Mozambique - National Water Resources Management and Development Project : environmental assessment

MMnb fw hU Ni_tan Dev S_ ~a _ G CICULTh%AL Niii'qil, ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~LNVtIVOF NRA Environmental Assessment of the Mozambique National Water Development Project Prepared by NORAGRIC Centre for International Environment and Development Studies Agricultural University of Norway P.O. Box 5001 N-1432 As Norway for The World Bank Washington, DC, USA and Direcgao Nacional de Aguas Maputo, Mogambique July 1996 (Second Edition August 1997) ASICULTUBAI UNIVEBSffY If NOWAY  -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ it  i CONTENTS List of Figures iv Abbreviations and Acronyms v Executive Summary vii 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Overview of the Project 1 1.2 Scope of the Environmental Assessment 4 1.2.1 Construction Activities 4 1.2.2 Resettlement 4 1.2.3 Public Consultation 5 1.2.4 Urban Sanitation 6 1.2.5 Water Quantity Management 6 1.3 Study Area 7 1.4 Structure of the Report 8 2. Policy, Legal and Institutional Framework 9 2.1 National Water Policy 9 2.2 Water Legislation 10 2.2.1 The Water Act 10 2.2.2 The Land Act 11 2.2.3 The Municipality Act 12 2.2.4 The Proposed Environmental Act and EIA Regulations 12 2.3 Institutional Framework 13 2.3.1 National Water Council 14 2.3.2 National Directorate of Water 14 2.3.3 Regional Water Administrations 14 2.3.4 Water Companies 15 3. National Environmental Setting 17 3.1 Biophysical Resource Base 17 3.2 Enviromnental Quality 19 3.3 Biophysical Resource Use 19 3.4 Socio-Economic Environment 19 4. Assessment of Urban and Peri-Urban Water Supply 21 4.1 Introduction 21 4.2 Issues Common to All Cities/Towns 21 4.2.1 Public Taps, House and Yard Connections, and Sanitation 21 4.2.2 Beneficiary Involvement in the Location, Planning and Design of New Distribution Systems 22 4.2.3 Routing of Distribution Systems 23 4.2.4 Sewage and Waste Water Ccllection and Treatment 23 4.2.5 Impacts on Aquatic Life 24 4.2.6 Socio-Economic Dimensions 24  ii 4.3' Maputo 26 4.3.1 Existing Water Systems 26 4.3.2 Current Environmental Situation 30 4.3.3 Project Description 31 4.3.4 Environmental Assessment of the NWDP 32 4.3.5 Analysis of Alternatives 35 4.3.6 Summary of Recommendations 36 4.4 Beira 37 4.4.1 Existing Water Systems 37 4.4.2 Current Environmental Situation 40 4.4.3 Project Description 41 4.4.4 Environmental Assessment of the NWDP 42 4.4.5 Analysis of Alternatives 45 4.4.6 Summary of Recommendations 45 4.5 Quelimane 47 4.5.1 Existing Water Systems 47 4.5.2 Current Environmental Situation 49 4.5.3 Project Descziption 50 4.5.4 Environmental Assessment of the NWDP 51 4.5.5 Analysis of Altematives 54 4.5.6 Summary of Recommnendations 55 4.6 Nampula 57 4.6.1 Existing Water Systems 57 4.6.2 Current Environmental Situation 60 4.6.3 Project Description 62 4.6.4 Environmental Assessment of the NWDP 63 4.6.5 Analysis of Altematives 66 4.6.6 Summary of Recommendations 67 4.7 Pemba 69 4.7.1 Existing Water Systems 69 4.7.2 Current Envirommental Situation 71 4.7.3 Project Description 73 4.7.4 Environmental Assessment of the NWDP 74 4.7.5 Analysis of Alternatives 76 4.7.6 Summary of Recommendations 77 5. Assessment of Rural Water and Sanitation 79 5.1 Current Condition of Rural Water and Sanitation 79 5.2 Project Description 79 5.3 Recommendations on Enviromnental Issues 80 5.4 Summary of Recommendations 81 6. Asessment of Water Resources Management 83 6.1 Introduction 83 6.2 Management Development Plan for ARA-Sul 84 6.2.1 Introduction 84 6.2.2 Environmental Concerns Associated with Urban Water Supply 84 6.2.3 Comments on the Terms of Reference 85  6.3 Corumana Dam Completion Works 86 6.3.1 Introduction 86 6.3.2 Comments on the Terms of Reference 87 6.4 Strengthening of Management of Shared Water Resources 87 6.4.1 Introduction 87 6.4.2 Environmental Concems Associated with Urban Water Supply 88 6.4.3 Comments on the Terms of Reference 88 6.5 Joint Incomati Study -- Supplementary Work in Mozambique 89 6.5.1 Introduction 89 6.5.2 Environmental Concerns Associated with Urban Water Supply 89 6.5.3 Comments on the Terms of Reference 89 7. Environmental Management Plan 91 7.1 Introduction 91 7.2 Location, Planning and Design 91 7.2.1 Refurbishment/Expansion of Existing Treatment Plants 91 7.2.2 Distribution Systems 91 7.3 Construction 92 7.3.1 Water Sources and Treatment Plants 92 7.3.2 Transmission and Storage 92 7.3.3 Distribution Systems 93 7.4 Operation 93 7.4.1 Water Sources and Treatment Plants 93 7.4.2 Transmission and Storage 93 7.4.3 Distribution Systems 93 7.5 Resettlement 94 7.6 Environmental Monitoring and Management 96 7.7 Environmental Awareness-Building and Training 97 References 99 Appendices A. Inception Report and Terms of Reference 103 B. Economic Analysis 123 C. Team Members, Work Schedule and Division of Tasks 137 D. People/Organizations Consulted 139 E. Public Display and Consultations - Summary Report 142  iv LIST OF FIGURES 1.1 Mozambique 2 4.1 The Maputo Region 27 4.2 The Maputo Water System 28 4.3 Project Investments in Maputo 33 4.4 The Beira Water System 38 4.5 Project Investments in Beira 42 4.6 The Quelimane Water System 48 4.7 Project Investments in Quelimane 52 4.8 The Nampula Water System 58 4.9 Project Investments in Nampula 63 4.10 The Pemba Water System 70 4.11 Project Investments in Pemba 74  v ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS AdM Aguas de Maputo AdN. Aguas de Nampula AdP Aguas de Pemba AdQ Aguas de Quelimane ARA Regional Water Administration (Administra,co Regional de Aguas) BA Beneficiary Assessment CAB Companhia de Aguas de Beira DAS Department of Water and Sanitation (Departamento da Agua e Saneamiento) DNA National Directorate of Water (Direc9ao Nacional de Aguas) EA Environmental Assessment EDM Electricity Company of Mozambique (Electricidade de Mocambique) EIA Environmental Impact Analysis FiNNIDA Finnish Intemational Development Agency GoM Government of Moz,ambique 4 HC House connection MICOA Ministry for Coordination of Environmental Actions (Ministerio Para a Coordena,co da Ac,cao Ambiental) MISAU Ministry of Health (Minist6rio do Sadde) MOPH Ministry of Public Works and Housing (Ministerio das Obras Publicas e Habita9ao) Mt Metical (local currency) NGO Non-governmental organization NWDP National Water Development Project (new project title) NWRMDP National Water Resources Management and Development Project O&M Operation and maintenance PRONAR National Program for Rural Water Supply (Programa Nacional dos Aguas Rurais) PT Public tap (standpost) SUPRA Regional water construction unit TOR Terms of reference WB The World Bank WHO The World Health Organization of the United Nations YC Yard connection  vi l  Executive Summary vii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The USD 125 million Mozambique National Water Development Project (NWDP) (previously named: Mozambique National Water Resources Management and Development Project) will be funded by the World Bank and executed by the Government of Mozambique, in support of the implementation of the Mozambique National Water Policy. It will commence in 1997 or early 1998 and have three main components, plus support to capacity-building within Mozambique to successfully implement them: 1. Urban and Peri-Urban Water Supply which will rehabilitate and extend the water supply systems with some complementary investments in sanitary systems in five cities -- Maputo, Beira, Quelimane, Nampula and Pemba -- incorporating an investment program for each city, allocations to support management contracts, and management development for seven other cities; 2. Rural Water and Sanitation consisting of improvement and rehabilitation of small piped water and sanitation systems on a pilot basis in rural towns; and 3. Water Resources Management incorporating four sub-projects: 3 Management Development Plan for ARA-Sul e. Corumana Dam Completion Works * Strengthening of Management of Shared Water Resources 3 Joint Incomati Study -- Supplementary Work in Mozambique In addition, allocations are proposed for capacity development and technical assistance (project implementation unit), planning and strategy development studies in urban and rural water supply and sanitation, and project implementation. The NWDP was classified by the Bank as a Category B project. This EA report was prepared in accordance with Bank EA practices, relevant guidance from the Bank's OD 4.01, and terms of reference (TOR) provided by the Bank. As an initial step, a scoping exercise was carried out and resulted in an Inception Report which modified the TOR somewhat. The Inception Report was approved in principle by the Bank with substantial comments on the key issues of public consultation, and pollution and environmental health problems related to sanitation. These issues were clarified and the EA proceeded on the basis of the Inception Report. After the draft final EA report was presented, and during the Staff Appraisal process, the Bank expanded the scope of the project to include investments in complementary sanitary systems and development of sewerage rehabilitation plans for implementation under an upcoming Urban Environmental Management Project. The Team did not have access to any documentation on these issues during the work on the EA study. The final EA report therefor reflects this new positive development of the project only to the degree specific Bank comments (Shepherd 1996b) refer to the new components of the project. The EA report is basically prepared in reference to the project description as outlined in the Aide Memoire of 1 March 1996 (WB 1996b).  viii Executive Summary Concerning public consultation during the EA study, it was found that project components likely to be of direct concem to the public were not sufficiently defined to make consultation productive at the time of the field work. It was therefore determined to leave such consultation to the Beneficiary Assessment (BA) and to detailed project design. Comments to the TOR for the BA were offered by the EA team at the commencement of that study both in writing to the Bank and in meetings with the BA team. These and recommendations on further consultation are contained in this report. However, in consultation with DNA, the Bank later decided that the main findings and recommendations of the EA report should be presented at public displays. The Team Leader was engaged to assist DNA, and displays with posters and public consultations/debates were arranged in the five cities during March - April 1997. A book for written comments was made available to the public during the displays. The general public in Mozambique is not yet used to this kind of participatory approaches and the display was generally found to be too technically oriented to attract the interest of the general public. The initiative was welcomed, however, and received wide coverage on national television, radio and in the press. A summary report on the exercise is contained in Appendix E of this 2nd edition of the EA report. It is recommended that an appraisal is made of the experiences from the public display and consultation. This may provide valuable information for planning of later, similar exercises. As initially planned, the NWDP would substantially increase water supplies to urban and peri-urban areas of Mozambique without, at the same time, improving currently inadequate sewage and waste water collection, treatment and disposal. As mentioned above, some complementary sanitary solutions are now incorporated, and another Bank project expected to begin in 1999, the Urban Environmental Management Project (UEMP) will address these sanitation and other urban environmental management needs. The situation however, still raises justifiable concerns for exacerbating pollution and environmental health problems until the second project is implemented, or if it is delayed. At the commencement of the study it was determined that this EA would not address sanitation, pollution and environmental health issues in the detail required if the NWDP were considered in isolation. However, it does offer substantial recommendations on how they can be dealt with. Water resources management, development and supply is a priority policy issue for Mozambique and in 1995 the Council of Ministers passed a resolution on a comprehensive National Water Policy. The key water policies, together with central legislation of relevance to water -- the Water, Land and Municipality Acts and the proposed Environmental Act with EIA regulations -- and the evolving institutional framework constitute a basic reference framework for this EA study. For example, the environmental monitoring and management plan recommended in this report relates to the legal and institutional framework. This executive summary concentrates on recommendations to address significant environmental issues for each component or sub-project of the NWDP. With a possible exception for the policy issue with regard to the project's apparent priority on the  Executive Summary ix provision of house connections, the EA study did not come up with issues of the NWDP of such potential environmental significance that they would lead to redefinition or rethinking of major components of the project. Issues Common to the Five Cities Issues common to the five cities relate to the water distribution system, potential resettlement, and the design of future sewage and waste water collection and treatment systems. It is recommended as a guiding principle that house connections should not be provided unless and until appropriate and adequatefacilities are available to handle water- and excreta-related waste. Consequently, the NWDP should switch from providing house connections to providing, as a first priority, public taps and, as a secondpriority yard connections. The key arguments for this revised strategy are that house connections generate substantial waste water and without, as yet, a proper functioning sanitation system, the already problematic urban sanitation situation in all cities will be exacerbated and lead to significant increases in water pollution and environmental health problems. Giving priority to public taps will also represent a better fit between supply and demand, improve prospects for cost recovery; and provide access to safe water for a larger share of the population at the same level of total cost or total water consumption. A strong particzpatory involvement of the beneficiaries during planning and establishment of the water distribution systems is recommended. This is important to respond to large variations among neighborhoods and towns, and the differences in expectation and demand from various segments of the population involved in the NWDP, and to building community support for the new water distribution and sanitation arrangements. Consequently, the Beneficiary Assessment should be carried out in all five cities and provide a set of design criteria tailored to each community to guide the planning, design and implementation of the refurbished and/or expanded distribution system, with the necessary flexibility needed to accommodate planning assumptions, technical and economical concerns. An incentive system should be established such that it does not pay to damage water meters. Provisions for compensation and resettlement should be included in the project plan and budget, and not be dependent on Government funding. Regarding the future refurbishment and/or extension of sewage and waste water collection and treatment systems in the five cities, preference should be given to the use of waste stabilization ponds (oxidation ponds) providing sedimentation and biological treatment. The waste stabilization ponds can for example be designed for reuse of effluents in irrigation. From a socio-economic point of view, there is no question that improvement and expansion of water supply and distribution systems in urban and peri-urban areas meets a real and urgent need, and will provide significant benefits. To enhance these benefits, local companies and workers should be contracted to carry out project works in cities outside Maputo instead of importing them from other parts of the country.  x Executive Summary Maputo Significant environmental issues for the Maputo water supply concem potential conflicts over use of Umbeluzi River water, minimum flow requirements downstream of the Maputo raw water intake, proposed future transfers of water from the Incomati River, and monitoring and management of minimum cross-border flows from Swaziland. It is recommended that hydrological monitoring at the intake and thorough analysis of required minimum flows be carried out. The issue of minimum flows in the Umbeluzi below the intake, and alternative use of water for irrigation, should be key factors in the design of NWDP hydrological analyses. These analyses should include analyses of the requirements for firm minimum flows from Swaziland andlor transfers from the Incomati basin. These issues should also be addressed by the Incomati River studies proposed under the Water Resources Management component of the NWDP. It is vital that competing water demands, nationally and internationally, be reconciled based upon both human and ecological requirements, and that feasibility studies into alternative water sources include environmental assessments to evaluate the environmental costs and benefits of each alternative. Water quality downstream of the Maputo water treatment plant should be monitored for contamination from the plant and, if required, safe disposal of plant wastes should be provided into a lagoon or landfill. Beira Provided that appropriate restrictions are established and enforced on irrigation withdrawals, and that minimum cross-border flows from Zimbabwe are established and maintained, increased extraction of water for Beira will not cause any significant environmental impact. DNA and/or the new ARA for the region should monitor water demands on the Pfngu6 River and, should these demands plus water supply to Beira indicate potential problems with maintaining minimum flows in the lower river, more detailed hydrological analysis should be carried out to assist in resolving competing water demands. A final solution to solving the saline intrusion problem associated with Beira's raw water intake has not as yet been determined. We believe that the best option is to move the intake further upstream and provide a pipeline to the water treatment plant. However, there are several options available and a thorough feasibility study should be undertaken, considering all options, before settling on the final solution. Options involving a weir in the Pfingu6 River will require a separate environmental assessment. The existing treatment plants, particularly the newer one, should be rehabilitated, and provide for safe disposal/discharge of sludge and backwash water. Quelimane Increased water abstraction from the Licuare River, without a regulating reservoir, will further reduce flows with the risk of the downstream river bed remaining dry or with a very low flow over prolonged periods during the dry season. This may cause adverse  Executive Summary xi ecological impacts. Estimation of the storage volume of a proposed new reservoir (not included in the NWDP) should in case include the eventual requirement for a minimum flow downstream of the town intake. An enviromnental assessment should be carried out for the proposed dam if further planning is initiated. The proposed weir across the Licuare River should be omitted if possible. Planning for increased treatment capacity must include provisions for safe disposal/ discharge of sludge and backwash water. The proposed new transmission main from the treatment plant to town will, in conjunction with expansion and upgrading of the road (a World Bank project), cause significant environmental effects, in particular to farming families living along the road. Planning and construction of the new pipeline should be closely coordinated with road planning and a detailed study should be conducted to set the final pipeline alignment and identify resettlement requirements. The old transmission main should be abandoned and the new pipeline equipped with branches to supply adjacent settlements. Nampula Environmental impacts from increased water abstraction from the Monapo River will probably be minor. However, further investigations will be required to cQnfirm current flows, to determine the feasibility of greater abstractions, both with the current supply arrangements and with the proposed second dam, and to assess the need for maintaining a minimum flow downstream of the dam. The second dam (not included in the NWDP) should in case planning is initiated, be subject to an environmental assessment. Concerning the treatment plants and intakes at the Monapo reservoir, a pipeline should be built from the treatment plants and along the mountain side track to carry sludge and backwash water to the downstream side of the dam. The new reservoir intake should be located as close as possible to the dam and as far as possible from the existing leisure area. Chlorination should be shifted from the intermediate reservoirs along the transmission main to the treatment plant. Pemba Significant environmental impacts are anticipated from the proposed extension of the Metuge well field. The impacts relate to lowering of the ground water table, the possibilities of salinity and effects on and from agriculture. The extension must be based on thorough hydrogeological investigations and extensive monitoring of the water table and draw-downs during test-pumping. The area immediately around the Metuge well field should be declared a partially protected zone and new settlements close to the wells should be prohibited. Resettlement of people presently living close to the wells may be necessary. The water supply situation in Pemba is becoming critical. Rehabilitation of the Metuge well field, and reduction of demand through metering and leakage reduction is extremely important.  