China - Second Shaanxi Provincial Highway Project - environmental assessment (Vol. 3 of 17) : Report on the survey of the historical sites of cultural relics and the action plan for their preservation

Report on the Survey of the Historical Sites of Cultural Relics and the Action Plan for their Preservation under the Highway Projects (2)----* of Shaanxi Province of the People's Republic of China Shaanxi Province Archaeology Research Institute January 1. 1995  Report on the Survey of the Historical Sites of Cultural Relics and the Action Pla n for their Preservation under the Highway Projects (2) of Shaanxi Province of the People's Republic of China Shaanxi Province Archaeology Research InstituLte January 1, 1995  Report on the Survey of the Historical Sites of Cultural Relics and the Action Plan for their Preservation under tiLe Higlhway Projects (2) of Shaanxi Province in the Applification for a Loan from the World Bank Organizer: Shaanxi Provinoc Archacology Re I i t Director of the Institutc: Han Wei (Rcscarch X Project Executive: Wang Zhank-ui (Vice-Dire r of the In Associate Rcsearch Fellow) Staff Members: Associate Research Fellow: Wang Zhank-ui Assistant Researcliers: Tian Yaqi, Wang Wcilin, Wang Shejiang, Ma Zhijun, Wang Xiaoqing, Wang Wainslheng. Xing Filai. Duan Qiiigbo. Qin Xiaoli, i-lu Songrnei Research Assistants: Shi Lei, Liu Hengwu, Zhu Tianslhu, Zhang Minghui. Zliao Xichen, Wang Rui. Qin Zaoyuan, Wang Xiaox;iao, Xu Yongchu Technicians: Zhao Yongfeng, Zliao Fukaiig, Wang Junhua, Waig Hongwei 2  Contents Part I The Survey of thec Historical Sites 1of Cultural Ralios 1. Overall Description 1. 1 Back-ground for the Survey 1.2 Work Basis 1.3 Concelusion of the Investigations and Studies 11. Work- Proccdurcs 2.1 Working Methods 2.2 Cotstitution of Staff 2.3 Working Period III. A Biief Description of the Distribution of Cultural Relics IV. Distribution of the Cultural Relics alonig the Highlways 4.1 Weinan-Tongguan Expressway 4.2 Tongcbuan-Huangling First-class HigBlwav, Yaotan-Tongoh uan Semi-Range Fiirst-class H-ighiway 4.3 Xiaoshangyuan-Lanltian Second-class IHighway Only. for Auto- mobiles 4.4 Three Second-class Automobile Feeder Highways (1) Jianigzhang-Faniensi (2) Jliangzhano-dtangys (3) Jinjia-Qinyong (Terra-cotta Figures) Museut Part I .1 The Action Plan for the Preservation of Cultural Relics 1.1 Preservation of Cultural Relics during Highway Prospecting and Designing .3  1.2 Protection of Cultural Relics during Highway Construction 1.3 Preservation of Cultural Relics during Transportation 1 .4 Cost for Preservation of Cultural Relics II. Basis for the Implementation of the Action Plan III. The Plan for Supervision Appcndix: Maps of thc Cultural Relics Distributed along the High- ways 4  *.- ~ ~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ t. ."' 4f a wi i: ~ ~ ~ ~ : Part I The Survey of the Historical Sites,,. of Cultural Relics I. Overall Description 1.1 Background for the Survey In order to act in the spirit of both memorandum of talks on Shaanxi Highway Construction Projects (2) by utilizing the World Bank loan, and minutes of talks on environmental eovaluation, Shaanxi Province Archaeol- ogy Reseah Institute, entrusted by Shaani Highway Prospecting and Designing Institute, made a spot field survey of cultural relics in the con- struction areas of Highway Projects (2), and therefore, worked out the plan for the preservation of cultural relics. 1.2 Work Basis According to the legal documents relating to field archaeological sur- vey, The Law of the People's Republic of China on the Preservation of Cultural Relics, Rules for thie Impiementation of the Law of the People's Republic of Clina on the Preservation of Cultural Relics, Regulations of Shaanxi Province on the Preservation and Management of Cultural Relics, Regulations and Procedures for Field Archaeological Work, Shaanxi Prov- ince Archaeology Research Institute dispatched a team from the insfitute to make an objective and scientific survey of the historical sites in the con- struction areas of Highway Projects (2). The institute made a detailed study and analysis of the survey, com- pared and classified the various cultural relics found along the highway lines. As a result, some plans have been worked out that will both protect cultural relics and be beneficial to the highway construction. 1.3 Conclusion of the Investigations and Studies We derived the knowledge from the survey that the highways to be s  constr ucted lhad been basically kept clear of tihe den sely distributed areas of Cultural relics aind ruins. Protective mlCeasures have been suggosted in. this report for thc 26 sites that can be affected owing to the geographical conditions. It' those mcasures were takeni, the highway construction will avoid any destructive effect upon ancient cultural relics. Shaanxi Province Archaeology Researclh Inistitute stronigly insists on the protecfivc neasures being carried into effect in order to enhance the sttidy and the salvage of the anicienit culture, and to promote and devolop tho Chinese national cul- ture. Shaanxi Province Archaeology Research Institute wishes to take a positive and cooperative attitude with units in chargc of communications and transportation in the effort to save Siaanxi's ancienit culture and as. wiell as to develop the communications and transportation system. During the constrLctionl of lHighwav Projects (2), we hope that cultural relies, both abovc anid under the grounda should be righltly preserved. 