ñ¨áñ Ù³ëݳ·ÇïáõÃÛ³Ý, ÇÝãåÇëÇÝ Íñ³·ñ³íáñáõÙÝ ¿, Ý»ñϳ۳óáõóÇãÝ»ñÁ Áݹ³Ù»ÝÁ 1,2% »Ý ϳ½ÙáõÙ: ¶Í³å³ïÏ»ñ ²-Çó »ñ¨áõÙ ¿, áñ ѳñóí³ÍÝ»ñÇ 8,5%–Á ÑÇÝ·Çó ³í»ÉÇ ³Ý·³Ù ¿ Ù³ëݳÏóáõÙ Çñ»Ýó ·Çï»ÉÇùÝ»ñÇ ëïáõ·Ù³Ý í»ñáÑÇßÛ³É ·áñÍÁÝóóÝ»ñÇÝ: ¶Í³å³ïÏ»ñ ². سëݳÏóáõÃÛáõÝÁ ÙñóáõÛÃÇ / ³ï»ëï³íáñÙ³Ý ·áñÍÁÝóóÝ»ñÇÝ (1-ÇÝ ëÛáõݳÏ` ³é³çÇÝ ³Ý·³Ù »Ý Ù³ëݳÏóáõÙ, 2-ñ¹` 2-ñ¹ ³Ý·³Ù, 3-ñ¹` 3 ³Ý·³Ù ¨ ³Û¹å»ë ß³ñáõÝ³Ï ÙÇÝ㨠30 ³Ý·³Ù)
q1
70
60
50 Percent
40
30
20
10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 12 15 30 q1
1. ØàÜÆîàðÆÜ¶Æ ¸Æî²ðÎàôØܺðÀ ÀݹѳÝáõñ ³éٳٵ, ÇÝãå»ë »ñ¨áõÙ ¿ ù³Õ³ù³óÇ³Ï³Ý Í³é³ÛáõÃÛ³Ý ÙñóáõóÛÇÝ ¨ ³ï»ëï³íáñÙ³Ý ·áñÍÁÝóóÝ»ñÇ ÙáÝÇïáñÇÝ·Ç ßñç³Ý³ÏÝ»ñáõÙ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óí³Í ëáóÇáÉá·Ç³Ï³Ý ѳñóÙ³Ý ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùÝ»ñÇó, ù³Õ³ù³óÇ³Ï³Ý Í³é³ÛáõÃÛ³Ý ÙñóáõóÛÇÝ ¨ ³ï»ëï³íáñÙ³Ý ·áñÍÁÝóóÝ»ñáõÙ ³Ù»Ý ÇÝã ã¿, áñ å³ïß³× Ù³Ï³ñ¹³ÏÇ íñ³ ¿: ø³Õ³ù³óÇ³Ï³Ý Í³é³ÛáõÃÛ³Ý ÙñóáõóÛÇÝ ¨ ³ï»ëï³íáñÙ³Ý Ñ³Ù³Ï³ñ·ÇÝ ïñí³Í ·Ý³Ñ³ï³Ï³ÝÝ»ñÇó »ñ¨áõÙ ¿, áñ ѳñóÙ³ÝÁ Ù³ëݳÏó³Í é»ëåáݹ»ÝïÝ»ñÇ 17%-Á ·áÛáõÃÛáõÝ áõÝ»óáÕ Ñ³Ù³Ï³ñ·Á ·Ý³Ñ³ïáõÙ ¿ í³ï ϳ٠߳ï í³ï (3,1%), ÇëÏ 38,1%–Á ÙÇç³ÝÏÛ³É ¹ÇñùáñáßáõÙÝ»ñ áõÝÇ: Àݹ áñáõÙ, ѳñóí³ÍÝ»ñÇ 45,8% -Á å³ï³ëË³Ý»É ¿, áñ ÙñóáõóÛÇÝ ¨ ³ï»ëï³íáñÙ³Ý ·áñÍÁÝóóÝ»ñáõÙ áã ÙÇ µ³ó³ë³Ï³Ý »ñ¨áõÛà ãϳ, 5,8%-Á ¹Åí³ñ³ó»É ¿ å³ï³ë˳ݻÉ, ÇëÏ 48,4%-Ý ³Ûëå»ë û ³ÛÝå»ë ¹Å·áÑáõÃÛáõÝ ¿ ³ñï³Ñ³Ûï»É: ì»ñçÇÝÝ»ñÇë ßáõñç 20%-Á` áñå»ë ÙñóáõóÛÇÝ ¨ ³ï»ëï³íáñÙ³Ý ·áñÍÁÝóóÝ»ñÝ ³é³í»É µ³ó³ë³Ï³Ýáñ»Ý µÝáõó·ñáÕ »ñ¨áõÛÃ, Ýᯐ ¿ ѳÝÓݳÅáÕáíÇ áã åñáý»ëÇáݳÉǽÙÁ, 11%-Á` ÏáåïáõÃÛáõÝÁ,1 30%-Á` Ñáí³Ý³íáñãáõÃÛ³Ý ¹ñë¨áñáõÙÝ»ñÁ (ÑáõßáõÙÝ»ñ ¨ ³ÛÉÝ), 26,5%-Á` ѳë³ñ³Ï³Ï³Ý í»ñ³ÑëÏáÕáõÃÛ³Ý µ³ó³Ï³ÛáõÃÛáõÝÁ: àõß³·ñ³í ¿, áñ µáÉáñ ѳñóí³ÍÝ»ñÇ 13,1%-Á ¹Çïáñ¹Ý»ñÇ Ý»ñϳÛáõÃÛáõÝÁ Çñ³Ï³Ý í»ñ³ÑëÏáÕáõÃÛáõÝ ãÇ Ñ³Ù³ñáõÙ, 3,1%-Á ÝßáõÙ ¿, áñ ¹Çïáñ¹Ý»ñÁ ãáõÝ»Ý Ñ³ÝÓݳÅáÕáíÇ áñáßáõÙÝ»ñÇ íñ³ ³½¹»Éáõ ÉͳÏÝ»ñ: ²Ûëï»ÕÇó ¿É µË»óÝáõÙ »Ý ѳÝÓݳÅáÕáíÝ»ñÇ Ï³½Ùáõ٠ѳë³ñ³Ï³Ï³Ý ϳ½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ý»ñϳ۳óáõóÇãÝ»ñÇÝ Ý»ñ·ñ³í»Éáõ ³é³ç³ñÏÁ: ØñóáõóÛÇÝ ¨ ³ï»ëï³íáñÙ³Ý Ñ³Ù³Ï³ñ·Çó ¹Å·áÑ é»ëåáݹ»ÝïÝ»ñÇ 2%-Á áñå»ë ³Û¹ ѳٳϳñ·Ç ³é³í»É µ³ó³ë³Ï³Ý µÝáõó·ñÇã ÝßáõÙ ¿ ³ÛÝ, áñ ѳñó³½ñáõÛóÇ Ñ³ñó»ñÁ ×Çßï ã»Ý ϳ½Ùí³Í, ù³ÝÇ áñ ³ß˳ï³ÝùÇ Å³Ù³Ý³Ï ù³Õ³ù³óÇ³Ï³Ý Í³é³ÛáÕÝ ³Û¹åÇëÇ Ñ³ñó»ñÇ Ñ»ï ùÇã ¿ ³éÝãíáõ٠ϳ٠µáÉáñáíÇÝ ãÇ ³éÝãíáõÙ: ä»ï³Ï³Ý ϳé³í³ñÙ³Ý ³ñ¹Ûáõݳí»ïáõÃÛáõÝÁ ·áñͳéÝ³Ï³Ý ¿, ÇÝãÁ Ý߳ݳÏáõÙ ¿, áñ ³ÛÝ å³ÛٳݳíáñíáõÙ ¿ ͳé³ÛáÕÝ»ñÇ Ù³ëݳ·Çï³Ï³Ý ÑÙïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñáí: л勉µ³ñ, å»ïù ¿ ·Ý³Ñ³ïí»Ý ·áñͳéáõóÛÇÝ å³ñï³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ÇÙ³óáõÃÛ³Ý ¨ ³Û¹ å³ñï³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ï³ï³ñÙ³Ý Ñ³Ù³ñ ³ÝÑñ³Å»ßï ÑÙïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ïÇñ³å»ïÙ³Ý ³ëïÇ׳ÝÁ, ÇÝãå»ë ݳ¨ µ³ñáÛ³Ñá·»µ³Ý³Ï³Ý ѳٳå³ï³ëË³Ý áñ³ÏÝ»ñÇ ³éϳÛáõÃÛáõÝÁ. ³ÛÉ Ëáëùáí` ϳé³í³ñã³Ï³Ý ÑÙïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ: ê³Ï³ÛÝ å»ïù ¿ Ýß»É, áñ ·áÛáõÃÛáõÝ áõÝ»óáÕ Ñ³ñó³ß³ñ»ñáí ëïáõ·íáõÙ ¿ ÙdzÛÝ Ã»ÏݳÍáõÝ»ñÇ Ï³Ù ù³Õ³ù³óÇ³Ï³Ý Í³é³ÛáÕÝ»ñÇ Ù»Ë³ÝÇÏ³Ï³Ý ÑÇßáÕáõÃÛáõÝÁ: ØñóáõóÛÇÝ ¨ ³ï»ëï³íáñÙ³Ý
1 ÎáåïáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³Ý¹Çå»ÉÇë ù³Õ³ù³óÇ³Ï³Ý Í³é³ÛáÕÝ»ñÁ µ³ñáÛ³Ï³Ý ³ç³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝ ëï³Ý³Éáõ Çñ³íáõÝù å»ïù ¿ áõݻݳÝ: Üñ³Ýù å»ïù ¿ Çñ»Ýó ³ÝÓÇ ¨ å³ïíÇ Ýϳïٳٵ ¿ÃÇϳÛÇ Ï³ÝáÝÝ»ñÇ Ë³ËïáõÙÇó å³ßïå³Ýí³Í ÉÇÝ»Ý ¨ ѳٳå³ï³ëË³Ý ÷³ëï»ñÇ ³éϳÛáõÃÛ³Ý ¹»åùáõ٠ѳٳå³ï³ëË³Ý Ñ³ÝÓݳÅáÕáí ¹ÇÙ»Éáõ Ñݳñ³íáñáõÃÛáõÝ áõݻݳÝ: Àݹ áñáõÙ, Çñ»Ýó µáÕáùÝ»ñÇ ùÝÝáõÙÁ ѳñóíáÕÝ»ñÇ 58,3%-Á í»ñ³å³ÑáõÙ ¿ ø³Õ³ù³óÇ³Ï³Ý Í³é³ÛáõÃÛ³Ý ËáñÑñ¹ÇÝ, ÇëÏ 13,9%- Á` ³ÝÏ³Ë ¹Çïáñ¹Ý»ñÇÝ: ·áÛáõÃÛáõÝ áõÝ»óáÕ Ñ³ñó³ß³ñ»ñáí Çñ³Ï³ÝáõÙ ³ÝÑݳñ ¿ å³ïß³× Ï»ñåáí ëïáõ·»É Ù³ëݳÏóÇ ³ÛÝ ·Çï»ÉÇùÝ»ñÝ áõ ÑÙïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ, áñáÝù ³ÝÑñ³Å»ßï »Ý Ñ³Ù³å³ï³ëË³Ý áÉáñïÇ ù³Õ³ù³óÇ³Ï³Ý Í³é³ÛáÕÇ ·áñͳéáõÛÃÝ»ñÝ ³ñ¹Ûáõݳí»ïáõÃÛ³Ùµ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óÝ»Éáõ ѳٳñ: ´³óÇ ³Û¹, ³Û¹ ѳñó³ß³ñ»ñáí ëïáõ·íáÕ ÑÙïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÝ »ñµ»ÙÝ ³éÝãáõÃÛáõÝ ã»Ý áõÝ»ÝáõÙ ïíÛ³É å³ßïáÝÇ ³ÝÓݳ·ñáí ë³ÑÙ³Ýí³Í å³ñï³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï (ûñÇݳÏ` ýÇݳÝëÝ»ñÇ ïÝûñÇÝÙ³Ý ÑÙïáõÃÛáõÝ ³ÛÝ ¹»åùáõÙ, »ñµ ͳé³ÛáÕ³Ï³Ý å³ñï³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñáõÙ ýÇݳÝë³Ï³Ý ѳñó»ñ ã»Ý ³Ùñ³·ñí³Í): ²Ûë ³éáõÙáí, ûñÇݳÏ, ³ï»ëï³íáñÙ³Ý Ù³ëݳÏÇóÝ»ñÝ ³ñ¹³ñ³óÇáñ»Ý ÝßáõÙ »Ý, áñ ·ñ»Ã» ÝáõÛÝ Ñ³ñó³ß³ñ»ñáí ³ï»ëï³íáñáõÙ ³ÝóϳóíáõÙ ¿ »ñÏñáñ¹ ³Ý·³Ù. á±ñÝ ¿ ÇÙ³ëïÁ: â¿ áñ ÙñóáõóÛÇÝ ¨ ³ï»ëï³íáñÙ³Ý Ñ³Ù³Ï³ñ·»ñÝ Çñ»Ýó Ýå³ï³Ï³ÛÇÝ ·áñͳéáõÛÃÝ»ñáí å»ïù ¿ ѳٳå³ï³ëË³Ý»Ý ù³Õ³ù³óÇ³Ï³Ý Í³é³ÛáõÃÛ³Ý áÉáñïÁ µ³ÝÇÙ³ó ¨ ÑÙáõï ³ÝÓݳϳ½Ùáí ѳٳÉñ»Éáõ ¨ ³å³Ñáí»Éáõ å³Ñ³ÝçÇÝ: ¸ñ³Ýù å»ïù ¿ ͳé³Û»Ý ù³Õ³ù³óÇ³Ï³Ý Í³é³ÛáõÃÛáõÝ Ùï³Í ϳ٠³ï»ëï³íáñáõÙ ³Ýó³Í ù³Õ³ù³óÇ³Ï³Ý