xii Executive Summary Rural Water and Sanitation This component of the NWDP, allocated a lump sum of USD 5 million, is still being developed and only an outline design document has been prepared which specifies small piped water systems (SPS) on a pilot basis with complementary sanitation systems. Specific villages/towns have not yet been identified for the SPS. None of the SPS projects are expected to require a formal environmental assessment (category A) but, depending on size, some may require environmental analysis. This EA report lists a number of general environmental issues which could be of concern and wZiich should be included in TORs for further investigation and assessment by feasibility study teams for individual rural towns. Development of design criteria based on inter alia what people can afford to pay for water should be included in the feasibility studies, as should identification of external factors which may impede sound development of individual schemes, such as lack of roads and electricity supplies. Water Resources Management This component of the NWDP is comprised of four sub-projects. A set of four draft TOR was prepared by the Bank and DNA in March 1996. For each sub-project, the issues which should be addressed to obtain environmentally sustainable development of the water systems with which each is concemed were assessed, including some raised by the city-based assessments. The issues which can and should be addressed by the NWDP are: 1. The minimum flows required downstream of the Maputo water intakes to control salinity intrusion and protect other ecological functions; 2. Proposed future transfers of water from the Incomati to the Umbeluzi River to augment Maputo raw water supplies; and 3. Monitoring and management of the minimum cross-border flows being delivered from Swaziland and Zimbabwe. Specific comments were provided on each TOR as to how it should be modified to strengthen NWDP response to these issues and, more generally, to incorporate environmental management perspectives into the many elements of the sub-projects. Resettlement Implementation of the Urban Water component of the NWDP will, in some places, require limited amounts of resettlement. There are established procedures for expropriations and forced resettlements in the Land Act of 1979. The City of Maputo has reportedly developed and implemented a functional system for resettlements. As well, the Bank's Operational Directive 4.30 provides specific guidance on resettlement. In Mozambican practice, the Municipality/City Council is responsible for conducting negotiations and for providing new sites for settlements as well as necessary logistics for moving people and movables. Resettled families are to be issued titles for the new dwellings or homesteads. The respective implementing agency must bear all costs involved. It is recommended that the implementing agencies conduct separate studies  ZAVULUVG OU.ULLuuy J%A" on the resettlement requirements for each project and prepare detailed plans for carrying them out. Outline procedures for doing so are included in this report. I It is strongly recommended that funds to cover resettlement and compensation costs be included in the NWDP project loan. Environmental Monitoring and Management General requirements for environmental monitoring and management of the Urban Water Supply component of the NWDP are specified during the location, planning, design, construction and operation of project facilities. All should be implemented by the private operators who will take over the city water companies, under the monitoring and direction of the DNA Project Unit (and the provincial MOPH/ SUPRA). The construction requirements should be incorporated into the construction contracts and the operation requirements should be incorporated into O&M manuals and staff training programs. Monitoring requirements are specified to be carried out as an integral part of the regular monitoring and reporting procedures for the various components of the project. Identified institutions are the Bank supervisory missions, the DNA Project Unit with its provincial administrations and/or SUPRAs, the water company managements, the Ministry of Health and its laboratories, and MICOA. Monitoring of water use is an integral part of the mandate of ARA-Sul and the other ARAs to be established in the future. Municipal councils will also play a role in environmental monitoring in the future when their responsibilities are defined and their new administrations are functioning. Environmental Awareness-Building and Training Few training needs will be required beyond those embodied in the capacity-building elements of the NWDP. Training will be required for personnel of DNA (and provincial MOPH/ SUPRA), MICOA, private-sector water company management and operational staff, and later municipal council staff, to monitor and supervise environmental perfonnance during construction of new and refurbished works being funded by the project. The DNA Project Unit should conduct a workshop for key persomel of these institutions on the recommendations of the EA report and how they should be implemented. The water companies should make their management, supervisory and field staff aware of environmental provisions of construction contracts. Field staff should be trained alternative practices for dealing with enviromnental concerns on-site.  I  Introduction I 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Overview of the Project To support the implementation of the Government of Mozambique's (GoM) National Water Policy, the National Water Development Project (NWDP) to be funded by the World Bank (WB or the Bank) will assist government efforts to improve the management of water resources and increase the quality, reliability and coverage of urban and rural water supply services. The immediate goals (World Bank 1996a) are: i) To improve the policy and institutional framework for the management of water resources and the provision of water services; ii) To restore deteriorating infrastructure and increase coverage to progressively provide access to safe water for an increasing proportion of the population; and iii) To strengthen the ability of government institutions to plan, coordinate and monitor the delivery of water supply services. The project will have three components, plus support to capacity-building within Mozambique to successfully implement them: i) Urban Wate The project will rehabilitate and extend the water supply systems with some initial sanitation works in five cities (Figure 1.1) -- Maputo, Beira, Quelimane, Nampula and Pemba. In the initial years, priority will be given to rehabilitating existing headworks and distribution systems, and to bringing operations, maintenance and administration under control. Later years will bring the planning and extension of *service delivery and preparatory activities for coping with the increased volumes of wastewater that will ensue. ii) Rural Water and Sanitation Funds will be made available for the improvement and rehabilitation of rural and small town water supply, treatment and distribution systems, with complementary sanitation solutions. iii) Water Resources Management The project will support the strengthening of water resources management both within Mozambique and with respect to international waters. Funding will be directed toward institutional development, river basin studies (local and intemational) and priority investment in bulk water supply (i.e. the Corurnana Dam). The project will be implemented under the oversight of the Ministry of Public Works and Housing (Minist6rio das Obras Puiblicas e Habitagio, MOPH) with associated water companies also playing major roles. The actual design, construction, operation and maintenance of all existing, upgraded and new  2 Introduction Figure 1.1: Mozambique ... ......... .....~.-..~ Nampula ......... ....... .. ~~~ ~ ~ A  Introduction 3 facilities will be carried out by private operators who will act autonomously but be accountable to the Govenmment for the cost-effective provision of services. As the responsible govenmment authority, the National Water Directorate (Direccao Nacional de Aguas, DNA) will develop a new role in regulating and monitoring the performance of the private sector operator(s). Local communities will be consulted in the early stages of the project to promote local involvement in the design and execution of project sub-components. The project may also involve non-governmental organizations in the implementation of the peri-urban, rural and small town schemes. The project is expected to begin in 1997 or early 1998 and extend for five years. The NWDP was originally designed not to involve any capital investments in drainage, sanitation, sewerage and waste water treatment in the five cities. However, it is part of a much larger country assistance strategy being implemented in Mozambique by the Bank (WB 1995). Specifically, the project is expected to overlap with the Urban Environmental Management Project (UEMP) which will address drainage, sanitation and other urban needs and begin in 1999 (Shepherd 1996a). The Bank has also later incorporated the following components in NWDP: (i) finance of cleaning and inspection of the cities' existing sewerage networks and development of sewerage rehabilitation plans for implementation under the UEMP; (ii) a fund for complementary, low-cost -sanitation in areas where the water distribution network is to be rehabilitated/extended but where such facilities are lacking; and (iii) adequate draining facilities for all rehabilitated and new connections to the water distribution network (Shepherd 1996b). Moreover, GoM is considering to prepare a four-year program (DHV 1995) which may comprise institutional strengthening for environmental management within GoM; the development of a master plan for sanitation, drainage and environment in 13 cities, including the five incorporated in this project; and the development of a coastal zone environmental management plan. Because of the close relationship between the water supply aspects of this Bank project, the sanitation aspects of the second Bank project and the proposed new four-year GoM program, this Bank project will include, at the request of the GoM, provisions for coordination of the three initiatives to ensure that a holistic, integrated result is obtained in the management of urban water services in the five cities (Shepherd 1996a). Project details relevant to carrying out the environmental assessment are presented in Sections 4, 5 and 6 along with the assessment of associated environmental issues. Project details for each of the five cities were drawn from the "Provincial Towns Water Sector Study" prepared by DHV Consultants BV (DHV 1994) and from information from the Bank on their proposed investments (e.g. WB 1996b). DHV's water demand projections were based on population growth rates drawn from goveanment data, targets for the volume and type of supply and distribution set by the GoM, and anticipated reductions over time in the amounts of unaccounted-for water in each municipal system. Possible changes in the water tariff structure were not considered by DHV. This is a task for the ongoing Beneficiary Assessment study.  4 Introduction 1.2 Scope of the Environmental Assessment The NWDP is classified as Category B by the World Bank for the purposes of environmental assessment (EA), and this EA report was prepared in accordance with World Bank practices for such projects. Specifically, comprehensive terms of reference for the study were prepared by the Bank (Appendix A) and then refined by the EA consultant in-country. The results of this "scoping" work were embodied in an Inception Report (Appendix A) to the Bank and DNA, and the EA proceeded on the basis of the information and analyses in that report, after substantial comments offered by the Bank on issues of public consultation, and pollution and environmental health problems related to sanitation were discussed and the issues clarified. 1.2.1 Construction Activities By far the largest component of the project will be rehabilitation or upgrading of existing water supply facilities involving no disturbances of new sites. Existing project sites were examined for environmentally sensitive aspects but it is expected that most environmental protection requirements during construction can be adequately managed using standard, general construction contract requirements (e.g. for trench openings, erosion control, dust suppression) coupled with supervision and monitoring. These general environmental requirements were developed during the EA and form part of the environmental management plan (Section 7). Thus, most activities for the rehabilitation or upgrading of existing facilities were not analyzed in detail in the EA. Sensitive aspects of particular existing sites/routes (e.g. resettlement) were addressed with site- specific recommendations and construction contract requirements. Known new sites/routes were examined and specific siting and construction management recommendations made. 1.2.2 Resettlement The project will involve relatively little resettlement. It might occur, for example, in: * the siting of new works (e.g. new storage tanks, expanded distribution systems); * the upgrading of existing works where people have settled in working areas (e.g. main transmission lines); * the construction of new transmission mains (e.g. Quelimane); and * the construction of new dams in Nampula, Quelinane (not part of NWDP) and establishment of partially protected zones (e.g. Pemba). Known locations of new project works and possible restricted areas were surveyed and resettlement estimates and strategies were prepared based, in part, on consultations with officials and individuals or groups which may be affected. Where locations were not known, the potential need for resettlement was identified for future study. In either case, resettlement policy, principles and guidelines were recommended to guide the preparation of separate resettlement plans.  Introduction 5 1.2.3 Public Consultation The World Bank's OD 4.01 (paragraph 19) specifies that EA studies include consultation with affected groups and local NGOs "to understand both the nature and extent of any social or environmental impact and the acceptability of proposed mitigatory measures, particularly to affected groups". On this project, the major project components likely to be of concern to the public are the introduction of new tariffs for water, the extension of distribution networks and, perhaps, the linkages between increased water supply and improved drainage, sanitation and waste water collection and treatment works. None of these components were sufficiently defined to be adequately considered in the EA at the time the EA was carried out. Moreover, the first two are the focus of the major Beneficiary Assessment (BA) being undertaken as part of project preparation by the Bank. Thus, the EA did not consult the public on these issues, but recommends means for the BA to address them. The EA team did provide advice to the Bank on the TOR for the BA study. The final draft report was presented to the DNA and World Bank in June 1996. The Team Leader was later engaged by the Bank to assist DNA in preparing public displays and consultations on the EA Report's main findings and recommendations. Public displays were arranged in the five cities during March - April 1997. A report on the exercise, approved by DNA, was prepared in June the same year. A summary of this report is attached as Appendix E of this 2nd edition of the Report. It is envisaged that the BA and subsequent community consultation will identify priority areas for extension of the distribution networks and that levels of service, the location of facilities and the need for complementary sanitary initiatives will be agreed in consultation with the communities (Shepherd 1996b). The consultative work on the BA should incorporate public education on the costs public taps, yard connections and house connections, the number of people they can serve and the health consequences of improving water supply without parallel improvements in sanitation, so that potential beneficiaries are able to make informed comments and choices. It is important that all sectors of the pei-urban societies are being adequately heard. Consultation about potential drainage and sanitation concerns are also discussed below. Another issue which may concern the public is the potential need to resettle people from project work areas and eventual partially protected areas. This issue was discussed above. The planned introduction by the NWDP of foreign management of the water companies may also be of public concem. It is recommended that the issue is subjected to public consultations before contracts are signed. Proposed management arrangements should be advertised in the media (radio/newspapers) and exhibited for public review and written comments, and public meetings should be conducted in each city. The issue should also be incorporated in the BA work, to ensure that the poorer, uneducated segments of the population are also heard.  6 Introduction 1.2.4 Urban Sanitation As discussed earlier (see section 1.1), this water supply project originally contained no investments in urban drainage, sanitation or waste water treatment. It is, however, part of a much larger country assistance strategy being implemented in Mozambique by the Bank which will include such investments in a project which will overlap with this one. Clearly, increasing urban water supply without making complementary improvements to drainage, sewerage and waste water treatment is a prescription for substantial negative effects on pollution levels and human health. An EA of such a project would have to assess these effects very thoroughly. However, because this water supply project will be closely linked to a second program of investment in drainage, sewerage and waste water treatment works, this EA has omitted detailed assessment of urban pollution and environmental health effects. The EA does consider what monitoring ofpollution and health indicators will be required both to identify impacts and design mitigation measures should the second project not proceed, and to provide information for the planning of that project. The EA of the second sanitation project should include an assessment of health and pollution effects. This is a significant scoping feature which assumes a firm commitment by both the Bank and the Government of Mozambique to the timely implementation of the second project. Proceeding with this water supply project, as proposed in the feasibility studies, in the absence of such commitment could result in substantial negative impacts on pollution and urban environmental health. 