1. Work- Procedures 2.1 Working Method Under the conditions described by Regulations and Procedurcs for Field Archaeologicad Work issued by the Ministry of Culture of the Pco- ple's Republic of Chiina, and according to the specific tasks, ve work-ed out our survey prog,ram by combining the survey of the regional areas and investigations of special topics. During the process of the survey, both kiown cultural relics and cultural materials as well as possible problems and traces along the highway lines were exsamined and analyzed. Every two meembers of the surveying team formed a group to fulfill the task by following the actual directions of tie future higlhway lines pros- pecting on foot part by part the areas extending 100 meters offtlhe lines, noting down various taces of cultural relics and remains, and collecting samples reflecting the naturc of the sites. At night the whole team held discussions on the surveying data collected during the day. The last step in the process was the completion of this report whicl presents the ractual discoverv of the survey. 2.2 Constitution of Staff: 6  C.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. The total number of the team taking part in the survey was 24 includ- ing one associate research fellow, 10 assistant researchers, 9 research as- sistants, and-4 technicians. The team -was headed by Wang Zhankui, Vice- Director of Shaanxi Province Archaeology Research Institute in charge of the research work. The tcam was formed by key members from research sections of Stone Wares, Shang-Zhou Dynasties, Qin-IHan Dynasties, Sui-Tang Dynasties, and skillful teclhnicians from the institute. 2.3 Working Period The field survey started on November 12th, 1994 and ended on De- cember 10th, 1994. The report was completed on December 20th, 1994. III. A Brief Description of the D istribution of Cul- tural Relics Shaanxi is one of the sources of the Chinese ancient civilization with extraordinarily rich historical sites of cultural relics since such most impor- tant dynasties in Chinese history as Western Zhou. Qin, Western Han, Sui and Tang made this region their capitals. Here every hill and steam, every town or city big or small, is unexceptionably and closely linked with the long history of China. Therefore, it has been praised as a natumrl museum for the studies of ancient Chinese cultures. From the survey, altogethcr 26 cultural relics and remains were found that needed to be protected. They included one under state protec- tion, four under provincial protection, and eight under county protection. They were Yaozhou Kilns, Qianmao Site at Wangjiahe in Tong- chuan, Wangjiahe Site at Wangjiahe village in Tongchuan, Hengzhen Site in Huaxian County, Tongguan Ancient City, Fajia Site at Duanjiasiang Town in Fufeng County, Lujiacuen Site at Jiangzhang Towni in Fufeng County, Yuchi Site in Lintong County, Zilicuen Site in Huaxian County. Lianglaobao Site in Huaxian County, Quanhucuen Site in Huaxan County, Tankegou Site in Tongehuan. There were other 13 cultural relics unListed under special protec- 7  tion. General Table of the Historical Sites of Cultural Relics highway total num- state-class provinco- county- unlistod rema. ber class class rks Weinan-Tong- guan Exprcss- 14 2 4 8 ..way Tongchuan- Huangling 6 1 1 1 3 Class-A High- Xiaoshangyuan -Lantian Class- 2 2 B Highway a Jiangzhang- Famcnsi High- 2 2 way._ Jiangzhang- 1 1 West Tangyu IHighway _ Jinjia-Qinyong Museum l 1 Highway ____ ___ _ _ __ Tale 26 1 3 9 13 Section 4 describes the Cultural relics and their culture aspects in- volved in each main highway construction lines and the feeder highways. The 26 archaeological sites of cultural relics contain very rich cul- tural content, including the various historical periods from- the primitive society to the Tang and Song Dynasties, with 8 cultural types including Yangshao Culture, Longshan Culture, Xia Culture, Shang Culture, Zhou Culture, Qin Culture, Han Culture, and Tang-Song Culture. The studies of such important subjects as China's ancient history and archaeology may 8  absorb a great deal from those materials, for example, the origin of China's agriculture, the relations of Xia, Shang mid Zhou Cultures, the distribution of Shang Culturo in Shaanxi, the relations between tho ancient' culture of Guanzhong and China's northern culture, the relations among ihe nationalities in Western Zhou, and so on. Some such comprehensive studics as th environmental factors for the fact that Shaanxi bocome the center of China's ancient culture may get their help from further archaeo- logical excavations. IV. Distribution of the Archaeological Sites along the Highways 4.1 Weinan-Tongguan Expressway This part of the expressway will cover 14 historical sites of cultural relics among which two are under provincial protection: Hengzhen Site in Huaxian County and Tonggguan Ancient City, and four under county pro- toction-Zilicuen Site, Lianglaobao Site, Qianjiayao Site, and Quanhucuen Site, all in Huaxian County. The rest eight sites u.nlisted in special protec- tion are Fanjiacuen Site, Guocuen Site, Cemetery at the Soutlern Skirt of Huaxian County Seat, Wufamngang Site in Huayin County, Hongyan Site in Huayin County, Xiquandian Site in Huayin County, Dongquandian Site in Huayin County, and Shaqu Site in Huayin County. Hengzhen Site (Under Provincial Protection) This site is located northwest of Hengzhen Village. The protective area is 50 x 40 (2000) mi2. Around the site red pottery flakes of Yang- shao Culture can be secn easily. Tongguan Ancient City (Under Provincial Protection) Tongguan Ancient City has a very important military and cultural background. It also occupies a stmrtegic position for coming in and going out of Shaanxm Province. Starting from the Tang Dynasty and ending in the late 50's of the 20th century, the position of this city remained. Owing 9  to the construction of the- Saninn Gorge Reservoir, the county town was moved to another place, which, therefore, had protected thec ancient city in fairly good conditions till present. The city wall basically remaidned intact and the inner city shows orderly layout. The; planned construcotion of thei expressway cuffing through the city from the west city wall to the cas city gate thecn turning northward, wHil no doubt damage the foundation of -the East Gate Tower. The expresswaty occupies around 3000 m2, of the histozi- Cal s'ite ',of theo city wall and the construction areas inside the city wall. Zilicuen Site (tinder County Protection) This site has its location at the northeas Zilicuen Village nearby Zili Elementar-y School. The expressway will take its route through the village where 50 x 40 (2000) im2 of the site can be destroye. Surveyngdt indicated the site belongs to Banpo typo of Yan gshao Culture and Long- shan Culture. Some tombs of Yangshao Culture wore also found firom the ditches in Zili Elementary School. Lianglaobao Site (Under County Protection) This site is located at the south village of Lianglaobao; A simply con'- strucled highway turning southward from the village cut across the site. Forthe planned highway, 40 x 40 (1600) n2 of the site needed protecton. Surveying data indicated that the site involved both remains of Ban'po type of Yangshao Culture and flat and cylindrical tiles of the Qin and Han Dy- nasties. Qianj.iayao Site (Under County Protection) The site is situated east of Qianjiayaocr un, with the highway which passes through the site covering an amra of (50 x 40) 2400 p2. The cult tural samples collected from the surfce of the soil reflect that its remains are mainly of the type of Banpo Culture and Longshan Cultuare. 10  Quanlhucuen Site (UJnder County Protection) This site is situated at the soulI tableland of Quanhucuen Villago in lluaxian County where 60 x 40 (2400) mn ncedod protection. The survey- ing evidence showed that this siat is mainly of Miaodigou typo of Yang- shao Culture and Longshan Culture. As a typical site in the development fron Yangshao Culture to Longshan Culture, tho unearthid cultural relics have provided witlh reliable material data for the studies of the devolop- mcnt from tho matriarchal society to patriatohal society. Tbis time witlh the construction of the highway, more detailed and reliable materials will be discovcred, Fanjiacuen Site This site is located at the west Fanjiacuen in Weinan County of which 40 x 40 (1600) m2 can be ruined by the planned construction of the highway. Relics collected from the site included gray-sandy pottery jars, li with thread patterns and pots with basket patterns. From the vertical sec- tion of the soil stratum, a sack-shaped ash puddle indicating Longshan Culture was observed. Guocuen Site This site is at the southwest Guocuen Village of Weinan County. The planned highway will cover an area of 60 x 40 (2400) m 2 of the site. This is an archaeological site with long historical period and profound cultural aspects. The surveying data indicated cultural relics of Miaodigou type of Yangshao CultuLrc, and that of Shang and Zhou eras. Artifacts collected from the site included color pottery basins, jars of red clav, red-sandy pot- tery jars and thread-patterned Hi. The Cemetery at the Soutiern Skirt of Huaxian County Seat This cemetery occupies a relatively large area extending eastward from the brick kilns south of the county seat, spreading past the Hongling Machinery Factory, the south of Xizhaicuen Village, the Kilns at the northwest of Shaohua Township, and finally ending at the cast of Shaohua. 11  -~ ~ ~~> II' LhC ,5:*5Ir S!.-s t - I The cross section of s.oil stratum showed tonb pits of the Han and Tang Dynasties under the planned highway lines. The tombs are mainly of vcr- tical eartheln pits with a fiew brick-chaimbored ones. Despite the large. oc- cupationi of the cemetery, the area that inight be affected by tihe highway construction was relatively small. Excavation before the actual construc- tion of thc highiway will avoid damage of die tombs. Wufangxiang Site and Cemetery The location of the site is at the south Ningcheng Village in Wu- fangxiang Township of Huayin County. The area that needs archaeologi- cal protection is 100 x 40 (4000) i2. Surveying data indicated pure cul- tural aspect of Miaodigou type of Yangshiao Culture. The cemetery is located at thle southcast of the township seat being a family cemetery of Yang in Hongnong from the Han to thie Five Dynasties. Thle plannled highway will occupy a relatively small area of th-e cemetery. FHong,van Site Trhis site is at ithc soutlheast Hongyan Village ii. Huayin County. The area that will be covered bv the highway is 40 x 40 (1600) m2. This is Miaodigou-type remains. Relics collected from the site includcd flakes of red-sandy pctte:ry