Í³é³ÛáÕÝ»ñÇ ÏáÕÙÇó Çñ»Ýó å³ñï³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ³ñ¹Ûáõݳí»ï Çñ³Ï³Ý³óÙ³Ý ³å³ÑáíÙ³ÝÁ: ØáÝÇïáñÇÝ· Çñ³Ï³Ý³óÝáÕ ËÙµÇ ¹Çïáñ¹Ý»ñÁ ÝáõÛÝå»ë Ýϳï»É »Ý, áñ ·áÛáõÃÛáõÝ áõÝ»óáÕ Ñ³ñó³ß³ñ»ñáí ëïáõ·íáõÙ ¿ ÙdzÛÝ Ù»Ë³ÝÇÏ³Ï³Ý ÑÇßáÕáõÃÛáõÝÁ: ØñóáõÛÃÇ ¨ ³ï»ëï³íáñÙ³Ý ÝÙ³Ý Ñ³ñó³ß³ñ»ñáí Çñ³Ï³ÝáõÙ ³ÝÑݳñ ¿ ëïáõ·»É Ù³ëݳÏóÇ ³ÛÝ ·Çï»ÉÇùÝ»ñÝ áõ ÑÙïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ, áñáÝù ³ÝÑñ³Å»ßï »Ý Ñ³Ù³å³ï³ëË³Ý áÉáñïÇ ù³Õ³ù³óÇ³Ï³Ý Í³é³ÛáÕÇ ·áñͳéáõÛÃÝ»ñÝ Ñ³çáÕáõÃÛ³Ùµ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óÝ»Éáõ ѳٳñ: Àëï ÙáÝÇïáñÇÝ· Çñ³Ï³Ý³óÝáÕ ËÙµÇ ¹Çïáñ¹Ý»ñÇ §·É˳íáñ å³ßïáÝÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ ݳ˳ï»ëí³Í ѳñó»ñÁ Ó¨³íáñí³Í ¿ÇÝ µ³í³Ï³ÝÇÝ Ñ³ë³ñ³Ï, áã ѳٳå³ï³ëË³Ý ïíÛ³É å³ßïáÝÇÝ, ÇÝãÁ ¹ÛáõñáõÃÛ³Ùµ å³ï³ë˳ݻÉáõ Ñݳñ³íáñáõÃÛáõÝ ¿ñ ï³ÉÇë¦: ÜÙ³Ý Ñ³ñó³ß³ñ»ñáí ³ï»ëï³íáñ»ÉÁ, ³ÛÝ ¿É ÙÇ ù³ÝÇ ³Ý·³Ù, å³ñ½³å»ë ³ÝÇÙ³ëï ¿ ¨ å»ï³Ï³Ý ÙÇçáóÝ»ñÇ í³ïÝáõÙ ¿ Ý߳ݳÏáõÙ: ´áÉáñáíÇÝ ¿É å³ï³Ñ³Ï³Ý ã¿, áñ Ù³ëݳÏÇóÝ»ñÇ Ùáï ¿É Ï³ñ ûñ»ÝùÝ»ñÇ, ·»ñ³ï»ëã³Ï³Ý ÝáñÙ»ñÇ ³é³ÝÓÇÝ Ñá¹í³ÍÝ»ñÇ ³Ý·Çñ ÇÙ³óáõÃÛáõÝ å³Ñ³ÝçáÕ Ã»ëûñÇ áñ³ÏÇ Ñ»ï ϳåí³Í ¹Å·áÑáõÃÛáõÝ: §¶ñ»Ã» µáÉáñ Ù³ëݳÏÇóÝ»ñÁ ¹Å·áÑáõÙ ¿ÇÝ Ã»ëï»ñÇ ¨ ѳñó»ñÇ áñ³ÏÇó: ì»ñçÇÝÝ»ñÁ »Ýó¹ñáõÙ »Ý ÉáÏ ûñ»ÝùÝ»ñÇ ¨ ·»ñ³ï»ëã³Ï³Ý ÝáñÙ»ñÇ ³é³ÝÓÇÝ Ñá¹í³ÍÝ»ñÇ ³Ý·Çñ ÇÙ³óáõÃÛáõݦ, - ÝßáõÙ ¿ ¹Çïáñ¹Ý»ñÇó Ù»ÏÁ: ºÃ» ·áÛáõÃÛáõÝ áõÝ»óáÕ Ñ³ñó³ß³ñ»ñáí ëïáõ·íáõÙ ¿ ÙdzÛÝ Ù»Ë³ÝÇÏ³Ï³Ý ÑÇßáÕáõÃÛáõÝÁ, ³å³ ß³ï ÷áñÓ³éáõ Ù³ëݳÏÇóÝ»ñ »ñÇï³ë³ñ¹Ý»ñÇ Ñ³Ù»Ù³ï ѳÛïÝíáõÙ »Ý ³Ýѳí³ë³ñ íÇ׳ÏáõÙ, ù³ÝÇ áñ ï³ñÇùÁ Çñ Ñ»ï ³Ý·Çñ ³Ý»Éáõ ¹Åí³ñáõÃÛáõÝ ¿ µ»ñáõÙ: ÆëÏ ÇÝãå»ë »ñ¨áõÙ ¿ ¶Í³å³ïÏ»ñ ´-Çó` Ù³ëݳÏÇóÝ»ñÇ 42,3%-Á 46-60 ï³ñ»Ï³ÝÝ»ñÇ ï³ñÇù³ÛÇÝ ËÙµÇÝ ¿ å³ïϳÝáõÙ: ê³Ï³ÛÝ ÙÇÝ㨠25 ï³ñ»Ï³Ý Ù³ëݳÏÇóÝ»ñ ·ñ»Ã» ãϳÝ, 26-35 ï³ñÇù³ÛÇÝ ËáõÙµÝ ¿É ÁݹѳٻÝÁ 27,7% ¿ ϳ½ÙáõÙ: ²ÛëÇÝùÝ` ѳٳϳñ·Ç »ñÇï³ë³ñ¹³óÙ³Ý Ñ»ï ϳåí³Í ÑÇÙݳËݹÇñÝ»ñÁ ¨ë Ññ³ï³å ÉáõÍáõÙÝ»ñ »Ý å³Ñ³ÝçáõÙ:
¶Í³å³ïÏ»ñ ´. ØñóáõÛÃÇ ¨ ³ï»ëï³íáñÙ³Ý Ù³ëݳÏÇóÝ»ñÇ µ³ßËáõÙÝ Áëï ï³ñÇù³ÛÇÝ ËÙµ»ñÇ` ïáÏáëÝ»ñáí (1-ÇÝ ëÛáõÝÛ³Ï` ÙÇÝ㨠25 ï³ñ»Ï³Ý, 2-ñ¹` 26-35 ï³ñ»Ï³Ý, 3-ñ¹` 36-45 ï³ñ»Ï³Ý, 4-ñ¹` 46-60 ï³ñ»Ï³Ý)
q22
50
40 Percent
30
20
10
0 1 2 3 4 5 q22
ÀݹáõÝ»Éáí ³ÛÝ ÷³ëïÁ, áñ ûñ»Ýë¹ñáõÃÛáõÝÁ ë³ÑÙ³ÝáõÙ ¿ ëï³ÅÇ áõ ÷áñÓÇ Ñëï³Ï å³Ñ³ÝçÝ»ñ, ÇÝãå»ë ݳ¨ ÁÝϳɻÉáí ¹ñ³ ÇÙ³ëïÝ áõ Ý»ñùÇÝ ïñ³Ù³µ³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ, ³Û¹áõѳݹ»ñÓ Ï³ñ»ÉÇ ¿ ݳ¨ ïñ³Ù³µ³Ýáñ»Ý Ý»ñÙáõÍ»É ³í»ÉÇ ×ÏáõÝ å³Ñ³ÝçÝ»ñ, ÇÝãå»ë ½³ñ·³ó³Í ù³Õ³ù³óÇ³Ï³Ý Í³é³ÛáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³Ù³Ï³ñ·»ñáõÙ: úñÇݳÏ, §Ï³é³í³ñÙ³Ý ÷áñÓÇ ³éϳÛáõÃÛáõÝ ÙdzÛÝ å»ï³Ï³Ý Ù³ñÙÇÝÝ»ñáõÙ¦ ѳۻó³Ï»ïÁ ϳñ»ÉÇ ¿ ÷á˳ñÇÝ»É §Ï³é³í³ñÙ³Ý Ñ³Ù³å³ï³ëË³Ý ÷áñÓÇ ³éϳÛáõÃÛáõݦ ·³Õ³÷³ñáí: Ø»Ï ³ÛÉ ûñÇݳÏáí, ϳñ»ÉÇ ¿ §³ñ³· ³é³ç˳ճóٳݦ ë˻ٳݻñ Ý»ñÙáõÍ»É ³Ûë å³ßïáÝÝ»ñÇ áñáß »ÝóËÙµ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ` ÃáõÛɳïñ»Éáí, ûñÇݳÏ, ´àôÐ-»ñÇ Ñ³çáÕ³Ï ßñç³Ý³í³ñïÝ»ñÇÝ §Ý»ñ¹ñí»Éáõ¦ ù³Õ³ù³óÇ³Ï³Ý Í³é³ÛáõÃÛ³Ý Ï³é³í³ñã³Ï³Ý ٳϳñ¹³ÏÝ»ñáõÙ: ²ÛëåÇëÇ Ýáñ³ñ³ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ÙÇ³Ï ÇÙ³ëïÁ å»ïù ¿ ÉÇÝÇ ¶Í³å³ïÏ»ñ ´-áõÙ ³ñï³óáÉí³Í å³ïÏ»ñÇ ï»Õ³ß³ñÅÁ ¹»åÇ ³í»ÉÇ §»ñÇï³ë³ñ¹ ٻݻç»ñ³Ï³Ý¦ ѳٳϳ½ÙÇ: àñå»ë ³Ù÷á÷áõÙ ³Ûë ³é³ç³ñÏáõÃÛ³Ý, ³Û¹áõѳݹ»ñÓ, å»ïù ¿ Ýß»É, áñ ¹ñ³ Ý»ñÙáõÍáõÙÁ ϳåí³Í ÏÉÇÝÇ Ñ»ï¨Û³É ѳñóÇ å³ï³ë˳ÝÇ Ñ»ï` á±ñÝ ¿ ÐÐ ù³Õ³ù³óÇ³Ï³Ý Í³é³ÛáõÃÛ³Ý ï»ëɳϳÝÝ ³Ûë ³éáõÙáí, áñÇ å³ï³ë˳ÝÁ ¹»é¨ë µ³ó ¿: êï³óíáõÙ ¿, áñ ÙñóáõÛÃáõ٠ѳÕÃáÕ ß³ï ù³Õ³ù³óÇ³Ï³Ý Í³é³ÛáÕÝ»ñ ¹ÛáõñáõÃÛ³Ùµ ѳÕóѳñáõÙ »Ý ÙñóáõÛÃÇ ·áñÍÁÝóóÁ, ë³Ï³ÛÝ Ñ³×³Ë ã»Ý áõÝ»ÝáõÙ Ù³ëݳ·Çï³Ï³Ý ³ÝÑñ³Å»ßï ·Çï»ÉÇùÝ»ñ áõ ÑÙïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ: ²ÛÝÇÝã å»ï³Ï³Ý ϳé³í³ñÙ³Ý ³ñ¹Ûáõݳí»ïáõÃÛáõÝÁ Ñ»Ýó ù³Õ³ù³óÇ³Ï³Ý Í³é³ÛáÕÝ»ñÇ Ù³ëݳ·Çï³Ï³Ý ÑÙïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñáí ¿ å³ÛٳݳíáñíáõÙ, ¨ ÙñóáõÛÃÇ ¨ ³ï»ëï³íáñÙ³Ý Ñ³Ù³Ï³ñ·Á ³ï»ëï³íáñáõÙ ³Ýó³Í ù³Õ³ù³óÇ³Ï³Ý Í³é³ÛáÕÝ»ñÇ ÏáÕÙÇó Çñ»Ýó å³ñï³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ñ³çáÕ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óÙ³Ý ³å³ÑáíÙ³ÝÁ å»ïù ¿ ͳé³ÛÇ: ²ñ¹ÛáõÝùáõÙ, »ñµ»ÙÝ ·áñÍ áõÝ»Ýù ³ÛÝåÇëÇ Çñ³íÇ׳ÏÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï, »ñµ ѳÝÓݳÅáÕáíÁ óáõó³µ»ñáõÙ ¿ ÏáÕÙݳϳÉáõÃÛáõÝ. ÝϳïíáõÙ »Ý ÑáõßáõÙÝ»ñ: §²Ûë ï³ñí³ Ù³ñï ³ÙëÇÝ Ï³Û³ó³Í ÙñóáõÛÃÝ»ñÇó Ù»ÏÇÝ Ù³ëݳÏóáõÙ ¿ñ Ù»Ï Ù³ëݳÏÇó: гñó³½ñáõÛóÇ ÷áõÉáõ٠ѳÝÓݳÅáÕáíÇ Ý³Ë³·³ÑÁ ÷áñÓáõÙ ¿ñ Ñáõᯐ ïñí³Í ѳñó»ñÇ å³ï³ë˳ÝÝ»ñÁ: гñó»ñÝ Çñ»Ýó µÝáõÛÃáí ß³ï å³ñ½ ¿ÇÝ, ûñÇݳÏ` áñá±Ýù »Ý ù³Õ³ù³óÇ³Ï³Ý Í³é³ÛáõÃÛ³Ý å³ßïáÝÝ»ñÁ: ²Ûë ѳñóÇÝ Ù³ëݳÏÇóñ ¹Åí³ñáõÃÛ³Ùµ å³ï³ë˳ݻó` ·É˳íáñ, ÇëÏ ÑáõßáõÙÝ»ñÇó Ñ»ïá` µ³ñÓñ³·áõÛÝ: Øݳó³Í å³ßïáÝÝ»ñÝ ³Ý·³Ù ãÑÇß³ï³Ï»ó: ܳ ׳ݳãí»ó ѳÕÃáÕ¦ (¹Çïáñ¹Ç ѳßí»ïíáõÃÛáõÝÇó): ¸Çïáñ¹Ý»ñÁ ³ñӳݳ·ñáõÙ »Ý, áñ §³ï»ëï³íáñÙ³Ý Å³Ù³Ý³Ï Ù³ëݳÏÇóÝ»ñÁ, ³ÝÏ³Ë Ýñ³Ýó ɳí ϳ٠í³ï å³ï³ë˳ÝÝ»ñÇó, ׳ݳãíáõÙ ¿ÇÝ Ñ³ÕÃáÕ, ¨ µ³ñÓñ å³ßïáÝÇ ³ï»ëï³íáñÙ³Ý Å³Ù³Ý³Ï ³ÙµáÕç ³ï»ëï³íáñáõÙÁ ýáñÙ³É µÝáõÛà áõÝǦ: ²í»ÉÇÝ` ¹Çïáñ¹Ý»ñÁ Ýϳï»É »Ý, áñ áñáß §ÙñóáõÛÃÝ»ñÇ Å³Ù³Ý³Ï ³éϳ ¿ñ ÏáÕÙݳϳÉáõÃÛ³Ý ¹ñë¨áñáõÙÝ»ñ û ·»ñ³ï»ëãáõÃÛ³Ý ³Ý¹³ÙÝ»ñÇ ÏáÕÙÇó, û øÌÊ Ý»ñϳ۳óáõóÇãÝ»ñÇ ÏáÕÙÇó¦: ¸Çïáñ¹Ý»ñÇ íϳÛáõÃÛ³Ùµ, »Õ»É »Ý ݳ¨ ³ÛÉ ³Ýѳݷëï³óÝáÕ ¹»åù»ñ: úñÇݳÏ, §Ø»Ï ³Ý·³Ù ѳݹÇå»ó Ñ»ï³ùñùÇñ ¨ »Ýó¹ñ»ÉÇ ÙÇ ï³ñµ»ñ³Ï. ÙÇÝã ùÝÝáõÃÛ³Ý µáõÝ ÁÝóóùÁ Ù³ëݳÏÇóÝ»ñÁ å³ñï³íáñ ¿ÇÝ Ñ³ÝÓÝ»É Ñ³Ù³Ï³ñ·ã³ÛÇÝ ·Çï»ÉÇùÝ»ñÇó ѳٳå³ï³ëË³Ý ëïáõ·³ñù: ºí ù³ÝÇ áñ §Ñ³Ù³å³ï³ë˳ݦ Ù³ëݳÏÇóÁ ã¿ñ ϳñáÕ³ó»É ѳÕóѳñ»É §èáõµÇÏáÝÁ¦, áõëïÇ ÙÛáõë Ù³ëݳÏÇóÝ»ñÁ ¨ë ³Û¹ ëïáõ·³ñùÁ §ãϳñáÕ³ó³Ý ѳÝÓݻɦ: гÝÓݳÅáÕáíÁ ѳÛï³ñ³ñ»ó, áñ áã áù ãáõÝÇ Ñ³Ù³Ï³ñ·ã³ÛÇÝ Ñ³Ù³å³ï³ëË³Ý ·Çï»ÉÇùÝ»ñ, ѻ勉µ³ñ ùÝÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ ѳٳñíáõÙ ¿ ãϳ۳ó³Í¦: ¸Çïáñ¹Ý»ñÁ Ýϳï»É »Ý, áñ áñáß ¹»åù»ñáõ٠ѳñó³ïáÙëÇ Ó¨³íáñÙ³Ý ËݹÇñ ¿ ³é³ç³ó»É` ϳåí³Í ѳٳϳñ·ãáõÙ áã Ù³ëݳ·Çï³Ï³Ý ѳñó»ñÇ Ùáõïù³·ñÙ³Ý Ñ»ï: ØñóáõóÛÇÝ Ï³Ù ³ï»ëï³íáñÙ³Ý Ñ³ÝÓݳÅáÕáíÇ ÏáÕÙÇó ÃáõÛÉ ïñíáÕ ÙÛáõë ûñáõÃÛáõÝÁ ³ÛÝ ¿, áñ ûëûñÇ Ï³½Ù³íáñáõÙÇó Ñ»ïá ѳٳϳñ·ãÇ Ñ³Ù³å³ï³ëË³Ý ¿çÁ (ѳñó³ß³ñÇ ÷³ëï³ÃáõÕÃÁ) ãÇ ÷³ÏíáõÙ, ³ÛÉ Í³ÉíáõÙ ¿: àñáß ¹»åù»ñáõÙ, ѳÝÓݳÅáÕáíÝ ³í»ÉÇ µ³ñ»Ñ³ÙµÛáõñ ¿ ÉÇÝáõÙ, ¨ ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùáõ٠ѳÕÃáÕ »Ý ׳ݳãíáõÙ µáÉáñ Ù³ëݳÏÇóÝ»ñÁ: лﳷ³ÛáõÙ, ³ñ¹»Ý ѳٳå³ï³ëË³Ý å»ï³Ï³Ý ϳé³í³ñÙ³Ý Ù³ñÙÝáõÙ, å³ñ½ ¿ ¹³éÝáõÙ, û áí ¿ §Çëϳϳݦ ѳÕÃáÕÁ2: ²ï»ëï³íáñÙ³Ý ¹»åùáõÙ ÝÙ³Ý §µ³ñ»Ñ³ÙµÛáõñ¦ í»ñ³µ»ñÙáõÝùÁ ѳݷ»óÝáõÙ ¿ Ýñ³Ý, áñ ù³Õ³ù³óÇ³Ï³Ý Í³é³ÛáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³Ù³Ï³ñ·Á É׳ÝáõÙ ¿, ¨ ãÇ ³å³Ñáííáõ٠ѳٳϳñ·áõÙ Ù³ñ¹Ï³ÛÇÝ é»ëáõñëÝ»ñÇ ½³ñ·³óáõÙÁ ¨ ù³Õ³ù³óÇ³Ï³Ý Í³é³ÛáÕÝ»ñÇ Ù³ëݳ·Çï³Ï³Ý ·Çï»ÉÇùÝ»ñÇ áõ ÑÙïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ï³ï³ñ»É³·áñÍáõÙÁ: гñóÙ³Ý ÁÝóóùáõÙ ³é³ç³ñÏí»ó, áñ ѳñó³½ñáõÛóÁ ³ÝóϳóíÇ ÙÇÙdzÛÝ ïáÙë»ñáí, ¨ ѳñó»ñÇ å³ï³ë˳ÝÝ»ñÁ ·ñ³íáñ ïñí»Ý: гñóí³ÍÝ»ñÇ 26,5%–Á (ÙñóáõÛÃÇ Ù³ëݳÏÇóÝ»ñÇ 31,7%-Á) ·ïÝáõÙ ¿, áñ ѳñó³½ñáõÛóÇ Å³Ù³Ý³Ï å»ïù ¿ Ý»ñϳ ÉÇÝ»Ý µáÉáñ Ù³ëݳÏÇóÝ»ñÁ, ÇÝãÁ ѳÝÓݳÅáÕáíÇ Ýϳïٳٵ áñáß³ÏÇ ³Ýíëï³ÑáõÃÛ³Ý ³éϳÛáõÃÛ³Ý Ù³ëÇÝ ¿ ËáëáõÙ3: ´³Ûó, ù³ÝÇ áñ ѳñóÙ³Ý ³é³çÇÝ ÷áõÉáõÙ ³Û¹å»ë ¿ñ ϳñÍáõÙ 31,1%-Á, ³å³ ϳñ»ÉÇ ¿ ³Û¹ ³Ýíëï³ÑáõÃÛ³Ý ã³÷Ç Ýí³½Ù³Ý ¹ñ³Ï³Ý ÙÇïáõÙÇ Ù³ëÇÝ Ëáë»É: ¸ñ³Ï³Ý ¿ ³ÛÝ, áñ é»ëåáݹ»ÝïÝ»ñÇ 79,2%-ÇÝ ÉÇáíÇÝ µ³í³ñ³ñáõÙ ¿ ³ÛÝ ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÙÃÝáÉáñïÁ, áñÝ ³éϳ ¿ ÙñóáõÛÃÇ ¨ ³ï»ëï³íáñÙ³Ý Å³Ù³Ý³Ï: àõß³·ñ³í ¿ ݳ¨, áñ ÙñóáõÛÃÇ Ù³ëݳÏÇóÝ»ñÇ 10,6%-Á ï»ÕÛ³Ï ã¿ñ, û áñ Çñ³í³Ï³Ý ³Ïï»ñÇó å»ïù ¿ ÉÇÝ»ÇÝ Ñ³ñó³½ñáõÛóÇ Ñ³ñó»ñÁ: سñ¹ÇÏ ·³Ý·³ïíáõÙ »Ý, áñ ѳñó³½ñáõÛóÇ Ñ³ñó»ñÝ áõ å³ï³ë˳ÝÝ»ñÁ Ó»éù »Ý µ»ñíáõÙ §ÏáÕÙݳÏÇ ×³Ý³å³ñÑáí¦: Üñ³Ýù ï³ñ³ÏáõëáõÙ »Ý` ³ñ¹Ûáù å³ï³ë˳ÝÝ»ñÁ å»ïù ¿ µ³é³óÇ Ñ³Ù³å³ï³ëË³Ý»Ý ûñ»ÝùÝ»ñáõÙ, ϳÝáݳ¹ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñáõÙ ·ñí³Í Ó¨³Ï»ñåáõÙÝ»ñÇÝ: ²Ûë ³éáõÙáí å»ï³Ï³Ý å³ßïáÝ۳ݻñÇ ÁÝïñáõÃÛ³Ý Ï³ÝáÝÝ»ñÇ Ñëï³Ï»óáõÙÁ ¨ ûñ»Ýë¹ñ³Ï³Ý ѻﳷ³ µ³ñ»É³íáõÙÁ å»ï³Ï³Ý ͳé³ÛáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³Ù³Ï³ñ·Ç Ýáñ³óÙ³Ý ¨ ÏáéáõåódzÛÇ Ï³Ý˳ñ·»ÉÙ³Ý ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý áõÕÕáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇó ¿ Ñ³Ý¹Çë³ÝáõÙ: سëݳÏÇóÝ»ñÇÝ ãÇ µ³í³ñ³ñáõ٠ɳñí³ÍáõÃÛáõÝ ¨ ëÃñ»ë ³é³ç³óÝáÕ ³ÕÙÏáï ÙÃÝáÉáñïÁ: ¸³ ݳ¨ ¹Çïáñ¹Ý»ñÝ »Ý Ýϳï»É. §Â»ñáõÃÛáõÝ Ï³ñ»ÉÇ ¿ ѳٳñ»É ³ñï³ùÝÝ³Ï³Ý å³ÛÙ³ÝÝ»ñÁ: êñ³ÑÁ µ³Å³Ýí³Í ¿ »ñÏáõ Ù³ëÇ ¨ »ñÏáõëáõÙ ¿É ÙÇ³Å³Ù³Ý³Ï ùÝÝáõÃÛáõÝ ¿ ³ÝóϳóíáõÙ: ÎáÕùÇ ëñ³ÑÇ ³ÕÙáõÏÁ ÃáõÛÉ ãÇ
2 ä»ïù ¿ Ýß»É, áñ Ïáõë³Ïó³Ï³Ý å³ïϳݻÉÇáõÃÛ³Ý ·áñÍáÝÇ é»É»í³ÝïáõÃÛáõÝÁ Ïáé»ÉÛ³óÇáÝ í»ñÉáõÍáõÃÛ³Ý ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùáõÙ Ù»ñÅí»É ¿: ܳËÁÝïñ³Ï³Ý ÷áõÉáõ٠ѻﳽáïáõÃÛ³Ý Ù»ç Áݹ·ñÏí³Í é»ëåáݹ»ÝïÝ»ñÇ ÁݹѳÝñ³óí³Í å³ï³ë˳ÝÝ»ñÁ Ýñ³Ýó Ïáõë³Ïó³Ï³Ý å³ïϳݻÉÇáõÃÛ³Ùµ å³Ûٳݳíáñí³Í ã»Ý: 3 ¸Çïáñ¹Ý»ñÇ Ù»Í Ù³ëÁ ÝáõÛÝå»ë ·ïÝáõÙ ¿, áñ å»ïù ¿ Ý»ñϳ ÉÇÝ»Ý µáÉáñÁ, áñå»ë½Ç Ù³ëݳÏÇóÝ»ñÁ ϳñáÕ³Ý³Ý Ñ³Ù»Ù³ï»É ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùÝ»ñÁ ¨ ѳÙá½í³Í ÉÇÝ»Ý Ñ³ñó³½ñáõÛóÇ ûµÛ»ÏïÇíáõÃÛ³Ý Ù»ç: ï³ÉÇë Ù³ëݳÏÇóÝ»ñÇÝ Ï»Ýïñáݳݳɦ: àñáß ¹»åù»ñáõÙ ¹Çïáñ¹Ý»ñÝ ³ñӳݳ·ñ»É »Ý, áñ ѳÝÓݳÅáÕáíÇ ³Ý¹³ÙÝ»ñÁ µçç³ÛÇÝ Ñ»é³Ëáë »Ý û·ï³·áñÍáõÙ, ÇÝãÁ ѳٳå³ï³ëË³Ý Ï³ñ· áõ ϳÝáÝÇ Ë³ËïáõÙ ¿: ²ÝÃáõÛɳïñ»ÉÇ ¿, áñ ÙÇ ¹³ÑÉÇ×Çó ÙÛáõëÇÝ ¹ÇïáÕáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ »Ý ³ñí»É, Ï³Ý ¹Å·áÑáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ ѳÝÓݳÅáÕáíÇ ³Ý¹³ÙÝ»ñÇ ³Ýµ³ñÛ³ó³Ï³ÙáõÃÛáõÝÇó: гñóÙ³Ý »ñÏñáñ¹ ÷áõÉÇ Ù³ëݳÏÇóÝ»ñÇ 1,8%-Ç Ï³ñÍÇùáí ѳÝÓݳÅáÕáíÁ ÏáÕÙÝ³Ï³É í»ñ³µ»ñÙáõÝù ¿ ¹ñë¨áñ»É /³é³çÇÝ ÷áõÉáõÙ ÝÙ³Ý áõÕÕ³ÏÇ åݹáõÙÝ»ñ ãϳÛÇÝ/ 4: ¸Çïáñ¹Ý»ñÁ ݳ¨ ³ÛÉ ï»ë³ÏÇ Ë³ËïáõÙÝ»ñ »Ý ³ñӳݳ·ñ»É: Üñ³Ýù ½»ÏáõóáõÙ »Ý, áñ §³ñÏÕ»ñÁ ÑÇÙݳϳÝáõÙ ã¿ÇÝ ÏÝùíáõÙ, ¨ ѳÝÓݳÅáÕáíÇ ³Ý¹³ÙÝ»ñÇ ·Ý³Ñ³ï³Ï³ÝÝ»ñÁ ÙÇÝ㨠³ñÏÕ ·ó»ÉÁ µáÉáñÁ ÇÙ³ÝáõÙ ¿ÇÝ /³ÛëÇÝùÝ ·Çï»ÇÝ ÏáÕÙ ¨ ¹»Ù ùí»³ñϳÍÝ»ñÇ ÃÇíÁ/¦: ºÕ»É »Ý ¹»åù»ñ, »ñµ ѳÝÓݳÅáÕáíÝ»ñÁ §ã³÷Çó ß³ï ¿ÇÝ Ýå³ëïáõÙ¦ ù³Õ³ù³óÇ³Ï³Ý Í³é³ÛáÕÝ»ñÇ ³ï»ëï³íáñÙ³ÝÁ: úñÇݳÏ` ¹Çïáñ¹Á ÷³ëïáõÙ ¿, áñ §ÐРܳ˳·³ÑÇ ³ß˳ï³Ï³½ÙÇ ³ï»ëï³íáñÙ³Ý Å³Ù³Ý³Ï