Credit connections : meeting the infrastructure needs of the informal sector through microfinance in urban India

ACTION RESEARCH CREDIT CONNECTIONS Meeting the Infrastructure Needs of the Informal UNDP- Sector through Microfinance World Bank U a Water and In Urban India Sanitation Program 31280 South Asia Region This report describes ' the 'Action Research' | - q component of the study s4 on 'Meeting Infrastructure Needs of . the Informal Sector through Microfinance in Urban India'. The Action Research component was - designed to complement A the four case studies of existing microfinance A^. institutions providing NM credit for water supply -- N -t and sanitation to poor women in the informal _- sector and to explore the practical requirements of - microcredit for - infrastructure. Action Research was carried out between December - 1998 and April 1999. ,hk,,) -- Gujarat Mahila Housing SEWA Trust | t Q w 1 ~~~~~~~~- 9X 7'7 _ U'Illqll ! ^ ,F 0 s Emw-2  -  Action Research: Introduction 3 Action Research: Phase I 5 Action Research: Phase II 15 Proposed Loan Process Maps 16 Proposed Housing and Infrastructure Loan System 18 Annexures I to VI 20   The main objective of the Action Research was to: Develop a prototype housing and infrastructure finance department model with appropriate accounting, reporting and loan evaluation systems for financial institutions disbursing credit to poor women in the urban informal sector in India. The Action Research was undertaken in two phases. Phase I of the Action Research component of this initiative was undertaken by working in partnership with SEWA Bank, Ahmedabad. Phase If involved the development of the prototype model, based on the findings of Phase 1. The methodology and findings of the Action Research should provide useful pointers to microfinance institutions around the country, on how to approach the establishment of specialized infrastructure and housing services. Rationale for the 1 00 percent maintenance costs) infrastructure loans are a new, Action Research have shown high success rates in emerging sector coupled with the providing improved infrastructure extremely high field-level demand There are a growing number of to poor consumers. Four examples for such loan types, grassroots emerging microfinance institutions of such success stories are institutions are often unable to in urban India that are facilitating documented in the Field Notes cope with the growth in the sector. poor communities to access attached. Housing and infrastructure loans improved shelter and services Field-level interviews have are characterized by longer through the provision of small- clearly demonstrated that demand repayment terms and are usually scale credit. These include credit to for credit is very high amongst the of a relatively higher volume, as pay for water connections, informal sector poor. With compared to income generation or handpumps, electricity increasing demand at the consumption loans. This connections, construct toilets and grassroots for better shelter and necessitates access to bulk re- upgrade homes. Interestingly, services, small-scale loans finance from mainstream finance microfinance institutions are accessed from microfinance institutions for on-lending. increasingly emerging in new institutions are an effective Traditional collateral such as land partnerships involving facilitating tool. However, title deeds are also largely municipalities, poor communities microfinance institutions face a unavailable within the informal and various other partners such as variety of institutional problems in sector, due to lack of legal land non-governmental organizations accessing adequate funds for on- tenure. and donor agencies involved in lending to poor communities. Despite these distinguishing slum upgradation projects. Loans Some of these are highlighted in characteristics, most microfinance for community or individual on-site the Issues Paper which is also institutions have not yet developed infrastructure purposes are a fairly enclosed. a specialized system for housing new area in India. Pilot projects Besides the existing problems in and infrastructure loans. They involving community participation accessing adequate funds, have mostly been administered via along with an element of the microfinance institutions also face the same systems that are consumer's own cash contribution another major difficulty. Due to the applicable to other loan types. (proportion of capital costs and fact that shelter-related and Given the specific characteristics of 3  this loan segment, as well as the The results of such a survey may Phase II: Design of growing size of the sector, it was be used in designing an Prototype Housing and deemed useful to develop a appropriate, demand-responsive Infrastructure Loan prototype housing and loaning system and to develop Department infrastructure loan department as appropriate