China - Jiangxi Integrated Agricultural Modernization Project : environmental impact assessment (Vol. 5 of 5) : Pest management manual (Revised)

E519 Rev. V. 5 September 23, 2003 Jiangxi Integrated Agricultural Modernization Project (JIAMP) Pest Management Manual September 23, 2003 U  Contents Page INTRODUCTION ................................................................. 1 2 CURRENT PEST MANAGEMENT APPROACH IN JIANGXI ......................... .......................1 2. 1 Current and Anticipated Pest Problems .............................................I 2.2 Agricultural and Pllysical Control Methods ............................................ 2 2.3 Biological Control Methods ............................................ 3 2.4 Chemical Control Methods ............................................ 3 2.5 General Assessment of Current Pest Management Approach ............................................. 5 3 POLICY, REGULATORY FRAMIEWORK, AND INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY ................6 3.1 China and Jiangxi Policies on Plant Protection and [PM .........................................................6 3.2 Description and Assessment of IPM Capacity .................................................................. 6 3.3 Institutional Control of Distribution and Use of Pesticides .......................................................7 4 GENERAL APPROACH OF THE JIANIP PEST MNANAGEMENT PROGRANI ................. ..7 4.1 Objectives .................................................................7 4.2 Focus Areas of the JIAMP Pest Management Program ............................................................8 5 PROPOSED ON-FARMI PEST MIANAGEMENT PRACTICES UNDER JIAMP ................. ..8 5.1 Agricultural and Physical Control Methods . .................................................................8 5.2 Biological Control Methods ..................................................................9 5.3 Chemical Control Methods ..................................................................9 6. PESTICIDE MIANAGEMENT UNDER JIAMP ................................................................. 10 6.1 Proposed Pesticide Use and Application of IPM .................................. 10 6.2 Type and Quantity of Pesticides to be Financed .................................. 14 6.3 Capability/Competency of End-Users to Handle Products within Acceptable Risk Margins 16 6.4 Environmental, Occupational and Health Risks .................................. 16 6.5 Project Management Measures to Reduce Specific Risks Associated with Envisaged Pesticide Use under the Project ........................................................... 17 6.6 Selection of Pesticides Authorized for Procurement ........................................................... 18 7 STRENGTHENING PEST NIANAGEMENT CAPACITY UNDER JIAMvIP .. 18 7.1 Policy Issues ........................................................... 18 7.2 Infrastructure. Capacity, Institutional Arrangements and Collaboration ................................ 18 7.3 Overview of Training and Human Resource Development .................................................... 19 7.4 Training of Farmers ........................................................... 19 8 MONITORING AND EVALUATION UNDER JIANIP ...................................... 20 8. I Activities Requiring Local Monitoring during Implementation .20 8.2 Activities Requiring Monitoring during Supervision .20 8.3 NMonitoring and Supervision Plan ....................... 21  Annexes Page Annex 1: Current Programs of Jian2xi Station of Plant Protection and Quarantine .................................. 22 Annex 3: Integrated Pest Management for Mlajor JIAMP Crops ............................................................... 23 Annex 4: Production Technology for 'Pollution-Free' Vegetables (for Trial Implementation) ................. 34 Annex 5: Draft MvIonitoring and Evaluation Indicators .................................................................... 42 Acronyms and Abbreviations CPPQS County Plant Protection and Quarantine Station EDC Ecological Demonstration County FAO Food and Agriculture Organization (of the United Nations) GTZ Gesellschaft fuer Technische Zusammenarbeit (German development assistance agency) IPM Integrated Pest Management JIAMP Jiangxi Integrated Agricultural Modernization Project JPPQS Jiangxi Plant Protection and Quarantine Station Mu 667m2 (1/15d' ha) PMP Pest Management Plan PPQS Plant Protection and Quarantine Station PRC People's Republic of China SEPA State Environmental Protection Agency WHO World Health Organization WUA Water User Association WUG Water User Group  1 INTRODUCTION The Jiangxi Integrated Agricultural Mtodernization Project (JIAMP) aims to improve the livelihood of the rural households in Jiangxi through establishment of integrated, economically and environmentally sustainable, and market-driven agricultural production systems focusing primarily on productivity and high quality agricultural OUtpLut. The project consists of the following components: 1. Irrigation and Drainage 2. Farm Production Improvement 3. Market Systems Development 4. Project NManagement, Monitoring and Evaluation. The Farm Production Improvement component comprises the following subcomponents: 1. Agricultural Training and Extension 2. Farm Production Investment 3. Soil Fertility Improvement 4. Women Farmer and Village Development. The Farm Production Improvement component, and particularly its Farm Production Investment Subcomponent, will lead to more intensive agriculture production and likely increase in the use of production inputs, such as agro-chemicals (fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides). The project will put strong emphasis on mitigating any adverse effects of increased agro-chemical use by introducing more efficient application techniques to farmers. The project would support integrated pest management (IPM). including: (a) managing pests (keeping them below economically damaging levels) rather than seeking to eradicate them; (b) relying, to the extent possible, on non chemical measures to keep pest populations low, and (c) selecting pesticides (when they have to be used) that are less toxic, and applying them in a way that minimizes adverse effects on beneficial organisms. human beings, and the biophysical environment. As a result, there is a need for preparation of a Pest Management Plan. The JIAMP Pest Management Program (PMP) will promote the use of biological and environmental control methods for pests and diseases, which will reduce the reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides. The Jiangxi Plant Protection and Quarantine Station (JPPQS) and its county subsidiaries already promote IPM approaches to the control of pests and diseases in Jiangxi province (Annex 1). 2 CURRENT PEST MANAGEMIENT APPROACH [N JIANGXI 2.1 Current and Anticipated Pest Problems The major insect pests of economic significance in the Jiangxi agriculture sector and relevant to the project are shown in Table 1.  