Tanzania - Dar Es Salaam Water Supply and Sanitation Project : Environmental assessment

DA WASA ADDENDUM Environmental Imnpact Assessment Z DAWASA The united RL7blik of Ttitziuli DAR WATEP & SEWEAGE AUTH El 1Y The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Water Dar es Salaam Water & Sewerage Authority E688 DAR ES SALAAM January 2003 WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT ADDENDUM ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT Revised Aft (January 2003) ELMCREST- MAK PROJECT  DA IVASA ADDENVDUAM Environmental Impact Assessment ADDENDUM TO ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT DAR ES SALAAM WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES TABLE OF CONTENT Content Page 1. GENERAL 1 2. SUMMARY OF EIA 1 2.1 Background 1 2.2 Project Objectives 1 2.3 Project Description 2 2.4 Ambient Environmental Conditions 3 2.5 Socio-economic and Demographic Conditions 5 2.6 Public Health 5 2.7 Environmental and Social Impacts and Mitigations 6 2.8 Recommendations 10 3. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 11 4. PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND DISCLOSURE PLAN 16 4.1 General 16 4.2 Consultations with Relevant Stakeholders 16 4.3 Local Disclosures 16 APPENDICES 1. Comments and Responses on Draft EIA Report 2. NEMC's Observations / Recommendations and Responses 3. Draft Advertisement for Disclosure of EIA Report 4. Environmental Review Summary ERS ELAICREST- VANK PROJECT  DAIVASA ADDENDUA Environmental Inmpact Assessment ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES 1. GGENERAL This is Addendum to the Final EIA Report for the DAWASA Water Supply and Sewerage Project, which was submitted on 25th March 2000 having obtained and incorporated comments from all the co-financiers and relevant government agencies such as the Vice President's Office, which are presented in Appendix 1. Some of the comments required additional resources by the Consultant as a result they were covered under the 'Additional Assignment', which covered the World Bank's safe guard policies, Deepening and Segmentation of the Ponds for improved effluent quality, and Extension of sewers in Kariakoo area where onsite disposal systems do not function well because of overcrowded population. On 17~h May 2002, comments from NEMC dated 30m July 2002, resulting from a workshop held on 13th July 2001, the participants of which were staff from DAWASA, University of Dar es Salaam, NEMC, Vice President's Office, and government Ministries. Many of the observations were related to design and have been covered in the design report. A few observations from NEMC however were not covered in the terms of reference of the consultancy work. Appendix 2 presents the Consultant's responses to NEMC's observation related to environmental related issues. This Addendum comprises: Summary of the EIA Report, Environmental Management Plan and Public Consultation and Disclosure Plan, draft copies of which are presented in Appendix 3 and 4 for action to be taken by DAWASA. 2. SUMMARY OF EIA 2.1 BACKGROUND The EIA Report assesses the environmental and social implications of the rehabilitation and upgrading of existing water supply and sanitation infrastructure under Dar es Salaam Water supply and Sanitation Project, DAWASA as sponsors and supported by fundings from IDA, AfDB, AFD and EIB. The proposed programme seeks to rehabilitate the existing water supply and sewerage system which do not function optimally and hence currently impose very serious socio-economic and public health constraints, particularly on the poorer sections of society living in unserviced and unplanned squatter communities in the urban and pen-urban areas of Dar Es Salaam. Such areas are closely associated with a high incidence of water related diseases. On environmental and public health grounds there is little dispute that the provision of a safe and quantitatively secure water supply for Dar Es Salaam and a reduction in levels of exposure to contaminated supplies will bring clear benefits to an urban population of 3 - 5 million people. The Government has already initiated important legislative reforms, and through the formation of DAWASA has provided for the integration of water supply and sewerage under a single authority. As a Public Granting Authority DAWASA is now seeking to appoint a private operator to provide water and sanitation services to the City. 2.2 PROJECT OBJECTIVES The central objective of the present project is to undertake preliminary work to rehabilitate the Dar es Salaam Water and Sewerage Authorities (DAWASA) infrastructure and associated facilities to a minimum working level. The proposed rehabilitation is a pre-condition that must be met prior to award of a private sector contract to operate and manage the water supply and sewage utilities for the city. Subject to endorsement of the present programme, a private operator will be appointed to update and enhance the provision of services, and to establish a framework that - I - ELtACREST- AMK PROJECT  DAWASA ADDENDUM Enm rroninenmal Impact Assessment can lead to significant long term improvements in living conditions for the majority of the urban population. 2.3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION The present project has evolved from studies, recommendations, and proposed investment packages undertaken between 1977 and 1995. The most recent report to outline all the projected rehabilitation and expansion work for the Dar es Salaam Water Supply system, necessary to meet anticipated demand up to the year 2015, was carried out in 1995 and funded by the African Development Bank (Howard Humphreys/African Development Bank 1995). The currently proposed works for the rehabilitation of the water supply and sewerage network are based on analysis of detailed design recommendations under the above study supplemented by additional surveys of existing facilities under the present project. The critical areas for rehabilitation take full account of the further deterioration of the systems since the preparation of the original studies, and identify opportunities for: * Qualitative improvements to treated water supply and wastewater flows * Enhanced capacity and condition of existing infrastructure * Improved security of water supply to unserviced or informally serviced areas * A reduction in existing blockages and diversion of contaminated or untreated wastewater flows to surface water bodies and groundwater. The proposed contract packages will be undertaken over a 3-5 year programme, and will include the following components. PROJECT