loan products with Following an analysis of the an Action Research component to realistic terms and conditions results of the market survey, a this study. attached. specialized housing and Accordingly, a Needs infrastructure loan department Methodology Assessment Study on the for financing institutions 'Housing Finance Needs of supplying credit to women in The Action Research initiative Women in the Informal Sector, the urban informal sector was conducted in two phases: Ahmedabad City' was undertaken was developed. with the cooperation of SEWA Full documentation of the new Phase 1: Housing Finance Bank. Full details of the Study system, job responsibilities of the Needs Assessment Survey along with an analysis of the main related personnel and copies of Prior to tackling the main findings are elaborated upon in the various forms to be used within objective of designing a the section entitled 'Action the loaning system are detailed in specialized system for housing Research: Phase 1'. the following section entitled and infrastructure loans, a market Microfinance institutions wishing 'Action Research: Phase 11'. survey to clearly understand the to carry out similar studies in other This model has been developed housing and infrastructure loan cities may find the methodology along with full documentation so market that exists among the and format of the survey a useful that it may be pre-tested, refined target clientele of the micro- guide. and eventually replicated by financing institution is required. microfinance institutions. IV~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~, | sOf t~~~~~~~~~~P7.t 4  Needs Assessment Study of the Housing and Infrastructure Finance Needs of Women in the Informal Sector, Ahmedabad Introduction Research Team wonien had previously taken housing, infrastructure or income This section of the report The research study including generation loans from SEWA Bank, describes Phase I of the Action preparation of the questionnaire for cimounts varying from Research: a market survey of the and analysis of data was Rs 5,000 to Rs 10,000. Thirty housing and infrastructure coordinated by Smita Ghatate, women sampled were from three finance needs of poor women in Consultant, SEWA Bank, specific areas of Ahmedabad, the informal sector. The survey Ahmedabad. namely Sanjay Nagar, Sinheshwari was designed and completed with The field work was undertaken Nagar and Meldi Nagar. All three the help of SEWA Bank, and coordinated by the field areas are participants of the Slum Ahmedabad. workers of SEWA Bank. Networking or Parivartan The study took four months for Program'. Thirty women residing Objectives completion, ending in March in the same localities as the 1999. Board of Directors of SEWA Bank, * To assess the housing and but yet to open accounts at the infrastructure finance needs of Use of Pro-tested Bank, were also selected for the poor women in the informal sector Questionnaire survey. in Ahmedabad city. Issues such as the specific purpose of taking A structured questionnaire was Findings of the Survey housing or infrastructure loans, prepared and pre-tested at the the desired loan repayment field level. Necessary modifications This section contains relevant period and whether the cost of were made before the final survey tables and related analysis, credit is more important or access was undertaken. In addition, summarizing the findings of the to credit is more important to field-level informal interviews survey. The findings are organized women in the informal sector, will with the respondents were also under five main categories: be addressed. carried out. 1. General Information * To provide information to SEWA Annexure 1 contains a 2. Current Housing and Bank, on the potential market that reproduction of the questionnaire Infrastructure Status exists for housing and used for the survey. 3. Housing and Infrastructure infrastructure loans within Loan Details its target and existing loan Sample Base 4. Unmet Housing and clientele. Infrastructure Needs * To specifically examine the In order to get a reasonable 5. The Effect of Housing and effect of housing and infrastructure sample base, 150 respondents Infrastructure Loans on the loans on the income levels of were interviewed for the needs Productivity of Home-based home-based workers. assessment study. Of these, 90 Workers 'The ongoing Ahmedabad Parivartan Program brings basic infrastructure services to the slums of Ahmedabad for on-site upgradation, in an affordable and sustainable way. The delivery and cost sharing mechanism is through a unique public- private-community partnership. For more details, refer to the publication entitled Ahmedabad Parivartan, UNDP-World Bank and Sanitation Program - South Asia,1 999. 