Table 1. Areas of Crop Production under the JIANlP Crop Area tMajor Insect Pests in Jiangxi mu ha Paddy rice 147.960 9,864 Rice stem borers. planthoppers, leaf roller,gall midge Field vegetables 29,857 1,990 Aphids, cabbage white butterfly, diamond-back moth, cotton leaf worm Greenhouse vegetables 4,139 276 Aphids, cabbage white butterfly, diamond-back moth, cotton leaf worm Medicinal herbs 5,174 345 No data available Lotus 8,312 554 Aphid, Prodenia litura. Laphygma exigua Cotton 3,006 200 Cotton boll worm, aphids, red spider mites Naval orange 12.088 806 Citrus red mite, scales, citrus leaf miner Total 210,536 14,035 The major rice pests in the project area are rice stemn borers (Clhilo suippressalis, Tryporyz-a incertulas), plant hoppers (Nilaparvata lutgenis, Sogarellafiurcifera), leaf rollers (Cnzaplhalocrocis iiedinalis) and rice gall midge (Orseolia oryzae) (Table 1). Cotton production under the project may be either irrigated new bushes or irrigation of existing cotton. The major cotton pests are bollworm (Helicoverpa anniigera) with secondary pests including Cotton aphid (Aphis gossypii), Agrotis ypsilonz, Lygus liucoruin, Prodenia spp., and Empoasca bigl ttiila. Citrus (oranges) are susceptible to damage by a wide range of insects in Jiangxi. These include Panonychuts citri McGregor, Phyllocnzistis citrella Stainton, Coccoidea sp., and Phvllocoptrnta oleivroa Ashmead. Other species causing lesser damage include Dialeiirodes citri Ashnzea, Aplhis citricidlis Kirk-aldy, Papiilio sp., Ceranmbycidae sp., and Conitariniia citri Banies. Capsicum (peppers) and cabbage are two of the major vegetable species to be grown on the project. In capsicum, Agrotis ypsilon is the main insect pest during the vegetative growth phase, while aphid, bollworm, and Tetrantychus urticae also occur during the fruiting phase. The main insect pests on cabbage are aphids, Laphyqmrla exi qua, Prodenia litutra, Pllutella xylostella, and cabbage caterpillars. Lotus is the other main cash crop to be grown under the project. Major insect pests for lotus include aphids and Prodenia lituira. 2.2 Agricultural and Physical Control M\/lethods Agricultural and physical methods used by farmers to help control insect pests include: * Tillage practices, including deep tillage to bury straw and vegetative trash to prevent insect pest egg buildup; and soil tillage in rice paddy immediately after harvesting to prevent buildup of rice stem borers. * Regular rotation of dry land crops to avoid buildup of soil-borne insect pests and diseases, e.g., vegetables followed by beans followed by vegetables. * Regular rotation of dry land and water land crops to avoid buildup of soil-borne insect pests and diseases. * Straw and trash control to prevent buildup of insect pests and eggs in crop straw and trash. * Cutting and buming of diseased or egg/insect infected leaves in vegetable crops; and branches in cotton and citrus orchards.  * Deep flooding practices in rice paddy to assist control of soil-borne eggs and pupae of rice pests and other insects. e.g.. Clzilo suppressalis eggs. * Use of lure boxes to collect worms and caterpillars, e.g., boll worms in cotton, aphids in vegetables. * Light lures making use of insect phototaxis to attract pests in vegetables and lotus. * Handpicking of eggs, caterpillars and larvae during periods of high infestation, e.g., Laphvqnma exiqua and Prodenia litira eggs on cabbage leaves; boll worms and larvae in cotton; and cabbage caterpillars. * Use of fruit bagging in citrus orchards to prevent insects entering fruit, and also keeping chemicals off the fruit. 2.3 Biological Control Methods Biological and control measures used by farmers include: * Extension of crop varieties resistant to insect pests. Examples include cotton varieties, such as 32B, GK22, Zhong 38Fl, Zhong298Fl that are resistant to cotton boll worm; and rice variety KanwenqingzhanFl that is resistant to rice gall midge. * Intercropping of target species to attract insect pests away from the main cash crop, e.g., planting of Ageratum conyzoides L. in citrus orchards to control mites; planting of peanuts and soybeans rather than sweet potato in young citrus orchards to minimize damage by Noctuidae sp.; planting of soybean on rice bunds to protect predators of rice pests. The JPPQS is conducting research programs and surveys in progress on natural predators of some pests, mainly rice and cotton. However, field observations and farmer interviews during project preparation did not indicate that farmers were actually practicing predator control of crop pests yet. 2.4 Chemical Control Methods 2.4.1 Non-Pesticide Chemical Control Methods Non-pesticide chemicals are used to control specific insect pests on some crops. These include: (i) diluted oil emulsions to control mites on citrus (navel oranges); (ii) liming of citrus tree trunks for disease control, Bordeaux (CuSO4) sprays for disease control on citrus; (iii) use of sugar-vinegar mixtures to attract and trap insects in vegetable greenhouses and lotus (Prodenia lituira, Laphyqnza exiqua) and in citrus orchards (Noctiicdce sp.); these can also be used in conjunction with lights to initially attract insects. 2.4.2 Overall Pesticide Usage Pesticides are the main form of chemical control of insect pests. The total application level of pesticides in Jiangxi and in some project counties is listed in Table 2. 3  Table 2. Total Pesticide Applications in Jiangxi and some Project Counties Year 1990 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 1999 Pro ject County (Metric Tons) Jiangxi Province 36,482 41.932 44.482 45,259 48.704 54,502 Wuning 174 NA* 186 218 200 200 engze NA NA NA NA NA 521 _ _ngfeng NA NA NA NA NA 431 ancheng NA NA NA NA NA 336 Gan NA NA NA NA NA 697 HukoLu 117 455 362 322 315 372 Guangfeng 487 477 433 446 487 443 Yucan 512 527 538 549 578 592 Quannan 62 73 1 190 376 412 438 _Longnan 23 84 __50 65 47 55 Note: Data from the Statistical Book of Jiangxi Province (1990-1999). * NA: Data not available The data in Table 2 and findings of the farm production improvement feasibility study indicate that: 1. From 1990 to 1995, the average rate of pesticide use in Jiangxi increased by 3% per year, and by 7.5% per year from 1995 to 1999. 2. In the project counties, the average rate of pesticide use also increased annually. However, the rates in Wuning, Hukou, Guangfeng, Yugan, and Longnan counties showed no obvious increase from 1995 to 1999, while that in Quannan increased by 8-10% per year, possibly caused by increased production of cash crops and vegetables. 