COMPONENT FACTORS/REHABILITATION ACTXVMES Water Supply Components I water Treatment Plant The rehabilitation of Lower Ruvu, upper Ruvu and Mtoni treatment piants to bnng Rehabilitation performance and capacity up to original design levels. Includes repairs and upgrading of clarifiers, dosing facilities, and sludge treatment and disposal capacity 2 Transmission Mains Remedial action on the transmission lines serving the above 3 treatment facilities aimed at leak reduction and formalisation of illegal connections. The replacement __________________________ of 6 Kms of raw and treated water transmission line at upper Ruvu. 3 Service Reservoirs Minor repairs to concrete and fittings at Kimara and university reservoirs and __________________________ constructon of new 5,00om3 tank for Mbezi area 4 Distribubon Mains The reinforcement of an estimated 52 Kms of distnbution mains and a new reinforcements distribution system for Mbezi area. Sewerage Components 5 Sewers and Pumping Mains An estimated 14 Kms of sewers and 300+ manholes require rehabilitation (cieaning and removal of blockages) and 10 km of sewer extension in the densely populated area of Kariakoo. Identification of collapsed and damaged sectons to be determined by CCTV Control and diversion of existing flows to surface waters and public areas. 6 Sewage Pumping Stabons Repair and replacement of E. and M. equipment in 15 pumping stabons. 7 Waste Stabilisation Ponds Rehabilitation of the 9 stabilisation pond complexes including repairs to existing embankments, deepening and segmentation of cells, pipe work, desiudging, installation of membranes, fencing, and access road improvement. 8 Sea Outfall Replacement and repair of perforated and leaking sections and fenders, and extension of the outfall by 75 metres to conform to the original design specification. 9 Buildings and Ancillary General renovation and rehabilitation of existing buildings and ancillary facilities infrastructure currently under the authonty of DSSD. The location and distribution of the respective components of the rehabilitation programme are illustrated in Maps 1, 2 and 3 in Chapter One. - 2 - EL1CREST - AIMK PROJECT  DA IASA ADDENDUAl Ern ironnmental Irnpact Assessnienit 2.4 AMBIENT ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS In the present context the project area extends from the Ruvu Basin (as the primary source of water supply to the urban area) to the urban and pen-urban areas of Dar es Salaam where the bulk of the proposed rehabilitation works will be undertaken. The main characteristics are as follows: Water Resources On the basis of existing abstraction rates and projected urban population growth, the Ruvu water resource alone will not be able to safely meet the increased demand from the city in the next decade in the absence of river regulation. GOT have initiated a number of important interventions aimed at expansion of supplies, integrated basin management, and improved upper catchment management. Project alternatives for improved water resources management were evaluated by JICA (1994), and these have now been further refined. Current alternative water resource development options include the development of riverside bunded storage or impoundment on the upper Ruvu aimed at capturing peak wet season run-off, and releasing this through the dry season. Based on proposals under the present project to rehabilitate the existing intake and treatment facilities with no additional abstraction from either upper or lower Ruvu, the lower Ruvu basin has adequate supplies to sustain current demand. Water Quality The two main surface water sources, the Ruvu, and Kizinga, carry a high-suspended sediment load. The low alkalinity of raw water at the Treatment plant intakes has implications for the treatment process, which further reduces alkalinity. Currently, because of failure of equipment within the treatment facilities, the transmission pipes have been corroded and weakened in places by leaching of calcareous material. Low levels of treatment and equipment failure have consequently resulted in treated water quality that does not comply with the drinking water standards. This is compounded by the lack of physical, chemical and bacteriological monitoring data due to resources constraints. Stabilisation Ponds - Effluent Quality Effluent quality is relevant to the current study, both because it indicates the efficiency and capacity of the treatment/stabilisation ponds, and because the final effluent is discharged to the broader environment. Only Vingunguti and Buguruni ponds achieve the desired effluent standards of BOD 20mg/l and FC 1000 nos/lOOml. Lugalo and Kurasini ponds can achieve only the BOD standards and not Feacal Bacteria standards. The remaining ponds Msasani, Ubungo, University, Airwing and Ukonga are unable to achieve the required effluent standards. Ecological Factors The 1995 EIA of the lower Ruvu water treatment plant concluded that increased abstraction from the Ruvu under dry season flows would have adverse effects on the mangrove forests in the lower Ruvu at Bagamoyo. Since that time the Department of Forestry have established a Mangrove ecosystem Management Plan (1996) based on 10 primary mangrove zones. The main pressures on the resource include unlicensed extraction for timber and fuel, the development of salt works and shrimp farming, and natural events. Based on current proposals under which enhanced abstraction is not proposed, this is not therefore considered to be a significant area of impact. The Marine Environment The marine and coastal environment is the receptor of wastewater flows from the existing marine outfall and the effluent from the waste stabilization ponds in Dar es Salaam city that represents - 3 - ELAICREST- A1K PROJECT  DA WASA ADDEVDbAf Env trotiniental Impact Assessment the principal disposal route for sewage. The existing 1000-metre outfall discharges outside the harbour and on the edge of the existing deep-water navigation channel. Past investigations concluded that significant die off of bacteria before dispersion into the harbour area occurs, and that repairing the outfall would improve conditions especially after high water when rapid dispersion can occur. Currently major fractures in the outfall within the intertidal zone results in widespread contamination of the beach in the vicinity of the outfall. Further contamination occurs due to the overflow of sewage pumping stations (e.g. Gymkhana PS) and associated discharges. Solid Waste Management The waste management system in Dar es Salaam remains under the