jars, flat-edged basins, and point-bottomed bottles. Xiquandian Site The site is located 100 metres oiff te south village of Aliquandian in Haayrini City. An. area of 60 x 40 (2400) m2 might be covered by the highwvay that needs protection. lhis site showNed cultural aspects of mainlv Miaodigou type. Dongquandiai, Site Located at 1000 meters off the south Dongquandian Village in Huayin County this site indicatod pure cultural aspects of L,ongshan Culture. The plannied highlwav will pass throuigl the site by covering 70 x 40 (2800) 12  *S ' J - Shaqu Site This site is located at 200 meters off in the northeast Shiaqu Village where 100 x 40 (4000) in' needed to be protected. Analysis of tec sam- ples collected from the sitc indicated that this site liad a lonig period frotn the primitive stage to the Han Dynasty, and profound cultural aspects of Banpo type of Yangshaa Culture. Miaodigou tvpe . Lotngshan Culture, Zhou Dynasty Culture. and thc cultures of thie Warriny States Period and thc I-Ian Dynasty. 13  General T able of tlhe Historical Sites of Cultural Relies along Weinan-Tongguan E,xpressway area occupicd by thc cultural period of class of preser- historical nittie Cexrssway the lustorical site vation & year of possession _ .______ _. _ ____ ___,__ _ .proznuija*on ._ __ __ ._ Fanfiacuen 2.10M0 1n2 Longlian unlisted Weinan Guocuen 2400 tn Shang & Zhou, unlisted Weinan ._______ _ .Yanjtsha_..o _ Zilicuen 2000 ir2 Yangshao, Long- county class, Hua,di a _____________ shan 1985 Liui,laobao 1600 ni2 Yangshao, Qin & counly class, Huaxian _________ .____ __ ~ . .SHan 1985 Cemetcrv at 1000m2 Southetn Skirt of |Han & Tuig unlisled Hua'ian H tu:manl,1._.... Qianjiavao 2000 ml Yangsbao, Lone- countv class. lauxian _ 2__ | ~~~~~~~~~~shan 1935 - Qtuanhlucnlcn 2400 m2 | Yangshao. Long- cotiny clasm. Iluaxwin" shtan 19&5 Hcvgzhen - 2000 nm _ Yanbshao provincial class Hua,in Wufan Kang Site Yangshao, Man- y _eto _ 4000 n Five Dynasties unlistcd Huavu Hont ml 160m2 n Yangshao unlisted Huasin Shnqu i 4o00m Y'anpshao-Han I unlisted __Huavin X quandian - 2400 m7 Yanms.Ido unlisted Huavin Dongquandian j 2800 nit Lansfl= unlisted t1luavin Tongguan Ancienl 3000 id2 Five Dynasties- provincial class Tonguan cityI modem period . _ 4.2 Tongchuan-Huangling First Class Hihway, Yao.ian- Tonachuan One-side First-class Highway Six cultural relics are located along this part of the highwayx lines in- cluding Yaozhou Kilns under state protection, two under provincial pro- tection-Wanjiahe Site at Wangjiahe Township in Tongehuan. and Qian- 14  mao Site at Wanjiahe Township, and one under county protection- Tank-cgou Site of Tongchuan. The rest two sites were Guojiazhuang Site in Tonachuan and Laohuyiba (Tiger's Tail Village) Site of Huangling un- listed for special protection. Yaozhou Kilns Site (Under State Protection) Yaozlhou Kilns Site Reservation covers an area from north of Wang- jiabiancuen Highway extending along Qishui River to Tongchuan Cement Plant Qishui river flows from the northeast to southwest until Huangbao Town with its valley getting wider gradually on the fitile land aiid wide plain. Abundant coal, refractory clay and porcelain clay are produced in the nearby areas, and with transport facilities and as well as sufficient wa- ter resources. Ever since the Tang Dynasty, this area has been the place of production of the celebrated Yaozhou pottery and porcelain. On both banks of Qishui River, on the verges of terraces and by the roadside. fagments of pottery and porcelain have been scattered all over, the place since the Tang dynasty and the Five Dynasties, which are mostly those of celadon wares, and then of white porcelain. This magnificent treasure house of tie porcelain kingdom has provided us with valuable, rich and variant material data for the study of the history of the industrial art of an- cient porcelain making. It has been on the list of the state-class historical reservation. Since the early 1950's. through nearly 50 vears of investigations and excavations by the archaeologists, plenty of archaeologist data has been mastered, so that the academic circles have evidence to seek in their stud- ies of the various utensils, historical periods and their division, technology of production, the art of decoration, etc. of Yaozhou Kilns. It has become a study base of China's northern series of porcelain. The area through which the hiighway passes is rather large, amoutit- ing to 4OOO m2(40 x 1000). The archaeological checlking up was car- ried out during the construction of Xi'an-Tongchuan Highway in 1990. It is estimated that the construction of the new highway will not bring too much hann to the kev historical sites. Therefore. the areas that need to be excavated and checked up will not be too many. 15  Wangjiahe Site (Under Provincial Protection) The site is located at the northi of No. 3 Middle School of Tongohuan Coal Mine. The highway might cover an area of 40 x 40 (1600) m2 of the site. The cross section of soil stratum showed many ash puddles. Among the relics collected from the site were pottery flakes of petal-edged Ii and ding. This site is an important site between the Guanzhong Plain and the Northern Shaanxi Plateau with rich cultural remains and has been well- preserved in the transition culture between Central Shaanxi's farming area and the Nortiern Shaanxi area with fiarming and animal husbandry. Fur- ther archaeological excavations