2.4.3 Pesticide Use by Crops Table 3 shows data on the type and application probabilities of pesticides for crops based on a survey of 70 households in 15 project counties in 2001 (Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2001). Table 3. Type and Application Probability of Pesticide Use for Crops in the Project Area Amount Crop Type and Application Probability (kg/ha) Early rice Organophosphate 50%, Dimthypo 90%, herbicides 90%, 7.5 fungicides 80% Late rice Organophosphate 50%, Dimthypo 90%, herbicides 80%, 10.5 fungicide 100% Cotton Organophosphate 50%, pyrethrins 10%, herbicide 100%, fungicide 100% Peanut Herbicide 70%, fungicide 100% 1.5 Vegetable (1 crop) Organophosphate 20%, pyrethrins 90%, fungicide 100% 7.5 Greenhouse vegetable (1 year) Organophosphate 20%, pyrethrins 80%, fungicide 100% 22.5 Lotus Organophosphate 50%, pyrethrins 50% 7.5 4  Amount Crop Type and Application Probability (kg/ha) Mulberry Organophosphate 60%, pyrethrins 50% 6 Medicinal herbs Organophosphate 20%, pyrethrins 40%, fungicide 40% 3 Fruit trees (citrus) Insecticide 100%, herbicides 80%, fungicide 100% 45 Rapeseed Insecticide 20%, herbicides 50%. fungicide 70% 1.5 Organophosphate pesticides account for 50-60% of total pesticide use on rice, cotton, lotus and mulberry; and 20% on vegetables and herbs (Table 3). The wide use of organophosphate pesticides was confirmed through field checks and farmer interviews during project preparation. Farmer interviews indicated that many farmers knew that many organophosphate pesticides were extremely hazardous, but they continued to use them because of their effectiveness and lack of cheap, effective, labor-efficient alternatives. Findings from the farm production feasibility study on pesticide application indicated that: 1) The application rates of dimthypo and organophosphate on rice exceed the limits of the State Standard (GB4285-89), i.e., dimthypo 250 ml/mu. 2) According to the PRC's national rules for safe use of pesticides, high toxicity pesticides have been banned for use on vegetable, tea, fruit trees, and traditional medicine crops. However, Table 3 indicates that there is clearly a gap between the regulations and farmer practice with 20-30% of the pesticides used on these crops being highly toxic. 3) The rates of pesticide use on cotton, greenhouse vegetables, and fruit trees were excessively high (Table 3). 4) 100% of farmers used herbicides, but in general don't know the effects of the herbicides on soil and ground water. 2.4.4 Handling of Chemicals The Regulations for Safe Use of Pesticides were publicized by the Public Health Ministry of the PRC in 1982. Field checks and farmer interviews indicated that farmers in many project areas did not practice safe handling of chemicals or use protective clothing. In many farmer houses, it was observed that pesticides are stored near food, on lower shelves in easy reach of children, and in bottles with caps that are easy to unscrew by children. This also applies to many sellers of pesticides with Class I chemicals often being stored in shops near food, and on lower shelves in the front of shops where children can easily access them. Few farmers were observed wearing long sleeved shirts or protective face masks when spraying. Spraying is often done in windy conditions resulting in spray drift. In most cases, farmers use backpack sprayers although some were observed using bucket and hand pumps to spray fruit trees. In summary, there is a need for improved handling of chemicals, spraying under appropriate weather conditions, use of safe spray equipment, and use of protective clothing. This suggests that the State policies and regulations are not adequately applied in the rural areas. Therefore, training on safe use of pesticides should be strengthened. 2.5 General Assessment of Current Pest Management Approach Studies conducted during project preparation indicated the following issues on the current pest management approaches used in the project area: * Dependence on chemical control methods, especially for large areas of mono-crop species, such as rice, cotton 5  * Over application of pesticides * Use of high toxicity chemicals (Class 1, WHO) * Use of unregistered chemicals * Inappropriate handling and management of pesticides and other agricultural chemicals * Environmentally unsound disposal of chemicals and chemical packaging * Inadequate enforcement of laws and regulations on labeling and sales of agricultural chemicals * Low level of awareness amongst farmers, extension services and chemical resellers of 1PM. * Poor sense of safe use of pesticides. 3 POLICY, REGULATORY FRANIEWORK, AND INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY 3.1 China and Jiangxi Policies on Plant Protection and IPM Relevant national and Jiangxi policies on plant protection and integrated pest management include: * Regulation on Management of Pesticides of PRC (Issued by the State Council and implemented on May 8, 1997) * Methods for Implementing Pesticides Management Regulation (Issued by Ministry of Agriculture on April 27, 1999) * Management Methods on "Pollution-Free" Farm Products issued by Ministry of Agriculture and State Quality Supervision, Test and Quarantine Bureau in 2002 * Standard for Safe Use of Pesticides GB4285-89 * Standard for Safe Use of Pesticides GB8321.2-87 * Testing on the residues of organophosphate pesticides in Food GB/T 5009.20-1996 * Notice on prohibiting use of highly toxic pesticides (animal drugs) issued by Jiangxi Provincial Agricultural Department (implemented in June 2002) * Technical Operation Norms for producing "safe' potato, chilli pepper, eggplant, bean, cucumber, cabbage, green cabbage etc. formulated by Jiangxi Plant Protection and Quarantine Station (JPPQS). 3.2 Description and Assessment of IPM Capacity JPPQS and its county subsidiaries promote IPM approaches to the control of pests and diseases in Jiangxi (Annex 1), particularly for rice, vegetable and cotton pests (Annex 2). However, it has limited technical staff numbers (25 at the provincial level) at all levels who are able to spend time in the field promoting IPM and training farmers in these approaches. There does not appear to be wide availability or circulation of IPM training materials at county or township levels. At the township level, Department of Agriculture extension staff provide pest and disease control advice. However. many of these township technicians also sell agricultural chemicals as part of their mandate to raise funds to finance agricultural extension. As a result, there is some conflict of interest for these staff to promote non-chemical pest control methods as part of an 1PM approach. Removal of this conflict requires changes in government policy and funding as it relates to agricultural extension. This has been raised as an issue with the Jiangxi Provincial Government during project preparation. 6  There is clearly a need for: * Training of crop protection specialists. and extension staff at county and township levels in improved methods of pest management and [PM * Training for farmers that is farmer-needs driven, using hands-on practical training approaches * Preparation and distribution of MPhl training materials prepared simple, local language, and well- supported by appropriate audio-visual aids * Support for IPM research for priority crops/pests under the applied research activity. Activities to address these needs are listed in Sections 7.3 and 7.4. 3.3 Institutional Control of Distribution and Use of Pesticides Jiangxi Pesticide Test Management Institute and JPPQS at provincial, municipal and county level are responsible for the supervision and management of pesticides. Production, Distribution and Use of Pesticides: Pesticides are classified as dangerous chemicals. Any company and units involved in the production, distribution and use of pesticides should obtain a business license in accordance with the State regulations. Companies and units that can operate in the pesticide business include: * Agricultural production input operation units under Supply and Marketing Cooperatives * Plant Protection and Quarantine Stations * Soil Fertility Stations * Agriculture and Forest Technical Extension Stations * Forest Pest and Disease Prevention and Control Institutions * Pesticides Production Enterprises * Other operational units specified by the State Council. 