1.2.5 Water Quantity Management The project is intended to bring new water supplies to urban, peri-urban and rural town areas and it is thus expected that demands on both surface and ground water resources will be increased. In addition to the supply of potable water, other demands and values associated with water resources may be affected if urban water withdrawals are significant enough. These include: Irrigation: Reductions to the availability of irrigation water can have consequent effects on agricultural production, land use and socio- economic factors. Waste dispersion: Flow reductions in rivers can leave less flow to carry away and disperse, for example, agricultural chemicals, urban waste water and silt with consequent downstream effects on water quality and dependent water uses such as domestic water supply, tourism and fisheries. Salt intrusion: Reduced river flows can result in more extensive upstream intrusion of salt water and consequent effects on aquatic life and water suitability for irrigation and urban water supply. Ground water withdrawals can similarly cause saline intrusion and  Introduction 7 consequent reductions in water quality for human use and agriculture. Ecological functions: Reduced flows in rivers, along with consequent water quality changes, can affect aquatic environments. Ground water abstraction can lower water tables and have consequent ecological effects. It was important during this EA to try to forecast and quantify the downstream and ground water effects of increased water withdrawals precipitated by the project. At the same time, hydrological and hydrogeological data are sparse in Mozambique, and it was not possible to estimate these effects to the degree desired. The project includes substantial components of monitoring and research on specific water systems and of development of water resources management capacity. Where the EA could not realistically forecast the effects of water withdrawals, recommendations were made for focusing these research and management efforts, in part, on (1) quantifying available water, (2) analyzing the socio-economic and environmental trade-offs between competing water uses, and (3) developing measures for managing the environmental effects of water abstraction for human use (e.g. setting minimum river flows to keep downstream effects within acceptable limits). More generally, the TOR specify that the EA "assess the mechanisms proposed by which Mozambique is to seek to increase its security of supply from international river basins" (Page 1, Section 2). This is a very "big" question relating to the capacity of Mozambique to both understand and manage its water resources (which the project is intended to strengthen), and to its ability to negotiate and ensure compliance with international water basin management agreements. NORAGRIC feels that a thorough assessment of this matter is possible only within the broader mandate of an eventual sectoral EA of the entire water sector in the country. Nonetheless, the issues which need to be addressed in such a sectoral EA, and in securing water supplies from these basins, were identified during this project EA. These results should be used in conducting such a sectoral EA and/or as suggestions for detailing the capacity building elements of this project for water resources management in intemational river basins (Section 6). 1.3 Study Area The geographic areas for the EA are those specified in the TOR and as modified according to the inception report (Appendix A). The areas were: i) the five cities -- Maputo, Beira, Quelimane, Nampula and Pemba -- that will be the focus of the urban water supply investments, their water intake areas and the main catchment and/or ground water systems (including their recharge areas) which supply them; ii) the Cormuna Dam; and  8 Introduction iii) the limited number of rural towns, to be identified later, for which piped water supply systems will be upgraded andlor rehabilitated. 1.4 Structure of the Report Following this introduction is a review of the policy, legal and administrative framework in Mozambique which governs the management of water resources and environmental assessment (Section 2). In Section 3 is a brief overview of the national environmental setting for the NWDP. Section 4 presents the environmental assessment of the water supply proposals for the five cities included in the NWDP - Maputo, Beira, Quelimane, Nampula and Pemba. It begins with a discussion of issues common to the five cities. Each city program is then considered in turn; the assessment recommendations summarized at the end of each city sub-section. Sections 5 and 6 present the assessments of the Rural Water and Sanitation, and the Water Resources Management components of the NWDP. An environmental management plan for the NWDP is then presented in Section 7. Relevant references used are listed at the end of the main report. Four appendices complete the report. The first is comprised of the Inception Report and terms of reference which established the scope of the assessment. An economic analysis of aspects of the NWDP is presented in the second appendix. The third.appentdix identifies the EA team members and outlines the EA work schedule and division of tasks among the team members. The people and organizations consulted during the study are listed in the final appendix.  Policy, Legal and Institutional Framework 9 2. POLICY, LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK 2.1 National Water Policy In 1995 the GoM approved a new National Water Policy (resolution of the Council of Ministers 7/95, 8 August). The resolution established the following principal policies with regard to water: * Satisfaction of basic needs with regard to water supply and sanitation is a high priority, in particular to rural, low income groups. * Demand driven provision of services with active participation of beneficiaries at relevant stages of planning, implementation, management of operation and maintenance. * Price of water should reflect its economic value, and eventually cover the cost of supply. * Water resources management shall be decentralized to autonomous catchment (basin) authorities. Provision of water supply and sanitation services shall likewise be decentralized to local autonomous agencies which should become financially self-sufficient. 3 The role of the Government will be changed to one of setting priorities, directions, definition of minimum levels of service, information dissemination and stimulation, and regulation of service activities. * The sector policy on water resources management will be integrated with policies for local administration, health, agriculture, industry and finances. - Investment policies shall balance economic development with poverty alleviation and public health improvement. * Institutional capacity of the sector shall be strengthened and expanded to involve beneficiaries, NGOs and private organizations, i.e. decentralized management and training. The new role of the Government, as outlined above, will be strengthened through capacity building and human resources development. * Private sector participation in water resources development, supply and sanitation services will be promoted by the GoM. The water policy document states that urban water supplies shall be provided by autonomous entities, and that a tariff reform shall allow for recovery of operational and maintenance costs and later on contribute to future investments. However, infrastructure development and investments will in the foreseeable future remain the responsibility of the State. Provision of basic water supply to low income groups in pei-urban areas is one of the main objectives of the water policy. Public participation through standpost committees is envisaged and cross subsidies in the tariff structure shall ensure that poorer groups can afford water.  10 Policy, Legal and Institutional Framework 2.2 Water Legislation A number of acts and resolutions regulates various aspects of water resources management and water use in Mozambique. The following presentation concentrates on key legislative issues. 2.2.1 The Water Act The Water Act (Law 16/91) establishes in its first two articles that the right to use water resources shall be subject to a guarantee of preservation and management in accordance with national interests. Water resources are defined as inland waters and their basins, and ground water with or without surface springs. This constitutes what is designated as the public water domain. National interests are not further defined. The main objectives of the Act are to define a general framework for management of the water resources, define users rights and ultimately the institutional control and monitoring of water use. Water is the property of the State according to the Act, and the public may be granted rights to the use of water. The Act has, however, not been supplemenited with appropriate regulatory statutes, neither has the Act yet been amended to comply with the new national water policy. The Water Act envisages a Water Master Plan to be prepared for water resources management. This plan is supposed to guarantee sustainable use, environmental protection and water quality, but the planning work has not yet started. Water for human consumption has priority over other uses of water. Monitoring and control of water quality is vested with the Ministry of Health (MISAU). The Ministry should: * Establish control systems and procedures; * Set bacteriological, physical and chemical standards for drinking water; * Establish appropriate treatment procedures; * Apply special protection measures; and * Carry out sanitary control of water system workers. No standards for drinking water or environmental standards have, however, been established in reference to the Water Act. In practice MISAU applies a somewhat liberalized set of standards in reference to the standards issued by WHO. Water samples are tested in provincial laboratories and the test results regularly sent to the water companies and MISAUs Directorate of Hygiene. Only microbiological testing is carried out; the samples are not screened for chemical contents. Apart from preparing the test reports, it is not known what kind of actions the Ministry or the water companies take on the reports. The Act stipulates that standards for installations and equipment should also be established by statutory regulation. This regulation is still not in place, and in practice it  Policy, Legal and Institutional Framework II is up to the donors and their expatriate consultants to set-standards on a project to project basis. Both the Bank and GoM should be concerned about the standards issue, and ensure that necessary regulation is in place before contracts are negotiated with private water company operators. There is also no effective regulation in place with regard to sanitation, waste water or solid waste. This mean in practical terms that there is no legal instrument under the Water Act that may be applied and enforced to prevent water pollution. The Act stipulates, however, that MOPH is responsible for the authorization of any disposal systems. The provincial administration, apart from the Department of Health, has no responsibility or authority with regard to sanitation and prevention of pollution. The Act establishes as well the polluter shall pay principle. No cases are known where this principle has been enforced. The Act stipulates that water projects shall be subjected to social, economic and environmental analysis at the expense of the project owner. However, no regulations are yet in force with regard to the necessary analyses stipulated by the Act and, as far as the EA team could determine, no water supply or sanitation project in Mozambique has been subjected to specific environmental analysis prior to implementation and construction. The present project appears to be the first one, with the possible exception of internal EAs carried out by donors during project preparations. 2.2.2 The Land Act In relation to water, the Land Act defines as partially protected areas those areas needed for protection and conservation of water resources for the safety of the public (Law 6/79 3 July, with decree 16/87 15 July). Rivers and catchment areas for intake installations for urban water supply, areas surrounding boreholes and natural springs may thus be considered as partially protected zones. The same applies to ground water and areas which might be subjected to flooding. The water policy resolution states that ground water areas shall be declared as protected zones if they become endangered by overuse. However, enforcement of the legislation is dependent on specific decrees defining borders and restrictions to be applied for partially protected areas, conditions for their use and clarification of responsible management bodies and mechanisms for protection and conservation. Decrees to this effect shall be published and the area demarcated. The entity responsible for establishing a protected area shall bear the costs involved regarding publication and enforcement of the legislation. The entity shall also bear the costs of compensations and necessary resettlements. The Water Act defines some of the conditions and restrictions applicable to partially protected areas, i.e. with regard to animal husbandry, irrigation and modem agriculture (use of fertilizers and pesticides), and settlements. With regard to compensation, the Land Act recognizes such rights only in the case where the incumbent has title to the land and if he has made investments that  12 Policy, Legal and Institutional Framework cannot be moved. There are few smallholders who have any registered rights under the Act. The practice is, however, to recognize land rights regardless of titles. Titles will normally be issued for new land given in exchange to smallholders in cases of forced resettlements. The municipality councils are responsible for the administration of resettlement and compensation cases. A new Land Act is presently being discussed by the legislative, and the question of recognizing traditional rights in the law and other issues have stirred controversy. The donors have engaged themselves in the debate and the outcome was not clear at the time of this report. There is, however, no specific and commonly accepted concepts of what are traditional land rights. In certain areas rights may be linked to the use of trees, not the land or soil the trees grow in. If traditional land rights are to be recognized by the new law, appropriate definitions must be incorporated. 2.2.3 The Municipality Act A recently approved Municipality Act (Law 3/94) decentralizes the responsibility of, inter alia, water supply and environmental protection to the municipality councils. The Act further stipulates that water companies should be subordinated the respective municipality councils, but no furither statutory regulations have been issued. The Act has not yet been implemented. City and municipality councils are still regarded as the extended arms of the central state administration, and a political controversy over organization and implementation of local elections has led to postponement of direct elections to municipality councils. In the case of this project, the Bank and GoM have agreed that DNA shall supervise directly the introduction of private management contracts for the five relevant water companies. 2.2.4 The Proposed Environmental Act and EIA Regulations Traditional Mozambican culture has certain perceptions related to the preservation of natural resources but Portuguese culture, which has influenced the administrative establishment of the Mozambican state for centuries, contains very few references to conservation and protection. This is contrary to, for instance, the British culture which for decades has influenced environmental strategies and policies in the previous British colonies in Africa. Policy issues like sustainable environmental development, conservation and natural resources management, were recently brought on the development assistance agenda by international organizations and certain donor countries. As a result, most developing countries already have, or are in the process of preparing national environmental action plans and environmental legislation. And thus, despite the lack of an environmental conservation culture in Mozambique, a new Enviromnental Act is presently being debated by the legislative. It is a general law and does not define any analysis criteria or offer any environmental standards. It does, however, establish an universal principle of EIA studies. It is  Policy, Legal and Institutional Framework 13 envisaged that the Ministry for Co-ordination of Environmental Affairs (MICOA) will co-ordinate the work of the various ministries on statutory regulation. Draft EIA regulations are presently being prepared by a working group. If approved, the statutory regulation will establish procedures for the preparation and review of EIAs, as well as criteria for definitions and degree of detail, public participation mechanisms and standards to be used. The probable procedures to be established for EIA on projects defined under the regulation are: * Pre-screening of projects by MICOA (4 alternative categories). * Project specific TORs for EIA to be issued by MICOA in co-operation with the relevant line ministry as a directive to the applicant. * The EIA will be carried out by the applicant. * MICOA will do an EA review, with participation of other involved ministries and institutions. * MICOA will eventually issue the enviromnental license on four levels, with monitoring procedural guidelines attached. * The EIA and the MICOA EA will be published, not the technical reviews. * The project owner shall carry out environmental monitoring and report to MICOA a and the relevant sector ministry in accordance with the guidelines. * MICOA will carry out ad hoc inspections and provide feedback to the project owner on the inspection and monitoring reports. Introduction and follow up on the Environmental Act and the EIAs will need support from the donor community. A number of donors are already, or want to, support MICOA and its activities. MICOA will thus, probably with Dutch support, develop a Center for Environmental Monitoring. 2.3 Institutional Framework The field report from the Bank project preparatory mission 5-22 June 1995 (WB 1995) offers an overview of the legal and institutional framework for water resources management and water supply, and this will not be repeated in detail here. In brief, the institutional framework consists of the following institutions: * The National Water Council, * National Directorate of Water (DNA) of Ministry of Public Works and Housing (MOPH), * International River Basin Committees, * Regional Water Administrations (ARA) with Basin Committees and Basin Management Units, * Water Companies, and * The Irrigation Institute, irrigators, EDM, other users.  14 Policy, Legal and Institutional Framework 2.3.1 National Water Council The National Water Council was created under the Water Act. It consists of the Ministers of Agriculture, Industry and Energy, and Mineral Resources, the President of the Institute for Rural Development and the National Director of Water. The new Ministry for Co-ordination of Environmental Affairs is not yet formally represented on the Council. The Council shall ensure co-ordinated management of issues under the Act, and shall also ensure participation of the public and compatibility of the enforcement of the Act with national development priorities and the need for sustainable environmental development. 2.3.2 National Directorate of Water The National Directorate of Water (DNA) is under the MOPH, responsible for administration of the national water policy, regulating and supervising.water operations, maintaining a national database, and carrying out national planning. DNA is divided into five departnents: * Administration and Finance (DAF) a Water Resources (DRH) - Water and Sanitation (DAS) - Studies, Planning and Investments(DEP) - National Rural Water Programme (PRONAR) A separate unit for intemational rivers (Gabinete dos Rios Internacionais) is being created within DNA. The organization and status of the unit are not yet finalized. On the provincial level, DNA is represented by the Provincial MOPH with a Water Departnent. Although the municipality councils, according to the Municipality Act, have a role to play with regard to water supply and environmental management, it is assumed that the provincial administration, as a representative of the central state, still for some time will have a leading role in these issues, related to water supply. 2.3.3 Regional Water Administrations The main managing bodies for water resources management are the Regional Water Administrations (ARAs). ARA-Sul for the South (up to Save River basin) has been created and is functioning. The other ARAs for the Centre, Zambeze, Centre/North and North are still only paper creations (decree 26/91 14 November).  Policy, Legal and Institutional Framework I5 The ARA-Sul competence encompasses: * Participate in the preparation, implementation and revision of river basin's hydrological monitoring activities. * Administer and control water allocations. * Establish and maintain records of water resources and water users, as well as introduce and charge water user fees. * License and grant concessions for the use of waters in the public sector, authorize effluents, impose administrative obligations, inspect and monitor that the respective conditions are fulfilled. * Approve and inspect hydraulic works. * Pernit and cancel licenses and concessions. * Design, construct, operate and maintain works. * Provide technical and advisory services to State institutions and public and private entities and individuals. * Collect and maintain hydrological data for effective river basin management. * Resolve water use conflicts. * Act as a water control authority by enforcing corrective measures in cases of unauthorized works, non-licensed water abstraction, or polluting operations. * Propose partially protected areas in reference to the Water and Land Acts. * Recognize traditional water use rights by registration of such rights. For each river basin, Basin Committees are formed, with all stakeholders represented. The Basin Committees relate to Basin Management Units under the ARA administration. It is intended to also establish International River Basin Committees. 