authority of the DCC although the service has been partly privatised since 1996 when contracts were awarded to 5 private operators. The relative success of pnvatised services is probably limited, based on estimated formal disposal volumes discharged to Vingunguti waste disposal site. The only existing disposal site at Vingunguti is an unlined dump site which receives mixed commercial industrial, household and municipal waste, delivered either by the DCC and private operators or through 'self disposal'. Environmental management of the site is poor and directly impacts the local community due to proximity to a densely populated area. The site is clearly now over capacity and operating procedures are in conflict with appropriate environmental practice and public health interests. Illegal dumping and self-disposal account for nearly half of the daily solid waste generation in Dar es Salaam. Recycled waste volumes are understood to be high and account for 7%. Based on daily records from Vingunguti site, daily disposal volume to the formal disposal site is roughly 8% of daily solid waste generation. DCC are planning to reclaim the unused stone quarries in Kunduchi / Tegeta area in the north by converting them into landfill sites. Industrial waste Management It is estimated that waste output from the paint and plastics, pharmaceuticals, chemical, metal and petroleum industries comprises some 850 tonnes of solid waste, and more than 2900 tonnes of sludges. Although a high proportion of solid waste generated by these industries is either recycled or transported to the disposal site at Vingunguti, the disposal route for sludges is not identified. The processes undertaken in the above industrial sectors are associated with the generation of a range of pollutants including chromium, copper, cadmium, lead and zinc compounds, hydrocarbons, and halogenated solvents. A significant proportion of these sludges and/or wastewater are either disposed of through the existing sewerage network, directly to stabilisation ponds, or through discharge to surface water bodies. The regulation of industrial waste is the responsibility of the DCC, but existing legislation is outdated, penalties for non-compliance low, and enforcement weak. The disposal of industrial wastewater and sludges to the sewerage system is of concern as some of the compounds act as inhibitors in the stabilisation process, and reduce the efficiency of the existing sewerage system. Medical and hazardous waste The treatment and disposal of medical waste in Dar es Salaam is poor. An estimated 44% of hospitals do not segregate waste. The majority of health facilities use on site disposal methods, while 30% use off site methods. On site disposal constitutes burning and/or burying waste on the health facility premises, although only one hospital is currently equipped with a mechanical incinerator, and most local brick built incinerators do not ensure that this is a safe means of disposal for pathogenic material. The off site disposal route for medical waste is through collection by the municipally contracted Private Waste Operators followed by disposal to Vingunguti dump site. This practice is clearly also unacceptable on environmental and public health grounds in view of the low levels of waste segregation at source by the health facilities, and the subsequent disposal practices operating at Vingunguti. - 4 - EL,ICREST- AIWK PROJECT  DA WASA ADDENDUM Environnmental Impact Assessment 2.5 SOCIO - ECONOMIC AND DEMOGRAPHIC CONDITIONS Tanzanian per capita GDP in 1998 was US$210 and GDP growth is estimated to be between 2.7 and 3.5%. Dar es Salaam provides around 19-20% of GDP although there has been some decline in this contribution since the 1980's due to the increased importance of the agricultural sector, currently contributing >60% of GDP and a decline in urban industrial development. Dar es Salaam's rapid population growth is estimated to be 7%. The outcome of this growth has been the proliferation of unplanned and unserviced areas, particularly along the transport and service corridors (Mogorogoro and Bagamoyo Roads). An estimated 75% of residents live in squatter areas, and 65% of new housing is being built in these areas. Key squatter areas of high population density include Manzese on the Morogoro Road, Temeke and Mbagala in the south, and Buguruni and Vingunguti areas along Nyerere Road. Conditions in squatter areas vary greatly, but access roads are generally narrow and in very poor condition, and basic service provision is frequently not available. A number of wards to be served by the project, in Temeke, Ilala and Kinondoni are primarily densely populated, unplanned low income areas. In urban centres, and particularly in Dar es Salaam, a common socio economic category comprises male-only households, either single or joint. This forms a specific group of water users, with associated cultural water use patterns. The domestic water supply needs of this group are generally catered for by water vendors, due to the cultural taboo of men being seen collecting water. These groups are obliged to pay the high prices set by water vendors In order to have water delivered to them. Poverty and Gender Women in the urban areas are found to form an increasing proportion of the lowest income groups, and bear a disproportionate share of the cost and responsibility for household maintenance and child-rearing. Based on the World Bank Poverty Profile (1993), female-headed households constitute 13.1% of the urban and pen-urban population of Dar es Salaam. In Dar es Salaam, female-headed households represent a particularly vulnerable and disadvantaged group, primarily engaged in the informal sector, in activities that include food vending and brewing, which use large amounts of water and have hygiene implications. When the water supply fails, women are then dependent on water vendors for their supply. Women's expenditure generally goes towards meeting household and family needs, including health centre and medical costs. For low-income female-headed households, this represents a particularly high proportion of their income. In Temeke, Ilala and Kinondoni, water collection represents a significant opportunity cost for women in terms of the amount of time required for its collection, and consequent loss of opportunity for other income earning activities. 