China - Second Liao River Basin Project : environmental impact assessment (Vol. 3 of 3) : Executive summary

E508 Volume 3 Second Liao River Basin Project Environmental Assessment EXECUTIVE SUMMARY March 2002 LUCRPO LIAONING URBAN CONSTRUCTION AND RENEWAL PROJECT OFFICE ~EP IMWH MN TGOMERY WA TSON HA RZA  Montgomery Watson Harza CATALOGUE CHAPTER PAGE I INTRODUCTION I 2 SURFACE WATER STANDARDS 2 3 EA COVERAGE 3 4 CURRENT SITUATION 3 5 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 3 6 ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE 4 7 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES 8 8 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION 9 9 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLAN 13 10 PUBLIC CONSULTATION 14 11 CONCLUSIONS 16 Russian *t -- , - * _Federation S ~~~~~Japan~ PR CA . _ - . . Location of Liaoning Province EA Summary  Montgomery Watson Harza Second Liao River Basin Project areas in the province before discharging into the Bohai Environmental Assessment Sea. In 1997, the State Council of the Chinese central SUMMARY REPORT government announced "Decisions On Issues of Environmental Protection", which has since become a primary guide for the country's environmental 1 INTRODUCTION protection and pollution control effort. One of the important initiatives under the State Council's Decisions The Project consists of two wastewater treatment plants, is the "Three Lakes and Three Rivers" pollution control two wastewater re-use plants, urban upgrading, program, referring to the six landmark and most institutional strengthening and several non-physical sensitive water bodies and river basins in China. The components related to environmental management. The Liao is one of the three rivers and the LRBP is thus one wastewater plants are located in Shenyang (the of the highest priority pollution control programs in the provincial capital) and Panjin, and the wastewater re- country. use plants are located in Panjin and Fushun. All are The State Council approved in 1998 the Ninth Five- located within the Liao River Basin (LRB), as shown in Year Plan and 2010 Program for Liao River Basin Figure 1.1I. Pollution Control and Prevention. The Ninth Five-Year The LRB, with a total catchment area of 220,000 km2 Plan sets a long-term framework to be followed with the has four major rivers, the Liao, Hun, Taizi, and Daliao. goals of eliminating below-Category V water quality One third of the-Liao River catchment and the entire (see Table 2.1) from all LRB surface water bodies by Hun-Taizi-Daliao network lie within Liaoning province, the end of 2000, to recover the water quality required population 42 million people. The rivers drain through for its functional uses by 2005 and to achieve the 11 industrial and population centers and rich agriculture sustainable utilization of water resources based on their functions by 2010. s . >*+ j - -.~,o~on t ., ~ -q -- -LEGEND . Ii' ' 1 C : * -t , ..DPR ol Nonh oe LIAONING PROVINCE ProjcROt Com ponentCes .._//- -........ , I | K>- ---- X | LoCationofPfoit Cits Huangt.I Is. LUCRPO FIGURE .I EA Summary  qfJJW Montgomery Watson Harza To meet these goals, the Ninth Five-Year Plan calls for the Liaoning Provincial Environmental Research reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD) Institute, with the assistance from the project DRA discharge by 600,000 tons by 2000, 140,000 tons by consultant, Montgomery Watson Harza. This document 2005 and an additional 90,000 tons by 2010, making a is a summary of the EA documentation. total COD reduction of 830,000 tons over the 10-year period. This would require the construction of 55 2 SURFACE WATER STANDARDS municipal wastewater treatments in the LRB (24 in Liaoning province) as well as 225 industrial pollution The most important assessment criteria and source control projects (118 in Liaoning province). environmental target standards are the surface water quality classifications of Environmental Quality In 2001, the Liaoning Provincial Government approved Standard for Surface Water, GHZBI-1999. According the Tenth Five-Year Plan for Liao River Basin to this standard, surface water quality has been divided Pollution Control and Prevention within Liaoning into five categories depending on their functional uses. Province(the Tenth Five-Year Plan of Liaoning) which These categories and key parameters within the is consistent with the framework of the Ninth Five- standard are shown in