2.3.4- Water Companies Entities responsible for providing water supply services in the cities are called water companies. Except for Aguas de Maputo (AdM), the legal status of the other companies, and their administrative and supervisory linkages, are unclear and vary from one city to another. Aguas de Maputo is a registered State enterprise, and is according to legislation subordinated to the Maputo City Council. However, AdM operates with a high degree of autonomy. New construction works, distribution networks etc. have to be approved by the City Council, which is responsible for physical planning. Relations appear to be functioning well. In the other cities where the water companies are operating without proper legislative connections, they are supervised by the provincial director of MOPH on behalf of DNA. (Companhia de Agua de Beira is still legally a private company). The companies report on water production, performance and billing. No system for environmental reporting and monitoring is in place. Water company management maintain they have no formal links with the respective city councils, and relations are strained between water companies and city  16 Policy, Legal and Institutional Framework councils in some of the cities. In Beira the two parties hardly talk to each other. In Quelimane and Nampula there are also co-operation problems, while Agua de Pemba and Pemba City Council seem to cooperate fairly well. In the present situation with unclear legal and institutional relationships between the centre, province and city/district, it is not likely that management contracts for water companies would attract serious private companies without donor funding through the central government. However, the proposed arrangement should be regarded as a transitory one. Direct supervision could be transferred to the city councils in the future when they are properly elected and the new administrations are functioning.  National Environmental Setting 17 3. NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING Biophysically, socially and economically, Mozambique has been strongly influenced by many years of war which only ended in 1992, recent droughts and the consequent migration of about one-third of the rural population from the countryside to urban centres, peri-urban areas and transportation corridors. These factors have also meant that the information base for environmental and natural resources management is fragmented and unreliable. Thus, the discussion in this chapter, drawn from World Bank (1993) and DNA (1994), should be considered indicative only. Because of the war and depopulation of the countryside, rural areas are thought to be in relatively good condition as agricultural land was left fallow and forestry and mining activity declined sharply. At the same time, areas receiving war-induced migration are suffering from deteriorating or lack of infrastructure, water pollution and lack of sanitation, coastal erosion and localized deforestation where the carrying capacity of the environment has been overwhelmed. The following brief description of the national environmental setting is focused on those aspects which are necessary to appreciate the effects of the proposed project. 3.1 Biophysical Resource Base Mozambique's total area of almost 80 million ha is comprised of i) a coastal area and 90% of the region south of the Save River which averages 200 m above sea level (as.l.); ii) a middle plateau north of the Save and westward into the Zambezi valley, 200-500 m a.s.l.; iii) an upland plateau, mostly in the north, at 500-1000 m as.l.; and iv) a highland and upland area along the Malawi and Zimbabwe borders. North of the Save, a well- defined rainy season from November/December to March/April brings annual rainfall averaging 1000-1400 mm and increasing to more than 2000 mm in mountainous areas. South of the Save, the rainy season is irregular and unpredictable, often with long dry periods. Average rainfall here is 600-800 mm, dropping to 400-600 mm inland and reaching 800-1000 mm at the coast. Soils in the northeast and at higher altitudes are largely fertile light clay and clay loams while, in the south and coastal plains, soils are sandy except for the rich alluvial deposits of the major rivers and streams. Southern areas are particularly subject to floods and salinization. The country's five agro- ecological zones range from "specialized and diversified", mostly in the north with favourable conditions for diversification of crops, to "extensive" in the south where agriculture is limited to drought-resistant or irrigated crops. About 36 million ha, 45% of the land area, are considered cultivable. Mozambique's woodlands cover some 70% of the land area and are comprised of broadleaf forests (about 48%), grassland with trees (21%) and mangroves (1%). Their productivity is not known. There are also about 42,000 ha of plantation forest established to provide fuelwood for urban and peri-urban areas but, reportedly, are considered unattractive for that purpose and contribute little to alleviating pressure on  18 National Environmental Setting natural vegetation. Natural forests are estimated to provide 85% of the country's total energy consumption as firewood and charcoal. Nearly half of Mozambique's surface water comes from rainfall within the country. The balance comes from rivers draining the western mountains to the Indian Ocean and mostly rising in neighbouring countries. The largest portion of surface water is in the Zambezi River. Two of the international rivers provide water for the largest two of the five cities adressed by the proposed project -- the Umbeluzi (Maputo) and the Puingue (Beira). An agreement with Swaziland from 1976 regarding the Umbeluzi states that Mozambique shall receive, at the border, a daily minimum inflow of 40% of the measured inflow at two key hydrometric stations. No similar agreement exists with Zimbabwe regarding the Pungue River. Though only a minor part of the Pungue catchment area lies within Zimbabwe, it is estimated that 25% of the mean annual runoff originates from that area. The majority of rivers have a torrential regime with high flows during the rainy season (November to March/April) and low flows during the dry season. Some are completely dry during prolonged droughts. In the flatter areas of the coastal zone, salt water intrusion is commonplace, especially in the dry season. Useful and reliable hydrological data is scarce in Mozambique. The 260 hydrometric and 340 rainfall stations which existed in 1975 were severely depleted during the war to 60 and 75, respectively, in 1990 (DNA 1994). Rebuilding of the network increased those numbers to 73 and 83 by 1993 but is hampered by financial and organizational constraints, lack of skilled personmel, low level of interest from donors, and inaccessibility of rainfal stations and stream guages due to mines. As of 1984, about 38% of the hydrometric stations and 10% of the rainfall stations had less than 10 years of records. There are 13,000 km2 of inland water including the Cahora Bassa reservoir on the Zambezi River, part of Lake Malawi (Lago Niassa) and 1,300 lakes. About 70% of the rural population and some of the major urban centres rely solely on groundwater supplies. There are more than 2,500 km of coastline and about 68,300 km2 of continental shelf. The shore, primarily soft dunes and sand, is subject to heavy sediment deposition. A diversity of coastal ecosystems, including estuaries, wetlands, mangroves, coral reefs and coastal lakes, play a crucial role in maintaining coastal and marine species, particularly fish, in protecting the coast from wave action and erosion, and in reducing flooding and erosion of river banks. Mozambique's waters support a wide variety of marine and aquatic fauna - about 50 fish species were reported as endemic in 1950 and some coral reefs are reported to be high in biodiversity. The country has five protected marine and coastal areas but enforcement of protective legislation has been largely neglected.  National Environmental Setting 19 3.2 Environmental Quality Data on air and water quality in Mozarnbique are scarce. A study on the environmental aspects of the Pequenos Limbombos dam (1995) indicated water-bome chemicals probably originating from pesticides and fertilizers used in agriculture and foresty plantations in Swaziland. However, the key issues of monitoring and enforcement of any agreements with riparian states will remain to be solved without the proper institutional mechanisms in place. Air pollution is not considered to be an environmental problem in Mozambique, except from vehicle emissions in the main cities. 3.3 Biophysical Resource Use Most of Mozambique north of the Save River has traditionally been under shifting slash and bum cultivation; this should be sustainable for many years if current land use patterns and low population density continue. South of the Save, however, farmers in some densely populated areas have access to little or no fallow land. More than 3.3 million ha of cultivable land has irrigation potential but only about 3% is currently irrigated. Coastal and deep sea fishing play a central role in the Mozambican economy, are a major source of foreign exchange and domestic nutrition, and provide a significant source of coastal employment. Prawn and lobster contributed about 42% of fisheries export earnings in 1990. With the exception of shrimp, current exploitation of fisheries resources appears to be well below conservative estimates of sustainable yields. Most animal protein consumed in the country, and more than 65% of the total fishery production (including inland fisheries), are provided by small-scale and artisanal fishermnen. Fuelwood supplies some 85% of the country's domestic energy demand. Other energy sources are underdeveloped due to economic stagnation and transport obstacles during the war. In 1987, hydropower potential was estimated at 11,000 MW of which 20% had been exploited, primarily by the Cahora Bassa dam on the Zambezi River (2,075 MW installed capacity). However, Mozambique consumes little power from this damn (South Africa is the largest beneficiary) and imports nearly half of its electricity from neighbouring countries. 3.4 Socio-Economic Environment The present and near-future condition of Mozambique's environmental quality and natural resource base are defined by the poverty and geographical distribution of the population after 16 years of armed conflict. About 60% of the population is absolutely poor; at 137, the IMR is among the highest in the world; and life expectancy at birth is 48 years for women and 45 years for men, both four years less than the average for Sub- Saharan Africa. The war caused the destruction or abandonment of 31% of the  20 National Environmental Setting country's, health centres and 45% of its schools. There are now an estimated 200,000 orphans in the country. The curTent population is estimated to be 17-18 million, including refugees returned from neighbouring countries, and growth is expected at about 2.7% per annum. Most significantly, between 1980 and 1993 the combined effects of war and drought resulted in a substantial increase in the proportion living in urban and peri-urban areas -- from 13% to 18% in the north, from 11% to 17% in the centre, and from 27% to 40% in the south -- without a parallel increase in non-agricultural employment opportunities. At the same time, urban infrastructure was designed for much smaller populations and urban government capacity to meet the burgeoning service requirements of a fast increasing population is seriously inadequate. Thus, in most urban areas, water supply infrastructure, storm sewers and sanitation facilities are deteriorating, seriously deficient and/or lacking. This, combined with widespread poverty, is having substantial environmental and health impacts. Nearby fuelwood resources are disappearing and, in many cities, cholera, hepatitis, typhoid, diarrhea and malaria are widespread with consequent effects on morbidity and mortality.  Assessment of Urban and Peri-Urban Water Supply 21 4. ASSESSMENT OF URBAN AND PERI-URBAN WATER SUPPLY 4.1 INTRODUCTION The assessment of urban and peri-urban water supply is divided into several sections. First of all, issues comnmon to all city programs are discussed (Section 4.2), and recommendations made which pertain to all the city programs. Next, the five city programs are analyzed separately (Section 4.3 through 4.7). Recommendations are made as they are needed and then summarized for ease of reference. As appropriate, each of the city assessments refers back to the common issues presented earlier and forward to the recommended Environmental Management Plan presented in Section 7. The Environmental Management Plan is a vital component of this assessment, and of efforts to achieve an environmentally-sensitive completion of the NWDP. It presents common approaches necessary to the location, planning and design of project facilities; to their construction and operation; to compensating and resettling people displaced by the project; and to training project participants in environmentally- appropriate behaviour. Thus, readers concemed with only one city will refer to the conmnon issues material (Section 4.2), the material concerning that city (Section 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6 or 4.7), and the environmental management material (Section 7). 4.2 ISSUES COMMON TO ALL CITIES/TOWNS 4.2.1 Public Taps, House and Yard Connections, and Sanitation Concerning the choices to be made among providing house connections, yard connections and/or public taps while refurbishing and extending the distribution networks, we strongly recommended as guiding principles that: 1. House connections should not be provided unless and until appropriate and adequate facilities are available to handle water- and excreta-related waste; and 2. The NWDP switchfrom providing house connections to providing, as afirst priority, public taps and, as a second priority, yard connections. There are three key arguments for these strategic recommendations: 1. People with house connections tend to use considerably more water than people with access to only yard conmections or public taps. Without adequate solutions to waste water disposal in place, such high levels of water consumption will exacerbate current sanitary problems in the communities. As is well known, not only are water supply systems in the five cities in poor condition but so are the sewerage, drainage and waste water treatment systems. The NWDP would as originally planned, increase water supply without parallel sanitary improvements, though the latter now is  22 Assessment of Urban and Pen-Urban Water Supply planned to be attended to in a closely-following project. Nonetheless, the potential for increased risks to human health from water and excreta-related diseases due to inadequate sanitation must not be ignored. 2. Urban household surveys have shown that as much as 90% of the urban population are poor or ultra-poor. Thus, they have very limited purchasing power and will most likely be unable to pay for the costs of house and, perhaps, yard connections. Emphasizing public taps over yard and house connections will represent a better fit between supply and demand, and will probably improve the prospects for cost recovery. The Beneficiary Assessment study will intentionally clarify whether the cost of sustainable standpost management will match the communities ability and willingness to pay. 3. A larger share of the urban population will get access to safe water if the number of public taps is increased and the plans for house and yard connections are reduced. This implies fulfilrnent of basic needs for more people at the same level of total cost or the sarne level of total water usage, and is in line with the national water policy. 4.2.2 Beneficiary Involvement in the Location, Planning and Design of New Distribution Systems We recommend strong participatory involvement of the beneficiaries during planning and establishment of the distribution system. This is important because: 1. There is large variation among neighbourhoods and towns in terms of purchasing power, current access to water, alternate sources of water, physical conditions, community structure and organization, etc. The density and location of public taps should thus be determined with inputs from the beneficiaries. This will result in a better fit between demand and supply. 2. Involvement of the beneficiaries in this way will provide a higher degree of identification and responsibility when it comes to establishing and implementing a system for the physical and financial management of the water supply system. This is likely to result in a more secure water supply and reduced operation and maintenance costs. 3. Health and sanitation education may be provided at the same time by the relevant health authorities and projects in collaboration with the present project. We recommend that the Beneficiary Assessment (BA) to be carried out as part of the Bank's NWDP preparatory work include such participatory involvement, and be carried out in all-five urban/4eri-urban areas involved in the project. Furthermore, the BA should produce a set of design criteria, tailored to each community, to guide the planning, design and implementation of the refurbished/expanded distribution system. These criteria should specijy, for example, the maximum number ofpeople/families served by each connection: the maximum distance anyone would need to travel to a public tap,  Assessment of Urban and Peri-Urban Water Supply 23 how physical andfinancial management of the public taps should be conducted, the hours of service, etc. In this connection, we also recommend that an incentive system be established such that it does not pay to damage water meters. The beneficiary assessment should also investigate this issue. 4.2.3 Routing of Distribution Systems Routing of the expanded distribution and reticulation system in urban and peri-urban areas will probably lead to conflicts with existing houses and gardens, even if the pipelines should mainly follow roads and foot-paths. Destruction of crops, depending on the season, and some resettlement of families will likely be necessary. We recommend that provisions for compensation and resettlement be included in the project plan and budget, as discussed in more detail in Section 7, the Environmental Management Plan. 4.2.4 Sewage and Waste Water Colection and Treatment 'Refurbishment and/or extension of the sewage and waste water systems for the five cities have yet to be planned. It can only be assumed that they will be combined systems for sewage and storm water, with overflow to storm water canals/pipelines discharging to water courses or the sea during heavy rains. Where sewers already exists or where their rehabilitation/extension proves preferable to alternative on-site solutions, we recommend as a general guide that: 1. During the dry season, wastewaterfrom sewered areas should be transported away from the city and to appropriate treatment facilities where available and affordable, either through the reticulation system or through the regular emptying of septic tanks. 2. Siting of the watercourse/sea outlets from treatment plants be based on hydrologicl oceanographic investigations into their capacity to receive, disperse and naturally purify the waste water. 3. Treatment, outlet requirements and eventual reuse of effluents be evaluated together since the choice of sewage treatment methods will influence the outlet and reuse requirements and vice versa. 4. Provided suitable land areas are available, preference should be given to the use of waste stabilization ponds (oxidation ponds) providing sedimentation and biological treatment, and with additional treatment required in case effluents will be reused. 5. Coarse grates, manually cleaned, be used to screen sewage and wastewater prior to its entering thefirst pond. Overflow arrangements to stormwater channels should be designed in such a way as not to allow passage of suspended andfloating objects. The above recommendations are based on existing situations as observed by the Team in the five cities. They should become part of a phased strategy to be designed  24 Assessment of Urban and Peri-Urban Water Supply with the long-term objective of eventually having full treatment of all sewered wastewater and adequate reuse or disposal of the effluents. 4.2.5 Impacts on Aquatic Life Little is presently known about the fish species and aquatic biodiversity in the rivers affected by the NWDP, except that there are relatively few species living there. Species may vary from one river to the other. From 20 to 33 species have been identified in some rivers. One of the most knowledgeable people in Mozambique on freshwater fisheries is of the view that there would be minimal effects on fish populations from the type of water supply projects comprising the NWDP (Custodio Boane, UEM, pers. comm.). 