wiIl provide more materials for the rela- tions betwveen the ancient cultures of Central China and Nordtern China. Tankegou Site This site is situated on the terrace and plateau on the right bank of Waigia River, looking toward the Wangliahe Township across the rivcr. At least cultural remains were discovered at two cross sections with wide terraces and cliffs near the river. The site is 500 meters from east to west and 400 meters wide from north to south. covering an area of 200.000 II2. The higlhway covers ani area of (40 x 90) 3600 in2. The chief remains include ash pits, houses, with a lot of pottery fragments on the surface. some are colored pottery earthen bowls, jars witlh rope patterns and jugs with pointed bottoms. There are basins with patterned rims of the Xia and Shang Dynasties, Ii of the Shang Dynasty, beans with false bellies, li and jars of the Western Zhou, as well as the fragments of jars with rope pat- terns of the Warring States. Qianmao Site (Under Provincial Protection) The site is located at the tableland of Qianmao in the east Wangiahe Village. (50 x 40) 2000 n2 of the site wvas under the will-be-constructed highway. This site sho-wed rich deposit of cultarml stratum with pottery flakes scattered on its surface indicating the culture of Miaodigou type. 16  Guojiazhuang Site G3uojiazhuang -Site is situated onl the terrace and plain southwest of Guojiazhuang Villaqge on the west bank of Wangjia River. The ne'wr high- way whiceh goes through covers an .area of 2800 in2 (70. x 40). T'he his- torical sites of bug-shiaped ashi pits, the layers for residence withi red burnt soil, tomibs, etc. viewed from the fracture surfaice. Thle maini relics discos'- cred on the surthce of the fields at the historical site, are j-ugs with round bellies or withi ears, beans whiich belong to Longshan Culture. The jugs are mainly graywares made of limesand chiefly wvithi blue patt-erns. Besides,. jugs with patterned rims as well as fragments of porcelain, with straight mouths and raised patterns made in the Xia. and Shang Dynasties Were also discovered. Laohuyiba (Tiger's Talc Village) Site' Laohuyiba Site is situated in the place about 1 kilogram north. of the Tiger's Tale Village nortlhwest of Huangling County. The highway covers an area of (40 x 40) 1600 i2 Rwhich it goes through. Ash pits, gray- wares of porcelain w%ith blue patterns, porcelain jugs with straight mou'ths and raised patterns and other remains and utensils were discovered, be- longing to the period of Longshan Culture till the M a and Shang Dynas- tics. 17  General Table of the Historical Sites of Cultural Relics along Tongcliuan- Iuangling First-Class Highway area occupied cultural penod of the class of preservaion historical sitl by the highway site & year of promula- possession _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ tio n Tang& Five Dynasties, state-class, January Yaozhou Kims 40,000 m2 Song and Yuan 1988 Tongchuan Q ao 2000 m2 Yaagh Culture unlisted Tongchuan Yangihao Citure. provnc-class. April Wanmiahe 1600 m2 ShanL Zhou 1992 Tongvhuan Lonhan Culbue, Guoijazhuang 2800 m2 g Sh ulisted Tonghuan Longshan Cultue=, Tankegou 3600 m2 Xia. Shanm & Zhou county-lass, 19S5 Toiiwhuan Longsan Culture, Laohuyiba 1600 m2 Xia, & Shang urlisted Huang1ing 4.3 Xiaoshangyan-Lantian Second-class Eighway Only for Automobiles This part of the highway involves two cultural sites: Goujiacuen Site and Chenjiayan Site of Lantian County. Goujiacuen Site The site is located at a position of 100 meters east of Goujiacuen Vil- lage in Lihou Township with Bahe River at the south. The site is right at the juncture ofthre old and new highways, which will pass over (70 x 40) 2800 m2 on the site. The cultural layer is about 3 meters deep. On the sur- face tile slabs of the Han and Tang Dynasties. some eaves tiles were col- lected- Animal bones were seen on the cross section of the layer. Chenjiayan Site Is  This site is situated at the second terrace 200 meters cast of Chen- jiayan Village withi Balhe River 100 meters off on the south side. The highiway which passes by may cover an area of(40 ' 40) 1600 i The cultural layer is 2 meters, thick. The remains on the surface show that it belongs to Yangshao Culture and the I-Ian Dynasty Culture. G-eneral Table o'f the H-istorical Sites of Cultural Relies al'ong Xiaoshangyuan-Lantian H-ighway historical site area occupied historical p.- class of pres- possession ________ n~~~-rod ervation _ _ _ _ Chenjiayan 1T600~ 2 Yangshao unlisted Lantian _______ _______ Culture, Han _ _ _ _ 9juiacuen 2800m2- Han un clse Lantian 4.4 Three Class-B Feeder H-ighways Only for Automobiles 1) Jiangzhang-Famensi Hfighway The two locations of ancient sites along this highwiay are both under the preservation of the county. They are, Anbanxiahe Site and. Tombs and FaJiacuen Site and Tombs of Duanjia Township, both in Fufeng County. Anbanxiahe Site and Tombs The site tak-es a location north of Wei River and southeast:of Xiahe Village. The present Y.'an-Baoji H4ighway passes through the site, cover- ing an area of (50 x 40) 2000 in. This is asite with a thick- layer and profound cultural aspects covering the four. ancient cultures of Yangshao, Longshan, the Western Zhou and the Han. The surveying data mainly dis- plays -the Mlaodigou type of culture and Banpo type with -shavel-legged ding and the ding with embossed decoration of Longshan Culture, as well