5  Findings of the Survey 1. General Information Main Occupation of Respondents Main Occupation Ne. of Respondents % of Respondents Vendor2 40 27 Home-based worker3 50 33 Labor and services4 30 20 Housewife5 12 8 Others 18 12 Total 150 100 Distribution of Respondents by Individual Monthly Income lndviWdual Menthly Ne. of In em (Rs) Respondents % of Rpond-nts 0 10 7 <300 5 3 301-600 28 19 601-900 22 15 901-1,100 30 20 1,101-1,300 12 8 1,301-1,500 20 13 1,501-1,700 01 1 1,701-1,900 01 1 >1,901 21 13 Total 150 100 Distribution of Respondents by Monthly Household Income MNeatly Huse_bold No. of Incen (11s) Respond*nts % of Respondents <500 1 1 501-1,000 6 4 2Vendors include door-to- 1,001-1,500 12 8 door saleswomen as well 1,501-2,000 26 18 as stationary vendors 2,001-2,500 11 7 2,501 -3,000 17 11 (based In marketplace) of 3,001-3,500 20 13 vegetables, fruits, fish, etc. >3,501 57 38 31ncludes bidi rollers, Total 150 100 agarbatti makers, crafts workers, papad rollers, etc. Distribution of Respondents by Number of Persons 4Includes maidservants, Living in Household ragpickers, construction workers and other Ne. of Persons Ne. of Respondents % of Respondents daily wagers. 1-2 5 3 520 percent of respondents 3-4 37 25 included non-clients of 5-6 50 33 SEWA Bank. All the 7-8 41 28 housewives interviewed Total 150 100 belonged to this sample sub-section. 6  Atl A.~~~~~~~z Analysis. General are either door-to-door vendors (84 percent) earn Rs 1 ,500 per information within designated areas, or month or less. In 88 percent of stationary vendors based in a cases, the total household income One-third of the women particular marketplace, is between Rs 1 ,500-3,500 per surveyed are home-based workers Providers of labor and services, month. This suggests that most of for whom their home is also their including domestic servants, daily the women interviewed are workplace and warehouse. wagers and construction workers, substantial contributors to their Particularly for these women, make up the third category of total family income, generating access to infrastructure, including occupation amongst the women between 45-1 00 percent of the water and electricity is very interviewed (20 percent). monthly family earnings through important as they are often Ninety-two percent of the their individual efforts. primary factors of production. women interviewed were engaged The average household size is Vendors are another common in income generation activities in five to six persons (33 percent of category, comprising 27 percent of the informal sector. Eight percent the families). In relation to their the women interviewed. These were housewives. None of those in total monthly household income, women vend a variety of products the housewife category were clients nearly 1 00 percent of the including fruits, vegetables, of SEWA Bank. respondents are living below the cooked food products, etc. They The majority of the women poverty line6. 6According to the Planning Commission of India, the all-India urban poverty line for 1996-97 is defined as those with a monthly per capita income of Rs 353.44 or less. This figure is calculated on the basis of daily calorific requirements along with an added percentage for 'other needs' and updated annually in line with inflation. The latest update was undertaken in 1996-97. 7  Findings of the Survey 11. Current Housing Status Distribution of Respondents by Area Distribution of Respondents by Type in which Current House is Located of Current House Construction Type of House No. of % of Type of Current Ne. of % of Respondents Respondents House Construction Respondents Respondents Society7 13 9 Kuchchall 45 30 Chawl8 76 51 Semi-pucca12 64 43 Chhapura9 35 23 Pucca13 41 27 Others10 26 17 Total 150 100 Total 150 100 Distribution of Respondents by House Ownership Details Number of Rooms in Current Details No. of % of Shelter" Respendents Respondents Ne. of Rooms Ne. of % of Ownership with clear title 37 25 Respondents Respondents Informal ownership"4 74 49 1 112 74 Rented house 39 26 2 25 17 Total 1SO 100 3 10 7 >4 3 2 Total 1SO 100 Number of Respondents whose Distribution of Respondents by Houses have Special Purpose Spaces Existing Infrastructure Facilities In (includes covered and uncovered spaces) Current Shelter Type of Spae- Ne. of % Of Type of Infrastructure Ne. of % of Respendents Respondent Respondents Respondents Separate kitchen 54 36 Own bathroom 62 41 Open space 8 5 Own toilet 83 55 Workshed 6 4 Own water connection 107 71 Storage room 5 3 Own sewer connection 122 81 Not applicable 87 58 Internal electricity in home 126 84 7Society: Regular colony containing full, individual infrastructure facilities. 8Chawl: Slum containing kuchcha or semi-pucca houses, with limited individual and some collective infrastructure facilities. 9Chhapura: Slum containing only kuchcha houses with very basic, collective infrastructure facilities. 