2.6 PUBLIC HEALTH The existing health system in Dar es Salaam has shown progressive deterioration in recent years due to a combination of budgetary and resources constraints, and an expanding urban population. Statistics derived from DCC and JICA (1997) indicate that a number of clear and serious public health trends have emerged during the 1990's: * An upward trend from 46-62% of total diseases between 1991 and 1995 * An increase in water borne and faecal related diseases from 8-12% of total diseases between 1991 and 1995. Water borne disease may now constitute between 15-20% of recorded diagnoses in Dar es Salaam. The worst affected areas of the city are Kinondoni and Temeke, and the incidence appears to be closely related to areas with poor water supply and sanitation, where flooding is also a feature. - 5 - ELAICREST- MAW PROJECT  DA WASA ADDEiVDUAI Enivironnmental Impact Assessnment * The types of disease considered here are strongly associated with the conditions arising from poor water quality, inadequate sanitation, and cross contamination of water supply (most commonly shallow wells) by dispersion from pit latrines and leakage within the sewerage system. * The low quality of life for the poorest households in the areas of Temeke, Ilala and Kinondoni is reflected in the infant mortality rate. This rate is probably in excess of 140 compared to the official national infant mortality rate of 85. HI V/AIDS Significant as water related diseases are in the context of the present project, both in relation to public and occupational health, the health concern of overriding national and regional importance is the prevalence and growth of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Tanzania. This has critical economic, social, demographic and cultural implications for the future of the nation. At the end of 1997 the estimated number of adults and children infected was 1.4 million (9.42% of the population). In practice, the infection rates vary greatly between communities, age groups, and socio-economic conditions and range between 0-61%. AIDS is now in many communities the principal cause of premature death. Important high-risk groups of particular relevance in the present study include transient and migrant labour, and specifically transport and construction workers. In the latter groups, WHO/UNAIDS (1998) report that in the 1991-93 period HIV infection rates were estimated to be between 22-31%. This high level of infection is i.a. associated with sexual behaviour among workers (such as construction workers for development projects) housed in all-male environments, spending extended periods away from their families. 2.7 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION As is indicated below, the likely impacts arising from the implementation of the current project are limited and there are very strong environmental and public health grounds for the proposed rehabilitation of the Water supply and Sanitation system of Dar es Salaam to proceed. 2.7.1 Water Supply Interventions The existing water supply conditions in Dar es Salaam are characterised by insufficient supply to meet existing demand, and water quality that fails to meet either domestic or international water quality standards due to limited operational maintenance within the existing treatment facilities, leakage, and cross contamination of supplies. In quantitative terms, unaccounted for losses to the system represent 50-60% of treated water entering the transmission pipelines supplying Dar es Salaam; this is attributed to the widespread use of informal connections within un-serviced communities, most notably on the Upper Ruvu transmission line route, and the extensive leaks arising from this practice. Losses are further compounded by flood damage to the pipeline crossings on a number of rivers, and corrosion in some sections. Further extensive leakage occurs within the distribution system in the city. On the basis of surveys undertaken during the present assessment the water supply component is not expected to generate any negative social impacts. Despite encroachment by individual houses on to the transmission line buffer zone, these do not occur in the vicinity of proposed rehabilitation works. Identified impacts in the 1995 study arising from increased abstraction included: * Potentially adverse effects on downstream mangrove and aquatic ecology due to low flow conditions, and further concerns relating to the disposal of treatment sludge also under low flow conditions. * Constraints imposed upon the system by bivalve (molluscs) settlement in the intake structures that potentially influences flow capacity. - 6 - ELAICREST- A(MK PROJECT  DA V,AS,l ADDENDUM Eni ironmental Impact Assessment The concerns regarding aquatic ecology are not considered applicable to the present project, which does not propose any expansion of abstraction as proposed in the 1995 study. The concerns regarding bivalve settlement will be addressed through modified design specifications at the intake and improved maintenance. None of the identified impacts are therefore applicable to the present project. Positive Impacts The proposed interventions will generate the following positive impacts: * Water quality will be improved to meet water quality standards through upgrading and rehabilitating the clarifiers, filtration systems and dosing systems within the treatment facilities. * Rehabilitation of the transmission lines will increase supplies through loss/leakage reduction * Pollutant discharge from the treatment process will be discontinued resulting in improved receiving water quality * The security of supply to un-serviced squatter areas that currently depend upon illegal connections will be enhanced through formalising and repairing connections. * The collective interventions will assist improve public health through a reduction in waterborne disease. Negative impacts Adverse effects will include: * Waste generation (alum sludge) and filter backwash by the treatment facilities at Upper and Lower Ruvu, and Mtoni, although this is a preferred option environmentally to the existing practice of returning wastewater and sludge to the river downstream from the treatment works. * Construction related impacts, and specifically, short-term noise and dust impacts on adjacent receivers. Mitigation Mitigation of adverse impacts associated with the water supply component under this project will be addressed through the provision of contract conditions that: * Include on site stabilisation of alum sludge and filter backwash in the proposed lagoons at the water works. Define working practices, * Specify consultation requirements * Define monitoring requirements, and actions to be undertaken in the event of non- compliance Sustainability of the proposed interventions will be achieved through improved operating practices, improved monitoring of source and treated supply, and improved resource utilisation, i.e. no additional water abstraction but sustained increase in supply through loss reduction. 