4.2.6 Socio-Economic Dimensions There is no question that improvement and expansion of water supply and distribution systems in urban and peri-urban areas meets a real and urgent need. Availability of clean water contributes to people's health by reducing the risks of catching waterbome diseases and to improving hygienic standards. On the other hand, increasing water supply without at the same time improving sanitation facilities will, as mentioned earlier, lead to increased health risks. Water supply also has important economic impacts. Unreliable water supplies from the water companies have led to illegal, secondary water markets where poorer groups of the population pay much higher prices for water (up to 50,000 Mt/m3) than the more well off with house connections and water tanks (up to 4,500 Mt/n3). This project is intended to result in increased quantities of safe water reaching an increasing number of families in more reliable supply systems and will probably lead to a reduction, if not elimination, of secondary water markets with lower prices. This is unquestionably a significant benefit which will be enhanced if the project emphasis is shifted to public taps from house and yard connections, as recommended above. Moreover, many industries and other enterprises depend on a reliable water supply. The availability of water is an important factor in investment decisions. In the case of Quelimane, Nampula and Pemba in particular, the unreliable water supply has already discouraged new investors and reduced the profitability and number of employees at existing enterprises. Thus, investments in these towns should be substantially encouraged as a result of the project. Project investments will require the involvement of a number of contractors and various skilled and unskilled workers in Mozambique. Surveys of labour markets in the cities indicate exceptionally high rates of unemployment and underemployment (DNE 1994). In all cities, companies exist which are capable of executing most of the construction work for the rehabilitation and expansion of water systems. Moreover, with the location of the capital and major centre of political and economic power in the south of the country, people from the north feel certain resentments towards people from  Assessment of Urban and Peri-Urban Water Supply 25 the south. We strongly recommend that local companieS and workers be contracted to carry out project works instead of importing them from other parts of the country (i.e. Maputo). This will have several positive socio-economic impacts. One of the main justifications for the project is the rapid growth of the urban (i.e. peri-urban) population. One third of the rural population has moved into the cities in recent years. Until 1992, this migration was primarily caused by the war. Today this bias away from rural habitation seems to have become more permanent mainly due to lack of infrastructure and the difficult economic conditions in rural areas, and to the vicious cycle many urban peasants find themselves in. Although formal employment opportunities in towns are hard to come by, the informal sector (petty trade and crime) offers better income opportunities in urban than in rural areas. Migration and settlement is costly, and people may thus be trapped in places from where they would otherwise like to move. The GoM's stated policy is to reverse the migration pattern and promote resettlement in rural areas. The donor community is following suit with rural investment programs, although presently on a limited scale. To give priority to investments in urban and pen-urban areas, as the NWDP does, may seem to contradict this policy. The picture is, however, more complicated, as there exist a complexity of reasons for rural-urban migration, and for the difficulties in establishing a new urban- rural migration pattem. Appendix B discusses some of these issues further. The NWDP will have significant benefits in the urban and peri-urban areas of Mozambique. This is undeniable. At the same time, investments in urban and peri- urban areas should be complemented with investments in water supply systems and other infrastructure in near-city areas having agncultural and other investment potentialfor rural-based production (with market outlet potential). Such investments will assist in encouraging people to relocate out of the major cities/towns. Through its Rural Water and Sanitation component, the NWDP makes an important contribution to this effort. Other initiatives should follow.  26 Assessment of Urban and Peri-Urban Water Supply 4.3 MAPUTO 4.3.1 Existing Water Systems Institutional Framework and Other Projects. Maputo is the largest urban area and the capital of the Republic of Mozambique. It is located on the south coast at Baia de Maputo at the joint mouth of the Matola and the Umbeluzi Rivers (Figure 4.1). Water is supplied by Aguas de Maputo (AdM), the only formally registered state water company in Mozambique. By law, AdM is subject to supervision by the City Council but in practice it is supervised by DNA since most new investments and other support is donor-funded and channelled through DNA, and water tariffs are set by the central Government. Sewerage and storm and waste water systems are the responsibility of the Council. However, the institutional entity designed to operate and maintain the sewerage system, Sangest, has never been formed and the responsibility for sanitation still rests with the Council's Works Department. There is no formal co-operation between AdM and the Works Departnent but AdM is discussing extensions and principles for water supply with the department, and the two institutions seem to be on good tenns. Through the years AdM has been supported by a number of projects. A Bank- funded project to rehabilitate and extend the water distribution system is nearing completion. As well, a number of projects supported by the Caisse Francaise de Developpement have been completed, are on-going or are being negotiated (World Bank 1996b). These include rehabilitating the intake and treatment facilities, upgrading the clear water transmission mains, extending the distribution network, updating the water master plan for Maputo, and institutional strengthening and technical support. Water Source. Treatment. Transmission and Distribution. Raw water for Maputo is pumped from above a weir on the Umbeluzi River near Boane about 30 km from the city (Figure 4.2). Flows above the weir are regulated by the Pequenos Libombos Dam about 10 km upstream, commissioned in 1988. The dam was designed to provide a minimum regulated flow of approximately 9 m3/s in the river, to secure sufficient flow at the intake, but the minimum discharge from the dam is currently set at 4 m3/s. The dam and its operation, including sufficient flow in the river at the water intake, is the responsibility of the newly-formed regional water administration of ARA-Sul. AdM takes over responsibility for the water supply at the intake to the treatment plants. A hydrological study of the Umbeluzi River basin is being undertaken by a French consulting company under the French project mentioned above. The raw water is treated in two plants, an old one just refurbished and a newer one commissioned in 1991, having a combined capacity of 144,000 m3/d. Both plants are functioning well but due to clear water transmission inadequacies, total production is restricted to about 100,000 m3/d. However, the dosing systems are said not to be suited for the low quality chemicals available in Mozambique, and batch dosing with HTH has been required during frequent breakdowns. Sludge, back-wash water and sediments from the treatment plants are discharged back to the river downstream of the weir.  Assessment of Urban and Peri-Urban Water Supply 27 Figure 41: The Maputo Region Legend o IntaeskPumping station *Weil D Treatment works o Reservoir * Dam site ,\/ Ralway // Main Road Transmission main A River Remno Gar/a / Arr. . ...... .... .  00 I~~~~~~l > i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i 0 0 0 \ ~~~~~~machava t/Si i 2 g ~~~~~Mato - | Ca~~~~~~~~~~~ ou \ 7 ,/ J * |Legend ( Intake/Pumping station *Well ii Treatment works o Reservoir *Dam site // XaRallway |\/ Main Road Transmission main River  Assessment of Urban and Peri-Urban Water Supply 29 A third.treatment plant, with a capacity of 72.000 m3/d, is presently in preliminary design by a French consulting company under French funding. The consultancy also includes a feasibility study for a possible raw water pipeline directly from the Pequenos Libombos Dam to improve raw water quality. AdM indicated that this would probably not be cost effective. After treatment, water is pumped through twin transmission mains about 14 km to the Matola distribution centre. From there, water is gravitated and/or boosted to distribution centres at Machava, Chamanculo, Maxaquene and Alto Mae. The current bottleneck in the transmission system is a broken down booster station at the Matola distribution centre which limits transmission capacity to the 100,000 m3/d mentioned above. Rehabilitation, or more probably the construction, of a new booster station and upgrading of the transmission mains to the city are reported to be included in the ongoing French-funded rehabilitation program. The piped water supply system serves the city and peri-urban areas directly bordering the city, as well as the suburbs of Matola and Machava between the water treatment plant and Maputo city. More periphery areas on the outskirts of the city and suburbs are not supplied by the system but rely on wells fitted with hand pumps. The total number of domestic connections is some 58,000, assumed by DHV (1994) to be 3/4 house connections and 114 yard connections. The number of public taps is relatively small, about 500 in the Greater Maputo area, almost all of them located in peri-urban areas. The special Programa de Abastecimento de Agua aos Bairros Perifericos (PAABP) was set up in 1984 to improve the water supply in the bairros. PAABP is now a part of a nation-wide program, and PAABP (Maputo) is operated by AdM. The Water Markcet. The local authority in the bairros has set the price of water at 100 Mt/20. litre bucket. The price charged at the standpost is thus eight times the official AdM tariff for small consumers (5,000 Mt/r3 as against 600 Mt/r3). The higher prices are paid by the poorest groups of the urban population. In bairros with more pronounced water shortages, prices at the standposts are even higher (200 Mt/bucket). In these bairros the pressure is low and water supply is often interrupted. Women fill 200 litre bins and sell water to their neighbours. Residents of the bairros should, however, be able to register for obtaining water at a fixed rate of 3,000 Mt/month, regardless of the quantity actually consumed. Residents also complain about the profits made by the managers of the standposts and question where the profits end up. The City Council, local authorities and AdM are meeting regularly to resolve current problems and intend to formalize their cooperation with a contract. In suburban areas such as Polana Canico a secondary water market has evolved. Water is only supplied between 4:00 and 9:30 am. People will buy water from neighbours who have a private connection at lower cost than that at standposts. Typically a household of five will pay 5,000 Mt/month. Sewerage Systems. A combined sewerage system for discharge of wastewater and stormwater from Maputo city centre was constructed between 1948 and 1973, resulting in a system totalling 100 km in length This combined storm water and sewerage system discharges to the sea and the Infulene River. Another system separating sewage and  30 Assessment of Urban and Peri-Urban Water Supply storm water was planned and implemented with Dutch assistance in the 1980s which conveys most of the sewage parallel to the storm water system to lagoons in the Infulene valley, west of the city Centre, and then to the river, which discharges into the shallow Bay of Maputo. Sewage from the eastern part of town is pumped to this system, only overflowing to the drainage system during heavy rains. The lower part of town, the Baixa, has a combined system which discharges to the harbour without treatment. The last investments in sewerage were made in 1990. Many buildings in the city centre are not connected to the system because the internal plumbing ends up below the sewer level. A large number of septic tanks with soakaways are still in operation. Emptying of septic tanks is undertaken by the City Council or by private contractors against payment. Contractors are expedient but expensive. The Council has old equipment and little capacity, and it is thus difficult to obtain their services. 4.3.2 Current Environmental Situation Water Source. Treatment. Transmission and Distribution 4 The field report from the Bank's 1995 project preparation mission (WB 1995) has an outline of hydrological characteristics and potential conflicts with regard to the use of water, and this will not be repeated here. A discussion of the environmental aspects of water resources management is given in Section 4.3.4 below, and again in Section 6. Since the construction of the Pequenos Libombos dam, the water source has been reliable, allowing a minimum flow of 0.6 to 0.7 m3/s downstream of the intake for the Maputo water supply. As mentioned earlier, an investigation is going on to establish the real minimum flow which can be secured from the dam and below the intakes. The minimum ecological water demand to control saline intrusion has been estimated at 16 Mm3/y or 0.5 m3/s. Traces of chemical pollution have been found in the Umbeluzi waters, and a 1993 study (Chonguica 1995) indicated that fertilizers used upstream are inducing eutrofication. Pesticides were also found. Traces of lead and cadmium were detected in water from the Calchane river discharging into the Pequenos Libombos reservoir. At the treatment plant, the tidal range in the river downstream of the weir is at times up to 1 metre. Sludge and backwash water are discharged to the river below the weir along with undissolved sediments from the lime saturators. This arrangement results in large quantities of aluminium and calcium being mixed into highly turbid water which is used for irrigation and supports fish -caught for consumption. This could result in negative impacts on the aquatic environment and human health. Water Quality Consumers and Health The distribution system is said to supply clean water complying with WHO requirements 80% of the time. However, water is supplied only a few hours a day, thus leaving the system empty and non-pressurized most of the time. The prevailing sanitary situation (sewerage, drainage) in the supply area is not good, and very bad in some areas  Assessment of Urban and Peri-Urban Water Supply 31 with flooding septic tanks which are not emptied and clogged soakaways. The situation is particularly bad during heavy rains. Since water supply, particularly house connections, creates waste water, the sanitary situation is such that there are high risks of leakage of contaminants into the pipes through cracks, bad joints and during repairs. This situation is probably the cause for the polluted water supplied 20% of the time, and must be considered as a significant adverse effect of the present water supply system. Accumulation of rain water occurs naturally in depressions that altemate with the dunes in the pei-urban areas. These depression pools of residential waste and rain water lead to the increase of the incidence of malaria in the rainy seasons. Previous surveys indicate that also the ground water of some bairros is contaminated by nitrates and is unsuitable for human consumption. The occurrence of waterborne diseases has become more frequent in the Maputo area, such as an increase in the index of conterminous diarrhoea, epidemics of cholera, and incidences of malaria. Receiving W Although a large part of the sewage produced in Maputo is piped and treated before discharge to the bay, much is also not being treated, particularly during the wet season. At times of heavy rain, the sewerage system overflows to the storm water system, streets are flooded, and the sewage treatment facilities are overloaded. The bay and harbour of Maputo are considered heavily polluted, a situation which must partly be considered an adverse effect of water supply in combination with an inadequate sewerage system. 4.3.3 Project Description SUpIp and Demand Proiections The Provincial Towns Water Sector Study (DHV 1994) projected a population increase for Greater Maputo to about 1.4 million in 1997, 1.7 million in 2002, and 2.7 million at the end of the planning period, 2017. The entire population is expected to be supplied from the main piped water supply as it is extended through the planning period, with about 50% coverage in 1992 and 75 % in 2002. The percentage of house and yard connections is projected to increase from about 30% today to 75% in 2017, and non- domestic water consumption is expected to decrease from about 55% of domestic use to about 30% during the planning period. Unaccounted-for water (UfW) would be reduced from today's approximate 40% to a modest 20% early in the planning period. Based on these assumptions, DHV (1994) projected that the average daily water demand in the supply area will increase to about 132,000 m3/d in 1997, and to 439,000 m3/d in 2017, all to be supplied by AdM. Further, DHV (1994) estimated that a maximum of 240,000 m3/d can be extracted from the Umbeluzi River. DHV concluded that supply from the Umbeluzi River will become inadequate around 2006 and should then be augmented by diverting water from the Incomati River near Moamba northwest of Maputo to the Umbeluzi via the Matalha and Movene Rivers for 4 to 6 months a year. During the other 6 to 8 months, water should be drawn from the Pequenos Libombos reservoir. Alternatively or additionally, new ground water sources could be developed north of Maputo between Pateque and Manhica. Both options for additional water would require detailed hydrological studies to determine their feasibility.  32 Assessment of Urban and Peri-Urban Water Supply NWDP Investments Project investrnents proposed by the Bank for Maputo (WB 1996b) are shown in Figure 4.3. In addition to hydrological studies to determine the feasibility of developing new water sources from the Incomati River and/or ground water resources north of the city, the project would repair, upgrade and/or extend the existing supply, treatment and distribution system based entirely on raw water withdrawals from the Umbeluzi River. Project activities on which this EA focuses, with a distinction between those which may cause significant and minor effects, are: Significant environmental effects: * increase surface water abstraction from Umbeluzi River Minor environmental effects: * new intake and treatment plant * extension of distribution network 4.3.4 Environmental Assessment of the NWDP Location. Planning and Design: Water Source -DHV carried out an investigation of the existing and the long tern potential water resources for urban use and irrigation for the Greater Maputo area and the Umbeluzi- Incomati River basins (DHV 1994, Maputo: Annex IV). Potential ground water resources were also assessed and an economic evaluation of the potential use of (part of) the resources for irrigation purposes was undertaken, outlining a number of possible scenarios. As mentioned in section 4.3.3, DHV estimated the maximum amount of water which may be extracted from the Umbeluzi River by AdM to be 10,000 m3/h (88 Mm3/year), which corresponds to the projected demand in the year 2006. This assumes a maximum consumption for irrigation purposes of 44 Mm3/year which corresponds to a limit of slightly less than 4,000 ha of irrigated land. At present, the irrigated area is reported to be in the range of 1,400 ha (of which only half is operational) whereas soil surveys have indicated an irrigation potential of 10,600 ha in the upper Umbeluzi, 2,600 ha in the lower Umbeluzi (near Boane) and 11,000 ha along the Movene River (DHV 1994). When the use of the water resources for irrigation purposes in Swaziland (presently 10,000 ha) are also included, it is very clear that there are competing demands for water from the Umbeluzi River for irrigation and urban use in Maputo, and that altemative sources must be developed to meet at least part of the future demand from AdM. The principal environmental concerns with regard to the use of water and the water balance in the Umbeluzi basin relate to: 1. The minimum flow required downstream of the Maputo water intake to control salinity intrusion and protect other ecological functions; 2. Proposed future transfers of water from the Incomati to the Umbeluzi River to augment Maputo raw water supplies; and  Assessment of Urban and Peri-Urban Water Supply 33 3. Monitoring and management of the rninimum flow being delivered across the border from Swaziland. Figure 4.3: Project Investments in Maputo Hydrological Set up monitoring program XXX XXX investigations (1.01) for Calichane and Movene Rivers. Study joint use of Umbeluzi and Incomati river basins. Additional hydrogeological investigations for the Pateque-Manhica area. Leak reduction program Repair/replace bulk meters. XXX XXX XXX (1.06) Establish district metering. Rehabilitate/replace 7,500 service connections and replace 15,000 faulty meters. 