Table 2.1. Year Plan but more stringent in view of the limited dilution capacity of the rivers in Liaoning. The Tenth There are two existing wastewater discharge standards Five-Year Plan of Liaoning sets an objective to reduce applicable in Liaoning province for discharge into COD by 241,400 tons and ammonia-nitrogen (NH4-N) surface water bodies: by 41,500 tons by 2005. The below-Category V water quality sections will be reduced by 40%. The focus of * The national Comprehensive Wastewater the COD reduction action is on the Hun River Discharge Standards for discharge into Category catchment where Shenyang and Fushun are located. IV and Category V water bodies (GB8978.96); and With the funding support of the European Union (EU), * The more stringent discharge standards adopted by Liaoning province launched the Liaoning Integrated Liaoning Environmental Protection Bureau for the Environmental Program (LIEP) in 1999. This is a province. comprehensive planning project to evaluate environmental factors and develop strategies to redress The most important difference between these two the balance between the various demands for water in standards are COD (120 mg/L for the national the LRB catchment and for sustainable environmental standards areuO 1 20 mg/L for theinanal standards versus 100 mg/L for provincial standards) management in Liaoning province. The LIEP has and ammonia-nitrogen (25 mg/L for the national identified 15 municipal treatment plants in the basin as standards versus 15 mgIL for the provincial standards). priority investments. LRBP will adopt the more stringent Provincial COD standard as the design criteria for the Project, with The two municipal wastewater treatment plants to be dsg rvso o h oesrnetamna built in the Second Liao River Basin Project (LRBP 2), nitrogen criteria in future stages. together with the two municipal and two industrial wastewater treatment plants in the LRBP 1, are top of Other environmental discharge/emission and ambient the list of 15 priority municipal treatment plants environmental quality standards applied in the EA identified by the LIEP and are part of the Plan of the include: State Council. As such, these treatment plants are a pivotal part of the effort to meet the State and provincial goals for pollution control and sustainable * Ambient Air Quality Standards, GB3095-1996; water resources management. * Environmental Noise Standards for Urban Areas, GB3096-93; An Environment Assessment (EA) was conducted for * Standards for Noise at Boundaries of Construction each physical component. A project wide Sites, GB 12523-90; environmental impact assessment (EIA) report and * Standards for Wastewater Discharge and Air environmental management plan (EMP), collectively EmissionsinLiaoningProvince,DB21-60-89; known as the EA documentation, has been compiled by Table 2.1 Surface Water Quality Classification Key parameters Cat. Description (mg/l, except pF COD NH4-N pH I Applicable to sources of water bodies and national nature reserves <15 0.5 6.5-8.5 11 Applicable to Class A water resource protection for drinking water or precious fish 1 5 0.5 6.5-8.5 1ll Applicable to Class B water resource and general fishing or swimming 20 0.5 6.5-8.5 IV General industrial water supply or secondary recreational use 30 1.0 6.5-8.5 V Agricultural water resource or general amenity purposes 40 1.5 6-9 EA Summary 2  gfI~iW Montgomery Watson Harza * Effluent and Sludge Discharge Standard for The lack of proper water resources management in the Municipal WWTP", CJ3025-93; and LRB, particularly the lack of provision of treatment * Control Limit for Sludge Agricultural Application, facilities for wastewater from various sources, GB4284-84. compounded with the lack of dilution and assimilative capacity in LRB rivers, has resulted in severe pollution 3 EA COVERAGE of surface water in Liaoning province. Water quality in LRB rivers is reportedly the worst among the seven According to the project TOR, the EA covers the largest river basins in China. following areas: The severe pollution of LRB has had the following * Shenyang section of Hun river; consequences: * Panjin section of Liao river; * Fushun section of Hun River * Loss of beneficial use of LRB rivers, including * Immediately adjacent areas surrounding the industrial and municipal water supply sources wastewater interceptors, pumping stations and (urban and rural), aquaculture, irrigation, and treatment plant sites; and groundwater recharge; * Impacts on the LRB and the Bohai Sea. * Extinction of fish and other waterbome species in most rivers within the province and destructive 4 CURRENT SITUATION effects on the aquatic ecosystem; * Pollution of shallow groundwater layers in the short Available water resources in the Liao Basin are limited, term and deep groundwater aquifers over the long being only 20% of the national average. Water term; resources available for agriculture are 12% of the * Health risk of drinking water especially for rural national average. River flows in the LRB vary residents who rely heavily and, in many cases dramatically in different months and seasons. In a exclusively, on shallow water wells as their primary typical year, July and August flows amount to 60% of drinking water sources; the annual total whilst the flow in the driest month * Contamination of farm land and crops, as farmers (February) amounts only to 0.1% of the annual total. In in the LRB may have little choice but to use water many rivers in Liaoning province, the dry season flow is with quality poorer than irrigation water standards; mainly wastewater discharged from various industrial * Adverse impacts on water quality and fisheries and municipal sources. resources in the Bohai Sea, to which the LRB rivers discharge; and Water resources in Liaoning province are seriously * Adverse impacts on wetlands at the estuary. over-utilized. While over 81% of surface water resources and 43% of groundwater resources are The urgency for immediate improvement in the LRB utilized, water supply still cannot meet the demand. At environment is apparent. Not only has the province the present, annual water supply is about 7.8 billion m3 missed its year 2000 surface water quality and COD while the demand is 8.3 billion m3, leaving a 500 reduction goals, but the water quality in the LRB rivers million m3 water supply deficit each year in the is worsening. The First and Second LRB Projects will province. With the provincial priority being on the key start to reverse the trend of water quality deterioration state industries, agricultural and municipal water and are jointly an important first step in achieving the supplies are often sacrificed. The continued excessive state and provincial environmental goals. exploitation of water resources has caused significantly lowered groundwater tables over a reported area of 389 5 PROJECT DESCRIPTION square kilometers. Major components of the LRBP are summarized in The Liaoning province is one of the most concentrated Table 5.1. urban and industrial areas in China. There are however only two operating municipal wastewater treatment The municipal wastewater treatment plants are based on plants and limited industrial wastewater treatment the activated sludge process with some variations capacity. In the meantime, wastewater from point corresponding to the characteristics of influents and sources in Liaoning province was expected to reach a other conditions in each project city. The design total 2.1 billion m3 containing over 643,000 tons of comprises screening and grit removal followed by a COD in the year 2000. Of this amount, approximately conventional activated sludge system and secondary 70% of the wastewater and COD is from industrial clarification. The sludge produced will be thickened sources and 30% from municipal sources. With the mechanically. Thickened sludge will then be chemically current lack of wastewater management infrastructure, conditioned and finally dewatered to produce sludge most of the wastewater is discharged to surface water cakes with approximately 20% dry solid. Final effluent bodies without treatment. Besides COD, other main will be discharged without disinfection. In the case of contaminants discharged include BOD, ammonia- nitrogen, oil & grease, and suspended solids. EA Summary 3  Montgomery Watson Harza Table 5.1 Liao River Basin Project Components Components Description Scope of service Shenyang Wastewater . 10 km interceptor pipeline . 44 industrial discharges . 3 new and 3 upgraded pumping stations . 75 km2 urban area . 9.9 km sewerage collection pipeline . 1.57 million population * 400,000 t/d wastewater treatment plant Panjin Wastewater . 9.6 km interceptor pipeline . 24 industrial discharges . I new and I upgraded pumping stations . 22 km2 urban area . a 100,000 tld wastewater treatment plant . 0.23 million population . a 60,000 t/d wastewater re-use treatment plant Fushun Wastewater * 5.5 km interceptor pipeline . 