as ii, fu, dou, basins, and jars of the Western Zhou dynasty. Xiahecuen Tombs are located on the north hill of Wei River eat of Xiahecuen Village. The highway will pass through the tombs, where some tombs of the early Western, Zhou was e.,xcavated in the past with a bronze ware ding and a fu 19  and somc potbery fragments- were unearthed. Fajiacuen Site and Tombs the site is situated west of Fajiacuen Village with the highway pass- ing through the site covenng an area of (50 x 40) 200 0 . Some pot- tery flakes of Yangshao Culture and gray sandy pottery fragments of the Western Zhou were unearthed. The tombs are situated south of the village, belonging presumably to the Zhou Dyniasty. General Table of the Historical Sites of Cultural Relics along Jiangzhang-Famensi Highway class of pres- site and area occupied cultural pe- ervation & possession tombs riod year of prom- ___________ UlQation _ Fajiacuen 2000 mf Yangshao, county class, Fufeng Western Zhou 1990 County Yangshao, county class, Fufeng Anban-xiahe 2000 m2 Longshan,W. 1990 County _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Zho u, H an _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2) Jiangzhang-Xitbngyu ighway This part of highway passes one site under the preservation of the county: Lujiacuen Site. Lujiacuen Site The site is located southeast of Lujiacuen Village, with the new highway passing through the sit covering an area of (60 x 40) 2400 m2. It is high on thde north side and low on the south side. There is a 6-meter- thick cultural layer on the north part aid around 2 meters on the south 20  side. Some ashi puddles and house sites remain, and red sandy pottery jars, point-bottomcd jars, round-bottomed jars flat-edged basins red clay pot- tery rings and some flakes of pottery li the Zhou Dynasty were unearthed from both the surface and the layer. Table of the Historical Site of Cultural Relics along Jiargzhang-Xitangyu Highway:. area occupied cultura peciod of clas of preservation historical site by the high- the site & yew of promulga- poscasion way t 1ion - Luiacucn 2400 m2 Han and county-class, 1990 Fuflng Count 3) Jinjia-Qinyong (Qin Terra-cotta Figures) Museum Highway The highway passes through one site under the county preservation, that is. Yuchi Architectural Site. Yuchi Architectural Site This site is located 13 kmr north of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum with the new highway passing through the site covering an area of (100 x 40) 4000 m2. Rammed earthen walls, house sites, drainage pipes, wells, and., ash puddles were discovered with fragments of bricks- and tiles. It is pre- sumed that this is a site left after the construction of the Mausoleum. Table of the Historical Site along Jinjia-Qinyong Museum Highway area occu- cultural class of preservation historical pied by the period of & year of promul- possession site highwa the site gation Yuchi 4000 mi' Han and. county-class, 1990 Lintong .in .  - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . :~ - I Part II The Acion Plan for the Preservation of Cultural Relics Shaanxi Province boasts a wealth of underground cultural relics, which affords a common heritage to the whole world.. The people's gov- ernments at the provincial, prefecture and county levels have taken effec- tive measures to preserve the historicale remains within the areas under tiheir jurisdiction according to the laws on the preservation of cultural rel- ics. . Through many years' cooperition with the management depart- ments of cultural relics, Shaanxi provincial transport management and construction departments have made tremendous contributions to the preservation of cultural relics in the areas of construction. In the construc- tion of Xi'an-Baoji Highway, Lintong-Weinan Expressway, Xianyang Airport Expressway, and Xi'an-Tongchuan Highway, have successfully preserved Yaozhou Kilns, and the accompanying tombs around Yangling Mausoleum and other important historical remains, accumulated- a series of effective experience in the preservation and made beneficial contribu- tions to the studies of ancient cultures. Under the guidance of the Provincial Cultural Relics Bureau, we have worked out the action plan for the preservation of cultural relics under Shaanxi Provincial Highway Projects (2) in reference to the past experi- ence wvith agreement through consultation with the construction units. 1.1 The Preservation of Cultural Relics during the Surveying ancd Designing Period The preservation of the cultural relics along the will-be highways has to be completed basically before the construction begins. TMis course fol- lows these procedures: 1) Archaeological Reconnaissance of Cultural Relics The main task is the investigations of the cultural relics in the areas ofthe will-be project which is going to be constructed so as to find out the content and scope of the remains and their overall distribution within the construction areas (This stage was completed before December 10, 1994). 