China - Hubei Xiaogan - Xiangfan Highway Project : environmental assessment (Vol. 4 of 10) : Program report of cultural relics protection on Xiaogan-Xiangfan highway

The Program Report of Cultural Relics Protection on Xiaogan -- Xiangfan Highway Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology of Hubei Province March 2002 FILE COPY  Contents ISummary of the Project --1 l 11 Investigation of Cultural Relics 2 III Contents, Scope, Methods and Aim of Investigation ......-2 Contents of Investigation 2, Scope of Investigation 3 Methods of Investigation 3 Aim of Investigation 3 112 Organization of Investigation 4 I13 Report of Every Group' s Working 4 Table 1 Members of Investigation team and sites found in the Investigation,,,,, 6 m Main Condition of Cultural Relics 7 1111 Introduction of cultural relics sites along the line of Scheme I- 8 1. The Yuanjiahe Site 8 2. The Dafeng cemetery ..................................,8 3. The Shaojiapeng site ,,,,,,,,..,,,,,,,,,,..,,,....,,..,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.,.9 4. The Huangjingshan cemetery 9 Table 2 Main Condition of Cultural Relics along the line of Scheme I (A line),10 Table 3 Main Condition of Cultural Relics along the line of recommended Scheme (including B3,C,E line) -,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, --,,,,, ----,,--,--,--,,,,--,--,,,,,,11 12 Main Condition of Cultural Relics along the line of Scheme II ,,,,,,,,,,,, 11 1. The Tianjinhu Cemetery - ,11 2. The Chenjiawan Cemetery 12 3. The Sanwangcheng Site -12 4. The Lengpiya Site 12 5. The Bianpu Site ,,,,..,,,, ..,,, ..,, ....,..,,..,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,12 6. The Hegang Site 13 Table 4 Main Condition of Cultural Relics along the line of Scheme II I .. .,.13 m13 Main Condition of Cultural Relics along the line of Scheme -l ,, 13 1. The Dunziyan Site 14 2. The Jingguixiahaidi Site 14 3. The AnjuCity Site -14 4. The fiaopo Site - , ,,,,,, 14 5. The Erwangzhuang Site .........,,,..,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,14 table 5 Main Condition of Cultural Relics along the line of Scheme HI ...............15 1U4 Introduction of Cultural Relics Sites along the Yunweng Connection Road 15 115 Introduction of Cultural Relics Sites along the Suizhou Connection Road 15 1. The Dengjiazui Cemetery , 15 2. The Yaziwan Cemetery 16 3. The Lijiawan Cemetery . 16 1116 Introduction of Cultural Relics Sites along the Zaoyang Connection Road -16 1. The Liuzhuang Cemetery - 17  2. The Chenjiawan Cemetery -17 Table 6 Main Condition of Cultural Relics along the Yunmeng, Suizhou and Zaoyang Connection Road 17 1117 the country road -18 IV Comparison of Scheme I -111 and report of assessment -19 Table 7 Comparison and suggestion of experts on Scheme I --HI and report of assessment 21 V Archaeological working plan -22 V Organization of archaeological team 22 V2 Program of excavation 22 Table 8 The excavation scheme of sites on the Xiao-Xiang Highway 23 V3 Planning of training 24 V4 Standard of excavation 24  The Program Report of Cultural Relics Protection on Xiaogan- Xiangfan Highway I. Summary of the Project Xiaogan-Xiangfan Highway of Hubei Province is a section of Yinchuan-Wuhan Highway, which is a step of the nation's aids to Western Development. The Yinchuan- Wuhan Highway is one of the 8 inter-provincial highways in the Nation's Tenth-Five-Year Program and a major construction project of the Tenth-Five-Year Plan of Communication in Hubei Province as well. According to the Recommended Scheme of the project (Scheme I), Xiaogan- Xiangfan Highway starts east at the Xiaonan Interchange of Jing-Zhu National Highway where it is connected with the National Highway, then ends west at Gaoying Town of Xiangyang County. It owns a full length of 243.53 km, via Xiaogang north of Xiaogan City, Daodian north of Yunmeng County, Yandian south of Anlu City,Luoyangdian,Hedian and Anju South of Suizhou City, Wudian south of Zaoyang City and the north of Xiangfan Airport. There are 3 connection roads to be built or rebuilt which join the urban districts of Yunmeng, Suizhou and Zaoyang in different directions with a total length of 30.89 km. In Scheme II, Xiaogan- Xiangfan Highway starts east at Dongyuemiao where the planned line will cross the main line of Jing-Zhu National Highway, then ends west at Gaoying Town of Xiangyang County with a full length of 252.2 km, via Maochen Town and Wolongji. Town of Xiaogan City, Gepu Town of Yunmeng County,Sanhe Town and Xunjian Town of Yingcheng City, Songhe Town of Jingshan County,Sanligang Town of Suizhou City,Xinji and Huanglong Town of Zaoyang City. From Dongheying Village, south of Shuanghe Town, the line of Comparing scheme II starts to run along the