Ù³ëݳÏÇóÝ»ñÁ ÙdzëÇÝ µ³ñÓñ³Ó³ÛÝ ëïáõ·áõÙ ¿ÇÝ Çñ»Ýó ûëï»ñÁ, ¨ áã áù ã¿ñ ÙÇç³ÙïáõÙ¦: ØáÝÇïáñÇÝ·Ç ³é³çÇÝ ÷áõÉáõÙ ß³ï ¿ÇÝ ¹»åù»ñÁ (52,4%), »ñµ ûñ»Ýùáí ë³ÑÙ³Ýí³Í ϳñ·ÇÝ Ñ³Ï³é³Ï ã»Ý ÷³Ïóí»É ûëï³íáñÙ³Ý å³ï³ë˳ÝÇ ÝÙáõßÝ»ñÁ: سëݳÏÇóÝ»ñÁ ÷áñÓáõÙ »Ý ÙÇÙÛ³ÝóÇó ×ßï»É, û ³ñ¹Ûáù ³Ûë ϳ٠³ÛÝ Ñ³ñóÇÝ ×Çßï »Ý å³ï³ë˳ݻÉ, û áã: ºñÏñáñ¹ ÷áõÉáõÙ íÇ׳ÏÁ ãÇ µ³ñ»É³íí»É ¿ (51,8%): ´³Ûó »Ýó¹ñíáõÙ ¿ñ, áñ ѳñóÙ³Ý ³é³çÇÝ ÷áõÉÇ Å³Ù³Ý³Ï ëï³óí³Í ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùÝ»ñÇÝ ø³Õ³ù³óÇ³Ï³Ý Í³é³ÛáõÃÛ³Ý ËáñÑñ¹ÇÝ Çñ³½»Ï»Éáõó Ñ»ïá, ³Û¹ ï»ËÝÇÏ³Ï³Ý µÝáõÛÃÇ Ë³ËïáõÙÁ ÁݹѳÝñ³å»ë å»ïù ¿ í»ñ³Ý³ñ: ºÃ» ³é³ÝÓݳóÝ»Ýù ÙñóáõÛÃÇ Ù³ëݳÏÇóÝ»ñÇ å³ï³ë˳ÝÝ»ñÁ, ³å³ ¹Å·áÑáõÃÛ³Ý ³ëïÇ׳ÝÝ ¿É ³í»ÉÇ Ù»Í ¿: гñóí³ÍÝ»ñÇ 28,8%-Á ·ïÝáõÙ ¿, áñ µ³ó³ë³Ï³Ý µ³Ý ãϳ: 63,4%-Á, áñå»ë µ³ó³ë³Ï³Ý »ñ¨áõÛÃÝ»ñ, ÝßáõÙ ¿ ѳÝÓݳÅáÕáíÝ»ñÇ ³Ý¹³ÙÝ»ñÇ ÏáåïáõÃÛáõÝÁ (5,8%), ѳÝÓݳÅáÕáíÝ»ñÇ áã åñáý»ëÇáݳÉǽÙÁ (12,5%), Ñáí³Ý³íáñãáõÃÛ³Ý ¹ñë¨áñáõÙÝ»ñÁ (23,1%), ѳë³ñ³Ï³Ï³Ý í»ñ³ÑëÏáÕáõÃÛ³Ý µ³ó³Ï³ÛáõÃÛáõÝÁ (18,3%): ä³ï³ë˳ÝÝ»ñÇ ï³ñµ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÁ å³Ûٳݳíáñí³Í ¿ ûñ¨ë Ýñ³Ýáí, áñ ÙñóáõÛÃÇ Ù³ëݳÏÇóÝ»ñÇ 61,5%–Ý ³é³çÇÝ ³Ý·³Ù ã¿, áñ Ù³ëݳÏó»É ¿ ³Û¹ ·áñÍÁÝóóÇÝ,5 µ³Ûó Ýñ³ÝóÇó 45,4%–Á ѳÕÃáÕ ×³Ý³ãí»Éáí` ãÇ Ý߳ݳÏí»É å³ßïáÝÇ: Àݹ áñáõÙ, ³Û¹ Ù³ñ¹Ï³Ýó 65,2%-Á ϳñÍáõÙ ¿, áñ Çñ»Ýó ãÝ߳ݳÏí»Éáõ
4 ¸³ íϳÛáõÙ ¿, áñ ÙáÝÇïáñÇÝ·Ç ³é³çÇÝ ÷áõÉÇó ÙÇÝ㨠»ñÏñáñ¹ ÷áõÉÁ ³Ýó³Í ųٳݳϳѳïí³Íáõ٠ѳÝÓݳÅáÕáíÝ»ñÇ ³ß˳ï³ÝùÇ µ³ñ»É³íÙ³Ý áõÕÕáõÃÛ³Ý ¿³Ï³Ý ßïÏáõÙÝ»ñ ã»Ý ϳï³ñí»É: 5 гñóí³ÍÝ»ñÇó 3,5%-Á ï³ëÁ ¨ ³í»ÉÇ ³Ý·³Ù ¿ÇÝ Ù³ëݳÏóáõÙ ÙñóáõÛÃÇ ¨ ³ï»ëï³íáñÙ³Ý ·áñÍÁÝóóÇÝ: å³ï׳éÁ §Ý³Ë³ñ³ñÇ Ù³ñ¹Á¦ ãÉÇÝ»ÉÝ ¿ñ: ´Ý³Ï³Ý³µ³ñ, ³Û¹ óùÝí³Í ¹Å·áÑáõÃÛáõÝÝ ³ñï³Ñ³Ûïí»É ¿ Ù»ñ é»ëåáݹ»ÝïÝ»ñÇ å³ï³ë˳ÝÝ»ñáõÙ: Îáé»ÉÛ³óÇáÝ í»ñÉáõÍáõÃÛáõÝÝ Ç Ñ³Ûï ¿ µ»ñ»É ݳ¨ ³ÛÉ ³Ýѳݷëï³óÝáÕ »ñ¨áõÛÃÝ»ñ: ²Ûë ѳñóÇ å³ï³ë˳ÝÝ»ñÇó ³ÏÝѳÛï ¿, áñ å³ßïáÝÇ Ý߳ݳϻÉÇë ѳßíÇ »Ý ³éÝáõ٠ݳ¨ ·»Ý¹»ñ³ÛÇÝ ï³ñµ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ: гÕÃáÕ ×³Ý³ãí³Í, µ³Ûó å³ßïáÝÇ ãÝ߳ݳÏí³Í ѳñóíáÕÝ»ñÇ 50%-Á ÏÇÝ ¿: ºí ¹³ ³ÛÝ ¹»åùáõÙ, »ñµ ÙñóáõÛÃÇ Ù³ëݳÏÇó Ù»ñ é»ëåáݹ»ÝïÝ»ñÇ ÙdzÛÝ 43,5%-Ý ¿ ÏÇÝ6: ²ÛëÇÝùÝ, ïÕ³Ù³ñ¹Ï³Ýó å³ßïáÝÇ Ý߳ݳÏÙ³Ý Å³Ù³Ý³Ï áñáß³ÏÇ Ý³Ë³å³ïíáõÃÛáõÝ »Ý ï³ÉÇë: ܳ¨ ³Û¹ å³ï׳éáí å³ßïáÝÇ Ý߳ݳÏáõÙÝ»ñÁ ãå»ïù ¿ ϳï³ñí»Ý ³é³Ýó ѳٳå³ï³ëË³Ý í»ñ³ÑëÏáÕáõÃÛ³Ý: γñ»ÉÇ ¿ ³ñӳݳ·ñ»É Ñ»ï¨Û³ÉÁ` ÙñóáõÛÃÝ»ñÇ Ï³Ýáݳϳñ·í³ÍáõÃÛáõÝÝ áõ Ñëï³ÏáõÃÛáõÝÝ Ç ãÇù »Ý ¹³éÝáõÙ, »Ã» ³Û¹ ·áñÍÁÝóóÇ ïñ³Ù³µ³Ý³Ï³Ý ³í³ñïÁ ѳݹÇë³óáÕ ù³Õ³ù³óÇ³Ï³Ý Í³é³ÛáÕÇ å³ßïáÝÇ Ý߳ݳÏÙ³Ý ÷áõÉÝ ³é³í»É³å»ë ³ÝáñáßáõÃÛ³Ùµ ¨ ëáõµÛ»ÏïÇíáõÃÛ³Ùµ ¿ µÝáõó·ñíáõÙ: гïϳÝß³Ï³Ý ¿, áñ ³ÛÝ Ñ³ñóÇÝ, û ÇÝãù³Ýáí ¿ Ý߳ݳϳÉÇó å³ßïáÝáõÙ Ý߳ݳÏí»Éáõ ¨ å³ßïáÝ»³Ï³Ý ³é³ç˳ճóÙ³Ý Ñ³Ù³ñ ³½¹»óÇÏ Ñáí³Ý³íáñÇ ³éϳÛáõÃÛáõÝÁ, é»ëåáݹ»ÝïÝ»ñÇ 26,9%-Á å³ï³ëË³Ý»É ¿, áñ ¹³ Ý߳ݳϳÉÇó ¿, ÇëÏ 20,4%-Á` áñ ËÇëï Ý߳ݳϳÉÇó ¿, ¨ ÙdzÛÝ 15,4%–Ý ¿ Ýß»É, áñ ¹³ ÁݹѳÝñ³å»ë Ý߳ݳÏáõÃÛáõÝ ãáõÝÇ (ÙñóáõÛÃÇ Ù³ëݳÏÇóÝ»ñÇ ÙdzÛÝ 6,7%–Ý ¿ ³Û¹å»ë ϳñÍáõÙ): ØÛáõë Ù³ëÝ áõÝÇ ï³ñµ»ñ ÙÇç³ÝÏÛ³É ¹ÇñùáñáßáõÙÝ»ñ: ´³Ûó ³ÛÝï»Õ, áõñ ϳ¹ñ³ÛÇÝ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ ·áñÍáõÙ ¿ Ñáí³Ý³íáñãáõÃÛ³Ý ¨ µ³ñ»Ï³Ù³Ï³Ý-ÁÝÏ»ñ³Ï³Ý ëϽµáõÝùáí, å»ï³Ï³Ý ϳé³í³ñÙ³Ý ³ñ¹Ûáõݳí»ïáõÃÛ³Ý Ù³ëÇÝ Ëáëù ÉÇÝ»É ãÇ Ï³ñáÕ: Ðáí³Ý³íáñãáõÃÛáõÝÝ ³ÝËáõë³÷»ÉÇáñ»Ý ѳݷ»óÝáõÙ ¿ µÛáõñáÏñ³ï³Ï³Ý ù³ßùßáõÏÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³Ï³ñ·Ç Ó¨³íáñÙ³ÝÁ ¨ ï³ñ³ÍÙ³ÝÁ: ÆëÏ µÛáõñáÏñ³ïdzÝ, áñå»ë ϳé³í³ñÙ³Ý Ñ³Ù³Ï³ñ·, ëÏëáõÙ ¿ ³ß˳ï»É áã û ѳÝñáõÃÛ³Ý ³éç¨ Ï³Ý·Ý³Í ËݹÇñÝ»ñÇ ÉáõÍÙ³Ý, ³ÛÉ ë»÷³Ï³Ý ·áñÍáõÝ»áõÃÛ³Ý ÇÝùݳ³å³ÑáíÙ³Ý Ñ³Ù³ñ, ÇÝãÁ ٻͳå»ë Ýå³ëïáõÙ ¿ ÏáéáõåódzÛÇ ï³ñ³ÍÙ³ÝÁ: Æñ³Ï³Ý³óí³Í ÙáÝÇïáñÇÝ·Á ¨ ¹ñ³ ßñç³Ý³ÏÝ»ñáõ٠ϳ½Ù³Ï»ñåí³Í ëáóÇáÉá·Ç³Ï³Ý ѳñóáõÙÁ µ³ó³Ñ³ÛïáõÙ »Ý ³Û¹ »ñ¨áõÛÃÇ Ýϳïٳٵ ù³Õ³ù³óÇ³Ï³Ý Í³é³ÛáÕÝ»ñÇ ½·³ÉÇ Ù³ëÇ Ùáï ³ÝѳݹáõñÅáճϳÝáõÃÛ³Ý µ³ó³Ï³ÛáõÃÛáõÝ: ²Ûëå»ë, ³ÛÝ Ñ³ñóÇÝ, û áñù³Ýáí ¿ ³ñ¹³ñ³óí³Í ÏáéáõåódzÝ, ѳñóí³ÍÝ»ñÇ ÙdzÛÝ 39,2%-Ý ¿ ÙdzÝß³Ý³Ï Ñ³Ùá½í³Í, áñ ³ÛÝ »ñµ»ù ³ñ¹³ñ³óí³Í ã¿: ØÛáõëÝ»ñÝ ³Ûë ϳ٠³ÛÝ Ï»ñå ³ñ¹³ñ³óÝáõÙ »Ý ³Û¹ »ñ¨áõÛÃÁ, ÇëÏ é»ëåáݹ»ÝïÝ»ñÇ 8,5%-Ý ³ÝóùáõÛó ÝßáõÙ ¿, áñ ÏáéáõåóÇ³Ý ÙÇßï ³ñ¹³ñ³óí³Í ¿:
6 ØÛáõë ÏáÕÙÇó` ѳÕÃáÕ ×³Ý³ãí³Í, µ³Ûó å³ßïáÝÇÝ ãÝ߳ݳÏí³Í é»ëåáݹ»ÝïÝ»ñÇó Ù»ÏÁ ϳñÍáõÙ ¿, áñ Çñ ãÝ߳ݳÏí»Éáõ å³ï׳éÁ ³ÛÝ ¿, áñ Ç·³Ï³Ý ë»éÇ Ý»ñϳ۳óáõóÇã ¿ñ ³ÝÑñ³Å»ßï, ¨ ÷³ëïáñ»Ý ·»Ý¹»ñ³ÛÇÝ Ëïñ³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝ ¿ ï»ÕÇ áõÝ»ó»É: ºÃ» ýÇݳÝë³Ï³Ý ѳçáÕáõÃÛáõÝÁ ·»ñ³ÏßéáÕ ³ñÅ»ùÇ ¿ í»ñ³ÍíáõÙ, ³å³ ѳë³ñ³Ï³Ï³Ý í³ñùÇ ³Ýϳ½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛ³Ý å³ÛÙ³ÝÝ»ñáõÙ Çß˳ÝáõÃÛ³Ý ¨ ѳñëïáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³ëÝ»Éáõ ѳٳñ Ñ³×³Ë áã ÇÝëïÇïáõóÇáݳɳóí³Í ÙÇçáóÝ»ñ »Ý û·ï³·áñÍáõÙ: Àݹ áñáõÙ, ÝÙ³Ý û·ï³·áñÍÙ³Ý Ñݳñ³íáñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ ٻͳÝáõÙ »Ý ëáóÇ³É³Ï³Ý Ï³ñ·³íÇ׳ÏÇ µ³ñÓñ³óÙ³ÝÁ ½áõ·ÁÝóó: ²Ûëï»ÕÇó ¿É µËáõÙ ¿ µáÉáñ Ñݳñ³íáñ ÙÇçáóÝ»ñáí ÝÙ³Ý Ñݳñ³íáñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ ÁÝÓ»éáÕ å»ï³Ï³Ý ϳéáõÛóÝ»ñ Ý»ñó÷³Ýó»Éáõ Ó·ïáõÙÁ, áñÇ µ³í³ñ³ñÙ³Ý å³ñ³·³Ý»ñáõÙ ÏáéáõåóÇáÝ éÇëÏ»ñ »Ý ³é³ç³ÝáõÙ: ÎáéáõåóÇ³Ý ¹³éÝáõÙ ¿ ϳñ¨áñ³·áõÛÝ ËݹÇñ, áñÁ ³½¹áõÙ ¿ ѳÝñ³ÛÇÝ Í³é³ÛáõÃÛ³Ý µ³½Ù³ÃÇí áÉáñïÝ»ñÇ íñ³: л勉µ³ñ, ÇÝãå»ë ·Ý³Ñ³ïÙ³Ý, ³ÛÝå»ë ¿É å³ßïáÝÇ Ý߳ݳÏÙ³Ý Ñ³Ù³Ï³ñ·»ñÁ å»ïù ¿ ÉÇÝ»Ý Ã³÷³ÝóÇÏ, å»ïù ¿ ³å³Ñáí»Ý ѳë³ñ³Ï³Ï³Ý í»ñ³ÑëÏáÕáõÃÛáõÝÁ, µ³ó³é»Ý ïíÛ³É å³ÑÇÝ ÇßËáÕ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý áõÅÇ Ñáí³Ý³íáñã³Ï³Ý Ý»ñ·áñÍáõÃÛáõÝÁ: Àëï Ù»ñ é»ëåáݹ»ÝïÝ»ñÇ Ù»Í Ù³ëÇ (46,2%) ϳñÍÇùÇ` ù³Õ³ù³óÇ³Ï³Ý Í³é³ÛáÕÝ»ñÇÝ å³ßïáÝÇ Ý߳ݳÏáõÙÁ å»ïù ¿ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óíÇ ·»ñ³ï»ëãáõÃÛ³Ý ³ß˳ï³Ï³½ÙÇ Õ»Ï³í³ñÇ ÏáÕÙÇó áñáß³ÏÇáñ»Ý ë³ÑÙ³Ýí³Í ¨ ³Ùñ³·ñí³Í ã³÷áñáßÇãÝ»ñÇÝ Ñ³Ù³å³ï³ë˳Ý: ²é³ç³ñÏíáõÙ ¿, áñ, ûñÇݳÏ, ÙñóáõÛÃáõÙ ÙÇ ù³ÝÇ ³Ý·³Ù ѳÕÃáÕ ×³Ý³ãí³Í ûÏݳÍáõÇÝ ³é³í»ÉáõÃÛáõÝ ïñíÇ, ÇÝãÁ áñáß³ÏÇ Ñ³Ý·³Ù³ÝùÝ»ñáõÙ Ùdzݷ³Ù³ÛÝ ÁݹáõÝ»ÉÇ Ï³ñáÕ ¿ ÉÇÝ»É: îñ³Ù³µ³Ý³Ï³Ý ¿ ݳ¨, áñ ÙñóáõÛÃáõ٠ѳÕÃáÕ ×³Ý³ãíÇ ÙdzÛÝ Ù»Ï Ù³ëݳÏÇó:
2. ÎàèàôäòÆàÜ èÆêκðÀ ä»ï³Ï³Ý µÛáõñáÏñ³ï³Ï³Ý ³å³ñ³ïáõÙ ÏáéáõåódzÛÇ ¹»Ù å³Ûù³ñ»Éáõ ѳٳñ ϳñ¨áñ ¿ å»ï³Ï³Ý ͳé³ÛáÕÇ ·áñÍáõÝ»áõÃÛ³Ý í»ñ³ÑëÏ»ÉÇáõÃÛáõÝÁ ѳë³ñ³ÏáõÃÛ³Ý ÏáÕÙÇó: ijٳݳϳÏÇó ³ñ¨ÙïÛ³Ý Ñ³ë³ñ³ÏáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñáõÙ å»ï³Ï³Ý ͳé³ÛáõÃÛáõÝÁ ѳë³ñ³Ï³Ï³Ý ÑëÏáÕáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³Ù³ñ ëϽµáõÝùáñ»Ý µ³ó ѳٳϳñ· ¿: Ðñ³å³ñ³Ï³ÛÝáõÃÛ³Ý å³ÛÙ³ÝÝ»ñáõÙ áã ÙÇ å»ï³Ï³Ý ͳé³ÛáÕ ãÇ Ï³ñáÕ Ñ³ÛïÝí»É í»ñ³ÑëÏáÕáõÃÛáõÝÇó ¨ ùÝݳ¹³ïáõÃÛáõÝÇó ¹áõñë: ø³Õ³ù³óÇ³Ï³Ý Í³é³ÛáõÃÛ³Ý ·áñÍáõÝ»áõÃÛ³Ý Ã³÷³ÝóÇÏáõÃÛáõÝÁ ϳËí³Í ¿ ݳ¨ ïíÛ³É »ñÏñáõÙ ù³Õ³ù³óÇ³Ï³Ý Ñ³ë³ñ³ÏáõÃÛ³Ý ÇÝëïÇïáõïÝ»ñÇ Ï³Û³óÙ³Ý Ù³Ï³ñ¹³ÏÇó, å»ï³Ï³Ý ·áñÍ»ñáõ٠ѳë³ñ³Ï³Ï³Ý ϳ½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ù³ëݳÏóáõÃÛ³Ý ã³÷Çó: ì»ñáÑÇßÛ³É ïíÛ³ÉÝ»ñÇó ÙdzÝß³Ý³Ï »ñ¨áõÙ ¿, áñ ѳë³ñ³Ï³Ï³Ý ϳ½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ý»ñϳ۳óáõóÇãÝ»ñÇ Ù³ëݳÏóáõÃÛáõÝÁ ÙñóáõÛÃÇ ¨ ³ï»ëï³íáñÙ³Ý ·áñÍÁÝóóÝ»ñÇÝ ß³ï ¿ ϳñ¨áñíáõÙ Ù»ñ é»ëåáݹ»ÝïÝ»ñÇ ÏáÕÙÇó: ²í»ÉÇÝ, Ýñ³Ýó Ý»ñϳ ·ïÝí»ÉÁ ÙñóáõÛÃÇ Ù³ëݳÏÇóÝ»ñÇ 6,7%-Á ¹ÇïáõÙ ¿ áñå»ë ù³Õ³ù³óÇ³Ï³Ý Í³é³ÛáÕÇ ÙñóáõÛÃÇ ¨ ³ï»ëï³íáñÙ³Ý ·áñÍÁÝóóÁ ³é³í»É ¹ñ³Ï³Ýáñ»Ý µÝáõó·ñáÕ »ñ¨áõÛÃ: гñóí³ÍÝ»ñÇ 59,2%-Á ·ïÝáõÙ ¿, áñ ѳë³ñ³Ï³Ï³Ý ϳ½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ý»ñϳ۳óáõóÇãÝ»ñÁ å»ïù ¿ Áݹ·ñÏí»Ý ³ï»ëï³íáñÙ³Ý ¨ ÙñóáõóÛÇÝ Ñ³ÝÓݳÅáÕáíÝ»ñÇ Ï³½ÙáõÙ7: Àݹ áñáõÙ, ѳÛïݳµ»ñí»É ¿ Ïáé»ÉÛ³óÇáÝ Ï³å, áñÁ Ñëï³Ï »ñ¨áõÙ ¿ ·Í³å³ïÏ»ñÇó (ï»ë ¶Í³å³ïÏ»ñ ¶.): ¶Í³å³ïÏ»ñ ¶. ²ï»ëï³íáñÙ³Ý ¨ ÙñóáõóÛÇÝ Ñ³ÝÓݳÅáÕáíÝ»ñÇ Ï³½Ùáõ٠ѳë³ñ³Ï³Ï³Ý ϳ½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ý»ñϳ۳óáõóÇãÝ»ñÇ Áݹ·ñÏÙ³ÝÁ ÏáÕÙ ³ñï³Ñ³Ûïí³Í ѳñóíáÕÝ»ñÇ í»ñ³µ»ñÙáõÝùÁ ÏáéáõåódzÛÇÝ (1 - »ñµ»ù ³ñ¹³ñ³óí³Í ã¿, 10 – ÙÇßï ³ñ¹³ñ³óí³Í ¿)
ÆÝãå»ë »ñ¨áõÙ ¿, ѳë³ñ³Ï³Ï³Ý ϳ½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇÝ Ù»Í ¹»ñ³Ï³ï³ñáõÃÛáõÝ í»ñ³å³ÑáÕ é»ëåáݹ»ÝïÝ»ñÇ ½·³ÉÇ Ù³ëÁ (41,8%-Á) ÏáéáõåódzÛÇ »ñ¨áõÃÁ »ñµ»ù ãÇ ³ñ¹³ñ³óÝáõÙ: ¸³ íϳÛáõÙ ¿, áñ ѳë³ñ³Ï³Ï³Ý ϳ½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Áݹ·ñÏáõÙÁ ¹ÇïíáõÙ ¿ áñå»ë ÏáéáõåóÇáÝ éÇëÏ»ñÇ Ýí³½»óÙ³Ý ÙÇçáó: л勉µ³ñ, å»ïù ¿ ùÝݳñÏíÇ ÙñóáõóÛÇÝ ¨ ³ï»ëï³íáñÙ³Ý ·áñÍÁÝóóÝ»ñÇÝ Ñ³ë³ñ³Ï³Ï³Ý ϳ½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ù³ëݳÏóáõÃÛ³Ý ÇÝëïÇïáõóÇáݳɳóÙ³Ý Ñ³ñóÁ, Ùß³ÏíÇ ³Û¹ Ù³ëݳÏóáõÃÛ³Ý ÁÝóó³Ï³ñ·Á: ÆÝãå»ë »ñ¨áõÙ ¿ ¶Í³å³ïÏ»ñ ¸-Çó, ù³Õ³ù³óÇ³Ï³Ý Í³é³ÛáÕÝ»ñÇ Ù»Í³Ù³ëÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ ¹ñ³Ï³Ý í»ñ³µ»ñÙáõÝù áõÝÇ Ñ³ë³ñ³Ï³Ï³Ý ϳ½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ý»ñϳ۳óáõóÇãÝ»ñÇ Ù³ëݳÏóáõÃÛ³Ý Ýϳïٳٵ` ·ïÝ»Éáí, 7 ´³óÇ Ñ³ë³ñ³Ï³Ï³Ý ϳ½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ý»ñϳ۳óáõóÇãÝ»ñÇó, ÙñóáõóÛÇÝ ¨ ³ï»ëï³íáñÙ³Ý Ñ³ÝÓݳÅáÕáíÝ»ñÇ Ï³½ÙáõÙ ù³Õ³ù³óÇ³Ï³Ý Í³é³ÛáÕÝ»ñÁ (83,1%) ï»ëÝáõÙ »Ý ø³Õ³ù³óÇ³Ï³Ý Í³é³ÛáõÃÛ³Ý ËáñÑñ¹Ç Ý»ñϳ۳óáõóÇãÝ»ñÇÝ, ׳ݳãí³Í ·ÇïݳϳÝÝ»ñÇÝ (10%), Ù³ÙáõÉÇ Ý»ñϳ۳óáõóÇãÝ»ñÇÝ (1%): гñóíáÕÝ»ñÇ 88%-Á ·ïÝáõÙ ¿, áñ ѳÝÓݳÅáÕáíÝ»ñáõÙ å»ïù ¿ ÉÇÝ»Ý ïíÛ³É ·»ñ³ï»ëãáõÃÛ³Ý Ý»ñϳ۳óáõóÇãÝ»ñÁ: ÆëÏ é»ëåáݹ»ÝïÝ»ñÇ 0,5%-Á ³Û¹ ·áñͳéáõÛÃÁ í»ñ³å³ÑáõÙ ¿ ÐРܳ˳·³ÑÇ í»ñ³ÑëÏáÕáõÃÛ³Ý Í³é³ÛáõÃÛ³ÝÁ: áñ Ýñ³Ýó Ù³ëݳÏóáõÃÛáõÝÁ Ýå³ëïáõÙ ¿ ÙñóáõÛÃÇ ¨ ³ï»ëï³íáñÙ³Ý ·áñÍÁÝóóÝ»ñÇ ³ÝóϳóÙ³Ý ³ñ¹³ñáõÃÛ³ÝÝ áõ ó÷³ÝóÇÏáõÃÛ³ÝÁ:
¶Í³å³ïÏ»ñ ¸. àñù³Ýá±í ¿ Ýå³ëïáõÙ ÙñóáõóÛÇÝ Ï³Ù ³ï»ëï³íáñÙ³Ý ·áñÍÁÝóóÇ ³ÝóϳóÙ³Ý ³ñ¹³ñáõÃÛ³ÝÝ áõ ó÷³ÝóÇÏáõÃÛ³ÝÁ ѳë³ñ³Ï³Ï³Ý ϳ½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ý»ñϳ۳óáõóÇãÝ»ñÇ Ù³ëݳÏóáõÃÛáõÝÁ` ïáÏáëÝ»ñáí (1-ÇÝ ëÛáõݳÏ` ß³ï ¿ Ýå³ëïáõÙ` 24,6%, 2-ñ¹` áñáß ã³÷áí ¿ Ýå³ëïáõÙ` 38,8%, 3-ñ¹` ãÇ Ýå³ëïáõÙ` 11,5%, 4- ñ¹` ¹Åí³ñ³ÝáõÙ »Ù å³ï³ë˳ݻÉ` 25%)
q5
40
30 Percent
20
10
0 1 2 3 4 q5