2) Archaeological Prospection  The major task is to expore the relics and remains within~ the key ar- eas, finid out the conitent and scope of the - remains ,the depth of the cultural' sections, and the accurate distribution of the relics within the entire con- struclion area, and formulate an archaeological excavation and cleaning plan. 3) Arclhacological Excavation and Cleaning A. With reference to the results of the initial survey and prospection, varied plans will be worked out for tle excavation and cleaning of the- graded historical relics at the provincial, prefecture. and county levels. Separate plans will be maide for the preservation of other.cultural relics..: B. Shaanxi Province Archaeology Research Institute will apply to the National Cultural Relics Bureau for a certificate of: excavation, and thirough discussions with the relevant highway construction departments, determine the historical remains which should be given priority for excava- tion. C. An excavation and cleaning team will be set up to implement the excavation plans on the receipt of the excavation certificate. 4) The Preservation of the Important Historical Sites and Remains Two sites and remains demand special preservationi. Yaozhou Kilns This site is an important historical monument under the state preser- vation. Over the site a bridge will be built in the construction of the semi- range Class-A Yaoxian-Tongchuan Highway on the basis of the archaeo- logical survey and exploration. A similar plan has bcen fulfilled and proven to be effective in the construction of the semi-range of Xi'an7 Tongchuan Highway. Tonggian Ancient City As a place of public interest with a high academic value, this site is a historic monument under the provincial preservation, and also a well- preserved ancient pass city in China. The planed expresswvay is going to cut through the west city wall. It is held trough the consultation with the departments of cultural relics, the departments of construction units of an- cient sites as well as the construction departments that the excavation of 23  y~~ ~~ .' the west city wall will reveal the historical period of tlhe construction, the characteristics of thc construction and the course of robuildings and that the excavation of the sites' inside the city walls will reveal the arrange- ments of the structure inside tdie city. Since the highway is planned to cut throughi the city, the East Gate Tower needs to be removed. This plan will more or less affnct the environmental features of the ancient city. HIowever, with the removal and restoration conducted at the same time, at least two advantages will be exhibited. First, 14 million more yuan needs to be in- vested if tdle highway goes beyond the city walls. It will afford an oppor- tunity for the East Gatc Tower to be restored and rebuilt. Then the gate tower will serve as a symbol of Shaanxi Province and arouse a sense of history in the general public. Furthermore, this eftbrt will make Shaanxi Province better known to the outside world and provide a new tourist at- traction. A typical example if the relocation of the White Emperor City in the construction of the project of the Three Gorges Reservoir of the Yangtze River, The new East Gatc Tower will cover an arca of 1486.6 m2 with the main body 549.8 ni2, the base of the wall 540 n. and the interior court- yard 396.8 m2. The removed gate tower will be 6.7 meters away from the highwYay. Tongguan City has been rebuilt in various dynasties since the second year (691) of the Reign of Tianshou of the Tang Dynasty. With the written materials and pictures from the 1920's and the 1950's as well as the well-preserved original base of the tower, the removal and The recon- struction will be completed smoothly. 1.2 The Preservation of Cultural Relies during the Construc- tion Acoording to the principle that everybody is responsible for the pres- ervation of cultural relics, if any cultural relics be discovered during the construction, the construction departmeuts should stop the work immedi- ately and report to the supervising engineer and the construction units in time, and such units should in turn report to the Provincial Cultural Relics Bureau so as to carry out excavation and work out the feasible measures for the preservation of such relics. The choices of the spots where soil for the backfill along the high- ways, agreement has to be sought from Shaanxi Province Arclhaeology 24  Research Institute. Only wheln it is assurd that there are no remains of cultural rclics, can the soil bo fotclhed. 1.3 The Preservation of Cultural Relics during the Operation of the Iighway During the oporation period, attention should bc paid to the drainape of waste water or sewage, overspeeding and noises wlhich might damage the historical remains along the highway. Shaanxi Province Archaoology Researchl Institutc and Shaanxi Higbway Survey and Design Institutc will mak-c joint cfforts in solving tlICse problems by converting the gutter ways and erecting speed-limit and no-tooting signs along the highway. Signs will also be set up to mark the cultumral remains along the highway to arouse a strong sense of the great changes of history and patriotism in people's minds. 25  Table of the Action Plan for the Archaeology of the Historical Sites of Cultural Relics in Different Items Item Sight Exploration Excavation Implemen-ting Faniscuen July 1996 JlWy-Sept96 . suonIeor1nu Guocuen _ JIy 1996 JIY-SOPt 96 F m2 os.. Se . m Zflicuen Jul 1996 I_Ly-Sept96 s1mEm.oml.odmrI. LianJanobao July 1996 ldy-Sept 96 sMm& hou oasce of bz. Huaxi2n Cemeterv IUlY 1996 _ uly-Sept 96 Xinyarn* Team Qianiiayao JuIY 1996 JuY-SePt 96 Xnyangt Team Weuian- U CL July 1996 Jdv-Sept 96 Can ang Tean Tongguan an,Zhen JUly 1996 Jdy-Sept 96 No St.d Tam ExpreSway Ufig July 1996 Jul X-SPt 96 Yanm4ft Team Hong _ July 1996 luy-Sept 96 Airport Team Shaqu July 1996 Ay-Sept 96 Tng Tomb Team Xicandian JUILy 1996 |Jdy-Sept 96 Targ Tomb Team Dongquandian Julv 1996 kiilv- Sept 96 Qin Han Office Tonuua ane. city July 1996 July-Sept96 Qin Han Office Yaozhou Kilms Au 1996 Aug.