20 industries a 67.96 km trunk sewers . 0.4 million population . 5 pumping stations * a 200,000 tld wastewater re-use plant Shenyang Urban Upgrading . Imperial Palace renovation * Beiling and Dongling Parks Preservation Non-physical Components S strategic studies . Institutional strengthening and training . Construction management and supervision Shenyang, the sludge will in addition be digested commerce, and will develop awareness of China's anaerobically to minimize the volume of sludge. . historic values through enhanced education and learning. Disposal of sludge generated from the wastewater treatment plants is a key feature of the project. The It is critical to the success of the LRBP 2 that sludge management plans for each city are as follows: institutions and personnel responsible for implementing the proposed project are equipped with the management Shenyang - Phase I of the Shenyang wastewater skills and technical ability to implement the project. For treatment plant will produce up to 227 t/d sludge this reason an extensive program of technical assistance requiring disposal. The city is developing a sanitary (TA) has been recommended in the Feasibility Study landfill at Laohuchong, approximately 32 km from the Report for institutional strengthening of provincial and wastewater treatment plant. The city has agreed to municipal PMOs, the provincial EPB and the accept the WWTP sludge. The tipping fee at the landfill wastewater companies. and the haulage cost, using 8 t payload water tight trucks are included in the wastewater treatment plant 6 ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE operating budget. 6.1 GENERAL SETTING Panjin - Panjin wastewater treatment plant will produce 63 t/d sludge. The city plans construct a new sanitary The Liao River Basin is located in the Liao River Plain. landfill adjacent to the proposed wastewater treatment The general topography slopes from north to south and plant, to international standards, partially funded by the from east to west towards the Bohai Sea. The elevation Bank, to accommodate the sludge from the project. The of the inland cities of Shenyang and Fushun is landfill operating and sludge haulage cost will be approximately 30-60 meters above sea level while that included in the WWTP operating budget. of the coastal city Panjin is only 4-7 meters. Liaoning province has a rich and complex geology. The Fushun - The tertiary plant (re-use water treatment Quaternary fluvio-lacustrine and glacial sediments form plant) will generate a certain amount of sludge from the most important groundwater aquifers in the LRB. backwash operation of the sand filtration. The backwash They include gravels, sands and silts up to 420 meters in water will be pumped to the wastewater treatment plant thickness which are intercalated with clays deposited which is now being commissioned. The city plans to during three marine transgressions. build a sludge monofill located at Qingtaizi some 6 km from the WWTP. The monofill will be built to modern 6.2 CLIMATE CONDITIONS AND AIR sanitary landfill standards. QUALITY The project has selected sensitive historic areas in The Liao River Basin is located in the temperate zone Shenyang, the origin of the Qing Dynasty, to examine where a monsoon climate dominates. The climate is the root cause of technical problems and provide cures characterized by distinct seasons and sharp temperature to the past urban planning, by regeneration and changes. Average annual precipitation varies between upgrading. The project's program for regeneration will 350 and 1200 mm. Within a typical year, some 80% of give Shenyang the unique opportunity to establish itself total annual precipitation occurs in the period from June as a focus of culture and Chinese achievement. to September. Table 6.1 summarizes the main climatic Developing the use of these heritage sites will characteristics of the project cities. significantly promote tourism, enhance employment and EA Summary 4  Montgomery Watson Harza Table 6.1 Climate Indicators of the Project Cities from November to February each year. Many sections of LRB rivers are completely dry or carry only Parameter Shenyang Panjin Fushun wastewater discharged from various municipal and Temperature 39.3/-33.1 30.2/-21.0 36/-35 industrial sources. The annual flows in LRB rivers can Annualatpreiiainalso change sharply from year to year. River discharges Annual