2.7.2 Sewerage Interventions The existing sanitation system in Dar es Salaam is functioning at only minimal capacity and is characterised by constraints that include: * Blocked and collapsed sewers * Dysfunctional pumping stations (because of the former) * Low levels of efficiency in wastewater stabilisation ponds * Co-disposal of industrial sludge * A fractured main sea outfall discharging to the intertidal zone * Extensive leakage within the sewer system These conditions promote widespread public health problems, and the existing sea outfall discharges to the intertidal zone, some 75 metres short of the designed discharge point on the edge of the deep water channel, resulting in contamination of the seashore with untreated waste. - 7 - ELAICREST- AIAIK PROJECT  DA IVASA ADDENDUM En}iironmental Impact Assessment Positive Impacts The rehabilitation programme will improve the efficiency, capacity, and environmental performance of the system by: * Dredging and deepening the stabilisation ponds, and where appropriate sub-dividing them into additional cells to improve retention time and contaminant neutralisation. * Reducing leakages and pipe fractures throughout the system (and thereby assisting in reducing sewage contamination of populated areas) * Repairing and extending the sea outfall to comply with original design specifications, and correspondingly reducing contamination of the beach area. * Reducing the frequency of blockages by solid waste through provision of incineration facilities in the pumping stations for disposal of screenings. * Limiting the deposition of solid waste by households through replacement of 300 man- hole covers. Negative impacts Adverse environmental effects associated with the proposed rehabilitation programme are largely confined to impacts associated with the construction programme (dust/noise/access/excavation) and to the generation of an estimated 62,000 M3 of spoil arising from the de-sludging of the existing stabilisation ponds The most important and indeed only significant impact arises from the transport and disposal of the dredged materials from the stabilisation ponds. The City's only existing waste disposal site at Vingunguti is already over capacity, and both disposal and operating practices at the site are environmentally unacceptable. DCC will have to commission the new proposed landfill sites at the disused stone quarries in Kunduchi / Tegeta areas. It is anticipated that noise and dust related impacts will affect encroaching squatter communities in the vicinity of Kurasini ponds, and some short term restrictions on one of four access routes during the construction phase of the rehabilitation programme. Mitigation Specific locations in Ilala District that would provide an acceptable disposal route for the spoil generated under the present project are available and un-utilised, but the endorsement of the Dar es Salaam City Council is required before this can occur. Clearly, this is a matter of some priority that must be resolved before the proposed rehabilitation works on the stabilisation ponds can commence, since there is a need to identify a location for the secure and contained disposal of these potentially contaminated sediments The impacts of noise and dust are to be mitigated through adoption of contract provisions that define working practices, work programming, and modified design criteria, complemented by a clearly defined consultation process with community representatives, and compliance determined through a routine monitoring programme. Non-compliance with the terms of the agreement would invoke penalties on the part of the contractor. 2.7.3 Poverty Alleviation, Gender and Public Health Interventions Poverty Alleviation The current decline in urban industrial development has implications for poverty levels in urban and pen-urban areas of the project. Existing living conditions for the urban poor are characterised by rapid population growth, leading to a proliferation in unplanned and unserviced areas. Squatter colonies typically suffer from a complete lack of services, (particularly water supply), from over-crowding, high dependency ratios, and lack of access to income earning opportunities. Dependency on water vendors for supply during acute water shortages, with associated high rates, is a constant feature of daily life. - 8 - ELVICREST- AIMK PROJECT  DA WAS,i ADDENDUM Environnmental inipaci Assess,neni Gender Women generally bear a disproportionate share of responsibility for water collection, and associated costs, in terms of time and expenditure. Opportunities for economic returns from water are rare for women, e.g. as commercial water hauliers, as this is a male monopoly. Female headed households in urban and pen urban areas of Dar es Salaam are particularly disadvantaged, being responsible for supporting their families, and dependent on primarily informal sector activities for their livelihood. These activities, such as beer brewing and food processing, often use large quantities of water. HIV/AIDS The high incidence of HIV/AIDS in Dar es Salaam reflects the high-risk behaviour associated with urban environments and is one of the highest nationally. Important high-risk groups of particular relevance here include transient and migrant labour, and specifically transport and construction workers. For the implementation of the present rehabilitation programme, large numbers of construction workers will be recruited and hired. This has potentially serious implications for HIV/AIDS infection rates. Positive Impacts It is anticipated that the proposed rehabilitation works will generate the following positive impacts with regard to poverty alleviation: * Strengthened community management capacity through improved and secure water supply in low income, high density areas (Temeke, Ilala and Kinondoni) + Enhanced economic and income generating opportunities e.g. water kiosk operation, small businesses, food processing, etc. * Regulated water tariffs replace high water vendor charges in times of water shortages * Improved family health as a result of improved quality and supply of domestic water will result in reduced expenditure, in terms of money and time, on family health by women + Time savings through the increased capacity of delivery and a secure water supply * For low income female headed households, reduced