4 Repair/replace 100 km of distribution pipes. Upgrade 20 km of primary distribution network. Recover 10,000 illegal connections. New service connections Connect 13,500 HC, 1,000 XXX XXX XXX XXX Xxx (1.07) YC and 900 PT New intake and Construct new intake. xxx XXX xxx treatment (2.01/2) Install 3 pumps of 2,500 m3/h each. Construct new treatment plant 96,000 m3/d capacity. Distribution (2.07) Extend distribution network: Xxx XXX Mahotas and other areas From an environmental viewpoint, there are several dimensions to the question of transfering water from the Incomati via the Movene to the Umbeluzi River. As with the Umbeluzi, competing water demands on the Incomati River for irrigation and human consumption, and maintaining a variety of downstream ecological functions, must be considered. As well, the environmental consequences of increasing flows in the Movene River, beyond what it and its riparian water dwellers and users have evolved to handle, must be assessed. Regarding minimum flows below the Maputo intake, the EA team was unable to determiine on what basis the minimum ecological flow of 16 Mm3/y or 0.5 m3/s was estimated. Moreover, this "ecological water demand" appears to be only for the control of saline intrusion. The preservation of other ecological functions (e.g. dispersion and natural purification of waste waters, including those from the Maputo water treatment  34 Assessment of Urban and Pen-Urban Water Supply plants (see below); preservation of riparian habitats; flushing of suspended sediments through the harbour) does not appear to have been included. It is vital that good hydrological monitoring at the intake, and thorough analysis of minimumflows required to meet domestic, industrial, irrigation and a variety of downstream ecological demands, be carried out before maximum withdrawals available from the river to supply Maputo are settled. Only with this information in hand will analysis of the requirements for firm minimumflows from Swaziland and/or transfers from the Incomati River be possible. Together with the outstanding need to negotiate shared water arrangements with Swaziland and South Africa, the above concerns highlight the need to develop co- ordinated regulating regimes for the various river basins and major water users involved. This will be a task for ARA-Sul in collaboration with the new unit for international river basins in DNA. The issue of minimum flows in the Umbeluzi below the Maputo intakes should be a key factor in the design of hydrological investigations planned under the Maputo sub- project of the NWDP. Moreover, this and the Incomati and international rivers issues should be addressed by the relevant Water Resources Management components of the NWDP discussed in more detail in Section 6 of this report: S Section 6.2: Management Development Plan for ARA-Sul * Section 6.4: Strengthening of Management of Shared Water Resources, and * Section 6.5: Joint Incomati Study -- Supplementary Work in Mozambique. Location. Planning and Design: Treatment Disposal of sludge, backwash water and undissolved sediments from the treatment plant into the river is probably causing negative impacts on the aquatic environment and human health downstream, though the reduced water quality and its impacts have not been studied. Water quality downstream of the treatment plant should be monitored, particularly during lowflows, to determine if contaminants from the treatment process are creating significant problems. If they are, planningfor increased treatment capacity at the present site should include provisions for the safe disposal of these wastes into a lagoon or landfill. Location. Planning and Design: Transmission. Storage and Distrbution Along the clear water transmission mains between Boane and Maputo, some informal settlements have developed on top of and along the pipelines, and some resettlement will be necessary. Some of the most likely locations are: * About 100 refugee houses remain along the transmission main between Matola and Maputo, adjacent to the highway and in from the Cement Factory. The area is relatively low and wet and the houses are built on an artificial elevation created for the pipeline. Because of the high pressure in the line, any ruptures would represent serious risks to the safety and lives of these people. * The area next to Mahotas, where a new distribution centre is planned, is densely populated. Construction of a distribution tower will necessitate the removal of an unidentified number of families.  Assessment of Urban and Peri-Urban Water Supply 35 Upgrading of the transmission main and the new distribution centre are proposed components of French funded projects, and not parts of the NWDP. Environmental and resettlement issues in this regard are thus outside the scope of this EA study. The Team would however, make the following recommendations to the Maputo City Council and AdM: Families living on the transmission main and in the area of the new Mahotas distribution centre should be resettled in accordance with existing regulation and practice. This matter will be particularly important if the planned upgrading of the whole transmission main goes ahead under French funding. Construcimn No construction impacts were identified which cannot be satisfactorily managed through measures incorporated in the environmental monitoring and management plan (Section 7.3). Operation Apart from increased water abstractions from the Umbeluzi River, no operation impacts were identified which cannot be satisfactorily managed through measures incorporated 4 in the environmental monitoring and management plan (Section 7.4). Increased withdrawals of water from the river will result in lower flows downstream of the treatment plant, exacerbation of what impacts may be caused by waste discharges from that plant, and other as yet unidentified water quality, quantity and related ecological and human use effects. These concerns are discussed further in Section 6, Assessment of Water Resources Management Proposals. The Water Marke With an expanded network, improved quality and regularity of the supply, prices for water should come down in the bairros as compared to today's prices. It is, however, necessary to review and improve the organization of distribution. The collapse of the Grupos Dinamizadores (previous local authority) in the bairros has caused an administrative vacuum at the grass roots organizational level. The local authority substituting for these groups lacks the financial, administrative, political and legal authority and autonomy necessary to set priorities, make decisions and exercise administrative control. For the organization ofpublic participation in connection with the extension of the distribution system, new partner organizations should be found, such as associations of inhabitants and women's organizations. 4.3.5 Analysis of Alternatives The principal alternatives which pertain to the NWDP, concern sources of future raw water supply for Maputo. As discussed above, the two altemative sources under consideration are the Incomati River and groundwater in the Pateque-Manhica area north of Maputo. DHV (1994) indicated that further investigations are required to determine the practical and economic feasibility of these alternatives.  36 Assessment of Urban and Peri-Urban Water Supply Hydro(geo)logical investigations in support of these feasibility studies are planned as part of the NWDP. It will be essential that these feasibility studies include environmental assessment to evaluate the environmental costs and benefits of each alternative, and to include these factors in any comparison of and selection between the alternatives. 4.3.6 Summary of Recommendations 1. It is vital that good hydrological monitoring at the intake, and thorough analysis of minimum flows required to meet domestic, irrigation, industrial and a variety of downstream ecological demands, be carried out before maximum withdrawals available from the Umbeluzi river to supply Maputo are settled. Only with this information in hand will analysis of the requirements for firm minimumflows from Swaziland and/or transfers from the Incomati River be possible. 2. The issue of minimumflows in the Umbeluzi below the Maputo intakes should be a key factor in the design of hydrological investigations planned under the Maputo sub-project of the NWDP. Moreover, this and the Incomati and international rivers issues should be addressed by the relevant Water Resources Management components of the NWDP discussed in more detail in Section 6 of this report: * Section 6.2: Management Development Plan for ARA-Sul * Section 6.4: Strengthening of Management of Shared Water Resources, and * Section 6.5: Joint Incomati Study - Supplementary Work in Mozambique. 3. Water quality downstream of the treatment plant should be monitored, particularly during lowflows, to determine if contaminantsfrom the treatment process are creating significant problems. If they are, planning for increased treatment capacity at the present site should include provisions for the safe disposal of these wastes into a lagoon or landfill. 4. For the organization ofpublic participation in connection with the extension of the Maputo distribution system, new partner organizations should be found, such as associations of inhabitants and women's organizations. S. It will be essential that the feasibility studies into future alternate water sources for Maputo include environmental assessment to evaluate the environmental costs and benefits of each alternative, and to include these factors in any comparison of and selection between the alternatives.  Assessment of Urban and Peri-Urban Water Supply 37 4.4 BEIRA 4.4.1 Existing Water Systems Institutional Framework and Other Projects Beira is the second largest town in Mozambique and the capital of Sofala Province. The water system supplies Dondo, Manga and Inhamizua as well as Beira and is run by the Companhia de Aguas de Beira (CAB), originally a shareholder company owned by the City Council and anonymous (Portuguese) individuals. At independence, the Portuguese left and the company was nationalised and turned into a state enterprise. This status, however, has never been formalised and CAB has maintained its legal company structure. CAB operates independently from the City Council (although the City Council is the majority shareholder). In practice DNA supervises CAB through the Sofala Provincial MOPH office by channelling donor investment assistance and the setting of water tariffs. Relations between the City Council and CAB are very strained due to problems with managing the Beira sewage system and to serious management problems within CAB. CAB was previously responsible for sanitation, but the responsibility was transferred to the Council. Despite prolonged investment support from a Dutch- -financed project, the Council has been unable to execute proper maintenance of the sewerage and storm water systems. The Council attributes the lack of maintenance partly to CAB which has for more than a year refused to transfer receipts of an agreed 15 % share of the water fee to the Council to cover maintenance costs of the sewerage system. The Finnish Embassy in Maputo has concluded that a recently completed FINNIDA project for institutional support to CAB was a failure due to misappropriation of funds; lack of policies, strategies and tariff structure; and unqualified management which did not follow established regulations. FINNIDA will, however, consider some bridging support to CAB until commencement of the Bank-funded NWDP. The third institution involved in the Beira water supply is the Mozambique Sugar Estate (Acucareira de Moqambique). In the early 1970s a flood destroyed the original CAB water intake in the Pungue River and CAB has since been dependent on the sugar estate intake pumps and irrigation canal for its raw water supply. The estate is compensated in an agreement between the parties with free potable water. Relations between CAB and the estate are also strained due to salt intrusion in the river and the intake, and consequent interruptions to water supplies (see below). Water Source. Treatment. Transmission and Distribution Beira obtains its raw water from the Pingue River about 75 km from the river mouth (Figure 4.4). Minimum flow on the Pungue is estimated to be 3.9 m3/s (337,000 m3/d) (100 year return period). At the intake works, the river is still tidal and, during the May to October period of drier years, saline intrusion can affect water quality and limit pumping. Salt intrusion during low flows may reach 95 km from the river mouth.  38 Assessment of Urban and Peri-Urban Water Supply Figure 4.4: The Beira Water System Legend (a Intake/Pumping stabon Well PropoDsed i<&P C: Treatment works Proposed ~~~~~~~~o Reservoir new intale * New intake \l _ Railway ,vMain Road Transmission main RiP u River N ungue Dondo t 1 ~~~~~~Inhamizua >~Beira \ h~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~pr ts~~~~i Buziw0  Assessment of Urban and Peri-Urban Water Supply 39 Water is pumped from the river by the Mozambique Sugar Estate into its 6 km irnigation channel. A 1.5 km branch channel supplies the CAB intake pumping station which feeds two treatment plants with combined capacity of 30,000 m3/d. A new intake pumping station on the same branch channel, and a new treatment plant (cap. 30,000 m3/d), both Italian-funded, are almost complete and are said will be finished by the NWDP. Average water production from the existing plants is about 19,000 m3/d. Waste flows from the treatment process are discharged back into the branch channel beyond the CAB intake. The estate's river intake is presently undergoing a complete rehabilitation with new intake and outlet pipes and eight new pump-sets to increase capacity from 5.6 to 7.2 m3/s. The main irrigation channel is subject to siltation and is regularly dredged by the estate. Treated water is pumped 14.2 km to reservoirs at Mezimbite then gravity-fed 30 km (via Dondo and Inhamizua) to the Manga distribution centre. Here it is pumped into a tower for local distribution and further transmission to the Munhava then Beira distribution centres. Almost complete are a new pumping station at the treatment site and a 52 km transmission main to Munhava. These too are also said will be completed by the NWDP. The people of Beira and its bairros get their water from wells, private house or yard connections, standposts, through water vendors and from neighbours (Ojanpera 1993). About 45% of the population is served primarily by CAB, 2/3 of which have a house/yard connection and 1/3 depends on standposts (DNE 1994). In 1992 there were 74 standposts in the bairros. By 1995, the number had increased to 112 but only 63 are now in service, each serving an average of about 800 individuals. CAB has created a special Board for organising payment at the standposts. The Board operates a net of local managers made responsible for collecting water fees. They are selected after consulting people in the area and their local leaders. Users pay a fixed fee per family at the end of each month. The Water Marke An important source of water in Beira is the secondary market developed to cope with the inability of CAB to secure a timely supply of water. It covers about 20 % of the population (Ojanpera 1993). Prices in 1993 were found to vary between 5,000 to 10,000 MtVrn3. It was not possible to identify current secondary market prices but they are a multiple of the official CAB tariffs and vary considerably depending on the services included - e.g. whether water is brought by the vendor to elevated floors of high rise buildings, or if the buyer goes to the vendor. Another variable is the relationship (kinship) between buyer and seller. Anecdotal information indicates that they may reach 50,000 Mt/m3. Sewerage Systems The only piped sewerage system in the supply areas of CAB is in the city centre and serves about 30% of the population. Operation and maintenance of the system is the responsibility of City Council, but neither the customers nor the water company are paying any contribution for the services. The system is comprised of about 50 km of  40 Assessment of Urban and Peri-Urban Water Supply reticulation, 9 km of main collector pipelines, 11 lift stations to deliver sewage to the mains, and four mains pumping stations to discharge the sewage to the Pungue River estuary without any kind of treatment. Outside the city centre, septic tanks with soakaways and pit latrines constitute the main sanitary facilities. The Urban Infrastructure Programme, financed by the World Bank, and a program funded by the Dutch government, have rehabilitated parts of the piping system and all pumping stations in recent years. According to information obtained during the visit, many pumps have broken down after rehabilitation but at least one pump is working in each station. 4.4.2 Current Environmental Situation Water Source, Treatment. Transmission and Distribution Beira's raw water supply is totally dependent upon the continuous operation of the river intake owned and operated by the sugar estate, an undesirable dependency. The main problem is the salt water intrusion at low flows which causes salt contents far above the limit which is acceptable for the irrigation of sugar cane (140 mg/litre). When this occurs, normally during the early August to mid-December period, the estate stops pumping river water to prptect its land and crops from salination. Although the water is still suitable for human consumption (WHO recommended maximum 250 mg/litre), CAB is consequently forced to shut down the city water supply. This interruption causes serious adverse impacts in Beira. Only last year the intake was closed for 10 days in succession. By strict rationing of the water in the channel and the reservoirs, some supply was possible for three days, leaving people without water for one week. Under the circumstances, the population uses whatever water can be found and since the sewerage system also stops functioning in these situations, the effects are potentially disastrous. It is strange that the new Italian-funded raw water pumping station was located on the existing raw water channel, thus maintaining the salt intrusion problem and the dependency on the sugar estate. This was, apparently, against advice of both CAB and the City Council who wanted to restore the original river intake upstream which was washed out in the early 1970s. At the treatment plant, sludge and backwash water are discharged back to the intake branch of the channel, downstream of the intake. The channel continues far into the marshy flatland and the idea is that solids should settle while water should seep back to the river. As it is, the channel has silted up and, during floods or when raw water intake to the channel is less than the pumping rate of the raw water station, heavily polluted water flows backwards to the intake. During the site visit, two clearly distinctive flows, one from each direction, were feeding the intake pumping station, the one from downstream being completely black. This situation clearly adds to treatment costs. The transmission system capacity is adequate for the water production at the treatment plant in operation, but not more. The leaking ground reservoir in Manga, causing loss of precious water, is aggravating the difficult supply situation. The Italian-  Assessment of Urban and Peri-Urban Water Supply 41 funded transmission line could have eased the supply situation, along with the other components under the same program. Moreover, the 40 year old distribution system is in a poor state with frequent bursts in spite of extremely low pressures in the city centre and some rehabilitation and replacement works recently carried out with FINNIDA support. Water Qualitv. Consumers and Health With water being distributed only about 7 hours per day, and sometimes not at all, the distribution system is often empty and non-pressurised. This, coupled with an inadequate and only partly developed sewerage system, means that the water reticulation is susceptible to contamination from pit latrines and drained or flooding septic tanks. As the sewerage system to a great deal is dependent on sewage pumping stations, break-down of these causes leakage and high risk of contamination of water pipelines, with adverse impacts to human health. The EA team was not able to obtain any official statistics on the health and hygiene situation in the city and the bairros. However, anecdotal information indicate that the health situation is no better in Beira than in other cities, and that incidents of cholera had been recently reported. Receiving Waters Anecdotal information indicate that sewage and waste water being discharged to the Puingui River mouth without treatment is causing severe pollution of the waters and the shores along the water front. This results in health risks to everybody taking part in the harbour activities and is adversely affecting the general impression of the town and surroundings. The pollution is possibly also having other adverse ecological effects. 