10Others include staff quarters, mohalla etc. 1Kuchcha: Mud walls and floor with thatch/tiled roof. 12Semi-pucca: Mud and brick walls and floor, with asbestos/tiled roof. 13Pucca: Bricks and concrete; sometimes with asbestos roof. 14Informal ownership refers to settlers squatting on government owned land for 1 0 to 1 5 years (or beyond); they do not possess any legal land ownership documents. 15Covered toilet and covered kitchen are each considered to be separate rooms. 8  i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - ;I , - 1 Analysis - Current ownership documents, although those residents that are not Housing Status they had been living in the same connected to the main city house for 10 to 15 years (and sewerage network but have built The base-line survey found beyond). Most of the land was their own toilets, the majority have 75 percent of the respondents either government or privately built twin-pit pour-flush latrines. currently living in kuchcha or semi- owned open spaces, on which In terms of infrastructure, pucca one-roomed houses, migrant workers had built their approximately 71 percent have located in slums. A total of homes. their own water connection. 34 percent of the women surveyed Twenty-six percent of the However, they only have access to have a separate kitchen. Only women surveyed lived in rented two hours of water flow per day, as 9 percent of the respondents accommodations, although all it is released from the Corporation reported that they lived in a wished to have a home of their at designated times. Although 'formal' society or a colony. It is own in the future. 81 percent have sewer interesting to observe that all of Lack of space is a very real connections to their home, only these women were residents of problem, as is evident from the 55 percent have built their own Sanjay Nagar or Sinheshwari fact that besides a basic room, toilets. Lack of space, money, Nagar, where the Parivartan 58 percent of the respondents do adequate water for operating a Program has been completed. not have any other 'special toilet or technical know-how is With the provision of purpose' spaces, such as a kitchen, responsible for the fact that all comprehensive infrastructural shed or any open space to work in. those with sewer connections have facilities, residents now feel that Forty-one percent had their own not been able to construct their they are no longer living in a slum, bathroom, while 55 percent own toilets as yet. A significant but in a regularized 'society'. reported that they had access to proportion of respondents Only 27 percent of residents their own toilet. Those that had (84 percent) have electricity have pucca, two- to three-roomed their own sewer connection to the connected to their house, although houses. city mains (majority of slums have the majority of these connections Half the families surveyed did these), have built pour-flush model are illegal due to lack of land not possess any clear land (water-borne system) toilets. Of tenure. -4~ ~ 9  Findings of the Survey Ill. Housing and Infrastructure Loan Details Distribution of Respondents Aware Source of Awareness about Housing of SEWA Bank's Housing and and Infrastructure Loans Available Infrastructure Loans from SEWA Bank Aware of Housing and No. of % of Sowurce No. of % of Infrastructure Loans Respondents Respondents Respondents Respondents Yes 131 87 Employees of SEWA Union 36 24 No 19 13 Employees of SEWA Bank 42 28 Total 150 100 SEWA Bank Board of Directors 30 20 Members of SEWA Union 23 15 Not aware of SEWA Bank loans 19 13 Total 1S0 100 Distribution of Respondents by Distribution of First Loans from Total Number of Loans taken from SEWA Bank by Purpose SEWA Bank Purpose of No. of % of Total Number No. ef % of Loan Respondents Respondents of Loans Respondents Respondents Housing or infrastructure 60 40 0 31 21 Working capital for own 1 48 32 business 38 25 2 35 23 To buy equipment for own 3 134 9 business 13 9 4 7 5 Consumption loan 8 5 > 4 15 10 No loan 31 21 Total 1S0 100 Total 150 100 Comparison of First Loans by Amount Requested and Amount Sanctioned Loan Amount Ne. of No. of Loans Effect of First Loans (Rs) Respondents Sanctioned on Increased Earnings' Less than 5,000 40 71 Inreased Earnings after Ne. of % Of 5,001-10,000 31 33 Taking Firsf Loan Rwespndent Respondents 15,001-20,000 7 1 Yes 50 33 20,001-25,000 23 10 No 69 46 Morethan 25,001 12 0 No loon 31 21 No loan 31 0 Total 1S0 100 Total 150 119 16 it was difficult to obtain accurate Sources of Additional Funds to Supplement First answers, as many respondents found Leon and Rate of Interest Paid' it hard to remember and quantify whether the first loan they had taken Sources of Ne. of Monthly Rate of from SEWA Bank, had led to Additie al Funds Respondents Interest Paid (%) increased earnings for them. 0 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 >4 17Only 30 of 150 respondents sought Own savings 4 4 additional funds to supplement their Moneylenders 4 1 2 1 first loan from SEWA Bank; 100 Friends/relatives 19 10 1 2 4 2 f Others 3 1 1 1 percent of them had taken loans Total 30 15 1 1 2 5 2 4 for house/infrastructure upgradation/repair. 