expenditure/time on water collection * For girl children, release from water collection enabling school attendance Negative Impacts Short-term negative impacts are anticipated on water vendors, as a result of their displacement to areas as yet unserved. As a result of construction work, the transmission of STDs (including HIV/AIDS infection) by transient labourers, impacts disproportionately on women living in communities in the vicinity, since infection rates for women is almost twice that of men. Mitigation Mitigation of adverse impacts associated with the improved water supply provision on specific occupational groups will take the form of programmes for alternative activities to replace lost income earning opportunities, e.g. displaced water vendors. Contractual arrangements will be made to incorporate awareness campaigns, provide on site health services, and provide for the distribution of condoms and treatment of STD's. Such preventative measures are seen not only as being the most cost effective approach to limiting infection among construction workers and their partners, but has a significant effect on the local communities in the vicinity of construction camps. Successful awareness campaigns such as undertaken by AMREF in Tanzania will be incorporated, targeting construction workers and at-risk groups. An important criterion in planning the recruitment and hiring of workers for implementation of the present rehabilitation programme will be to incorporate such preventative measures during planning, construction and recruitment and to reinforce these provisions as a contractual condition to be implemented by the contractor. - 9 - ELVICREST- MMK PROJECT  DA VAS,i ADDENDUM Environmental Impact Assessnment 2.7.4 Resettlement Framework A Resettlement Policy Framework has been prepared for families and properties that may get affected by the project. The existing situation nevertheless shows that only a few families and properties may get affected by the project components CP 2 Transmission Mains and CP 4 Kurasini Ponds. A Resettlement Action Plan will be prepared once the designs are complete and prior to construction. 2.8 RECOMMENDATIONS The proposed rehabilitation works represent an important opportunity to address pressing basic services for Dar es Salaam, currently in urgent need of rehabilitation. The short-term impacts during rehabilitation are considered minor in relation to the potential benefits of a secure water supply and improved sanitation for Dar es Salaam. Fundamental weaknesses remain with the existing institutional and legislative framework that has limited effective environmental regulation and compliance. In addition, there are aspects of the existing sewerage system, and extraneous issues, such as waste disposal practices, that have some bearing on the efficiency and sustainability of the long-term programme. There are a number of specific issues that therefore justify further investigation. These include: * Long Term Sewerage Services Improved water supply's major negative impact is the increased wastewater generation and its disposal. Present situation already demands about 100 km of sewer extension, in areas which are currently served by onsite disposal system - septic tanks / soak pits which function under satisfactorily. Priority ranking allowed 10 km of sewers to be to be installed in this project. Further investment is necessary to install more sewers and studies are necessary for future requirements. This will assist decision-making in relation to the further expansion of the sewerage network into currently un-serviced areas of the city. * Waste Management Existing waste management services in the city are of concern. The partial privatisation of the service has had only limited success, and a high proportion of areas are dependent on self- disposal or burning. Waste management is important for a number of reasons. Firstly is the very limited residual disposal capacity at the existing Vingunguti dumpsite, in addition to questions regarding the environmental acceptability of present operating practices. The existing site in the vicinity of a heavily populated area, is a receptor for contaminated materials. Secondly, in the absence of an effective waste management service, a significant proportion of solid waste is disposed of to the sewerage system. This is a primary cause of blockages within the system, and it is evident that following rehabilitation of the sewers as proposed under the present project, the same solid waste disposal practice will continue unless alternative disposal routes are made available to un-serviced areas. There is an urgent and immediate need to Identify a suitable disposal route for sludge excavated from the stabilisation ponds. DCC must therefore commission the new proposed sanitaly landfll sites at Kunduchi/ Tegeta consistent with environmental and public health objectives. (Eugene Channon (ADB EIA Specialist) durng his vist was shown these new sites and DCC are planning to commission them soon.) * Institutional Strengthening of Environmental Management Environmental management and regulation is seriously constrained by the absence of clearly defined environmental legislation, achievable and measurable standards, and the subsequent absence of a clear operational framework for monitoring, enforcement, and management activity. Untreated industrial effluent discharges to surface waters impose impacts directly on the environment, and flows to the sewerage system act as inhibitors to the efficiency of the stabilisation ponds., The high incidence of serious contagious viral and bacterial diseases from waste flows from health centres necessitates a higher level of accountability in the pre-treatment - 10- ELAiCREST- AV,iK PROJECT  DA WASA ADDEiVDUM Environnmental Impact Assessment and secure disposal of hazardous materials. There are a number of key actions required to improve the management of the environment: (a) The proposed Environmental Protection Act must be implemented by Government to provide clear effluent and emissions compliance standards, and corresponding mechanisms for enforcement of such controls. (b) A dedicated institutional framework is required to oversee the implementation of the Act, and with a clear mandate to undertake monitoring, enforcement and other management functions. (c) The establishment of an environmental monitoring programme is an essential ingredient for determining the pressure on resources, trends in environmental quality, and compliance with the regulatory provisions. It provides the mechanism for determining