4A.3 Project Description Suply and Demand Projections DHV (1994) projected the population in the supply area to increase to about 490,000 in 1997 and to about 980,000 by the end of the planning period, year 2017. Only the urban and peri-urban areas will be covered by the water supply system which means that Beira and Manga will have full coverage in 2017 whereas the coverage in Inhamizua and Dondo are estimated to be 85% and 75% respectively in the same year. Unaccounted- for water (UfW) was taken to be reduced from 40 - 50% of present production to a modest 20% early in the planning period. The present level of service, with 68% of the population not covered and only 25% covered by house and yard connections, is expected to improve until full coverage is reached in 2017 with 75% being supplied by house/yard connections. Based on the above assumptions, DHV (1994) projected an average day water demand increase to about 21,000 m3/d in 1997 and 137,000 m3/d in 2017, all to be supplied by CAB. NWDP Investments Project investments proposed by the Bank for the Beira system are shown in Figure 4.5. They involve: * New intake pumping station. first phase  42 Assessment of Urban and Peri-Urban Water Supply * Local storage and pumping at Inhamizua and Dondo * Water loss reduction and metering * New service connections In addition, it is understood that the new intake pumping station and treatment plant almost completed with Italian funding will be finished by the NWDP (Shepherd 1996a). Figure 4.5: Project Investments in Beira New intake (1.03) Construct first phase of new XXX XXX XXX intake pumping station of 2,000 m3/h capacity (ultimate cap. 7,200 mn/h). Storage (1.07) Construct 2,500 rn3 ground XXX XXX level reservoir with pumping unit in Inhamizua (south). Storage (1.08) Construct 2,000 m3 ground XXx XXX level reservoir with pumping unit in Dondo. Distribution(I.10) Lossreductionand XXX XXX XXX XXX consumer meter program. Distribution (new Construct 2,492 HC and XXX XXX XXX connections) (1.1 1) 4,740 YC Project activities on which the EA focuses, with a distinction between those which may cause significant effects and those for which effects are likely to be minor, are: Significant environmental effects * increase surface water abstraction from Pungue River Minor environmental effects * new ground level reservoirs at Inhamizua and Dondo 4.4.4 Environmental Assessment of the NWDP Location. Planning and Design: Water Source and Treatment The DHV report (1994) for Beira states that there is sufficient water for the supply of Beira if this is given priority over any other uses, and if the saline intrusion problem can be solved. However, it will be necessary to limit other uses in the fiuture as the demand for Beira water supply increases. (Minimum annual recorded flow was 766 Mm3/y in 1967-8 against projected demand of 50 Mm3/y in 2017). The National Irrigation Development Master Plan (quoted in DHV 1994) recommended that the total irrigated  Assessment of Urban and Pen-Urban Water Supply 43 area should be limited to about 8,500 ha (present area of the sugar estate). Although no minimum flow requirement was specified, the estimated irrigation area limit was taking into account the need to use available flow to push the freshwater/saline water interface downstream. It is not known whether possible reduction in flows across the border from Zimbabwe was considered. A new supply line from the river destinated for the town of Mutare in Zimbabwe, is under construction. Planned extraction is 0.7 m3/s, but the capacity is actually higher. Provided that restrictions on water use for irrigation are enforced to maintain a minimum downstream flow, the increased abstraction of water for Beira from the Pungue River would probably not cause any significant environmnental impact. This statemnent, however, also presupposes that a satisfactory agreement is reached with Zimbabwe with regard to the shared water resources of the Puingue River. DNA and/or the new ARA for the region should monitor water demands on the Pzingu& Riverfrom irrigation and other uses in Mozambique andfrom Zimbabwe. Should these demands plus water supply to Beira indicate potential problems with maintaining minimumflows in the lower river, more detailed hydrological analysis should be carried out to assist in resolving competing water demands. 4 * Monitoring of salt content, evaluation of the weir option and hydrological studies, as recommended by DHV (1994), have been omitted from the NWDP investments outlined in Figure 4.5. The recommended new intake pumping station is included, but its location is not specified and no raw water transmission main to the treatment plant is included. The Bank is currently studying the downstream weir option (Shepherd 1996a). Although not specified in the investment plan of NWDP, there is evidently still some analysis to be completed before a final solution to Beira's raw water supply, and investments under the NWDP, are settled. At this point, there appear to be five options: 1. A new river intake at the current location, no weir, and discharge of raw water into the existing channel for delivery to the treatment plant intake. This appears to be what the Bank is currently proposing. 2. Option 1 but with a weir in the river. 3. Option I but with a pipeline from the river intake to the treatment plant directly. This would eliminate the need for intake pumps on the channel into the treatment plant. 4. Option 1 but with a weir and a pipeline from the river intake to the treatment plant directly. This would eliminate the need for intake pumps on the channel into the treatment plant. 5. Location of a new river intake 14 km upstream, to avoid the salt water intrusion problem altogether, and a pipeline to the treatment plant directly. Options 1 and 3 do not solve the salt water intrusion problem. Options 2 and 4 will solve the problem both for CAB and the sugar estate if the weir can be reliably built and operated, and if it is affordable considering both capital and O&M costs. Both these assumptions need to be seriously examnined. Option 5, the one most desirable to both CAB and the City Council, will very likely solve the salt water intrusion problem for CAP, but not for the sugar estate, and includes no new technology which CAB must  44 Assessment of Urban and Pen-Urban Water Supply adapt to. -Options 3, 4 and 5 all release Beira from dependency on the sugar estate's own pumping criteria and schedule. It is our opinion that Option 5 should be seriously considered since it offers the simplest technical solution to the salinity problem and releases Beira from dependency on the sugar estate. Options involving a weir are likely to have significant environmental impacts, especially to fisheries and river navigation, which would have to be assessed. The other options will have minimal and manageable environmental effects. However, We recommend that a thorough feasibility study be undertaken, considering all five supply options, before settling the final solution for Beira 's raw water supply and the final proposed investments under the NWDP. Any options involving a weir in the Pungue River will if selected, require a separate environmental assessment. Completion of the Italian-funded treatment plant must include provisions for safe disposal/discharge of sludge and backwash water. The present self-polluting situation must be discontinued. Rehabilitation of the existing treatment plants is not included in the NWDP. The reason could be that the new, Italian-funded treatment plant will have sufficient capacity alone until approximately 2000. However, the existing treatment plants, particularly the newer one, should be rehabilitated to preventfurther deterioration with adverse effects and extra costs when the capacity is needed in a relatively nearfuture. Location. Planning and Design: Transnission. Storage and Distribution The route- for a possible new raw water transmission main has not been studied, and no specific comments on environmental impacts are possible. However, the area is sparsely populated, and significant environmental impacts from one, later two, pipelines in parallel are not expected. The distribution system recommended for Inhamizua by DHV (1994) has been left out of the NWDP. However, a local reservoir, drawing water from the transmission line, has been constructed under Finnish funding, including also a pumping station and a small, elevated reservoir. A distribution system would be a natural part of this program, but the extent is not known. Construction No construction impacts were identified which cannot be satisfactorily managed through measures incorporated in the environmental monitoring and management plan (Section 7.3). With regard to employment, Beira is not much different from other major cities of the country. Unemployment and underemployment rates are extremely high with more than half of the population between the age of 15 and 59 being unemployed (DNE 1994). The area also counts a large number of demobilised soldiers (100,000 in the Sofala Province, 14,000 in Beira itself). At the same time, there are at least three local  Assessment of Urban and Peri-Urban Water Supply 45 companies capable of executing construction works under the NWDP: CETA, Teixeira Duarte and COTAM. Op2eration Apart from the potential for increased sewage treatment and sanitary problems addressed in Section 4.2.1, no operation impacts were identified which cannot be satisfactorily managed through measures incorporated in the environmental monitoring and management plan (Section 7.4). Receiving Waters The increased water supply and number of connections will cause increased sewage and waste water production, especially if recommendations in Section 4.2.1 are not followed. Unless extension and improvement of the water supply is accompanied by parallel improvements in the sewerage system and/or introduction of other appropriate sanitation solutions, the present untreated discharge of solids and human wastes will increase, polluting the harbour and nearby ocean and beaches, and creating the potential for impacts to both the aquatic environment and human health. Recommendations for the planning of waste water treatmentfacilities are discussed in Section 7.2 of the Environmental Management Plan. See also Section 4.2.4. 4.4.5 Analysis of Alternatives DHV (1994) offered two alternatives for improving raw water quality, the Pfingue River being the source in both cases: * Construction of a weir downstream of the intake to prevent salt intrusion; * Construction of a new intake where salt intrusion does not occur, 14 kn up the river just above the tributary Dingue-Dingue River. These alternatives were discussed above in Section 4.4.4. DHV (1994) also mentioned developing ground water supply but this would only complement the present source and is not discussed here. Also mentioned was, for the long term, constructing a storage dam on the Puingue River at Bue-Maria. A design has already been prepared for a large dam at this location. It is not likely that the project will be considered viable in the forseeable future and is not discussed further in this report. 4.4.6 Summary of Recommendations 1. DNA and/or the new ARA for the region should monitor water demands on the Pungue Riverfrom irrigation and other uses in Mozambique andfrom Zimbabwe. Should these demands plus water supply to Beira indicate potential problems with maintaining minimumflows in the lower river, more detailed  46 Assessment of Urban and Peri-Urban Water Supply hydrological analysis should be carried out to assist in resolving competing water demands. 2. We recommend that a thorough feasibility study be undertaken, considering all five supply options discussed in this report, before settling the final solution for Beira 's raw water supply and the final proposed investments under the NWDP. Any options involving a weir in the Puingue River will if selected, require a separate environmental assessment. 3. Completion of the Italian-funded treatment plant must include provisions for safe disposal/discharge of sludge and backwash water. The present self- polluting situation must be discontinued. 4. The existing treatment plants, particularly the newer one, should be rehabilitated to prevent further deterioration with adverse effects and extra costs when the capacity is needed in a relatively nearfuture. 5. Recommendations for the planning of waste water treatment facilities are discussed in Section 7.2 of the Environmental Management Plan.See also Section 4.2.4.  Assessment of Urban and Peri-Urban Water Supply 47 4.5 QUELIMANE 4.5.1 Existing Water Systems Institutional Framework and Other Projects Quelimane is the capital of the Zambezia Province, situated on the northern bank of Rio Cuacua as it reaches the Indian Ocean. The water supply mainly covers the town of Quelimane, but some standposts and other, single connections along the transmission main to the town distribution centre are also supplied by Empresa de Agua de Quelimane (AdQ). AdQ is a state enterprise "in creation"; it functions as an independent company but is supervised by DNA through the Zambezia Provincial MOPH office. There are no formal connections between AdQ and the Quelimane City Council. Co-operation with the city health service is limited to exchange of biological test results from water taps and there are no dialogue on health problems. Other projects in the area include a German-funded manpower development initiative within AdQ as an emergency measure. Fundacao Eduardo Mondlane is sponsoring a sanitation project in the peri-urban areas. PRONAR, the Rural Water Program, is constructing wells in the Quelimane area. In the near future, the National Roads Directorate will begin to rehabilitate and extend the main road along the transmission main from Quelimane via Nicadala, and passing Licuare, with financing from the Bank through the GoM National Roads Program. Water Source. Treatment. Transmission and Distribution The original and main water source for Quelimnane is the artificial Namite Lagoon close to the Licuare River about 50 km northeast of town (Figure 4.6). The lagoon is fed by groundwater and by pump and 950 m open canal from the river during dry periods when groundwater flows decrease. The lagoon is severely overgrown by hyacinths and weeds. An intake tower with three pumps (one operational) in the lagoon feeds the treatment plant on the shore. Another, bigger pump has been installed in a shed on the shore with an intake pipe into the lagoon and outlet pipe to the plant. The German government has funded the drilling of five boreholes near the treatment plant yielding 150 to 220 m3/h though the driller suspects that the long-term recharge will not allow all boreholes to be in operation simultaneously. One borehole has been completed, with a smaller pump than planned, and provides about 70 m3/h to the plant. The conventional treatment plant is in a state of complete deterioration except for one rapid sand filter. Due to lack of money, no chlorination is carried out and no equipment for this is present. Thus, water treatment for Quelimane is virtually non- existent. From the treatment plant, water is pumped into an elevated reservoir, and further gravity-fed by a 51 km main to ground level reservoirs in town. These systems are also in poor condition with pumps working intermittently or not at all, dangerously deteriorated support structures, and leaky tramsmission main. Direct pumping, omitting the water tower, is considered impossible as several pipe-bursts occur every month with just gravity, leaving the town without piped water supply.  48 Assessment of Urban and Peri-Urban Water Supply Figure 4.6: The Quelimane Water System Proposed Legend K dam site G Intake/Pumping staton W Well \ Treatment works o Reservoir D* am site (l 9 Railway N /\/ Main road TRr.aenmis3ion main uareic oaala 0 Ucar j \~Naact N < 5~~~~~~~~~~Aipr .~~~ioCu  Assessment of Urban and Pen-Urban Water Supply 49 The pipeline supplies a few standposts and some private connections on its way to town. The distribution centre at AdQ headquarters comprises two ground tanks, a pumping station and a water tower from which water is supplied to the distribution system a few hours per day. No bulk water meters are functioning anywhere in the production or transmission system. There are only 2,100 private connections (house/yard) in the city which serve 7 % of the population (DHV 1994). About 1/3 of the population depend primarily on standposts for their water (DNE 1994). However, only 12 of the 27 standposts installed are functioning. The rest of the population, approximately 60% depend on wells as their main source of water. The wells are apparently more reliable than piped water from AdQ. Water use is not metered but average total use is estimated to be about 1,800 m'/d (DHV 1994). The Water Maket In Quelimane, standpost caretakers are apparently free to set their own prices for water. In response to the general raise in tariffs from February 1996, the EA team observed that at one particular standpost the price was 50,000 Mt/n'. This is more that 70 times the official tariff at standposts set by the Government. The caretaker is allegedly charged 319,000 Mt/month by AdQ for the operation of the standpost but there appears to be no control from the enterprise on his financial operations. The price on the secondary market is also around 50,000 Mt/mr. Sewege Systems In the city centre, a rudimentary drainage system is also functioning as sewerage system, with several septic tanks connected. Apart from the septic tanks, which are never emptied, no wastewater treatnent exists, and the combined drainage and sewage is discharged directly into the Cuacua River. Flooding septic tanks are common during rains and blocked drainage canals and pipelines are causing health risks. Operation and maintenance of the sanitation and sewerage systems are the responsibility of the City Council, but no charges are being claimed or paid, and there is no formal cooperation between AdQ and the Council on the issue. Outside the town centre, sanitation facilities comprise pit latrines and a few septic tanks with soakaways. 4.5.2 Current Environmental Situation Water Source. Treatment. Transmision and Distribution The Namnite Lagoon is subject to siltation due to sedimnentation of turbid river water at high flow, and to overgrowing due to stagnant water. Nonetheless, the lagoon is improving raw water quality by filtration in the ground at high flows and functions as a settling basin for turbid water when this is pumped from the river. The plant operator is pleased with the intake arrangement as a whole and wants no changes. The ongoing ground water development is important as it is believed to achieve a yield sufficient to close down the treatnent plant for desperately needed refurbishment. The treatment plant is virtually non-functioning and the population of Quelimane is consuming untreated river water, except from the processes in the lagoon, mixed with ground water reportedly of good quality. The situation undoubtedly has the potential for adverse impacts on health.  50 Assessment of Urban and Peri-Urban Water Supply Water Qnality, Consumers and Health Water supplied to the public of Quelimane is of bad quality (e.g. washing machines cannot be used due to high contents of sand and silt), and house connections create waste water. With the prevailing sanitary situation in Quelimane, with septic tanks flooding and never emptied and drained, or connected to a poor sewerage system, the house connections constitute a health hazard to the public, particularly during rains. Also, since water is provided only for a few hours a day, the distribution system is empty and non-pressurised most of the time. These conditions represent a high risk of leakage of contaminants through cracks and open joints into the water-pipes. Water supplied by AdQ is tested once a month by the Quelimane Hospital laboratory. The water is normally regarded as unsuitable for human consumption. Diseases such as diarrhoea, cholera, hepatitis and typhoid fever occur in the city on a regular basis. Other water-related diseases such as malaria and filaria occur as well as problems caused by improper hygiene practices (scabies and trachoma). Statistics could however, not be obtained. Although some health workers qualified the population's knowledge of hygiene and waterbome diseases as sufficient, it was admitted that there are many problems. J Extension workers recommend that people boil drinking water before consumption, but most people fail to do so. The reason is probably a complex of poverty, lack of sufficient firewood and ignorance as to the health dangers of impure water. The sanitation situation of public areas, such as markets is very poor. Only the Central Market has a water connection. The markets in the peri-urban areas are not served by AdQ. Recevin& Waters Waste and storm water, carrying human and solid wastes, eventually discharges into the harbour and estuary of the Cuacua river totally uncontrolled and without treatment. The pollution constitutes a health risk to fishermen, washing and other activities in and around the harbour and shores bordering the seaward side of town, and has potential negative effects on the ecological systems of the estuary. 