ºÃ» ³é³ÝÓݳóÝ»Ýù ÙñóáõÛÃÇ Ù³ëݳÏÇóÝ»ñÇ å³ï³ë˳ÝÝ»ñÁ, ³å³ Ýñ³Ýù ¿É ³í»ÉÇ »Ý ÏáÕÙÝáñáßí³Í ³Ûë ѳñóáõÙ (ß³ï ¿ Ýå³ëïáõÙ` 34,6%, áñáß ã³÷áí ¿ Ýå³ëïáõÙ` 31,7%, ãÇ Ýå³ëïáõÙ` 13,5%, ¹Åí³ñ³ÝáõÙ »Ù å³ï³ë˳ݻÉ` 20,2%): гñóí³ÍÝ»ñÇ 13,8%-Á íϳ۳Ïáã»Éáí ÙÇç³½·³ÛÇÝ ÷áñÓÁ` ÝßáõÙ ¿, áñ ѳë³ñ³Ï³Ï³Ý ϳ½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ³½¹»óáõÃÛáõÝÁ å»ï³Ï³Ý ϳé³í³ñÙ³Ý Ù³ñÙÇÝÝ»ñÇ íñ³ ³å³ÑáíáõÙ ¿ ÙñóáõÛÃÇ ¨ ³ï»ëï³íáñÙ³Ý ·áñÍÁÝóóÇ Ã³÷³ÝóÇÏáõÃÛáõÝÝ áõ ³ñ¹³ñáõÃÛáõÝÁ, ³ÝÏáÕÙݳϳÉáõÃÛáõÝÝ áõ µáÉáñÇ ß³Ñ»ñÇ Ñ³í³ë³ñ³å»ë å³ßïå³ÝáõÙÁ, 30,8%-Á ·ïÝáõÙ ¿, áñ ³Û¹ ¹»åùáõ٠ѳÝÓݳÅáÕáíÝ ûµÛ»ÏïÇí ¿, ¹áõñë ãÇ ·³ÉÇë ݳ˳ï»ëí³Í ϳñ·Ç ßñç³Ý³ÏÝ»ñÇó, ÇëÏ 2,3%-Ý áõÕÕ³ÏÇ ÝßáõÙ ¿, áñ ѳë³ñ³Ï³Ï³Ý ϳ½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ý»ñϳ۳óáõóÇãÝ»ñÇ Ý»ñϳÛáõÃÛáõÝÝ Çñ»Ýó íëï³ÑáõÃÛáõÝ ¿ Ý»ñßÝãáõÙ ¨ ¹ñ³Ï³Ý ÉÇóù»ñ ѳÕáñ¹áõÙ: л勉µ³ñ, ×Çßï ÏÉÇÝÇ, áñ ߳ѳ·ñ·Çé å»ï³Ï³Ý Ù³ñÙÇÝÝ»ñÝ áõ ø³Õ³ù³óÇ³Ï³Ý Í³é³ÛáõÃÛ³Ý ËáñÑáõñ¹Ý ³ç³Ïó»Ý ѳë³ñ³Ï³Ï³Ý ϳ½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ÏáÕÙÇó Çñ³Ï³Ý³óíáÕ ¹Çïáñ¹³Ï³Ý ³é³ù»ÉáõÃÛ³ÝÁ` ¹ñ³ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óÙ³Ý Ñ³Ù³ñ ëï»ÕÍ»Éáí ³ÝÑñ³Å»ßï å³ÛÙ³ÝÝ»ñ: ²ÛÝÇÝã, ¹Çïáñ¹Ý»ñÁ µáÕáùáõÙ »Ý, áñ ѳÝÓݳÅáÕáíÁ »ñµ»ÙÝ §Ùáé³ÝáõÙ ¿¦ Ý»ñϳ۳óÝ»É ¹Çïáñ¹Ý»ñÇÝ: ܳ¨ ³Ûë ѳݷ³Ù³ÝùÝ ¿ (í»ñáÑÇßÛ³É µáÉáñ ûñ³óáõÙÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï Ù»Ïï»Õ) å³ï׳é ѳݹÇë³ó»É, áñ ÙáÝÇïáñÇÝ·Ç »ñÏáõ ÷áõÉ»ñÇ ¹Çï³ñÏí³Í ¹»åù»ñÇ 15,5%-Ç Å³Ù³Ý³Ï ÙáÝÇïáñÇÝ·Ç ËÙµÇ ³Ý¹³ÙÝ»ñÁ ¹Å·áÑ »Ý Ùݳó»É ÙñóáõÛÃÇ ¨ ³ï»ëï³íáñÙ³Ý ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÙÃÝáÉáñïÇó:
3. º¼ð²Î²òàôÂÚàôÜ ºì ²è²æ²ðÎàôÂÚàôÜܺð гë³ñ³ÏáõÃÛ³Ý Ý»ñáõÅÁ å»ï³Ï³Ý ϳé³í³ñÙ³Ý Ý»ñáõÅÇó ¿ Ï³Ëí³Í: î³ñµ»ñ ϳñ·Ç Çß˳ݳíáñÝ»ñÇ Ï³é³í³ñã³Ï³Ý Ùï³ÍáÕáõÃÛ³Ý /é³½Ù³í³ñ³Ï³Ý, ûå»ñ³ïÇí, Ù³ñï³í³ñ³Ï³Ý/ ë³Ñٳݳ÷³Ï ÉÇÝ»Éáõ, ϳé³í³ñã³Ï³Ý Ùß³ÏáõÛÃÇ µ³ó³Ï³ÛáõÃÛ³Ý å³ï׳éáí г۳ëï³ÝÁ ¹³ï³å³ñïíáõÙ ¿ Ñ»ï³ÙݳóáõÃÛ³Ý: гë³ñ³Ï³·Çï³Ï³Ý ÙÇïùÁ å»ïù ¿ ·Çï³ÏóÇ ³ÛÝ ·áñÍáÝÝ»ñÇ ËáñáõÃÛáõÝÁ, áñáÝù ³ñ·»É³ÏáõÙ »Ý µáÉáñ µ³ñ»÷áËáõÙÝ»ñÁ: ÊáãÁݹáïáÕ ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý ·áñÍáÝÝ»ñÇó ¿ ³ÛÝ, áñ ã»Ý ·Ý³Ñ³ïíáõÙ áã ϳé³í³ñã³Ï³Ý ·Çï»ÉÇùÝ»ñÝ áõ ÑÙïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ, áã ÷áñÓÁ, ã»Ý áñáÝáõÙ ßÝáñѳÉÇ Ù³ëݳ·»ïÝ»ñÇ, ã»Ý ëï»ÕÍáõ٠ϳé³í³ñÙ³Ý ·³Õ³÷³ñ³ËáëáõÃÛáõÝÁ, Ù»Ãá¹³µ³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ ¨ µ³ñá۳ϳÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ, ãÇ ï³ñíáõ٠ϳ¹ñ»ñÇ å³ïß³× áõëáõóáõÙ: ø³ÝÇ áñ ÙñóáõÛÃÇ ¨ ³ï»ëï³íáñÙ³Ý ·áÛáõÃÛáõÝ áõÝ»óáÕ Ñ³ñó³ß³ñ»ñáí Çñ³Ï³ÝáõÙ ³ÝÑݳñ ¿ ëïáõ·»É Ù³ëݳÏóÇ ³ÛÝ ·Çï»ÉÇùÝ»ñÝ áõ ÑÙïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ, áñáÝù ³ÝÑñ³Å»ßï »Ý Ñ³Ù³å³ï³ëË³Ý áÉáñïÇ ù³Õ³ù³óÇ³Ï³Ý Í³é³ÛáÕÇ ·áñͳéáõÛÃÝ»ñÝ Ñ³çáÕáõÃÛ³Ùµ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óÝ»Éáõ ѳٳñ, ³å³ å»ïù ¿ Ùß³Ï»É Ýáñ ѳñó³ß³ñ»ñ, ³Û¹ ·áñÍáõÙ Ý»ñ·ñ³í»Éáí ѳÝñ³å»ïáõÃÛ³Ý ·Çï³Ï³Ý ÑÇÙݳñÏÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³å³ï³ëË³Ý Ù³ëݳ·»ïÝ»ñÇÝ:
гñó³ß³ñ»ñÁ å»ïù ¿ ³ÛÝå»ë ϳ½Ùí»Ý, áñ ³ï»ëï³íáñÙ³Ý ¨ ÙñóáõÛÃÇ Å³Ù³Ý³Ï Ù³ëݳÏÇóÝ»ñÁ ÉáõÍ»Ý Ñ³Ù³å³ï³ëË³Ý ËݹÇñÝ»ñ` ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ áñ¨¿ åñáµÉ»Ù³ÛÇÝ Çñ³íÇ׳ÏÇ Ñ³ÕóѳñÙ³Ý Ùá¹»ÉÇ Ñ»ï ϳåí³Í:
ºÉÝ»Éáí ³Ûë ³Ù»ÝÇó` ³é³ç³ñÏíáõÙ ¿`
1. í»ñ³Ý³Û»É ÙñóáõóÛÇÝ ¨ ³ï»ëï³íáñÙ³Ý Ñ³ÝÓݳÅáÕáíÝ»ñÇ ³Ý¹³ÙáõÃÛ³Ý Ã»ÏݳÍáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ÁÝïñáõÃÛ³Ý ëϽµáõÝùÝ»ñÁ, Ùáï»óáõÙÝ»ñÁ` ݳ˳ï»ë»Éáí, áñ ѳٳå³ï³ëË³Ý Ù³ñÙÝÇó ³Û¹ ѳÝÓݳÅáÕáíÝ»ñáõÙ å»ïù ¿ Ý»ñ·ñ³íí»Ý ³ÛÝ ³ÝÓÇÝù, áíù»ñ í»ñ³ÑëÏ»Éáõ (í»ñ³ÑëÏáõÙ), ջϳí³ñ»Éáõ (ջϳí³ñáõÙ), ѳٳϳñ·»Éáõ (ѳٳϳñ·áõÙ) »Ý ³ÛÝ å³ßïáÝÁ ½µ³Õ»óÝáÕ ù³Õ³ù³óÇ³Ï³Ý Í³é³ÛáÕÇ ·áñÍáõÝ»áõÃÛáõÝÁ, áñÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ ³ÝóϳóíáõÙ ¿ ÙñóáõÛà ϳ٠³ï»ëï³íáñáõÙ.
2. ÙñóáõÛÃÇÝ Ññ³íÇñ»É ݳ¨ ѳٳå³ï³ëË³Ý ·»ñ³ï»ëãáõÃÛ³Ý ëïáñ³µ³Å³ÝÙ³Ý Õ»Ï³í³ñÇÝ, áñÁ ѳÕÃáÕ ×³Ý³ãí³Í Ù³ëݳÏÇóÝ»ñÇ í»ñ³µ»ñÛ³É Çñ »½ñ³Ñ³Ý·áõÙÝ»ñÁ ÏѳÛïÝÇ å³ßïáÝáõÙ Ý߳ݳÏÙ³Ý Å³Ù³Ý³Ï.
3. å³ñµ»ñ³µ³ñ í»ñ³Ý³Û»É ÙñóáõóÛÇÝ ¨ ³ï»ëï³íáñÙ³Ý Ñ³ÝÓݳÅáÕáíÝ»ñÇ ³Ý¹³ÙáõÃÛ³Ý Ã»ÏݳÍáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ßñç³Ý³ÏÁ` µ³ó³é»Éáí Ýñ³Ýó ß³ñù»ñáõÙ ³ÛÝ ³ÝÓ³Ýó Ù³ëݳÏóáõÃÛáõÝÁ, áíù»ñ »ÝóñÏí»É »Ý ϳñ·³å³Ñ³Ï³Ý ïáõÛÅ»ñÇ, áñáÝó ϳå³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ùµ ¿ÃÇϳÛÇ Ñ³ÝÓݳÅáÕáíÝ»ñÝ ÁݹáõÝ»É »Ý µ³ó³ë³Ï³Ý, å³ñë³íáÕ áñáßáõÙÝ»ñ.
4. å³ñµ»ñ³µ³ñ ³ÝóϳóÝ»É ÙñóáõóÛÇÝ ¨ ³ï»ëï³íáñÙ³Ý Ñ³ÝÓݳÅáÕáíÝ»ñÇ ³Ý¹³ÙáõÃÛ³Ý Ã»ÏݳÍáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ í»ñ³å³ïñ³ëïáõÙÝ»ñ` Ýñ³Ýó, áñå»ë ѳÝÓݳÅáÕáíÇ ³Ý¹³ÙÝ»ñÇ, ·Çï»ÉÇùÝ»ñÁ ¨ ÑÙïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ ϳï³ñ³É³·áñÍ»Éáõ Ýå³ï³Ïáí.
5. ÙñóáõÛÃÇ ¨ ³ï»ëï³íáñÙ³Ý ³ÝóϳóÙ³Ý ÁÝóó³Ï³ñ·»ñÁ ˳Ëï»Éáõ ѳٳñ ÙñóáõóÛÇÝ ¨ ³ï»ëï³íáñÙ³Ý Ñ³ÝÓݳÅáÕáíÝ»ñÇ ³Ý¹³ÙÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ ݳ˳ï»ë»É å³ï³ë˳ݳïíáõÃÛ³Ý ÏáÝÏñ»ï ÙÇçáóÝ»ñ.
6. ÙñóáõÛÃÇ ¨ ³ï»ëï³íáñáõÙ ³ÝóϳóÝ»Éáõ ϳñ·»ñáí áã ÙdzÛÝ ³ñ·»É»É ûëï³íáñÙ³Ý Ù³ëݳÏÇóÝ»ñÇÝ Çñ»Ýó Ñ»ï ë»ÝÛ³Ï Ý»ñë µ»ñ»É ϳåÇ ÙÇçáóÝ»ñ, ³ÛÉ Ý³¨ ÙñóáõóÛÇÝ ¨ ³ï»ëï³íáñÙ³Ý Ñ³ÝÓݳÅáÕáíÇ ³Ý¹³ÙÝ»ñÇÝ, ¹Çïáñ¹Ý»ñÇÝ ¨ë.