same line as Scheme I. The line of Scheme III has the same starting point as Scheme I which begins at Xiaonan Connected Interchange, passing by Zougang, Hujiawan, Wangchengjiawan, Lilindian,Wujiadian, Shuanglukou, Pinglin, Maojiawan, Changlinggang, Dayanpo and Lianghedian. It overlaps with that of Scheme I in the northeast of Liangting, and both ends at Gaoying of Xiangyang County, with a full length of 235.2 km. B3 Line of Comparing Scheme belongs to the part comparing selection of Scheme I .It starts Southeast of Qunli Reservoir of Wuhong village (coded pile K62+471.910) , Pengxing Town, Xiaonan district and ends northwest of Huangjiawan of Tangli town, Anlu City(coded pile K109+174.488) where the B3 Line connects the line of Scheme I (A Line), via Wangliang Village,  Jinshenmiao Village, Wan 'an Town, Wangdian Town, Liuzhai Village, Lujiaqiao Village, Caifang Village, Xiazhouwan Village, Yangiia 'ao,Gaopengwan and Songlong Village. C Line of Comparing Scheme starts south of Panyi Village, Bofan Town, Anlu City (coded pile K122+274.095) and ends at Zhoubian Village, luoyangdian Town, Suizhou City (coded pile K136+695.852). Its two ends both connects the line of Scheme I (A Line). E Line of Comparing Scheme starts south of Shaopeng Village, Shuanggou Town, Xiangyang County (coded pile K263+400.000) and ends at Zhangjiaji Town, Xiangyang County (coded pile K278+097.789). Its two ends both connects the line of Scheme I (A Line). After full argumentation, the recommended Scheme of the line of highway is as follow: The main of highway adopts Scheme I (A Line)starting From the Xiaonan Interchange of main line of Jingzhu National Road, thereinto three parts of line adopt comparing Scheme (B3 line, C line and E Line) to substitute the corresponding line of Scheme I (A Line), The line of highway ends at Gaoying Town, Xiangyang County. The land of the area that the highway will pass by inclines from the northwest to the southeast. The east section of the line in Xiaonan District, Yunmeng County and Anlu City lies to the edge of the Plain with open and wide lands. The west section in Anlu City and the section in Suizhou City lies to the north of the Dahong Mount and owns a higher topography and go through small hills. There are also many hills in Zaoyang City and Xiangyang County and the planned Highway in this area runs parallel to the trend of mountains. The planned lines cross Huan River, Yun River and Tangbai River, the three famous rivers in this area.The intensity of earthquake here is VI degree. The project adopts the following technological standards: Driving speed: 120 km per hour Width of roadbed: 28m Driving path: 4 bi-directional paths Designed load of bridge: motor super-20,trailer-120 On the planned line there will be built 6 super bridges, 25 great bridges, 34 middling bridges, 52 small bridges, as well as 524 culverts, 14 interchange bridges 35 separated bridges,454 passages, 147 overbridges on the planned line. The project will be undertaken from 2002 to 2005. II. Investigation of Cultural Relics II 1 Contents, Scope, Methods and Aim of Investigation Contents of Investigation According to the basic rules of investigation, we surveyed a number of ancient cultural remains 2  along the planned routes, including archaeological sites, ancient tombs and architectures dated from the Neolithic to Ming and Qing Dynasty. Remains of other kinds are not included in the investigation. Scope of Investigation 1. The main line and two sides of road in 1 OOm. Two sides of highway out l 00m where some important sites of cultural relics could be influenced must be investigated. 2. The borrow pits may be investigated during construction of highway because it can be temporarily changed. Three connection roads that join the highway and the urban districts of Yunmeng, Suizhou and Zaoyang. Methods of Investigation Before formal investigating, we had consulted all available data and information from general relics surveys of each place along the planned lines. The data referenced include general cultural relics surveys of Xaogan area, general cultural relics surveys of Xangfan area and general cultural relics surveys of Suizhou city. Under the leader of Hubei Cultural Relics Bureau, a team of archaeological investigation and exploration has been formed, which is composed of professional staff from the Institute of Archaeology of Hubei, resident museum and relics units of the places along the planned Highway. And then, according to administrative divisions of place, the team was divided 8 working groups. With the help of the line map of 1/2000 given by the project programming department and guides from local administrative departments of cultural relics, every group paid special