4.5.3 Project Description Supply and Demand Projections DHV (1994) projected the population in the supply area to increase to about 149,000 in 1997 and to 326,000 at the end of the planning period, year 2017. Approximately 40% of the population in 1994 were refugees, and it has been assumed that some 60% of these will return to their home villages. Only the urban and peri-urban population will be covered by the supply system, and this part of the population is estimated to increase fiom today's 48% to 58% in 2017. Unaccounted-for water (UfW) is taken to be reduced from today's 50 to 60% of production to a modest 20% early in the planning period. The present level of service, with 52% not covered, with 22% of those covered having house or yard connections, is expected to improve until full coverage of the urban and peri-urban population is reached in 2017 with 75% covered by house/yard connections.  Assessment of Urban and Peri-Urban Water Supply 51 Based on the above assumptions, DHV (1994) projected an average daily water demand increase to about 3,600 m3/d in 1997 and 26,000 m3/d in 2017, all to be supplied by AdQ. NWDP Investments Project investments by the NMDP for the Quelimane system are shown in Figure 4.7. They include hydrological and hydrogeological studies in the Licauri basin to improve water supply data and examine the feasibility of a dam. New intake works at the river and water main to the treatment plant (bypassing Namite Lagoon), refurbishment of the treatment plant, a new transmission main, and new ground level storage in the town are planned. Metering, leak detection and repair, and expansion/improvement of the distribution system, including connection of settlements along the transmission main, are also part of the program. Project activities on which the EA focuses, with a distinction between those which may cause significant effects and those for which effects are likely to be minor, are: Significant environmental effects: . increased surface water abstractions from Licuare River 3 new transmission main from treatment plant to town (mainly due to the expansion and upgrading of the road) Minor environmental effects: * small weir and new intake on the Licaure River * transmission main from river to treatment plant * new ground level storage reservoir in town * extension of distribution system 4.5A Environmental Assessment of the NWDP Location. Planning and Design The DHV (1994) report on Quelimane offered an analysis of the discharge pattern of the Licuare River based on data from a total of 14 years during the period 1967-84. The discharge has very irregular intra-annual distribution (only 6% from June to November on average). The analysis also revealed that there is an important variability on an inter- annual basis. The mean flows in the river, in particular during October, will therefore not be sufficient for the future demand from AdQ. Increased water abstraction from the river, without a regulating reservoir, will further reduce the flow with the risk of the river bed downstream remaining dry or with a very low flow over prolonged periods during the dry season. This may cause adverse ecological impacts downstream to where the river discharges into a marshy flatland and a network of historical riverbeds of the Cuacua river. The time allocated did not permit the EA team to conduct firther investigations. No settlements were, however, observed along the stretch of the river which may be affected.  52 Assessment of Urban and Pen-Urban Water Supply Figure 4.7: Project Investments in Quelimane Hydrological Licuare alluvial aquifer XXX investigations (1.01) hydrogeological study. Start hydro and meteorological program in Licuare basin and detailed investigations of dam site on the Licuare River. Leakage reduction Prepare reliable maps of I'm XXX XXX XXX (1.06) distribution system. Install/repair bulk and connection water meters. Leak detection and repair. Service connections Install 1,500 HC, 1,500 YC XXX XXX XXX XXX (1.08) and 30 PT. New intake (2.02) Build small weir in Licuari XXX XXX River. Construct new intake tower. Install 2 pumps 375 rn3/h each. Increase transmission Lay 51 km of 500 mm main. XXX XXX XXX capacity (1.07) Install 2 pumnps 450 m3/h each. Install water hammer facilities. Increase storage Construct 3,000 rn3 ground XXX capacity (2.03) level reservoir in town. Upgrade/expand Expand/improve distribution XXX X distribution system systemL Increase capacity of (2.04) prumary distribution system. Service connections Install HCs, YCs and PTs. XXX XXX (2.05) Bypass Namite Lagoon Lay I km of 400 mm main XXX (1.03) from river to treatment plant Treatment (1.04) Rehabilitate treatment plant. XX = Plans to construct a new intake at the river, and to bypass Namite Lagoon will omit use of the lagoon as pre-treatment of the river water, which must be considered negative. On the other hand, waste of water and energy by seepage from the canal and lagoon will be avoided and, with a fully operational treatment plant, the solution will have a net positive effect on the quality of water supplied. The construction of a weir in the river, believed to be necessary to acquire sufficient intake depth, could have negative environumental effects as it will hinder the passing of boats and possible fish migration during the dry season. Apparently, this is  Assessment of Urban and Pen-Urban Water Supply 53 not considered a problem locally, and no professional opinions were acquired during the team's visit. The weir should be omitted if possible. Both with regard to securing the water supply for Quelimane over the year and for mitigating any negative environmental impacts from reduced flows during the dry season resulting from increased water extraction, the DHV proposal of constructing a storage reservoir upstream is supported. It is recommended that estimation of the storage volume of the new reservoir should include the eventual requirement of a minimum ecologicalflow downstream of the water intake. Although a new reservoir is not included in the NWDP, this should be assessed during the proposed hydrological investigations. The planning of increased treatment capacity at the present site must include provisions for the safe disposal/discharge of sludge and backwash water, possibly to the lagoon which will be abandoned as water source, or to the river downstream of the new intake if considered safe. Care should be taken in the design of the refurbishedfacilities to choose processes and equipment the same as or similar to the existing ones as far as possible (see Section 7.2.1 for more details). The NWDP includes the construction of a new, separate pumping station at the treatment site pumping directly to town through a new transmission main with no connections on the way. The old pumping station, water tower and AC transmission line is supposed to be kept for supply of the villages along the route after repairs to the pipeline and valves. However, there is good reason to believe that the old pipeline is approaching the end of its lifespan. It is recommended that the old pipe be abandoned and the new pipeline be equipped with branches along the route, including pressure reduction valves or local elevated reservoirs as required, to supply adjacent settlements. The main road next to the pipeline is partly non-existent and a World Bank project is upcoming for its rehabilitation and widening. With shoulders and ditches, the new road will require a width of 30 m. It is expected that the road works will affect agricultural areas (rice fields) and require the resettlement of an as yet undetermined number of families. The new transmission main, parallel to and replacing the present one, would probably also require the resettlement of some families along the route. Planning and construction of the new transmission main should be closely co- ordinated with these road plans to minimize construction disturbance to local people and, where possible, make use ofjoint rights-of-way to minimize any required resettlements. In any case, detailed study is required to set thefinal transmission main alignment and identify resettlement requirements. CoQnstrumion No construction impacts were identified which cannot be satisfactorily managed through measures incorporated in the environmental management plan (Section 7.3). Statistics indicate an unemployment rate of 45 % of the population in age groups between 15 and 59 (DNE 1994). Construction works from project investments will create at least temporary employment opportunities for local skilled and unskilled  54 Assessment of Urban and Peri-Urban Water Supply workers, provided that local companies are considered for engagement on the various components of the project. It is likely that qualified companies exist in Quelimane and should be investigated further during project preparation. Qperation Apart from the potential for increased sewage treatment and sanitary problems addressed in Section 4.2.1, no operation impacts were identified which cannot be satisfactorily managed through measures incorporated in the environmental management plan (Section 7.4). Receiving Waters The increased water supply and number of connections will cause increased sewage and waste water production, especially if recommendations in Section 4.2.1 are not followed. Unless extension and improvement of the water supply is accompanied by parallel development of adequate sanitary solutions, the present untreated discharge of solids and human wastes will increase, polluting the harbour, the river estuary and nearby ocean and beaches, and creating the potential for impacts to both the aquatic environment and human health. Recommendations for the planning of sewage and waste water treatment facilities were discussed in Section 4.2.5. The Water Market Qualitative, quantitative and regularity improvement of the AdQ water supply will most likely contribute to a significant reduction in the cost of water for the poorer groups of the population in Quelimane. However, the impact of the improved water supply on the local economy will be contingent on the competitiveness of the AdQ water with water from wells where these represent real alternative sources for people. Water from the wells is by its nature free, and well owners will only be interested in piped water if it is of sufficiently high quality and if supply is sufficiently reliable. The Beneficiary Assessment study should take this issue into account. The city of Quelimane hosts a number of industries that depend on regular water supplies. These include a soap plant, a textile industry, fisheries, the railways and the shipping activities. Quelimane is a renown export port for, among other things, copra and tea (Grupo Madal) on the Mozambican coast. A producer of soft drinks had to close down, probably from the lack of a reliable water supply. Continuing failure to supply water on a sustainable basis may led to further closures of industrial plants, thus further endangering the city's economy. The NWDP will thus have substantial economic benefits for the town. 4.5.5 Analysis of Alternatives A future dam site, required for flow regulation in the Licuare River when water demand increases, has been preliminary located by DHV (1994) to about 30 km upstream of the present intake. Although the NWDP does not include this new reservoir, the possible development of a reservoir in this area is commented upon in general terms in this report regarding environmental impacts. The reservoir area was overflown by the Team  Assessment of Urban and Peri-Urban Water Supply 55 and scattered farms were noted on shallow soils penetrated by rock within rather sparse primary and secondary forest. The development of a reservoir will apparently not require major resettlement. The area to beflooded should be investigatedfor environmental resources, e.g. minerals, before afinal decision about location of the dam and reservoir is made. Possible conflicts with historical or cultural areas are unlikely in the area in question, but this should always be investigated early in the planning stage for reservoir developments. The raw water quality from the new reservoir can be expected to be much the same as from the present lagoon, providing the area to be flooded has no particular adverse characteristics and that activities in the area have not created pollution or contamination. The reliability of water supply created by a reservoir may rapidly decrease due to heavy siltation from the upstream river catchment area or from adjoining terrain. The state of the catchment area should be investigated, the potential for water quality and erosion problems assessed, and their effects mitigated as necessary by, for example, regulating land use, road construction and deforestation. Clearing of the reservoir area should be planned to avoid impacts from decaying vegetation and to create the impression of a natural lake without the adverse 4 impression of a dead, flooded landscape. Notwithstanding the above comments, an environmental assessment should be carried out ifplanningfor a dam proceeds into pre-feasibility studies. The DHV report on Quelimane (1994) assessed the ground water potential in the alluvial valley of Licuare for water supply to Quelimane. DHV considered the discharges from a well opened by Geomoc in 1981 to be in the high range when pumped for 6 months in 1985-6 (the well stopped operating probably due to inadequate construction and/or filters). A well field would probably provide additional water and be less sensitive to dry years than the present Namite Lagoon. As mentioned in Section 4.5.1, five boreholes have been drilled recently with German support near thetreatment plant. More tests and hydrogeological studies (included in the NWDP) will, however, be needed to determine how the well field might be contributing to the future water supply for Quelimane. It is recommended that the hydrogeological study should include an environmental assessment, in particular with regard to effects from drawdowns of the ground water table. 4.5.6 Summary of Recommendations 1. Estimation of the storage volume of the proposed new reservoir on the Licuare River should include the eventual requirement of a minimum ecologicalfiow downstream of the intake. This should be assessed during the proposed hydrological investigations, although the reservoir is not part of the NWDP. 2. The proposed weir across the Licuare River should be omitted ifpossible. 3. The planning of increased treatment capacity at the present site must include provisions for the safe disposal/discharge of sludge and backwash water,  56 Assessment of Urban and Peri-Urban Water Supply possibly to the lagoon which will be abandoned as water source, or to the river downstream of the new intake if considered safe. Care should be taken in the design of the refurbishedfacilities to choose processes and equipment the same as or similar to the existing ones asfar as possible (see Section 7.2.1 for more details). 4. It is recommended that the old transmission main be abandoned and the new pipeline be equipped with branches along the route, including pressure reduction valves or local elevated reservoirs as required, to supply adjacent settlements. 5. Planning and construction of the new transmission main should be closely co- ordinated with plans for rebuilding the roadfrom Quelimane via Nicadala, and passed Licuare to minimize construction disturbance to local people and, where possible, make use ofjoint rights-of-way to minimize any required resettlements. In any case, detailed study is required to set thefinal transmission main alignment and identify resettlement requirements. 6. Recommendations for the planning of sewage and waste water tr.eatment facilities were discussed in Section 4.2.5 above. 7. The Benefi ciary Assessment study should take into account the relative competitiveness ofAdQ and well water. 8. Concerning the proposed dam on the Licaure River (if being considered): - The state of the catchment area should be investigated, the potentialfor water quality and erosion problems assessed, and their effects mitigated as necessary by, for example, regulating land use, road construction and deforestation. * The area to beflooded should be investigatedfor environmental resources, e.g. minerals, before a final decision about location of the dam and reservoir is made. Possible conflicts with historical or cultural areas are unlikely in the area in question, but this should always be investigated early in the planning stage for reservoir developments. * Clearing of the reservoir area should be planned to avoid impacts from decaying vegetation and to create the impression of a natural lake without the adverse impression of a dead, flooded landscape. * Notwithstanding the above comments, an environmental assessment should be carried out ifplanningfor a dam proceeds into pre-feasibility studies.  Assessment of Urban and Peri-Urban Water Supply 57 4.6 NAMPULA 4.6.1 Existing Water Systems Institutional Eramework and Other Projects The town of Nampula is the capital of the Province of Nampula, situated on the main south-north and east west roads and the railway line, about 130 km from the coast (Figure 4.8). The water system supplies mainly the central parts of town. The Texmoque textile factory, with 3,000 workers, used to be supplied from an intermediate reservoir along the transmission line but has been closed down. Nampula town and peri-urban areas is supplied by Companhia de Agua de Nampula E.E. (AdN). AdN is not yet a registered state company and is supervised by the DNA through the Nampula Provincial MOPH office. The financial situation of AdN is particularly bad. Water fee arrears amount at present to 2.3 million Mt or 11 months billed fees. Less than 1/4 of the billed fees are collected each month, and the main defaulters are Government institutions. The rapid depreciation of the Metical makes the financial situation for the company even worse than the figures indicate. A fine system was introduced.in 1994 in which 50 % of the 4 outstanding amount is added to the bill for each month of non-payment. The fine -system is not applied at the standposts and there were no reports as to the success of the system. AdN has made arrangements with EDM with regard to payment for electricity and this may help the company stay afloat for some time. However, the situation is very serious. AdN and the City Council are on talking terms, but relations are somewhat strained. As well, there appear to be co-operation problems within the Council itself and among its various departments. This situation will diminish the Council's ability to cope with acute environmental problems in the town area. Other projects in the area include EU-financed improvements to distribution systems and new taps, but detailed information was not obtained. As well, Dutch- supported projects are laying new transmission mains and rehabilitating the pumping station (commenced June 1995, not yet complete) and working on erosion control education in peri-urban areas. A World Bank-supported Local Govermnent Reform and Engineering project (PROL) is planned to commence in Nampula. An envirornmental study has been carried out and the project will do an ecological analysis as an input to a structural plan (Kim HeInind, pers. comm.). Nampula will become a testing ground for urban environmental management practices in Mozambique. Water Source. Treatment. Transmission and Distribution Nampula pumps its raw water from a dam on the Monapo River about 10 km north of town to a nearby treatment plant commissioned in 1976. No meteorological or hydrological data has been collected for some years. Of the approximate 4 Mm3 behind the concrete dam, AdN estimates that 1/3 is silted up. Drains to reduce siltation are installed but have not been operated for many years due to fears among the staff of not being able to close the valve after flushing. Generally, the dam gives a good impression and no serious faults, except minor leaks were reported. The intake tower has had four  00 W ~~~~~~~~~~RiiD MOnaPOa 1 Proposed Dam site 0 \ \ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~rA \ ~~~~~~~~~Airport Legend N ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~L In A. takle/Pumping station k _:b L _ U~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~C Treawtment works \ == ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~o Reservoir 111 J * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Dam site l # _ ~~~~~~~Nampula Raly ! ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~Main Road ~~~~~~~~~~Transmission main \ ,