precipitation 735 800 968 in a high flow year are typically 2-3 times that of a low Annual average 65 66 69 flow year. humidity (%) 65I6_lo_yar Annual average wind 3.3 4.3 2.0 6.4 WATER DEMAND AND SUPPLY speed (rnis)__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Prevailing wind (summer) SW (summer) In a typical year, the total water utilization in the Freeze period (d) 151 146 140 province is 10.56 billion m3, most of which (over 60%) Soil freeze depth (m) 1.2 1.13 1.2 is for agricultural applications followed by industrial (21%) and municipal (16%) uses. Water supplies are All three proposed wastewater treatment/re-use plant mainly from reservoirs, rivers (pumped and gravity) and sites are green field sites. There are no industrial deep and shallow groundwater aquifers. operations or urban activities near the sites. An air quality monitoring program conducted from July to The most important water supply source is shallow November 1999 confirmed the high air quality of these water wells, which account for approximately half of sites except for Shenyang. At the Shenyang site, the water utilized. Although on a basin-wide basis the monitored data on odor, NH3 and H2S exceeded relevant estimated groundwater recharge is higher than estimated standards by as much as 9 times (odor), because the site groundwater abstraction, in localized areas of the LRB is near the Xi river which essentially conveys raw over-extraction is serious. In the Hun-Taizi river system sewage. where Shenyang is located, groundwater abstractions are over 120% of the groundwater recharge in recent 6.3 WATER RESOURCES AND HYDROLOGY years. The water resources of the LRB include rivers, Estimated water demands have been based on per capita reservoirs and groundwater. In a medium drought year, consumption for domestic and unit industrial output the total water resource in surface streams in the LRB is water consumption. In general, except for Shenyang 10.13 billion m3, including 2.38 billion m3 in Liao river where per capita water consumption is already high and and 2.85 billion m3 in Tatizi river. The total amount of will remain steady, per capita water consumption is extractable groundwater is 6.82 billion m3. There are a projected to increase slowly along with increase of the total of 904 reservoirs in the LRB 28 of which have a standard of living. Unit industrial water consumption capacity larger than 100 million m3. The total design will decrease as efficiency improves, although total capacity of the reservoirs in the LRB is 6 billion m3. industrial water demand shows a small increase as the industry expands. The projection for total water supply Flows in LRB rivers vary significantly with the season, through municipal systems has also considered water re- in a pattern similar to that of annual precipitation. use by industry, leakage and self water supply capacities Approximately 50% of the annual flow occurs between that many industrial operations possess. The water July to September, when the area receives 80% of its demand projection is summarized in Table 6.2. annual precipitation. The dry season typically occurs Table 6.2 Municipal Water Demand and Supply Projection Serviced Domestic water Industrial water Total water City Year Population demand demand demand (x 1000) (x 103 m3/d) (x 103m 3/d)l (x 103m3/d) 2000 3 480 1 060 750 1 810 Shenyang 2010 3840 1 183 1 121 2304 2025 3 950 1 217 1153 2 370 2000 190 23.6 85.5 109.1 Panjin 2010 270 40.5 84.1 124.1 ________ 2025 350 171.6 87.4 252.0 2000 1 375 330 847 1 177 Fushun 2010 1 416 345 970 1315 2025 1 479 370 I 000 1 370 1 Based on industrial output billions RMs EA Summary  ^fflV Montgomery Watson Harza 6.5 River WATER QUALITY LRBP 2 as receiving water bodies, existing water quality was monitored in April 2000 (Shenyang) and Of a total river length of516 km, 362 km do not achieve November 2001 (Panjin). Fushun's re-use plant will not (the poorest) Category V surface water standards. This discharge to a water body. The result of this monitoring is particularly so near urban centers where the water program, expressed as an average of multiple samples quality is among the worst. With a few exceptions and summarized in Table 6.3, shows extremely polluted where water quality may reach Category 11, water surface water in most of these rivers, especially at and quality in most tributaries of LRB rivers is between downstream of the cities, even equivalent to raw Category IV