4 GENERAL APPROACH OF THE JIAMP PEST MANAGEMENT PROGRAM 4.1 Objectives In addressing the issues listed in Section 2.5, the JIAMP Pest Management Program will aim to: * Prevent the use of highly toxic chemicals by farmers * Decrease the levels of sales of inappropriate and inadequately labeled chemicals to farmers * Promote the awareness, knowledge and adoption of IPM * Promote safe use and management of chemicals. The project will further support the efforts of JPPQS to promote the concept of 1PM through: * Introduction of chemical quality standards into the procurement policy for assessing farmer loan applications e Capacity building of the government extension service in IPM approaches, and * Education of agricultural chemical distributors and resellers in 1Pivl approaches. 7  4.2 Focus Areas of the JIAvIP Pest Management Program The focus areas for the JIAMP Pest Management Program will be: * On farm - develop with farmers approaches relevant to their farm * Farm Production Investment Sub-component Activities - use lending guidelines to enforce procurement of approved chemicals and to monitor application rates and usage * Chemical resellers - training and monitoring to ensure that all pesticides sold meet labeling laws requirements. are approved products (Class II and below), and that IPM approaches are promoted to farmers * Policy - through the JIAMP Leading Groups, influence the development of environmentally sound policies on the sale and use of agricultural chemicals. On Farm. IPM approaches will be incorporated into the training of project-supported extension staff who will be responsible for training the farmers. Many extension staff are also involved in the reselling of agricultural chemicals through input supply shops managed by township and county extension stations. Field demonst-rations using established IPM approaches (farmer schools) will be conducted in all project irrigation areas by extension staff in collaboration with WUAs and WUGs. Farm Production Investment Sub-component Activities. Procurement of chemicals will be monitored and adjusted as required through the loan assessment procedures of the Farm Production Investment Funds to ensure that no Class I chemicals are procured or used by project beneficiaries. Chemical Resellers, Distributors and Mlanufacturers. Chemical resellers will be provided with training in chemical use and handling by both extension staff (many of whom are involved in chemical reselling), and approved distributors and manufacturers. Policy. Review and strengthening of policies and the regulatory environment to ensure the provision of quality agricultural inputs at reasonable prices to project beneficiaries is a major focus of the project provincial and county leading groups. Through the Provincial Leading Group, chaired by the Provincial Governor, the project will aim to exert influence on the policy-making mechanism within Jiangxi on the quality and use of agricultural chemicals, and the expansion of the "green" agricultural production strategy of the province. 5 PROPOSED ON-FARNI PEST MIANAGEMENT PRACTICES UNDER JIAMP The JIAMP Pest Management Program will promote use of a combination of crop-specific agricultural, physical, biological, and chemical pest and disease control methods that will reduce reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides. 5.1 Agricultural and Physical Control Methods Agricultural and physical control methods include further extension of the practices listed in Section 2.2, including: * Tillage practices. including deep tillage to bury straw and vegetative trash to prevent insect pest egg buildup; soil tillage in rice paddy immediately after harvesting to prevent buildup of rice borer. * Regular rotation of dryland crops to avoid buildup of soil-borne insect pests and diseases, e.g., vegetables followed by beans followed by vegetables. * Straw and trash control to prevent buildup of insect pests and eggs in crop straw and trash. * Cutting and burning of diseased or egg/insect infected leaves in vegetable crops; and branches in cotton and citrus orchards. 8  * Deep flooding practices in rice paddy to assist control of soil-borne eggs and pupae of rice pests and other insccts, e.g., Cliilo suppressalis eggs. * Use of lure boxes and light traps for relevant crops (e.g., greenhouse vegetables). * Light lures making use of insect phototaxis to attract pests in vegetables and lotus. * Hand-picking of eggs, caterpillars and larvae during periods of high infestation, e.g., Laphyvqina e,riqua and Prodenia litiura eggs on cabbage leaves; boll worms and larvae in cotton, and cabbage caterpillars. * Use of fruit bagging in citrus orchards to prevent insects entering fruit. 5.2 Biological Control Methods Biological control methods include further extension of the practices listed in Section 2.3, such as: * Extension of crop varieties resistant to insect pests. Examples include cotton varieties, such as 32B, GK22, Zhong 38F1, Zhong298Fl that are resistant to cotton boll worm; and rice variety Kanwenqingzhan 1 that is resistant to rice gall midge. * Intercropping of target species to attract insect pests away from the main cash crop, e.g., planting of Ageratuiii con yzoides L. in citrus orchards to control mites; planting of peanuts and soybeans rather than sweet potato in young citrus orchards to minimize damage by Noctluicdae sp.; planting of soybean on rice bunds to attract a range of insects away from the rice crop. Duck raising in rice fields. This can control pests and wild grass in the rice field without applying pesticides or herbicides. * Extension of biological pesticides. The biological pesticides usually are applied 2-3 days before application of chemical pesticides in order to get ideal results. * Nurturing and protecting predators for rice pests, making good use of predators such as frogs and spiders to control pests. If appropriate predators for major insect pests can be identified from the research conducted by JPPQS, then the project would assist with trial applications of these. For example, release of Phytoseiilius persimnilis to attack mites on citrus and vegetables. 5.3 Chemical Control Methods Chemical control methods will apply the following principles: 1. Use of non-pesticide chemicals where these are appropriate and cost-effective in control. 2. Use of "biological pesticides" (e.g., BT, abamectin to control rice stemborers and vegetable insect pests), and pesticides of plant origin (e.g., nicotine to control vegetable pests) where these are cost- effective. 3. Application of highly effective, low toxicity, and low residue pesticides, such as imidacloprid. 4. Extend control techniques that have low toxicity to human beings, domestic animals, and fauna; low residues in agricultural products; and little environmental pollution. Such techniques include: * Use of low toxicity and low residue pesticides. * Spraying of pesticides before transplanting. * Applying timely, effective low concentration pesticides to control various insect pest species when the density of insect pests is above a critical threshold to ensure optimal effectiveness of each pesticide application. * Maintaining safe intervals between pesticide applications. 