7. í»ñ³Ý³Û»É ÙñóáõóÛÇÝ ¨ ³ï»ëï³íáñÙ³Ý Ñ³ñó³ß³ñ»ñÇ ¨ ѳñó³ïáëÙë»ñÇ Ñ³ñó»ñÁ` ¹ñ³Ýó å³ñ½áõݳÏáõÃÛáõÝÁ, ÏñÏÝáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ, ·áñÍÝ³Ï³Ý Çñ³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÇó Ïïñí³Í ÉÇÝ»Éáõ ѳݷ³Ù³ÝùÝ»ñÁ í»ñ³óÝ»Éáõ ѳٳñ.
8. ݳ˳ï»ë»É å³Ñ³Ýç, áñ áã å³Ï³ë, ù³Ý ï³ñÇÝ Ù»Ï, ÙñóáõóÛÇÝ ¨ ³ï»ëï³íáñÙ³Ý Ñ³ñó³ß³ñ»ñÇ ¨ ѳñó³ïáëÙë»ñÇ Ñ³ñó»ñÁ í»ñ³Ý³Ûí»Ý.
9. ѳٳå³ï³ëË³Ý Ù³ñÙÇÝÝ»ñÇ Ï³¹ñ³ÛÇÝ ëïáñ³µ³Å³ÝáõÙÝ»ñÇ ¨ ³ÛÝ Ù³ëݳ·»ïÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ, áíù»ñ å³ï³ë˳ݳïáõ »Ý ÙñóáõóÛÇÝ ¨ ³ï»ëíáñÙ³Ý Ñ³ñó³ß³ñ»ñÇ ¨ ѳñó³ïáÙë»ñÇ Ñ³ñó»ñ Ù߳ϻÉáõ ѳٳñ` Ùß³Ï»É Ó»éݳñÏ-áõÕ»óáõÛóÝ»ñ, ϳ½Ù³Ï»ñå»É í»ñ³å³ïñ³ëïáõÙÝ»ñ.
10. ³å³Ñáí»É, áñ ÙñóáõóÛÇÝ ¨ ³ï»ëï³íáñÙ³Ý Ñ³ïϳå»ë ѳñó³½ñáõÛóÇ Ñ³ñó³ïáÙë»ñáõÙ Áݹ·ñÏí»Ý ϳé³í³ñã³Ï³Ý ÑÙïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ¨ ϳñáÕáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ëïáõ·Ù³Ý ѳñó»ñ, ·áñÍÝ³Ï³Ý ËݹÇñÝ»ñ. 11. ÙñóáõóÛÇÝ ¨ ³ï»ëï³íáñÙ³Ý Ñ³ñó»ñÇ ¨ å³ï³ë˳ÝÝ»ñÇ Ó»éùµ»ñÙ³Ý §·ñ³íãáõÃÛáõÝÁ¦ µ³ó³é»Éáõ ѳٳñ ݳ˳ï»ë»É, áñ Ññ³å³ñ³ÏÙ³Ý »Ýóϳ »Ý µáÉáñ ѳñó»ñÁ, ³Û¹ ÃíáõÙ` ѳñó³ïáÙë»ñÇ, ÇÝãå»ë ݳ¨ ³ÛÝ Çñ³í³Ï³Ý ³Ïï»ñÇ ó³ÝÏÁ, áñáÝó ÑÇÙ³Ý íñ³ ¹ñ³Ýù ϳ½Ùí»É »Ý, ÇëÏ å³ï³ë˳ÝÝ»ñÇ Ññ³å³ñ³ÏáõÙÁ, ³Û¹ ÃíáõÙ` ûëï»ñÇ ×Çßï å³ï³ë˳ÝÝ»ñÇ, µ³ó³é»É.
12. ϳï³ñ³É³·áñÍ»É Ã»ëï»ñÇ ¨ ѳñó³ïáÙë»ñÇ Ï³½ÙÙ³Ý Ñ³Ù³Ï³ñ·ã³ÛÇÝ Íñ³·ÇñÁ` ³ÛÝ ¹³ñÓÝ»Éáí ËÇëï í»ñ³ÑëÏ»ÉÇ.
13. ûëïÁ å»ïù ¿ Éñ³óíÇ Ñ³Ù³Ï³ñ·ãÇ ÙÇçáóáí, ÇÝãÁ Ïû·ÝÇ ëïáõ·»É ݳ¨ Ù³ëݳÏóÇ Ñ³Ù³Ï³ñ·ã³ÛÇÝ ·Çï»ÉÇùÝ»ñÁ.
14. ³å³Ñáí»É, áñ Ëëïáñ»Ý å³Ñå³Ýí»Ý ÙñóáõÛÃÇ ¨ ³ï»ëï³íáñÙ³Ý ³ÝóϳóÙ³Ý ÁÝóó³Ï³ñ·»ñÁ (³Û¹ ÃíáõÙ` ûëï³íáñÙ³Ý å³ï³ë˳ÝÝ»ñÇ Ó¨³ÝÙáõßÝ»ñÇ ÷³ÏóÙ³Ý).
15. Ñëï³Ï ϳÝáݳϳñ·»É ѳٳϳñ·ã³ÛÇÝ ¨ ³ÛÉ å³Ñ³ÝçíáÕ ·Çï»ÉÇùÝ»ñÇ ¨ ÑÙïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ëïáõ·Ù³Ý ¹»åù»ñÁ` ¹ñ³Ýó ÙdzëݳϳÝáõÃÛáõÝÝ ³å³Ñáí»Éáõ Ýå³ï³Ïáí.
16. µ³ñ»É³íí»É ½áõ·³Ñ»é ³ÝóϳóíáÕ ÙñóáõÛÃÝ»ñÇ ï»ËÝÇÏ³Ï³Ý ¨ ³ÝÑñ³Å»ßï ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ å³ÛÙ³ÝÝ»ñÁ.
17. ûñ»Ýùáí ë³ÑÙ³Ý»É ÙñóáõÛÃÇ ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùáõÙ Ù»ÏÇó ³í»ÉÇ Ñ³ÕÃáÕ ×³Ý³ãí³ÍÝ»ñÇó ÁÝïñáõÃÛáõÝ Ï³ï³ñ»Éáõ ÏáÝÏñ»ï ã³÷áñáßÇãÝ»ñ.
18. Ó»éݳñÏ»É ·áñÍáõÝ ÙÇçáóÝ»ñ` ³ÏïÇí³óÝ»Éáõ ѳë³ñ³Ï³Ï³Ý ϳ½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ¹Çïáñ¹³Ï³Ý Ù³ëݳÏóáõÃÛáõÝÁ, ÇÝãå»ë ݳ¨ ùÝݳñÏ»É ù³Õ³ù³óÇ³Ï³Ý Í³é³ÛáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³Ù³Ï³ñ·Ç ջϳí³ñÙ³Ý ¨ ϳ½Ù³Ï»ñåÙ³Ý Ù³ñÙÇÝÝ»ñÇ ÏáÕÙÇó Ýñ³Ýó Ñ»ï ³é³ñÏ³Û³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³·áñͳÏó»Éáõ Ñ»é³ÝϳñÝ»ñÇ Ñ³ñó»ñ.
19. ë³ÑÙ³Ý»É ¨ ϳÝáݳϳñ·»É ÙñóáõÛÃÇ ¨ ³ï»ëï³íáñÙ³Ý ·áñÍÁÝóóÝ»ñÇÝ Ñ³ë³ñ³Ï³Ï³Ý ϳ½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ¹Çïáñ¹³Ï³Ý Ù³ëݳÏóáõÃÛ³Ý ÁÝóó³Ï³ñ·Á.
20. ó÷áõñ å³ßïáÝÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ ÙñóáõÛÃÇ ³ÝóϳóÙ³Ý Ñ³Ûï³ñ³ñáõÃÛ³Ý Ù»ç ѳñÏ ¿ Áݹ·ñÏ»É Ý³¨ ѳٳå³ï³ëË³Ý å³ßïáÝÇ Ñ³ëïÇù³ÛÇÝ ³ß˳ï³í³ñÓÇ ã³÷Á:
REPORT
On the Results of Monitoring and Sociological Polls Conducted
under the “Support to the Civil Society Observation of the Civil
Service System as an Anti-Corruption Measure” Program
Yerevan 2007 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................4
1. FINDINGS OF THE MONITORING..................................................................................6
2. CORRUPTION RISKS .....................................................................................................14
3. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .............................................................17
3 INTRODUCTION
When corruption is spread in the public administration system, public resources are
used for the benefit of a narrow circle of the chosen people. Therefore, the fight against
corruption must start right from the public administration system. The establishment of a
modern system of competition and attestation in public service will contribute the fight
against corruption. The system will help evaluate how well civil servants are aware of
their functional responsibilities and how much knowledge and skills for carrying out these
responsibilities do they possess. The system will show whether civil servants have the
required moral/psychological qualities. The involvement of civil society is important for
the establishment of a public administration system with an effective and functional civil
service in the Republic of Armenia, which would demonstrate itself also in the issue of
appointment and promotion of civil servants.
Considering the issue of increasing the role of NGOs in improving the
effectiveness of the RA public administration system, the need to prevent corruption in the
civil service system and to raise the existing problems, a sociological study was conducted
among civil servants taking part in the competition and attestation processes. The study
was conducted in the context of public monitoring of these processes, and standardized
questionnaires were used. Parallel to that, a group of observers, representing the NGOs
conducting the observation mission during the competition and attestation processes, was
also questioned.
The monitoring and the related study were conducted in three time periods, which
had to do, among other things, with observing the effect of an important event like
parliamentary elections on the civil service system. During the first period (from
16.03.2007 to 04.05.2007), 36 competitions and 14 attestations in various state agencies
were observed and 151 respondents were interviewed (73 and 78, respectively). The
second and the third periods of the monitoring covered the time after the parliamentary
4 election (from 26.06.2007 to 01.10.2007). 144 respondents (41 and 103 respondents taking
part in 31 competitions and 39 attestations, respectively) were interviewed.
Thus, the total number of respondents was 295 (114 and 181 respondents
taking part in 67 competitions and 53 attestations, respectively). 56.5% of
respondents were male, 43.5% - female. In terms of professions, 31.9% of
respondents were economists, 9.6% - lawyers, 15.8% - engineers, 6.2% - specialists in
the humanities. 8.8% of respondents were doctors by training, 4.2% - teachers, 3.5%
- historians, etc. Only 1.2% of respondents were programmers - a profession that is
very important in a modern administration system.
Graph A shows that 8.5% of respondents have participated in the aforementioned
testing processes more than five times.
Graph A. Participation in Competition/Attestation Processes
(Column 1 – participating for the first time, Column 2 – second time, Column 3 – third time and so
on, up until 30th time).
5 q1
70
60
50 Percent
40
30
20
10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 12 15 30 q1
1. FINDINGS OF THE MONITORING
The results of a sociological poll conducted as part of the monitoring of the civil
service competition and attestation processes demonstrate that, in general, not everything
is properly done in the civil service competition and attestation processes. 17% of
respondents thought the civil service competition and attestation system was bad (3.1%
thought it was very bad), while 38.1% of respondents gave the system a mediocre
assessment. Moreover, 45.8% of respondents said there was nothing negative in the
competition and attestation system, 5.8% found the question difficult to respond to, while
48.8% expressed some dissatisfaction, in one way or another. When asked to name the
most negative aspect of the competition and attestation system, about 20% of the
respondent in the latter group mentioned the non-professionalism of the commission, 11%
mentioned rudeness1, 30% mentioned manifestations of favoritism (such as prompting,
etc.), and 26.5% noted the lack of public control.
1 When civil servants are treated rudely, they must have the right to receive moral support. They must be protected from violations of the norms of ethics towards them and their dignity, and must be able to complain to an appropriate commission, if they have appropriate evidence. 58.3% of respondents think the
6 It is noteworthy that 13.1% of all the respondents did not think that the presence of
observers constituted real control. 3.1% of respondents noted that observers did not have
any leverage to affect the commission’s decisions, hence the suggestion to include NGO
representatives in commissions.
2% of the respondent, who were unhappy with the competition and attestation
system, said that the most negative characteristic of the system was the fact that the
questions used during interviews were worded wrongly, because a civil servant rarely (if
ever) deals with such issues in his or her work.
The effectiveness of public administration is functional, which means that it
depends on the professional skills of its servants. Therefore, what needs to be assessed is
the level of knowledge of one’s functional responsibilities and the skills required for
carrying out these duties, as well as the appropriate moral/psychological characteristics of
the person in question, i.e. his or her administrative/management skills. However, the
existing questionnaires evaluate only the mechanical memory of candidates or civil
servants. In reality, with the existing questionnaires used for competition and attestation it
is impossible to evaluate the participant’s knowledge and skills that are required for
performing that particular civil servant’s functions. In addition, sometimes the skills
evaluated by these questionnaires have nothing to do with the responsibilities defined by
that particular position’s description (for example, financial management skills in the case
when the job description does not include any financial matters). In this regard,
participants of attestation justly noted that almost the same questionnaire is used when
attestation is conducted for the second time. What is the point? Isn’t it true that the
functional purpose of the competition and attestation processes is to provide the civil
service system with knowledgeable and skillful personnel? These processes must serve to
ensure that the people who enter the civil service or the civil servants who pass attestation
perform their duties effectively.
complaints should be considered by the Civil Service Council, while 13.9% would prefer to give that function to independent observers.
7 Observers who conducted the monitoring have noted that the existing questionnaire
only check the participants’ mechanical memory. With such questionnaires, it is
practically impossible to evaluate the participants’ knowledge and skills that are required
to perform their civil service duties successfully. According to the observers, “questions
for leadership (senior) positions were quite simple, they did not correspond to the
position, which made it easy for the participants to answer them” Attestation with such
questionnaires (especially if it is done more than once) is simply pointless and
constitutes a waste of public resources.
It is not by chance that the participants were unhappy with the quality of tests
requiring memorization of individual articles of various laws and norms. “Almost all the
participants complained about the quality of tests and questions. The latter require simply
memorization of individual articles of various laws and norms,” – one of the observers
noted.
If the existing questionnaires check only the mechanical memory, then the
experienced participants find themselves at a disadvantages vis-à-vis the younger
participants, because memorization becomes more difficult with age. As Graph B shows,
42.3% of the participants were between 46 and 60 years old. There are almost no
participants younger than 25 years old, and only 27.7% of the participants fall in the 26-35
years old age group. Thus, issues of bringing young people into the system also require
urgent solution.