the likely effects of alternative future development strategies. (d) For industries served by sewerage system, effluent discharged standards must be enforced. Many industries will therefore have to install pre-treatment processes or install recycling plants, and other cleaner production units. The relevant authorities must take responsibilities of installing municipal sewerage system for industries, which lack them in return of the assorted taxes and levies they collect from the industries. (e) For the Health sector there is a need to quantify waste generation and disposal routes for all classes of material, and to establish clear compliance provisions for the secure treatment and disposal of all hazardous materials. This would mean the identification and development of appropriate incineration capacity and development of a secure and contained hazardous waste disposal facility. More importantly perhaps is the need to generate awareness and accountability within the institutions responsible for hazardous waste generation and disposal. 3. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN The measures proposed in the previous sections represent the core findings of the present EIA and are important elements in implementing the current rehabilitation works and mitigating potentially adverse social and environmental impacts. The Environmental Management Plan presented in the following pages summarises the key areas of activity that will assist this process, the institutional responsibilities in overseeing the proposed activities over a defined time period, and the estimated costs of undertaking these services. This has to be supplemented by guidelines that define social and environmental monitoring provisions. The EMP is based on guidelines defined in the Operational Manual OP 4.01 of the World Bank. - II - ELUCREST- AlA 1K PROJECT  DA WASA ADDENDUAM Environmental Imipact Assessnment ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP) COMPONENT AREA OF AcTiviTY SOURCE OF IMPACT PROPOSED M IGATION INSTITUTIONAL PROPOSED ESTIMATED COST RESPONSIBILITY TIMING WATER SUPPLY INTERVENTIONS Construction Phase Rehabilitation of water Small scale construction noise On site disposal of construction waste treatment facilities (upper and and AQ effects. Generation of through incorporation in works - contract * DAWASA and appointed 2003 to 2007 Built in Project Costs lower Ruvu + Mtoni) construction waste conditions defining working practices and Contractors - PGA monitorng. Rehabilitation of transmission Short term construction noise, Contract conditions defining working and distribution lines dust, and plant movement in practices, remedial action, monitoring * DAWASA and appointed 2003 to 2007 Built in Project Costs - PGA vicinity of some unplanned provisions and consultation requirements sub-contractors communities Replacement of informal Short term disruption to supply Community consultation on works * DAWASA / Private connections and leak as connections to unplanned programming and provision of alternative Operator / Appointed 2003 to 2008 Built in Project Costs - PGA reduction areas are formalized temporary supply as required Contractors / P0 Operational Phase Treatment plant operation Generation of alum sludge and On or off site disposal to approved waste Lagoons clarifier deposits and filter disposal facility in lagoons * DAWASA / Private Operator After 2007 backwash Capital costs - $ 80,000 Annual recurrent costs - $ 8,000- PO Treatment efficiency Drinking water quality Raw and treated water qual ity monitoring Annual recurrent costs at the on-site testing and analytical facility * DAWASA and appointed After 2007 * $ 20,000 - PO - sampling and analytical protocols to be Private Operator consistent with international standards * Environmental monitonng * $ 20,000 - PO group iNEMC Environmental Monioring Group (EMG) - established to undertake all project mondoring, data analysis and liaison - the team wll be established in consutation with the National Environment Management Council (NEMC), the monitoring parameters, frequency and distribution of sies will also be defined through discussion wdh the NEC wnh the objective of establishing a long term ambient environmental monioring programme for the cay - EMG actvity will include training/capaciy building - 12 - ELAICREST- MMK PROJECT  DAIVASA ADDENDUM Environmental Inmpaci Assessnwenl COMPONENT | AREA OF ACTIVITY SOURCE OF IMPACT PROPOSED MTGATION INSTITUTIONAL PROPOSED ESTIMATED COST COMPONENT Iry SOURCE OF IMPACT OPOSED MMGATION RESPONSIBILITY TIMING SANITATION INTERVENTIONS Construction Phase Rehabilitation and upgrading The lack of an environmentally An appropriate location will be identified, * Dar es Salaam City Sanitary landfill disposal of of stabilisation ponds, acceptable disposal route for site operating practices, design, and Commision (site 2003 to 2007 sludge and excavated desludging and ex cavation of dredged and sludge matenals preparation to be agreed in consultation approval) matenals - Cost $ 930,000 ponds (62,000 m3) from stabilisation with the City commission . DAWASA and contractors - Project Costs - PGA ponds (site preparation and management) Construction activities during Short term noise, dust and odour Contract conditions defining best working Rehabilitation and Upgrading effects during construction practices, working hours, environmental * DAWASA and Contractors 2003 to 2007 Built in Project Costs - PGA of existing ponds monitoring and consultation requirements * Community liaison Group2 the secure transport and Transport impacts during peak Adoption of contractua lly agreed working Built in Project cost for disposal of an estimated hours hours, routing, vehicle and load . DAWASA and Contractors 2003 to 2007 sludge disposal - PGA 62,000 m3 of sludge / spoil management, and disposal practices Operational Phase Treatment Efficiency Effluent Quality and Standards Influent and effluent quality monitoring at . DAWASA / Pnvate * $ 20,000 - PO the site, analytical facility, sampling and Operator After 2007 testing consistent with international * Environmental Monitoring * $ 20,000 - PO standards Group NEMC The rehabilitation of the sea Short term dispersion of effluent Works programming to minimise pipeline * DAWASA/ Contractors Project cost - Constructon Phase outfall discharge in near shore area replacement activity, contract 2003 to 2007 $ 750,000 - PGA specifications plus environmental monitorinq Sea Outfall Treatment and Effluent quality and sea and Bacteriological and water quality * DAWASA / Private * $ 20,000 - PO