9  5. Use of safe spray equipment (e.g.. backpack sprayers. optimal nozzle sizes) to increase the efficienicy of pesticide use and control effectiveness. 6. Extension and training in safe methods of pesticide application (e.g., correct clothing. spraying in still conditions, application of soil-based pesticides as relevant). 7. Safe storage of chemicals (e.g.. away from children and food, etc). 8. Proper disposal of chemical wastes and used chemical containers (e.g., by deep burial). 6. PESTICIDE MANAGEMENT UINDER JIAMP 6.1 Proposed Pesticide Use and Application of IPM 6.1.1 IPM for MIajor Crops (1) Objective: a) control pests; b) reduce use of chemical pesticides Specific Objectives (i) Reduce the damage caused by pests to less than 5% (ii) Decrease use of chemical pesticides by more than 50% within 3-5 years (iii) Eliminate any poisoning accident caused by unsafe management, storage and unreasonable handling of discarded waste (iv) Prohibit use of highly toxic pesticides (WHO Class I) and those causing diseases (such as cancer, etc.) (v) Pesticide residue in farm products will not exceed WHO and the State standards (vi) Maintain the biological diversity of farms and establish farm biological models. (2) IPNI MIeasures Principle: Strengthen pest forecasts, apply agricultural control measures first, then choose physical and biological control measures, and finally chemical control measures. (i) Strengthen forecasts of diseases and pests. County Plant Protection and Quarantine Station (CPPQS) should provide timely disease and pest control information to farmers including control targets, appropriate timing of control measures, technology and pesticides, etc. Such information should be given to farmers 7-10 days ahead of implementing control measures. The CPPQS should ensure that control measures are implemented in the neighboring counties at the same time to improve control effectiveness. (ii) Agricultural control measures: * Choose resistant varieties: This is an important measure for improving crop resistance to pests and reducing use of chemical pesticides. * Crop rotation to avoid buildup of insect pests and diseases. * Intercropping e.g. planting maize in tomato and pepper fields to reduce the damage by cotton boll worm; intercropping maize and cabbage and pepper can reduce the migration of aphids. * Reasonable timing of the planting season to minimize crop damage from diseases and pests. 10  Tillage practices. including deep tillage to bury straw and vegetative trash to prevent insect pest buildup; soil tillage in rice paddy immediately after harvesL to prevent buildup of rice borer. * Nurturing of healthy seedlings: Sterilizing seeds and soil. Removal of poor quality seedlings and nurturing high quality seedlings. * Tillage and grass control to reduce occurrence of diseases and pests. * Land should be deep-tilled to 26-33 cm depth after harvest of dry land crops to avoid buildup of pests in the topsoil and to freeze pests hibernating in the soil for winter. * Appropriate use of fertilizers and timely implementation of irrigation and drainage. Application of abundant base manure and limited use of nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers, and increased use of calcium to strengthen pest resistance of crops. Sound irrigation and drainage management will be effective in pest and disease control. * Improve tillage and weeding to reduce pest and disease occurrence. * Clean land: Removal of infected leaves and crop plants from the field to reduce diseases and pests. (iii) Physical control measures: * Use pestproof nets in vegetable and fruit cultivation to keep out pests, diseases, rain and wind, or to keep Olt sunlight and maintain moisture as required. * Trap and kill pests: Use yellow boards to trap white flies and aphids; use black light lamps to trap and kill moths, beetles and Orthopteroids; use sugar and vinegar solution to trap and kill moths. (iv) Biological control measures: * Use of biological pesticides such as Bt, Polynacfin, NPV, etc. * Use of natural pest enemies, such as Trichograimma. * Use of sex attractants to trap and kill pests, such as cotton bollworm, leafworm and beet armyworm. (v) Chemical control measures: Use of pesticides combined with other control measures is an effective and economic way to increase control efficiency, and guarantee agricultural harvest. High quality pesticides should be used that are effective in pest control, have no- or low-toxicity to human beings and animals, and are safe on crops. Key pesticide control measures include: * Prohibit use of severe or highly toxic and high residue pesticides * Use different pesticides to control different pests * Spray pesticides at proper times based on pest occurrence * Spray appropriate amounts of pesticide * Appropriately mixed or alternative use of pesticides * Strictly implement safe harvest intervals (GB4285-89). IPM measures for major crops are listed in Annex 2. 11  6.1.2 Pesticides Recommended for Use in JlAivMP During project implementation, it will be necessary to use pesticides in conjunction with agricultural control, physical and biological control measures. Pesticide use must follow the principles of economic. safe and effective application. Table 4 lists pesticides recommended for JIAMP implementation. These are existing and newly registered pesticides that are highly effective, have low toxicity, and nil or low residues. Table 4. Pesticides Recommended for Use in JIVIP Crop Main Pests Recommended Pesticides1 Biological Chemical Pesticides (PRC Classification) Pesticides (WHO Class in parentheses) Low Toxicity Nledium Toxicity Rice Chzilo suppressalis Bt (Bacillus Diflubenzuron (U), Dimthypo (11), Regent Tryporyza incertul las thuringiensis) imidacloprid (II) (II). chlorpyrifos (11) _ ~~~~(III) Sogatellafiircifera Nilaparvata liigens Cnaphalocrocis medinialis Orseolia orvzae Cotton Helicoverpa arnigera NPV Cascade Springtac (II), Pecti'oplio I(nuclear (flufenoxuron, U), cypermethrin (II), recainOpie polygon Torque (fenbutatin deltamethrin (II), phoxim ragassypiella virus) (U) of oxide, U), (II), thiodicarb (II), Tetranychus cotton boll chlorfluazuron (U), azacyclotin (II), amitraz cinnatarinus worm, betacyfluthrin (II), (III), benfuracarb (II) Aphis gossypii Polynacrin imidacloprid (II), (III), Bt (III) buprofezin (U), Emipoasca bigutttitla propargite Lygius licorumn (lII),trichlorphon (II) Adelphocoris sutuiralis Agrotis ypsilon Prodenia sp. Earias cutpreovirids Orange PhVllocn1istis citrella Polynacfin Diflubenzuron (U), Springtac (II), Panoizv chliscitri (III) Cascade cypermethrin (11), Plvllocoptnita oleivora (flufenoxuron U)), deltamethrin (II), P.~yllocoplntta oleivora Torque (fenbutatin azacyclotin (II), amitraz Coccoidea sp.(e.g. oxide, U), (III), pyridaben (III). Unaspis yanonzensis) chlorfluazuron (U), chlorpyrifos (II) Anoplophora chinensis imidacloprid (II), Dialeiurocles citri buprofezin (U), Drooar6ite (III).  