attention to those suitable living places for human beings and probably possessing ancient settlements, such as terraces of rivers, or places where ancient tombs possibly were buried. All lines must be waded by investigators. Investigators distinguish the cultural relics on the basis of following phenomenon (1) Cultural remains exposed on the earth can tell the quality and age of the site of cultural relics; (2) They may define the types and uses of the cultural relics by observing traces and natural sections exposed on the earth and distinguish the cultural remains from settlement, cemetery or kiln. (3) By exploring they can define the class and scale of those particularly important sites and roughly understand the damage and effect on the cultural relics that construction of road could take. Aim of Investigation By understanding distribution of cultural relics along every selected line and defining degrees of damage to cultural relics that construction of highway take, the investigator must make a 3  comparison among the three lines and determine which line has the least damage to cultural relics. They will give a reference on selection of lines of highway for department of project construction. Secondly they must make a suggestion whether highway should detour or avoid the cultural relics and determine whether to excavation and how to excavate when the line cannot make a detour. They must also show an opinion about the class, value and significance of cultural relics, so that the administrative departments of cultural relics have a direct basis on how to protect these cultural remains along the highway. 1 2 Organization of Investigation By the leader of Institution of Cultural Relics and Archaeology of Hubei, the unite team of investigation attended by local administrative departments of cultural relics have been established. The team includes CPAM of Xiangyang County, Xianning Museum, Jingzhou Museum, Yicheng Museum, Suizhou Museum, Xiaogan Museum, Jingshan Museum, Zaoyang Museum, Xianning Museum, and so on. According to administrative division, the team was divided 8 groups. Members of the team consist of professional staff, who all have abundant experience on field investigation and archaeology. More of them are title of midst or high-grade or graduate from archaeology department of university. They have good professional quality and technique. There are 25 men are included in the united team, among them, there are 3 research fellows and 12 vice research fellows, with a total of 60%, as well as 8 culturers of museum, with a total of 32%. According to the 1/2000 map of provided by Hubei Academy of traffic Programming and Designing, 8 groups were sent out simultaneously for investigation of cultural relics and field exploration in different sections of the planned routes of Scheme I -111 from August 20 to September 16, 2000. After over 20 days working, they have made the distribution of cultural relics along the planned routes clear. In November 2001, because of Scheme I was partly adjusted to B3 line, we have organized part of members of Group 5,Group 6 and Group7 doing a investigation on B3 line, as well as three cinnection roads of Zaoyang, Suizhou and Yunmeng. from November 5 to 10, 2001. 1 3 Report of Every Group's Working After over 20 days' working of 8 group, there are 23 sites of cultural relics found along three main lines and three connection roads, In addition, at some sites, only a small amount of relics were collected without discovering settlements and cemeteries. Investigators have collected more than 100 relics dated from the Paleolithic to Ming and Qing Dynasty. As to distribution of cultural relics, the 4  amount of cultural relics east from Suizhou to Xiaogan is more than west from Suizhou City to the end. We have arranged all the field archaeological data collected by all 8 groups to report as below: Group Ihas found 1 site, the Shaojiapeng site, in Xiangyang county(Picture 1), Line of Scheme I cuts through it. The site preserves well and could be dated from the Neolithic to Shang and Zhou Dynasty. Because of its not large scale and low class, the site must be excavated in part when the construction of road cannot avoid it. Group 2 has found 1 site , the Hegang site, in Xiangyang County. Line of Scheme II cut through the site and cannot avoid it. So it must be immediately excavated before construction of highway. Group 3 has not found cultural relics along the main line of Scheme I , but there are 2 sites, Liuzguang Cemetery and Chenjiawan Cemetery along the Zaoyang Connection Road. The two sites, with late ages, both are not large in scale and preserves bad.Our suggestion is simple cleaning be done by cooperating with department of