and Category V, or worse than Category V. sewage. Figure 6.1 shows the water quality of the rivers covered by the LRB. 6.7 Wastewater 6.6 Reservoir Water Quality All three project cities have combined sewer systems conveying both stormwater and sewage. Some large Water quality of reservoirs in the LRB is better industrial operations, particularly those near receiving protected. A 1998 survey showed that water quality in water bodies, may have their own sewer system and major reservoirs in the LRB was, in general, equivalent even their own wastewater treatment facilities. The to Category 11 water quality standards. sewage parameters of the project cities and effluent design parameters are presented in Table 6.4. For specific sections of the rivers to be used by the Figure 6.1 River Water Quality 600 - 500 - E 400 _____ 300 200 - | U _ 100- 0 - Liao River Hun River Taizi River Daliao River Daling River Xiaoling River * Category V and Over-V * Category IV ECategory IlI 0Category I and 11 Table 6.3 Surface Water Quality Near Project Cities (average values, mg/L except pH) City Rivers Distance to WWTP pH COD NH4-N Water Quality Category Shenyang Xi I km 7.9 240 40.5 Below V Hun 89 km 7.4 180 15.6 Below V Panjin Shuangtaizi 6 km upstream 7.9 25 1.4 V Shuangtaizi 45 km 8.1 9 t 6.1 Below V Table 6.4 Wastewater Parameters of Three Project Cities Unit: mg/l City Category COD BOD SS NH4-N TP Shenyang Influent 482 207 176 41 4 Effluent 100 29 30 20 1 Fushun Influent 100 30 30 10 Effluent for re-use 60 10 5 10 Panjin Influent 300 180 200 40 4 Effluent for discharge 100 30 30 20 1 Effluent for re-use 60 to 5 10 I Discharge Standard 100 30 30 20 1 Standard for industrial re-use 60 10 5 10 I EA Summary 6  Montgomery Watson Harza 6.8 MAIN WATER POLLUTION LOADS TO migratory birds and each year hundreds of thousands of LRB migrating birds stop and take up temporary residence at the Shuangtaizi wetland on their way from Siberia to In 2000, the LRB received a total of 1.83 billion m3 Australia and back in the East Asia-Australia Shorebird wastewater. Of this amount, 1 .15 billion m3 or 63% was Site Network. Figure 6-2 shows the wetland. from industrial sources while 0.68 billion m3 or 37% was from municipal sources. The large volume and Most parts of the wetland are seasonal and dry in the proportion of industrial wastewater discharge reflects winter and no significant or precious fish species have the fact that the middle to lower reaches of the LRB is been observed or recorded at the wetland. China's most concentrated area for large state-owned industrial enterprises. These were established mostly in 6.10 BOHAI SEA the 1950's and 1960's with old technologies and limited pollution control. The Bohai Sea is a semi enclosed water body and it would take 3 to 4 years for a 50% water exchange with The total organic load to the LRB environment in 2000 the outer sea and 16 years for a complete tumover. In was 479,800 t/y, of which 219,700 t/y was from total, 37 rivers discharge to the Bohai Sea, including industrial sources and 260,100 t/y from municipal Daliao, Liao and Xiaoling rivers which are part of the sources. Another contributor to pollution is the surface LRBP. Collectively the Liao and Daliao rivers discharge runoff from agricultural fields. The exact contribution, 132 m3/s in April to 715 m3/s in August into the Bohai both in terms of volume and quantity in COD, is sea, bringing a COD flux of 794 to 2385 t/d and a NH4- unknown. N flux of 45 to 96 t/d. The LIEP study has found that over 70% of the pollutants discharged into the Bohai 6.9 ECOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT Sea are from agricultural non-point pollutant sources. In particular, the nutrient contamination of the Bohai Sea, Due to years of severe pollution and water shortage which has resulted in increased occurrence, duration and most fish and other water borne species have vanished extent of red tide events in the last 20 years is primarily from LRB rivers. Fresh water fish may be found only in from agricultural sources (over 90% by one estimate). reservoirs and fishponds. Nitrogen and phosphorus removal from municipal wastewater alone, while important for the protection of Shuangtaizi wetland near the Liao river estuary is an receiving fresh water bodies and groundwater, would exception. The 400 km2 area some 30 km away from not contribute significantly to the control of red tides in Panjin has been identified and designated