10  Analysis - Housing scale credit, their experience is C)n the other hand, in line with and Infrastructure that first loans are usually prudential lending norms, SEWA Loan Details demanded for consumption or Bank assessed each applicant's income generation activities. SEWA loan repayment capacity and the The majority (87 percent) of Bank's increasing track record of majority of first loans sanctioned women surveyed are aware that facing very high demand for were only up to Rs 10,000. The SEWA Bank disburses housing and infrastructure and/or housing maximum first loan amount was infrastructure loans. The most loans as the first loan, Rs 25,000 - only 8 percent of common sources of information for demonstrates a shift in the women interviewed were community groups about SEWA priorities of poor communities. sanctioned the maximum Bank's loans are employees of Access to better housing and available. SEWA and SEWA members infrastructure through own The women surveyed were themselves. contribution (facilitated by housing asked to provide details of any There is a well-proportioned and infrastructure-related credit) additional funds taken from spread among the women is a fast-growing market for external sources to supplement interviewed, of those who have SEWA Bank. their first loan amount. This served taken no loans (21 percent), to Fifty of the women interviewed as a benchmark for SEWA Bank to those who have taken more than (33 percent) said that they had understand the main sources of four loans from SEWA Bank experienced an increase in funding besides itself, available to (10 percent). Fifty-five percent of earning levels following utilization its members. Only 30 women, that the latter are long-term account of their first loan. These 50 women is 25 percent of the women who holders with SEWA Bank who were all of the home-based had taken a loan from SEWA have been customers for over workers included in the survey. Bank, had found the amount 15 years. The majority of the Thus, this survey conclusively sanctioned inadequate and had to women interviewed, however, had proves that housing and supplement it from external taken either one or two loans from infrastructure is a productive asset sources. Of these, 63 percent SEWA Bank. and that there is a 100 percent reported that relatives or friends More than half the first loans correlation between increased had provided them with additional taken from SEWA Bank by the facilities or better housing and a loans, while 1 3 percent used their women interviewed were for rise in income levels. own savings. Half of the loans housing or infrastructure More than half the women from relatives or friends were upgradation purposes. The (60 percent) wanted amounts interest-free, but the other half accuracy of this statistic is ranging from Rs 2,000-10,000 for had to pay interest rates of reinforced by the fact that over their first loan. This reinforces the between 24 to 48 percent per 52 percent of SEWA Bank's total belief that there is a substantial annum. Thirteen percent also loans are disbursed for housing or demand for small-scale credit (up resorted to borrowing from infrastructure-related needs. Only to Rs 10,000), as people moneylenders in order to complete 7 percent of first loans were for themselves are responsible the job for which the loan was consumption purposes, applied for enough to assess their own originally taken. This is significant in times of crisis such as death, repayment capacity limitations. as loans from money lenders carry illness or marriage. The balance Especially amongst the older a range of interest of between 43 percent of all first loans were members of SEWA Union included 36-48 percent per annum - taken for income generation or in the survey, a total of 35 percent much higher than the current asset creation. of the women surveyed demanded market interest rate ranging from Historically, when microfinance Rs 15,000-25,000 for their 17 percent (SEWA Bank) to institutions begin disbursing small- first loan. 20 percent. 11  Findings of the Survey IV. Unmet Housing and Infrastructure Needs Interest Rate at which Respondents No. of Respondents who Want Future are Willing to Borrow Housing or Infrastructure Loans Annual Interest No. of % of Want Future No. of % of Rate Respondents Respondents Loan Respondents Respondents 12% 60 40 Yes 138 92 18% 85 56 No 12 8 30% 1 1 Total 150 100 No response 4 3 Total 150 100 Distribution of Respondents by Unmet Needs - Distribution of Future Infrastructure Needs in Respondents by Purpose of Future Current House1' Housing or Infrastructure Loan" Inrastrdure No.of %of Purpose No. of % f Needs Respondents Resp-ndents Respondents Respondents Bathroom 86 57 Repair walls 51 34 Toilet 52 35 Repair roof 24 16 Water connection 29 19 Repair floor 4 1 27 Sewer connection 