project construction during construction of highway, and data of relics be preserved after cleaning. Group 4 has found 3 sites in Zaoyang, namely Bianpu site, Erwangzhuang site and Miaopo site. Line of Scheme II cuts through the 3 sites. The three site are all large in scale and high in class. For example, Erwangzhuang site is the largest site among all the sites found in the investigation and preserves very well. The construction will heavily destroy the 3 sites, so highway must make a detour and avoid them. Group 5 has found 4 sites in Suizhou. There are 1 site ,namely Lengpiya Site , along the line of scheme II,and 3 sites including Yaziwan cemetery, Dengjiazui cemetery and Lijiawan cemetery along the Suizhou Connection road. Yaziwan site must be excavated in part since the highway will cut through it and cannot be avoided by construction of project. Dengiiazui Cemetery and Lijiawan Cemetery, which are not large in scale and not great in value, both preserves bad, so they will be simply cleaned during construction, and the data of tombs will be preserved after worker's cleaning. In addition, there is no sites found in the investigation along C Line. Group 6 has found 4 sites in Yunmeng County and Anlu City. Among them, Sanwangcheng site and chenjinwan cemetery lie to the line of Scheme II and must be excavated in part since the highway will cut through the two sites; Jingguixiahaidi site and Anju ancient city, which are large in scale and high in class, belong to the line of scheme III. The construction of project will take damage to them, so highway should make a detour and avoid them.  Group 7 has also found 5 sites in Yunmeng county and Anlu city. There are 2 sites, Yuanjiahe sites and Dafeng cemetery along the line of Scheme I and 3 sites belonging Table 1: Members of investigation Team and sites found in the Investigation Amount Group Scope of Investigatlon member Qualification Units Sites of men Grup 1 4 Line of Scheme I in XAangyang county, Research Institute of archaeology of Hubei Shaojiapeng Site Zhujunyin' from Gaoying west of Xiangyang County fellow (line of Scheme I) to the Shuanggou Interchange,by the way Vice research Museum of Tinnmen City, Hubei Zhouwen of Zhangjiaji Town east of Xiangfan City, fellow E Line Litianzi Technician Institute of archaeology of Hubei Wnngrenhao Technician Institute of archaeology of Hubei Hegang site (line of Group 2 3 Line of Scheme n in Xiangyang Vice research CPAM of Xnangang County, Scheme nI Wangqinhua' county, from the Shuanggou fellow Hubei interchange to Huanglong town east of Cultural CPAM of X(angyang County, Shanoping Xiangfan City Hubei Cultural CPAM of Xiangyang County, Hu-ng-inqiag Hubei Group 3 3 Line of Scheme I in Zaoyang City, from Vice research Institute of archaeology of Hubei I. Liuzhuang Cemetery Liuwnsen- Zhangjiaji Town east of Xuaniman City to fellow 2. Chejuawnn Cemetery Wangeheng Town southeast of Zaoyang Vice research Museum ofJingzhou City, Hubei (Zaoyang Connection road) Jiahanqin County, Zaoyang Connection road fellow Zhansiqin Cultural Museum of Yicheng City. Hubei Group 4 3 Line of Scheme n in Zaoyang Vice research Museum ofXianning City, Hubei I Bianpu Site; Huangdqjian* County,from Huanglbng town east of fellow 2 ErwangzhuangSite; Xiangyang County to Pinglin Town Vice research Museum ofXianning City,Hubei 3Miaopo Site (Line of Dufeng Southeast ofZaoyang County fellow Scheme fn) Jiangbo Culturer Museum of Zangvang City, Hubei Group 5 3 Line of Scheme I - Ill in Suizhou. research fellow Institute of archaeology of Hubei I.Lengpiya Site Suizhou connection road, C Line ( Line of Scheme n Huangjianxun Vice research fellow 2.Dengfiawan Cemetery, 3.Yaziwan Cemetery, Chenqiuhong 4.Lijiawan Cenetery (Suizhou Connection Road) Group 6 3 Line of Scheme I -1Ilin Yinmeng County Vice research Institute of archaeology of Hubei I Sanwangehang Site, and An/u City, Yunmeng Connection road Foushouping fellow 2.Chenjiawnn Cemetery Vice research Institute of archaeology of Hubei (line of Scheme n ), Trianguiping fellow 3 Jinguixiahaidi Site, Vice research Institute of archaeology of Hubei 4 Anju ancient City fellow (Line of Scheme DlI), Huangyijun 5 Dafeng Cemetery, 6. Yuanjiahe Cemetery (Line of Scheme I) 6  GToup 7 3 Line of Scheme I 111 in Xiaochang Vice research Institute of archaeology of Hubei I Huang/inshan Fengxiaobo County. From Zenddian Town of fellow Cemetery, Yunmeng and Liudian Town of AnIu Cultuer Museun of SuLzgou City.Hubei 2 Chenjiawan Site (1B3 Che-rnning to Xiaochang and the Xiaonan line) Interchange, B3 Line technician Institute of archaeology of Hubei 3 Dunziyan Site (Line of Schene ll1), Chenlirin 4Chenjiaxiwan Site. 5.Dunzizhai Site(B3 line) Group 8 3 Line of Schenme n in Jingshan