as a national the Bohai Sea. Overfishing has been cited as the main level Natural Protection Zone because of its significant reason for depletion of fish stocks in the Bohai Sea. ecological value. There are 260 species of vascular bundle plants, 110 species of phytoplankton, 51 species 6.11 ACOUSTIC ENVIRONMENT of zooplankton, 443 species of invertebrates and 412 species of vertebrates. In addition, there are five All three proposed wastewater treatment plants will be national Class I (Larus Saundersi, Larul Vidibundus, located on greenfield sites. Besides farming, other Grus Japonensis, Cygnus and Pjoca Viyulina) and 29 agricultural activities and some traffic, there are no national Class 11 protective species. In particular, the industrial or urban facilities and operations, and thus no Shuangtaizi wetland is an important habitat for major noise sources, at or near the sites. Figure 6-2 Shuantaizihekou Wetland - _ Sm.mary EA Summary 7  Montgomery Watson Harza 6.11 SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS The priority for wastewater treatment in the basin is the removal of pollutants that impact adversely upon the The key socio-economic indicators of the LRB are surface water quality. The most critical pollutant in this summarized in Table 6.5. context is organic matter expressed as COD. The basis of the approach to wastewater treatment is therefore Table 6.5 Key Socio-Economic Indicators of the LRB initially to concentrate upon removal of COD, with removal of ammonia by nitrification to be introduced in Parameters Indicators subsequent phases of development of wastewater Population * Urban population, 18.36 million treatment in the basin in the longer term. * total population, 33.02 million . population density 338/km2 The Project has identified a preferred and least cost Land * agricultural land, 59.4 million mu option for wastewater conveyance, treatment and sludge * total land, 292 million mu disposal in each of the cities. For wastewater Urbanization * municipalties: 11 conveyance two to three alternative methods of Urb a muniipalciuties: II conveying wastewater to the sites of the proposed Agriculture * townships/countes: w 0 wastewater treatment plants have been compared and g *~~~ major crops: wheat, corn, vegetables, h es ototo hsn , . , ~~~~the least cost option chosen. fruits, etc. * total agricultural output: RMB 47 billion For wastewater and sludge treatment and as required by Pa the Bank, the following criteria formed the basis of Industry * major industries: metallurgy, petroleum, identifying the most appropriate wastewater treatment coal, power, chemicals, machinery, proposal. electronics, fabric & garments, pulp & paper, construction materials, food & 0 Comply with the required wastewater discharge brewery, etc. standard of 100 mg/I COD; * total industrial output: RMB 305.3 billion 0 Appropriate in respect of local conditions; Note: Iha= amu 0 Proven in operation at or close to the scale proposed; 7 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES * Capable of supporting competitive bidding; 7.1 INTRODUCTION * Representing the least cost option. In order to satisfy all of the World Bank criteria a During project development, various alternatives have phased approach to wastewater treatment is been screened and compared with technical, economic recommended. The liquid stream process in the short to and environmental criteria. In terms of the medium term is based on secondary treatment using a environmental assessment of alternatives, the primary conventional activated sludge process treating raw objective was to identify and adopt options with the wastewater, without primary sedimentation. least adverse environmental impacts. The evaluation and comparison has included the following component In the long term, when nitrogen removal may be a options: requirement, secondary treatment will be achieved using a reaeration-denitrification-nitrification configuration. * Sewage interceptor routes and pumping station At this time, primary sedimentation will be added and layout; additional bioreactor capacity will be required together * Number and configuration of wastewater treatment with minor internal modifications within the existing plants; tankage. There will not be a need to augment the * Wastewater treatment plant sites and outfall capacity of the secondary sedimentation tanks. discharge locations; discharge locations; As wastewater is treated, solids are removed and * Treatment processes; become sludge that needs disposal. Sludge will be * Sludge handling and disposal, including options for treated by mechanical thickening and dewatering by both technologies to be used and sites for the final means of belt press or centrifuge. More complex is disposal of sludge; and digestion of the sludge in large vessels, either * The scenario of with and without the project. aerobically or anaerobically. Thickening produces sludge with 3% solids content, which is still a liquid. 