Crop MIain Pests Recommended Pesticides' Biological Chemical Pesticides (PRC Classification) Pesticides (WHO Class in parentheses) Low Toxicity NMedium Toxicity Aphiis citricidus propargite (III). Papillo sp. bromopropylate (U). Co.itciHiiia cit i trichlophon conltarinia Cztt (II),sulphur F(III) Vegetables Prodenia litura Bt (III), NPV Diflubenzuron (U), Springtac (11). Fastac Lapizvgma e.eiqua (Nuclear Cascade (alphacypermethrin II), Pieris rapae polygon (flufenoxuron U), cyhalothrin (II), Plutella.xylostalIa virus) of beet Torque (fenbutatin cypermethrin (11), armyworm oxide, U), chlorpyrifos (II), meothrin Mvlzus persicae (U). GV chlorfluazuron (U), (II), Regent (11) Lipaphis erysiufi (granule imidacloprid (II). Brevicorwye brassicae virus) of buprofezin (U), Agroti ypsilon diamond-back propargite (III). A grotis ypsilon moth, cyfluthrin (II), Heliothis assutlta Spinosad (U), betacyfluthrin (II) Polynacfin (IlI) Other measures for pest management of major crops are summarized in Table 5 and are fully described in Annex 2. The main points to note are: 1) The pest management approach for each crop contains elements of an IPM approach, but there is a strong dependence on chemical pesticides. 2) Non-chemical control measures are largely agriculturaUphysical measures with few biological control measures. Extension of tested and validated biological control 1PM techniques developed under the programs of JPPQS (Annex 1) should be introduced into the project, where appropriate. 13  Table 5. Agricultural, Physical and Biological iMleasures for Pest Mlanagement of Mlajor Crops Crop Agricultural and Physical Mleasures Biological Measures Rice Pest forecasting. SoilUstubble tillage. Control water Resistant varieties. Plant soybean levels. Remove straw and stubble. on ridges of rice fields. Cotton Pest forecasting. Inter-row tillage. Remove stubble and infested cotton leaves and branches. Irrigation. Kill larvae by hand. Orange Pest forecasting. Fruit bagging. Cut and bum Intercropping peanut or soybean. infested branches. Shallow tillage. NIaintain soil Use of natural pest enemies. moisture by covering weeds. Light traps. Paint tree trunks with lime. Capsicum Pest forecasting. Deep tillage. Burn infested leaves. Crop rotation Trap and kill aphids by yellow boards, moths by sugar and vinegar solution or lamps. Cabbage Pest forecasting. Deep tillage. Burn infested leaves. Trap and kill aphids by yellow boards, moths by sugar and vinegar solution or lamps. Silver lotus Pest forecasting. Trap and kill aphids by yellow boards, moths by sugar and vinegar solution or lamps. 6.2 Type and Quantity of Pesticides to be Financed Agricultural, physical (e.g., lures), biological control practices or bio-pesticides (e.g. Bt, Abamectin) that have the same cost-effectiveness as synthetic pesticides, would be used in preference to pesticides (Tables 4 and 5). Unregistered chemicals or any that have WHO Class I active ingredients will not be financed. Table 6 estimates the increase in the amount of pesticides used under the project, assuming: 1) The current average rate for pesticide usage in Table I applies to the project area, 2) The target reduction in pesticide usage for each crop (Annex 2) is achieved, 3) One crop per year is grown, except for greenhouse vegetables for which the projection is for a full production year. If two crops of rice or field vegetables are grown, pesticide use may be slightly higher. Based on these assumptions, the estimated increase (129 tonnes/year) in pesticide use under the JIAMP is expected to be very small (0.2%) in relation to total pesticide use in Jiangxi (54,505 tonnes in 1999). 14  Table 6. Estimated Increase in Pesticide Use Under the Project Current Estimated Total Estimated Average Rate Reduction2 Estimated RatePesticide/Crop Crop Area (ha) (kg/ha)' (%) (kg/ha) Year (kg) Rice 12.416 9 -20 7.2 89,395 Cotton 200 33 -50 16.5 3,300 Orange 806 45 -50 22.5 18,135 Field vegetables 1,990 7.5 -30 5.25 10,448 Greenhouse vegetables 276 22.5 -30 15.75 4,347 Medicinal herbs 345 3 - 3 1.035 Lotus 554 7.5 -40 4.5 2,493 Total 16,587 129,153 1 Based on average rate of pesticide application in Table 2. 2 Based on target reduction in pesticide use for each crop listed in Annex 2. 75% of the cropping area in the JIAMP is expected to be in rice production (Table 6). Most of the benefits from JIAMP will come through irrigation of rice land that is currently inadequately irrigated. The supply of irrigation may result in some farmers changing their rice cropping patterns (e.g. growing both early and late rice, while others may only grow late rice (higher quality, more profitable) rather than early or middle rice. While changes in rice cropping patterns may occur, the total area of rice cropped per year is not expected to increase significantly. The types of rice pests are not expected to change significantly either. As a result, pesticide usage is not expected to increase simply through an area increase, but may do so through more intensive management, particularly if farmers move to growing late rice. Table 6 assumes an area increase of 12,416 ha. For the above reasons this may be an overestimate with the result that the projected increase in pesticide use may also be over-estimated. The areas of vegetables, herbs, lotus and orange (Table 6) are expected to replace other, less profitable crops as a result of the benefits of irrigation. Therefore, the change in land use will result in a change in the types of pests and diseases in these production areas. However, the area increases in all of the above crops are relatively small compared to the total area of these crops in Jiangxi (refer Jiangxi Agricultural Statistics Yearbook 2000). The change to more intensively managed crops may result in a higher incidence of agro-chemical use compared to the pre-project situation in some areas. The area increase in cotton is relatively small compared to the total area of cotton production in Jiangxi. There is already a very large area of citrus being grown in Jiangxi, and the additional area proposed under the project will not add significant pest problems to the existing citrus production areas. The expected area increase in field vegetables under the project is significant and less complete pest control is likely compared to greenhouse vegetables where the production environment (and, therefore, pests) is more easily controlled. The project will promote production of "pollution-free" vegetables that utilize lower pesticide inputs than is the current practice in much of Jiangxi. Specifications for production of such vegetables are given in Annex 3. The proposed area increase in lotus is relatively small compared to the total existing production area in Jiangxi. The additional production area is unlikely to result in significant increases in insect pest incidence. In summary, the area increases in crop production under the project are relatively small compared to the total production area for each crop in Jiangxi. As a result. the overall incidence of insect pests and pesticide use is not expected to increase significantly if the estimated targets for reduced pesticide use are 15  achieved. The type of insect pests and pesticides used may change as a result of changes in land use on any given piece of land in the project area. 6.3 Capability/Competency of End-Users to Handle Products within Acceptable Risk Margins Assessment of current practices (Section 2.4.4) indicates there is currently variable competency of farmers and chemical resellers in handling chemical products within acceptable risk margins (i.e., safe storage. use of safe equipment, protective clothing. safe disposal of packaging and waste chemicals). The proposed training programs (Section 7) for both farmers and chemnical resellers will address this. However, the local monitoring and evaluation program (Section 8.1) is designed to regularly monitor the capability/competency of both farmers and chemical resellers in safe handling of chemical products. Where such handling continues to be unsafe, further training would be provided. 