Graph B. Distribution of Competition and Attestation Participants by Age
Groups (in percents)
(Column 1 – Under 25 years old, Column 2 – 26-35 years old, Column 3 – 36-45 years old, Column
4 – 46-60 years old)
8 q22
50
40 Percent
30
20
10
0 1 2 3 4 5 q22
While recognizing the fact that the legislation has clear requirements for the
number of years of professional experience and understanding the meaning and the logic
of such requirements, it is still possible to introduce logically some more flexible
requirements like in other well-developed civil service systems. For example, the concept
of “managerial experience in state bodies only” can be replaced by the idea of
“managerial experience” in general. In another example, “quick promotion” schemes can
be introduced for certain sub-groups of these positions, allowing successful university
graduates (for example) to be “introduced” in the managerial levels of the civil service.
The only purpose of such innovations must be to move the picture presented in Graph B
towards a “younger managerial” system. However, as a conclusion to this proposal, it is
necessary to mention that its introduction would have to depend on what is the vision of
the RA civil service – a question that is still open.
It turns out that many civil servants win the competition process easily, but often
lack the required professional knowledge and skills. However, the effectiveness of public
9 administration depends on the professional skills of civil servants, and the competition and
attestation system must ensure that civil servants, who have passed attestation, perform
their duties successfully.
As a result, we often find situations where commissions show bias towards certain
participants, or prompt some people. “There was one participant in one of the
competitions conducted in March this year. During the interview, the commission
chairman tried to prompt the right answers to that participant. The questions were very
simple, such as: “what are civil service positions?” The participant found it difficult to
answer that question and said: “chief”, then after prompting changed his answer to
“top.” The participant did not even mention the other positions. Then he/she was declared
a winner” (from an observer’s report). Observers have noted that “during attestations,
participants are declared winners regardless of whether their answers are good or bad,
and attestations for higher positions are nothing but a formality.” Moreover, observers
have noticed that “during some competitions, there are manifestations of biasness on the
part of members of the state agency involved and representatives of the Civil Service
Council.”
Observers have also noted some other worrying cases. For example: “Once, we
saw an interesting and telling case. Before the beginning of the actual exam, all the
participants had to take a computer literacy test. Since a “certain” participant was unable
to pass the “Rubicon”, all the other participants also “failed” the test. The commission
stated that no one has the required computer knowledge and, therefore, declared the
exam failed.”
The observers have also noted that, in some cases, there were problems with the
creation of question cards that had to do with inputting non-professional questions into the
computer. Another shortcoming on the part of the competition and attestation
commissions was that, after the tests were created, the appropriate pages (question cards)
were not sealed, but rather folded.
10 In some cases, commissions are more lenient, and all the participants are declared
winners. The “real” winner becomes clear later on, in the state agency in question.2 In the
case of attestation, such “leniency” leads to stagnation in the civil service system and does
not contribute to the development of human resources and improvement of civil servants’
knowledge and skills. During the survey, a suggestion was made to have the respondents
provide written answers to written questions. 26.5% of respondents (31.7% of competition
participants) said that all the participants must be present during the interview, which
indicates that there is a certain level of mistrust towards the commission.3 However, since
the number of people who shared that opinion in the first stage of the study was 31.1%,
one can note a certain decrease in the level of mistrust, which is a positive trend. Another
positive thing is that 79.2% of respondents are fully satisfied with the working
environment during the competitions and attestation. It is noteworthy that 10.6% of
competition participants were unaware of what legal acts were going to be covered during
the interview. People complained that the interview questions and answers were acquired
“through other means.” They were uncertain whether the answers must repeat verbatim the
appropriate passages in laws and bylaws. In this regard, clarification of rules for selection
of public officials and further improvements in legislation are important for renewal of the
public service system and prevention of corruption.
The participants were unhappy with the noisy environment that creates tension and
stress. This was noted by observers as well: “The conditions of the exam room can be
considered as a shortcoming. The room is divided in two parts, where two exams take
place at the same time. The noise from one room makes it difficult for participants in
another room to focus.” In some cases, observers have noted that commission members
use their cell phones in the rooms, which is a violation of appropriate rules. It is
unacceptable that comments were made from one room to another, or there were
2 It must be noted that the relevance of the party affiliation factor has been ruled out as a result of a correlation analysis. The summarized answers of respondents interviewed before the election did not depend on their party affiliation. 3 Most of the observers also think that everyone must be present, so that the participants are able to compare the results and be sure that the interviews were objective.
11 complains of unfriendliness on the part of commission members. According to 1.8% of the
respondents from the second stage of the survey, the commissions have been biased (there
were not such direct claims in the first stage).4
Observers have also noted other types of violations. They report that “the boxes
were not sealed for the most part, and everyone knew the score given by the commission
before it went into the box (in other words, they knew the number of people who voted for
or against)”. They were cases when commission members were “much too eager to
contribute” to civil servants’ attestation. For example, an observer noted that “during
attestation for the President’s Office staff, the participants checked their tests out loud and
no one interfered.”
In the first stage of monitoring, in many cases (52.4%), sample test answers were
not posted, contrary to the rules. The participants tried to find out from each other whether
or not they had answered their questions properly. This situation did not improve in the
second stage (51.8%). However, it was assumed that these technical issues would be dealt
with and corrected once the Civil Service Council was informed of the results of the first
stage of the monitoring.
If we look at the answers by competition participants, then we would see a higher
level of dissatisfaction. 28.8% of respondents said there was nothing negative in the
process. 63.4% noted the following negative points: rudeness of commission members
(5.8%), lack of professionalism in the commissions (12.5%), manifestations of favoritism
(23.1%), lack of public control (18.3%).
The difference in answers has to do with the fact that for 61.5% percent of
competition participants it was not the first competition they had taken part in5, whereas
45.4% of them had been declared winners, but had not been appointed to the positions
they had sought. 65.2% of these people thought the reason for not getting appointed was
4 This indicates that no significant steps to improve the work of commissions have been taken between the first and the second stages of the monitoring. 5 3.5% of the respondents have participated in competition and attestation processes ten and more time.
12 that they were not “the minister’s man/woman.” Naturally, this hidden dissatisfaction was
reflected in the respondents’ answers.
Correlation analysis has revealed other issues of concern as well. The answers to
this question indicate that gender differences are also taken into consideration when
appointing to a position. 50% of people, who were declared winners but were not
appointed, were women. This is in the case when only 43.5% of our respondents who
participated in competitions were women.6 In other words, men are somewhat preferred
for appointments to positions. This is why, among other reasons, appointments should not
take place without appropriate oversight.
It can be stated that regulation and clarity of competitions become futile if their
logical conclusion – appointment to a civil service position – is marred by uncertainty
and subjectivism.
It is worth noting that, when asked how important it was to have an influential
sponsor in order to get appointed or promoted, 26.9% of respondents said it was important,
20.4% said it was extremely important, and only 15.4% said it didn’t matter at all (only
6.7% of competition participants thought so). Others expressed a variety of opinions in
between. There can be no effective public administration in places where sponsorship and
family/friendship principles are involved in determining the personnel policy. Sponsorship
inevitably leads to the creation and the spread of a bureaucratic circumlocution system. As
a public administration system, bureaucracy works not to resolve the various issues facing
the public, but rather to provide for itself, which strongly contributes to the spread of
corruption. The monitoring and the sociological survey have revealed that a significant
number of civil servants lack the intolerance towards this phenomenon.
When asked how justified the corruption was, only 39.2% of respondents said
unambiguously that it was never justified. Others tried to justify corruption in one
way or another, whereas 8.5% of respondents clearly stated that corruption was
6 On the other hand, one of the people, who was declared a winner but was not appointed to a position, thinks that he wasn’t appointed, because they were looking for a woman; thus, there was gender discrimination.
13 always justified. When financial success becomes a prevalent value, non-institutional
methods are being used to achieve power and wealth in the conditions of unorganized
public behavior. Moreover, the opportunities to use these methods increase as the social
status grows. This explains the eagerness to enter various state agencies at all costs, which
would provide these opportunities; this gives rise to corruption risks. Corruption becomes
an important issue, which affects many areas of public service.
Therefore, both the evaluation and appointment systems must be transparent and
under public scrutiny, in order to avoid sponsorship/influence by the political force which
currently holds the power. According to most of our respondents (46.2%), appointment to
civil service positions must be done by the chief of staff of the appropriate state agency in
question, in accordance with certain clearly stated and defined standards. For example, it
has been suggested that the people who win in several competitions be given a priority,
which can be an acceptable solution in certain circumstances. It is also logical to have a
single winner in every given competition.
2. CORRUPTION RISKS
Public control over public servants’ activities is important for fighting corruption
in the state bureaucratic apparatus. In modern western societies, public service is, in
principle, open for public scrutiny. Given this openness, no public servant can find
himself/herself outside of control and criticism. The transparency of civil service depends,
among other things, on the level of development of civil society institutions and the
amount of public participation in state affairs.
The abovementioned data indicate that our respondents attach great importance to
the presence of NGO representatives during competitions and attestations. Moreover,
6.7% of the respondents named the presence of NGO representatives at competitions as
the most positive characteristic of the civil servants’ competition and attestation process.
59.2% of respondents thought NGO representatives must be included in competition and
14 attestation commission.7 Also, a correlation has been discovered, which is clear from a
graph (See Graph C).
Graph C. Attitude of Respondents, Who Voted for Including NGO
Representatives in Competition and Attestation Commissions, Towards Corruption
(1 – never justified, 10 – always justified)
As the graph shows, a significant part of the respondents who attached great role to
NGOs (41.8%) thought corruption was never justified. This indicates that the involvement
of NGOs is considered a way to reduce the corruption risks. Therefore, the issue of
institutionalizing the NGO involvement in the competition and attestation processes must
be considered and a concept of such involvement must be developed.
7 Civil servants wanted the following people in competition and attestation commissions, in addition to NGO representatives: representatives of the Civil Service Council (83.1%), well-known scientists/academics (10%) and the media (1%). 88% of respondents thought that representatives of the appropriate state agency should also be included in the commissions. 0.5% of respondents thought this function should be given to the RA President’s Oversight Service.
15 As Graph D shows, most of the civil servants have a positive attitude towards the
participation of NGO representatives, saying that their participation contributed to the
fairness and transparency of the competition and attestation processes.
Graph D. How Much Does the Participation of NGO Representatives
Contribute to the Fairness and Transparency of the Competition and Attestation
Processes (in percents)?
(Column 1 – very much (24.6%), Column 2 – somewhat (38.8%), Column 3 – not at all (11.5%)
and Column 4 – difficult to answer (25%))
q5
40
30 Percent
20
10
0 1 2 3 4 q5
If we look at the answers of competition participants separately, these respondents
are more decided on this question (34.6% said “very much”, 31.7% said “somewhat”,
13.5% said “not at all” and 20.2% found it difficult to answer.
13.8% of respondents noted (citing international experience) that NGOs’
influence on public administration bodies ensure the transparency and fairness of the
16 competition and attestation process, as well as impartiality and equal protection of
everyone’s interests, 30.8% said the commissions become objective in these cases,
and 2.3% noted that the presence of NGO representatives gives them confidence and
positive energy.
Therefore, it would be right for the appropriate state bodies and the Civil Service
Council to support the observation mission carried out by NGOs by creating proper
conditions for their operation.
However, observers have complained that sometimes the commissions would
“forget” to introduce the observers. Together with the other shortcomings mentioned
above, this was one of the reasons why the observers were unhappy with the working
environment during the competitions and attestations in 15.5% of the cases in both stages
of the monitoring.
3. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The potential of a society depends on the potential of its public administration.
Armenia is doomed for backwardness because of the limited nature of managerial thinking
(strategic, operative, tactical) of various public officials and the lack of managerial culture.
The social scientific thought must realize the deepness of these factors that hinder
all the reforms. One of the hindering factors is that managerial knowledge, skills and
experience are not being appreciated, talented specialists are not being sought, a public
administration ideology, methodology and morals are not being developed, and no
appropriate training of personnel takes place.
Since the existing questionnaires for competition and attestation make it practically
impossible to evaluate the participants’ knowledge and skills that would be required for
them to become successful civil servants in their respective areas, it is necessary to
develop new questionnaires with the involvement of appropriate specialists from the
country’s scientific institutions.
17 The questionnaires must be compiled in such a way that would make the
participants of attestation and compensation to solve problems based on real-life work
situations.
Based on the above, we recommend the following:
1. To review the principles of selection of competition and attestation commission
members so that the commissions include people from the appropriate state
agencies who are going to (or currently do) oversee, direct or coordinate the
activities of the civil servant in the contested position.
2. To invite the heads of units from appropriate state agency to be present at the
competition, so that they can give their opinion about appointing the winning
participant to the position.
3. To review, on a regular basis, the lists of candidates for competition and
attestation commission membership in order to make sure that they do not
contain anyone who has been subjected to disciplinary sanctions or have been the
subject of a negative decision or reprimand by an ethics committee.
4. To organize regular training for candidates for competition and attestation
commission membership in order to improve their knowledge and skills as
commission members.
5. To introduce concrete penalties for competition and attestation commission
members who have violated competition and attestation rules and procedures.
6. To introduce a new provision in the competition and attestation rules to ban
communication means (mobile phones?) inside the exam room, not only for
participants of competitions and attestations, but also for competition and
attestation commission members and observers.
7. To review the questions in questionnaires and question cards to avoid very
simply questions, repetitions and questions that are removed from reality.
18 8. To require that questions in questionnaires and question cards are reviewed no
less than once a year.
9. To develop manuals/study guides and to organize trainings together with
personnel divisions and specialists from appropriate agency who are in charge of
preparing the competition and attestation questionnaires and question cards.
10. To ensure that especially the interview question cards contain questions to
evaluate the participant’s managerial skills, as well as practical problems.
11. To ensure that all the questions, including the questions in question cards, as
well as the lists of legal acts used to prepare the questions, are published in
advance, in order to prevent the “temptation” to get the competition and
attestation questions and answers in advance; also it is necessary to prevent the
publication of answers, including the right answers to tests.
12. To improve the software used for compiling the tests and question cards in order
to make it more controlled.
13. Tests should be taken in a computerized forms, which will make it possible to
evaluate the participants’ computer literacy at the same time.
14. To ensure that competition and attestation procedures are strictly enforced
(including the requirement to post sample test answers).
15. To regulate clearly the cases when computer and other knowledge and skills are
to be examined in order to ensure the uniform application of these rules.
16. To improve the technical and other working conditions for tests taking place
concurrently.
17. To define in the law some concrete criteria for selecting among winning
candidates, if a competition yields more than one winner.
18. To take practical steps to encourage NGO participation as observers, as well as
to discuss the prospects of concrete cooperation between the civil service
leadership and NGOs.
19 19. To define and regulate the procedures for NGO participation as observers in the
competition and attestation processes.
20. The announcement for competition for a vacancy must also include information
about remuneration for the contested position.
20