7.2 WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESS Dewatering produces a semi-solid sludge with about OPTIONS 18% solids content, which can be handled by spade. It is this semi-solid product that can be mixed with larger volumes of household refuse and land filled. EA Summary 8  Montgomery Watson Harza 8 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND needed from borrow pits and will require MITIGATION transportation to the site. * Land impact. LRBP 2 will permanently occupy 8.1 IMPACTS DURING CONSTRUCTION 69.1 ha. of land by construction activities. In PHASE addition, a I ha. greenfield site will be needed for Panjin sludge landfill for three years. Shenyang Project construction activities will generate the WWTP plant will share co-disposal landfills in the following adverse impacts: city, with land impact through shortened life spans of the landfill. On a temporary basis, the * Airborne dust, mainly due to construction vehicle construction of the interception pipeline and sewers movement, land preparation, and materials will occupy over 38 ha. of farm land for a year, handling. At 5 meters from such an activity, the resulting in a loss of one crop during that period. dust concentration is expected to reach 10.1 mg/m3 From a regional perspective, the land occupied by while it will reduce to 0.86 mg/m3 100 meters from LRBP 2, whether permanently or temporarily, is a the site. Therefore, the impact will be limited to very small percentage of the total cultivated land. residents located within 100 meters from the From a village perspective however, the land construction sites and along both sides of occupied can make up to 10% of land for the construction transportation routes. villages affected, resulting in significant impacts on * Noise, from construction equipment and vehicular local agricultural activities. movement. The noise, as high as 110 dB(A), could * Water impacts, caused by cross-river construction travel a long distance in the open fields around the activities. The Shenyang and Panjin wastewater source, affecting residents of nearby villages. treatment plants will be built on the banks of Xi and * Traffic congestion, caused by pipeline construction Shuangtaizi rivers respectively, and construction in urban areas. Parts of streets will be closed activities close to the rivers could potentially cause during pipeline construction reducing the traffic- turbid or oil and grease contaminated surface runoff carrying capacity of the streets. The impact will be discharge into the rivers. greatest in Shenyang where part of the sewage interceptor is to be built in the urban center. 8.2 WATER IMPACTS - PRIMARY POSITIVE IMPACTS OF THE LRBP * Waste discharge from construction camps. The discharge of sewage from construction camps will The LRBP 2 will bring positive benefits to the water create temporary pollution sources to the surface environment of the LRB and other aspects of water environment. The construction camps will be environment and life which depends on the quality of sources of other pollutants such as sediment-laden water. On a basin wide basis, a steady state water stormwater discharges, solid waste and waste oil quality model has predicted that implementation of the from machinery maintenance. LRBP 2 will reduce the COD concentrations in LRB. * Earth materials. While pipeline construction will Figure 8.1 is the modeling result showing projected generate 100,000 m3 excavated material requiring COD concentrations in Hun river. disposal, the leveling, site preparation and construction of the treatment plants will need over 320,000 m3 of fill. Large quantities of fill will be Figure 8.1 Hun River COD Concentration after WWTWs Operation in 2005 350 300 2I0 200 150 100 0 250 _ .. COD Class V limit (40 mgII) - Year 2000 Mo_elled COD concenfration at 75% Flow 200 RN, O. 0hUe Rsi-- Scnro1-er0l cnro2Ya20 thE Sutnr 9 ba ruag 247k.. | r__n _ 5 ~~us un Cont I1 W 00