6.4 Environmental, Occupational and Health Risks 6.4.1 Environmental Risks The main environmental risks from pesticide use in the project include: * Deterioration in water quality from pesticide residues and potential for increases in pesticides in aquatic biota (e.g., fish). * Contamination of water supplies resulting from spraying or chemical spills near drinking water sources. * Possible impacts on non-target species (especially bees, birds, domestic animals, and natural enemies of pests) from high toxicity pesticides. * Development of pest resistance from continued overuse of some pesticides (e.g. in cotton bollworms (Annex 2)). * Deterioration in soil quality from pesticide residues. Measures to mitigate the above risks include: Awareness training of village leaders, farmers (men, women) and chemical resellers in the likely environmental impacts of specific chemicals. and recommended spraying methods and equipment. * Spray monitoring to ensure that spraying of toxic chemicals is not conducted near water sources, and working with village leaders to enforce this. * Procurement of approved safe spray equipment under the project. * Use of pesticides with low residual half-lives. * Minimizing use of chemical pesticides near areas with rare or endangered fauna (e.g. near wetlands, and/or adjacent to Poyang Lake). * Use of a range of pest control techniques (agricultural/physical, biological, chemical) to ensure that pest resistance to chemical pesticides does not build up. 6.4.2 Occupational/Health Risks The main occupational/health risks from pesticide use include: * Sickness resulting from inhalation of pesticide fumes when handling concentrated chemicals and/or pesticide vapor during spraying if protective masks are not used. * Skin damage from sprays or chemical spillage during handling if protective clothing is not worn. 16  * Contamination of drinking water if spraying is conducted close to drinking water sources. or if there are chemical spills near drinking water sources. Measures to mitigate the above risks include: * Awareness training and demonstrations for village leaders, farmers (men, women) and chemical resellers in: o Likely occupational/health impacts of specific chemicals o Recommended handling and spraying methods o Approved equipment and its use (e.g., sprayers, nozzle sizes, etc) o Wearing of safe clothing (long sleeve shirt, mask, hat, gloves, long trousers, footwear) o Spraying in still conditions o Safe storaae of chemicals in locked cupboards that children cannot easily access o Safe disposal of chemical packaging and wastes by deep burial or burning (if appropriate). * Monitoring of implementation of the above practices followed by refresher training if not correctly irnplemented. * Implementation of the project management measures listed in Section 6.5. 6.5 Project Management M\easures to Reduce Specific Risks Associated with Envisaged Pesticide Use under the Project The IPM Sub-committee of the JIAMP Provincial Technical Advisory Group will periodically review changes to the list of chemicals for use in the project area. The Sub-committee will ensure that chemicals used by the beneficiaries are: * Manufactured, packaged, labeled, handled, stored, applied, and disposed of according to standards acceptable to the World Bank * Not formulated products that fall in WHO Classes IA and IB, or formulations of products in Class II whose concentration of active ingredients exceed acceptable WHO levels. In addition, any pesticide to be procured by project beneficiaries will be assessed for: * The nature and degree of associated risks by proposed use and intended user * The proposed use and the intended users * The classification of pesticides and their specific formulations as in the Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to Classification (Geneva: WHO 2000-01), and its future updates. Pesticides selected for use must meet the World Bank's OP 4.09 criteria. Such pesticides: * Must have negligible adverse human health effects. * Must be shown to be effective against the target species. * Must have minimal effect on non-target species and the natural environment. The methods, timing, and frequency of pesticide application are aimed to minimize damage to natural enemies. Pesticides used in public health programs must be demonstrated to be safe for inhabitants and domestic animals in the treated areas, as well as for personnel applying them. * Their use must take into account the need to prevent the development of resistance in pests. Additions or deletions to the recommended pesticide list in Table 4 will be authorized by the IPM Sub- Committee of the Provincial Technical Advisory Group. The local pesticides with unknown active ingredients listed under "Not Classified" in Table 4 will be added to the approved list of pesticides once their active ingredients and concentrations are provided to, and approved by, the World Bank. 17  6.6 Selection of Pesticides Authorized for Procurement No pesticides will be procured through National or International Competitive Bidding. Pesticides will be purchased directly bv project beneficiaries with loans from the Farm Production Investment Component. Any pesticides to be purchased by project beneficiaries will be assessed by the Loan Facilitators during loan application processing. The Loan Facilitators will check that the pesticides are on the recommended list of chemicals (Table 4). 7 STRENGTHENING PEST MIANAGEMENT CAPACITY UNDER JIANIP 7.1 Policy Issues Pest management policy measures to be promoted by the Project include: Reduce current usage rates of chemical pesticides on project activities, and enforcement of laws against banned pesticides. * Pesticide regulation. * Banning the use of unregistered pesticides for project activities. * Banning the use of WHO Class I pesticides, and requiring their replacement with less toxic alternatives for project activities. * Strict adherence to regulations following the: o FAO Code of Conduct on the Regulation, Distribution and Use of Pesticides (or Chinese equivalent) o FAO Guidelines for Packaging and Storage of Pesticides (or Chinese equivalent) o FAO Guidelines on Good Labeling Practice for Pesticides (or Chinese equivalent) o FAO Guidelines for the Disposal of Waste Pesticide and Pesticide Containers on the Farm (or Chinese equivalent). Where Chinese equivalents to these FAO Guidelines do not exist, then such Guidelines should be prepared for implementation by the Project. * Adherence to the State Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA) environmental standards on agro- chemical use, including pesticides. For Ecological Demonstration Counties (EDC), SEPA standards for EDCs should be followed. * Encourage county and township governments to promote and support 1PM approaches through discussions and by providing examples of successful IPM programs and their benefits (particularly long-term benefits). * Requiring Loan Facilitators to restrict household loans only to use of recommended, registered pesticides (Table 4). * Encourage the provincial government to provide funding support to 1PM research and extension programs. 