Operational Phase Dispersion Efficiency beach pollution monitoring to determine dispersion Operator After 2007 characteristics/efficiency and baseline WQ * Environmental Monitonng * $ 20,000 - PO condibons Group NEMC the short term potential for * Contract conditions defining * DAWASA / Contractors 2003 to 2007 Built in Project Costs - PGA Construction Phase Rehabilitation of sewers, wastewater discharge and operating practices, community sewage pumping mains and contaminant release consultation on works programming pumping stations via CLG, and compliance monitonng by EMG / NEMC. Operation Phase . potential public and * Occupational Health safeguards will occupational health risks include specified working conditions, * DAWASA / Private Included in 0 & M health care facilities, and provision of Operator After 2007 Recurrent Costs - Private protective clothing consistent with Operator Health and safety protocols * Environmental Monitoring $ 40,000 - PO Group NEMC / CLG / CBOs 2 The Communiy Liaison Group (CLG) will also be established as a project vehicle for communty consultation and will be established in consultation with DCC - 13 - ELAICREST- AJAIK PROJECT  DA IVA SA ADDENDUM Environmental Impact Assessment COMPONENT AREA OF ACTIvITY SOURCE OF IMPACT PROPOSED MmGATION INSTITUTIONAL PROPOSED ESTIMATED COST I I I I RESPONSIBILn Y TIMING ENVIRONMENTAL CAPACITY BUILDING Existing capacity within the The EMG will be utilised to extend * EMG Central Government Constructlon Phase All activities DAWASA, NEMC and Dar training and capacity within the NEMC * NEMC 2003 to 2008 Budget directed to the EsSalaam City Council in monitoring, analysis, and the * DAWASA project (DCC) is limited by establishment of a routne * DCC resourcing constraints, and environmental monitonng network. * CBOs / NGO's DAWASA / PGA / PO the absence of defined and achievable legislabve In associabon with the NEMC it will Training, workshops and provisions define protocols, standards, and some tools & equipment informabon dissemination practices and reagents applicable to the respecbve project $ 50,000 components . Operational Phase As Above The project in associabon with the . Pnvate Operator Annual recurrent costs - Promobng sustainability NEMC will seek to utilise project . NEMC After 2007 $ 30,000 - PO expenence In developing continuity and * DAWASA a sustainable environmental monitonng * DCC . ~~~and management framework * CB0s / NGO's ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING Monitonng of all project activities to Central Government Construction Phase As above As Above ensure compliance with contract * EMG 2003 to 2008 Budget directed to the conditions, environmental legislation * NEMC project and standards, and appropnate bye * DAWASA / PO laws . DCC DAWASA / PGA / PO * CBOs / NGO's Training, workshops and some tools & equipment and reagents not included above $ 20,000. The establishment of enabling Operational Phase Promoting sustainability As Above condibons and insttubonal capacity to + NEMC After 2007 Not included elsewhere develop a routne framework for * DCC above. Annual costs $ environmental management of projects * NGO's 20,000 and programmes - 14 - ELMCREST- AMAIK PROJECT  DAIVASA ADDENDUM Environniental Impact Assessment COMPONENT AREA OF ACTIVITY SOURCE OF IMPACT PROPOSED MmGATION INSTITUTIONAL PROPOSED ESTIMATED COST I F RESPONSIBILITy TIMING SOCIAL MONITORING All Actvibes where there A range of potenbally A community Liaison Group will be Construction Phase is the potental for social disruptive effects may established within the project. The * DAWASA / Contractor 2003 to 2008 DAWASA impact occur in the vicinity of responsibility of the CLG will be to liaise * NEMC construction activibes widely with Govemment, Communibes * DCC and NGO's to assist cooperabon * NGO's / CBOs between PAP's and the project. This * Dept. of Youth group will further assist in Women Community dissemination of project informabon * Ward Committees and the promobon of community awareness. TRANSMISSIBLE DISEASE PREVENTION (HIV/AIDS) Construction Phase The recruitment of a Past experience indicates The project will consult with NAPC and * DAWASA / 2003 to 2008 Built in the Project Costs significant labour force to the potential for enhanced relevant NGO's (AMREF) with IEC skills Contractors by the Contractor under undertake the proposed HIV infecton rates among in defining an awareness programme * DCC Workers Camp and rehabilitation works. migrant construction for construcbon workers. Interventions * CBOs / NGO's Welfare workers and the will include: * Dept. of Health communibes in which they * Selectve recruitment of locally * NAPC Central Government live - current infection resident workers, reinforced by * AMREF Budget for HIV / AIDS rates are >20% in this contract conditions * WHO/UNAIDS group. NAPC objectives are * Provision of health checks and to induce behaviour health service provision aimed at change among 30-50% of reducton of STD's among workers the mobile population by * Provision of condoms to workers 2002. * Establishment of an awareness campaign to be operated by existing NGO's and or skilled practiboners. -15- ELAMCREST- MMK PROJECT  DA WASA ADDENDUM Environniental Inmpact Assessnment 4. PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND DISCLOSURE PLAN 4.1 GENERAL Most donors require the Sponsor to conduct meaningful consultations with relevant stakeholders including the affected groups and other interested parties (NGOs and Local Authorities) about the project's environmental and social aspects and to take their views into account. For this DAWASA has to prepare a Public Consultation and Disclosure Plan (PCDP) which should i. Describe local requirements for consultation and disclosure II. Identify key stakeholder groups Ili. Provide a strategy and timetable for sharing information and consulting with each of these groups during various phases of the project iv. Describe resources and responsibilities for implementing the PCDP, and v. Detail reporting and/or document of consultation and disclosure activities. The plan therefore must define a technically sound and culturally appropriate approach to consultation and disclosure. The goal is to ensure that adequate and timely information is provided to project affected people and other stakeholders and that these groups are given sufficient opportunity to voice their opinions and concerns. The World Bank's guidance show that the PCDP will entail the following * Introduction * Regulations and Requirements * Review of any Previous Consultation and Disclosure