Uganda - Road Sector Institutional Support Technical Assistance Project : environmental assessment (Vol. 4 of 7) : Environmental management resources

E-358 VOL. 4 Ministry of Works, Housing & Communications Entebbe Uganda SECTOR ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY AND MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT OF FRSP VOLUME IV: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT RESOURCES FINAL REPORT March 1999 437A520.1 ARCADIS Euroconsult Makerere University Institute of Arnhem, the Netherlands Environment and Natural Resources, Kampala, Uganda  SECTOR ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY AND MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT OF FRSP FINAL REPORT VOLUME IV: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT RESOURCES TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 5 1.1 Background to the Study 5 1.1.1 Objectives of the FRSP Environmental Policv and Management Assessment Study 5 1.1.2 This Volume 6 1.2 Summary of the FRSP 6 2. LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT OF ROAD WORKS IN UGANDA 7 2.1 Introduction 7 2.2 Existing Laws Applicable to Road Sector Environmental Management 7 2.2.1 The Constitution of Uganda 1995 7 2.2.2 The Local Governments Act 1997 8 2.2.3 The District Councils 8 2.2.4 The Uganda Wildlife Statute 1996 9 2.2.5 The National Environment Statute 1995 10 2.2.6 The Land Act 1998 14 2.2,7 The Water Statute 1995 14 2.2.8 The Roads Act 1964 15 2.2.9 The Access to Roads Act 16 2.2.10 Forests Act 16 2.2.11 The Mining Act 17 2.2.12 Town and Country Planning Act 18 2.2.13 The Electricity Act 18 2.2.14 Local Laws Relating to Construction of Roads in Rural Trading Centres 18 2.3 Property Rights and Compensation 19 2.3.1 The Survey Act 1964 19 2.3.2 Compensation Under the Survey Act 20 2.3.3 Compensation Under the Land Act 20 2.3.4 Compensation Under the Roads Act 21 2.3.5 Compensation Under the Access to Roads Act 21 2.4 Compensation under the MOWHC General Conditions of Contract 21 2.4.1 General Principles Relating to Compensation in Uganda 22 2.5 Commentary on Enforcement of these Laws 23 3. THE PHYSICAL, NATURAL & SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT OF UGANDA 24 3. I Topography and Geology 24 3.1 .1 Implications of Geological/Topographic Characteristics on Road Projects 25 3.2 Soils 26 3.2.1 Implications of Soil Types on Road Works 27 3.3 Rainfall 27 3.3.1 Zone I Lake Victoria Region 28 3.3.2 Zone ll Karamoja 28 3.3.3 Zone III Western Uganda 28 3.3.4 Zone IV Acholi-Kyoga 29 3.3.5 Zone V Ankole-Southern Uganda 29 3.3.6 Rainfall and Roads 29  3.4 Hydrology 30 3.4.1 Lake Victoria Basin 31 3.4.2 Kyoa Basin1 3.4.3 Aswa Basin 31 3.4.4 Albert Nile Basin 32 3.4.5 Albert System 32 3.4.6 Lake Edward System 32 3.4.7 Kafu Basin 32 3.4.8 Kidepo Basin 32 3.4.9 Hydrological Considerations during the FRSP 33 3.5 Land Use 34 3.5.1 General 34 3.5.2 Protected Areas 35 3.5.3 Wetlands and Open Waters 36 3.5.4 Agriculture 36 3.5.5 Livestock 37 3.5.6 Plantations 37 3.5.7 Habitation 37 3.5.8 Implications of Land Use on Roads 37 3.6 Vegetation & Natural Habitats 39 3.6.1 Sensitive Habitat Types 41 3.6.2 Vegetation and its Implications on Road Projects 42 3.7 Flora and fauna 42 3.7.1 Biodiversity 42 3.7.2 Plant Resources 45 3.7.3 Animal Resources 48 3.7.4 Roads, Fauna and Flora 54 3.8 Protected Areas 54 3.8.1 The UWA Protected Area System 58 3.8.2 Forest Reserves 62 3.8.3 Wetlands 71 3.8.4 Cultural & Historical sites 76 3.8.5 Protected Areas and Roads: General Considerations 82 3.9 Demography and Ethnic Distribution 82 3.9.1 Demography 82 3.9.2 Ethnic Distribution 84 3.9.3 Demographic Characteristics for Road Works & Network Planning 84 3.10 Environmentally Sensitive Areas 85 3.10.1 Road Works Activities and ESAs 86 4. ANALYSIS OF THE POTENTIAL IMPACTS OF THE FRSP 88 4.1 FRSP Activities 88 4.2 Surveying 89 4.3 Land Acquisition 89 4.4 Recruitment of Labour Force 92 4.5 Plant and Equipment Sites, Materials Stores and Accommodation Sites 93 4.6 Land Clearing 94 4.7 Quarries and Borrow Pits 95 4.8 Access roads 96 4.9 Earthworks 97 4.10 Surfacing 99 4.11 Bridges and Culverts 100  4.12 Drains 101 4.13 Diversions 102 4.14 Rehabilitation/Restoration 103 4.15 Impacts on Women 103 5. PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN ROAD SECTOR DEVELOPMENT 105 5.1 Public Involvement in Road Sector Development 105 5.2 Public Involvement and Gender Concerns in Road Sector Management 106 6. ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS IN MOWHC DOCUMENTATION 107 6.1 Provisions for Environmental Consideration 107 6.2 Road Construction and Maintenance Contracts 138 6.3 Recommendations for Inclusion of Environmental Clauses into MOWHC Documentation 142 6.3.1 MOWTC General Specifications 142 6.3.2 Construction and Maintenance Supervision Contracts 149 7. SUMMARY 151 7.1 Legal Framework for Environmental Management 151 7.2 The Physical, Natural and Social Environment 151 7.3 Potential Impacts of the FRSP 153 7.4 Public Involvement 154 7.5 Environmental Considerations in MOWHC Documentation 154 ANNEXES I References 11 The Biodiversity Report Series OTHER VOLUMES Volume I Executive Summary Volume 11 Main Report Volume III Road Sector EIA Guidelines  4 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS CFR - Central Forest Reserve CHA - Controlled Hunting Area CWA - Community Wildlife Area DTWA - Department of Tourism, Wildlife and Antiquities EIA(s) - environmental impact assessment(s) ELU - Environmental Liaison Unit FRSP - First Road Sector Project ha - hectare GEF - Global Environment Fund GOU - Government of Uganda kg - kilogramme m - metre(s) masl - metres above sea level mm - millimetre(s) MOWHC - Ministry of Works, Housing and Communications (formerly the Ministry of Works, Transport and Communications) MUIENR - Makerere University Institute of Environment and Natural Resources NBDB - National Biomass Data Bank NBS - National Biomass Study NEAP - National Environment Action Plan NEMA - National Environment Management Authority NGO - non government organisation(s) NWCMP - National Wetlahds Conservation and Management Programme PA - Protected Area RA - Road Agency RAFU - Road Agency Formulation Unit RSDP - Road Sector Development Programme spp - species -UNP - Uganda National Parks UWA - Uganda Wildlife Authority WB - World Bank  MAP 1. THE ROAD NETWORK IN UGANDA 30'00' 30