7.2 Infrastructure, Capacity, Institutional Arrangements and Collaboration Strengthening of the basic plant protection infrastructure and institutional control on distribution and use of pesticides under the Project will be undertaken through: * Training of county crop protection specialists, township extension workers, and farmers (Section 7.3).  * Establishment of a monitoring program (Section S) to assess pest management and application of IPM techniques in project implementation. * Appointment of a PlMO staff member to have specific responsibility for overseeing agricultural pest management and application of [PMI approaches. The JPPQS or Chinese IPNI consultant could be funded by the Jiangxi Provincial Government to support the project in this role. Working with the JPPQS and other institutions, such as the Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, in orienting their research and extension programs towards 1PNI. * Establishment of collaborative links with national institutions to strengthen cooperation, local capacity and knowledge in Jiangxi of IPM techniques for project-specific crops. * Promoting support and collaboration of provincial. county, township. and village leaders in promoting safe pest management measures. and IPM approaches where relevant. * Promoting the project approach of reduced use of toxic pesticides and encouraging IPM approaches to the private sector. particularly the agro-chemicals sector. 7.3 Overview of Training and Human Resource Development The project Training, Extension and Research Subcomponent provides for training of county and township technicians, farmers, and training of trainers. It also provides for preparation of extension materials, including audio-visual; motorcycles to enable technicians to spend more time in the field visiting farmers; agricultural extension field demonstration sites; rehabilitation of activity and teaching centers; provision of books, journals, and magazines on agricultural technology. Under the Training, Extension and Research Subcomponent, the following pest management capacity- building activities are proposed: 1) Visits by county crop protection specialists and technicians to qualified agencies, such as the JPPQS and Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, to receive training in new pest control methods, including IPM methods for specific crops/pests. 2) Regular training courses for extension staff by county crop protection specialists on new pest control methods, including IPM for specific crops/pests. 3) Training of county and township extension staff to ensure effective enforcement of pesticide regulations. 4) Regular, tinely training of farmers in new pest control methods and IPM for specific crops/pests conducted by township technicians using techniques such as Farmer Field School approaches. In each of items 1-3, terms of reference should be provided for trainers, and, if necessary, training experts should be engaged to assist with training of trainers (see Section 7.4). 5) Preparation and distribution of IPM training materials prepared in simple language, and well supported by appropriate audio-visual aids. These may need to be obtained from, or prepared by, national- or provincial-level agencies, such as the JPPQS. 6) As many women as possible should be encouraged to participate in the pest management and IPM programs, and provided with lead roles in such programs. 7) Conduct of farmer-need driven research towards IPM implementation under the Applied Research activity. 7.4 Training of Farmers The aim of farmer training is to strengthen farmers' ability to safely and cost-effectively control insect pests (as stated in the Project Implementation Plan). This includes training farmers how to identify insect pests, make appropriate control decisions, and take proper measures to control them. 19  Each farmer would receive 3-4 training courses (I day for 50 farmers) per year, with relevant courses conducted during the pest control period each year. Training content would include: * Characteristics of insect pests * Damage caused by different insect pests * Natural enemies of each major insect pest * Field samnpling approaches * Control thresholds * Control measures, including IPM approaches involving agricultural, physical, biological, and chemical control methods. * Safety in storage, handling, and disposal of chemical wastes and containers * Chemical application methods and protective clothing requirements. Possible training providers include: * Leading farmers and demonstration households * Trained township, county and province extension services * Chemical resellers * JPPQS * Other providers in Jiangxi (e.g. Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences) and China * FAO * Bilateral donor programs, such as the GTZ co-funded project in Jiangxi - using ecological approaches to cash crop production. 8 MIONITORING AND EVALUATION UNDER JIAMP 8.1 Activities Requiring Local Monitoring during Implementation The following activities require local monitoring during project implementation: * 5Extent of IPM adoption by farmers * Pesticide use pattern * Crop production * Changes to the agro-ecosystem * Other indicators. A detailed list of possible monitoring indicators is provided in Annex 4. The above monitoring should be done by County Plant Protection and Quarantine Station (CPPQS) staff based on a sample of project households in the project area in each county. Early World Bank supervision missions should assist the County PPQS with establishment of an appropriate monitoring system, sampling procedure. and provide training in implementation and analysis of the monitoring system (Annex 4). 8.2 Activities Requiring Monitoring during Supervision The following activities require external monitoring during World Bank supervision missions: * Pesticide registration 20  * Use of Class I pesticides * Policy issues * Implementation of the local monitoring program. and assistance in analyzing results. A detailed list of possible monitoring indicators is provided in Annex 4. Supervision mission inputs should be conducted 2 times per year, preferably during periods of high pest control activity to observe field implementation of pest management practices. This supervision work should be undertaken by an Agriculture Specialist with experience in agricultural pest management in China. Supervision costs would be financed from World Bank funds. 8.3 Monitoring and Supervision Plan * lMonitoring of pest management: The monitoring work will be done jointly by PPQS and PMO at Provincial, municipal and county level with the participation of farmers. Once a pest is discovered, it should be reported and handled in a timely manner. * Supervisioni plan: The PMO at each level will be responsible for ensuring regular supervision is undertaken. During peak pest infestation periods, the PPQS will be responsible for supervision and control.