County, research fellow Museum ofXiaogan City, Hubei 1. lanjinhu Cem:tery, Yhngcheng County, Yutnmeng County and Xingbufa' 2 chenjiawan Cenmtery th Line in X7aonan District(lnofShnn Vice research Museum of.Xaogan City, Hubei (lineofSchem II), Liduanyang fellow Xingxuebin Culturer Museumn Jingshan County, Hubei Note: Members adding * are leader of this group to B3 line. Yuanjiahe site , where many cultural relics are found on the earth, is large in scale and preserves well, so it must be excavated in part. Dafeng Cemetery, possessing a large amount of tombs of Han Dynasty, must be avoid since the construction will take huge damage to it. Huangiingshan Cemetery , possessing many brick made chambered tombs, preserves badly and is dated to Song Dynasty. Imnmediate excavation must be done before construction of highway. Huangliawan Cemetery, has been found that the main part of a tomb chamber is exposed and heavily destroyed, so it is nearly no worth preserving and excavating. We suggest that simple cleaning be done during construction of highway and the data of tombs be preserved after workers' cleaning. Group 8 has found 2 sites in Xiaochang County and Xiaogan City. Among them, Tianjinhu Cemetery, which lies to the line of Scheme II, cannot be avoided by construction of project and must be excavated immediately since the highway will cut through the middle of it. Dunziyan site, through which the line of Scheme III will cut, also cannot be avoided by construction of highway and must be excavated immediately . Chenjiaxiwan site belongs to the line of Scheme I and has been completely destroyed by late digging. Our suggestion is that the site be simply cleaned and not be done excavation. Dunzizhai site lies to the west 300m from the Line of Scheme I and the construction of highway have no great effect on it. We suggest that department of cultural relics should clearly mark the location of the site and prevent department of project from digging and building temporary house on it. III. Introduction of Cultural Relics Sites In practical working, we usually consult with the project staff to make the planned lines 7  Is~~~~~~~~~~~u J$J?_~~~~ - Wr c !~~~~~l 'U -8'. ~- , . -'5 . f E - . U ._. _ I ~; .SsX-At;'Ttit -A #tt+ (Picturel Panorama of Yuetaijihct Site) (Picture 3 Panorama of Slitnjapeng Site) (Picture 2 Panorama of ILktfi'lj Cemetety) (Picture Panorama of lhIIurygjtigshcan Cemetery) -~~ ~ ~ f*- .4,,. I.. J4 "A A " .%'' t (Picture 5 Tomb Bricks of IJuac-ngtcjings/wrnt Cemetery) 1 . ''- t',;"- 'v o "'v 0 ^ F: n~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(  optimized and modified so that the highway deviate away from some sitesof important cultural relics. For example, the line in Xiaonan was primarily planned to cut through the middle of the Houshan site of Han Dynasty. After being adjusted on the spot, the main line had been moved away 500 m so as to avoid destruction by construction. We had arranged the field archaeological data collected by all the 8 working groups and reported the main condition of cultural relics along the lines of each scheme as below. El1I Introduction of cultural relics sites along the line of Scheme I There are 5 groups including group l, group 3, group 5, group 6, group 7 taking part in investigation along the line of Scheme I . In practical investigation, they have found more than 10 sites and collected many cultural relics such as paleolithes, pottery fragments, porcelain fragments and tomb bricks. Among them, there are 4 sites distributing on the main line of Scheme I . The following is the 4 sites. 1. The Yuanjiahe Site (picture 1) The Yuanjiahe Site, which has been dated to the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, lies at a front mesa of 2(Yuflanjhihe Village) DC:l EJ (Yuanjiahe Site) Yuanjiahewan of Liudian Village in Zengdian town, Yunmeng County (Map 1). The ground of the site plants k8 24,+ vegetables. There is 2km away from Zengdian Town and -.. 2m high from the water surface of the surrounding pond. (Pondl Azhcndl/ Culture relics collected in the investigation includes * i. " it Ydk ; 41, X: 3 (Mapl: The Simple Mapof Location mouths and feet of Li, pottery fragments with cord design. of Yuanjiahe Site) The exploration has made it clear that the well-preserved cultural deposits measures 0.5-1 m thick underground 1.5-2m, and covers an area of 20,000 sq m. The highway (with coded pile k82+100) will cut through the middle of the site and occupy an area of 3000 sq m of it. We suggest that Over-all excavation be done before construction of highway. 2. The Dafeng Cemetery (picture 2) Factory) The Dafeng Cemetery is located at the tile factory (Dafeng Cemetery) of Dafeng Village of Daodian Town, Yunmeng I / wl