22 15 Add room 37 25 Electricity connection 24 16 Build terrace 44 29 Add bathroom 52 35 Add toilet 30 20 Water connection 06 4 Analysis - Unmet/Future Housing and Sewer connection 05 3 Connection for home electricity 03 2 Infrastructure Needs Build/buy new house 25 17 The unmet needs for housing and infrastructure finance among the women interviewed were assessed by asking respondents whether they wanted housing and/or infrastructure-related loans from SEWA Bank Distributon of Respondenht by Lon in the near future. If so, they were asked the specific Amount Require to Meet Future HSousing and Infrastructure Nets purpose of the loan and acceptable interest rates that Loan Amount Mo. of % Of they would be willing to pay for credit. (Rs) Respondents Respondents An overwhelming 92 percent of the women stated 0-5,000 12 8 that they had demand for future housing or 5,001-10,000 5 3 infrastructure-related loans. Nearly all of them 10,001-15,000 3 2 15,001-20,000 11 7 (96 percent) expressed a willingness to pay interest 20,001-25,000 22 1 5 rates of between 12-18 percent per year which is a >25,000 97 65 rtso ewe 21 ecn e erwihi Tetel 150 100 realistic demand in line with market rates of interest. This confirms that the poor are not demanding highly subsidized credit, a common misconception. The women surveyed reported that they were fully aware 18Multiple responses arising from multiple unmet needs. that it was unsustainable for an institution like SEWA 'Multiple responses arising from multiple future needs. Bank to provide loans at cheaper than market rates. 12  They also gave a higher priority to women by designing specific water majority of women (87 percent) access to timely and efficient credit supply and sanitation loan reported higher amounts ranging rather than focusing on the products. In addition, a technical from Rs 1 5,000 to over absolute cost of credit, as long as agency such as Mahila Housing Rs 25,000. A substantial 65 the cost was reasonable. SEWA Trust would have to play the percent of the women stated they Most agreed that in comparison intermediary role of engaging the needed over Rs 25,000 in loans to to other sources of credit (mainly municipality to facilitate the water satisfy their unmet housing and moneylenders), the interest rate supply and sanitation provision, infrastructure-related needs. Of charged by SEWA Bank was fair upon payment by the consumer. course, they did not wish to access and reasonable. When asked the amount of one loan for such a large amount, The specific unmet housing and credit they required in order to but several smaller loans in future, infrastructure needs of the women meet future housing or to meet their composite shelter- interviewed covered a wide range, infrastructure-related needs, the related needs. including various aspects of house repair - walls, roof, floor . o (50 percent) and house additions Findings of the Survey consisting of room and terrace (54 percent). Infrastructure V. The Effect of Housing and Infrastructure Loans upgradation loans - including the on the Productivity of Home-based Workers addition of a toilet, bathroom, water, electricity and sewer Number of Respondents who Use connections - were demanded by their Home as a Workplce a substantial number of use their Hemo Ne. of % of respondents. This again highlights as Werkplace REspeode.ns Respondents respondents. ~~~~~~~~Yes 50 33 the significant level of demand for No 100 67 infrastructure-related loans, which Tetal 150 100 is a relatively new phenomenon. Only 25 of the women surveyed Distrlbution of Part of Home Usd reported that they wished to take as Workplace loans in the future from SEWA Part of Hoe - Ne. e4 % of Bank to buy or build a new house. REepende Repsndets When specifically questioned Room 30 60 about their future infrastructure Kitchen 7 14 Open space near house 8 16 needs, a majority of the women Workshed 2 4 expressed a need for water- and Storage room 1 2 expressed a need forwater- and Others 2 4 sanitation-related services Total 50 100 including building a bathroom, toilet, water and sewer connections. Only 16 percent Distribution of Home-base reported that their main need was Workers that have Tken a ro eportedr own electricity Housing or Infrastructure Loan to get their own electricity from SEWA Bank connection. This also serves to Tuken Hewsing si Ne.e.% e highlight that the water supply and Infrastructure Leon Rspendents Respondents sanitation sector is highest in Yes 31 62 people's priorities. As such, SEWA TNotal 50 13080 Bank could significantly help these 13  Amount of Increase in Monthly Income following Receipt of Housing or Infrastructure Loan Increase in Monthly Ne. of % of Income (Rs) Respondents Respondents 0-100 14 28 - 101-200 9 18 201-300 10 20 > 301 17 34 Total S0 100 Distribution of Home-based Workers that Want to Take Future from SEWA Bank F Need Future Home w Upgre dagton or No. of