-Oct. 1996 Tongchuan Station Qihmmiao August 1996 juAu-Oct. 1996 stie Anjfacl Office longcbuin- Wangshe Augmt 1996 Aust.-Oct 1996 stut Alhfnm otsi HuangUing Guoiiazhuang August IVA Aug-Oct. 1996 st it Asict Orwce Highway Tankregou Auust 1996 AUg-Oct 1996 Qin Han Office ._______.___ Laohuyiba August 1996 Au&-OcL 1996 Sui TangOffice Xiaoshangyuan- Cleniavan Atw 1996 Aug-Sept. 1996 Xa'an Team Lantian Highway Gouiiacuen Auzust 1996 .-Sept 1996 i'an Team liang- _ Faiia Aut 1996 Au-Set 1996 Zhouyuan Team Famensi Highway Anbanxiahe A 1996 Au-SePt 1996 mos1tiwuZ utk. Tams Jiangzmng- Luiacueo August 1996 Aug&-Sept 1996 Baoji Team Ktagyu Higt._. ._y Jinjia-Qinyong Yuchi August 1996 Aug.-Sept 1996 Qin Tonb Team Museum Highway . . __- 26  - ' ' 0', 0 '~~~ . . \~S'''-' -''-X ',, 1T''''"|S0 TfP f"i:s .) :- .7 ci-rfl ~ ~ . ''t ,i - . - Table of the Process of the Plan for the Exploration of Cultural Relics reconnai- archaco- archacolocal enaorce- responible super- cons- highway ssance of logical ex- excavation mont lbody body vising tucion relics pvortin.4 bod _.-y w .it Weman- June 95' before Provin- Tongu- Nov. to July 1996 constucin Shaau Shaarud Shand xi cml an Dec. 1994 _ .. . . Exp. Tong- chuan- n Augt 1996 Augst to Sept. Province Province Provice Adm. Huang- 1996 Bureau Xao- Provia- sbang- n August 1996 SepL to Oct Archaco- Cultaral Archae- cial yuan- 1996 1oE' High. Lantian _i _ Buraeu Jiang- Provdn- Zkang- August 1996 Sept 1996 Research Relics ology cidl Famensi . . Exp. Jiankg-..:.: zh=mg- " August 1996 SepL 1996 Adminis- Associ- Adn. Mtan __ Institue traion imji - .= . : Qiyong " August 199 Sept 1996 Bureau ation Bureau Museum A _ .I: 1.4 The Expenses for the Preservation of Cultural Relics In conformity with the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Preservation of Cultural Relics and the Circulation (1994) Document No. 18, issued by Shaanxi Province Cultural Relics Bureau, "All the expenses and labor force required for the archaeological survey, exploration and ex- cavation in the process of highway construction will be included in the investments of and labor management plan by the construction department 27. , _-  concerned." This time the expenses will be responded in by the construc- tion departments. In accordance with the Financial Budget Quota Management Stan- dards for Archaeological Survey, Prospectionand Excavation (labeled Ar- chaeology 90-248), jointly stipulated by the-State Planning Commission, Ministry of Finance, and the National Cultural Relics Administration Bu- reau, the entire preservation program of cultural relics wili cost 10 milion yuan, with 3 million yuan for the removal and rebuilding of Tonggu%an. East Gate Tower, 7 million yuan for the preservation of other cultural relt ics. 1.5 The Principle of the Budget of Appropriation for Archaeological Drilling and Excavations 1. Archaeological drilling is the drilling work for the purpose of knowing such basic data as the nature, structure, scope and area of the ancient underground cultural remains. The budgetary quota -includes the traffic Lees, fees for accommodation, allowances, fees for civilian workers, fees for technical workers, fees for stationery, fees for the consumption of tools, depreciation charges of equipment fees for the sorting out of data, fees for backfill, unpredictable fees and so on. The method of combining the general drilling and the k-ey-point drilling will be adopted. According to the circumstances in Shaanxi Province, the charge will be 4 yuan per square meter. 2. The fees for archaeological excavations include fees for civilian workers and technical work-ers, fees for the consumption of materials, de- preciation charges of equipment, data fees. the traffic fees, fees for make shift constructions, fees for testing of samples, managerial fees. safety fees. and unpredictable fees. T'e area of excavation is counted as 50% of the area actually occu- pied by the highway. 1) The fee for a civilian worker is l0 yuan, 10 I / m2 2) The fees for technical workers are 20% of the number of civilian workers, their wages 200% that of the civilian workers. 3) The fees for the consumption of materials, depreciation charges, data fees, trffic fees, fees for testing samples, fees for makeshift construe- lions account for 2%, 30%6, 3%, 1.5% 3.5%, and 3% respectively. 28.  4) Managerial fee is 20%. 5) Safety fee is 10% of the total fees including fes for man power and fees for excavations. 6) Unpredictable fee account for 5% of the total fees for man power and axcavations. 3. In this budget the ex-cavation fees of special items are not included. Table of the Budget of the Fees for Archaeologic Drilling and Excavations hiOwa dg-i am excavation area fec excavation fee .bt .: 2 ~~~~2 Weman- 32800mi 16400m 131200 3453840 358S040 TonB:huan- 7800 m (Yao Ki.l. Huaanm g 51600 re 2000 W2) 206400 1642680 1849080 Class A_ ._. Xaoshang- 4400 ml 2200 xr1 17600 4633320 480920 vuan-Lani - __. Ji hag- : Fanendsi 4000 mn 2000 mz 16000. 421200 437200 JanP7hAng 2400 mn 1200 ml 960 25Z20 262320 Jinjia-Qinyong Museumu 4000 m2 2000 m 2 16000 421200 437200 total 99200 m2 25800 2 6654960 7051760 29  ; [~~~~~~~~~~~7 Budget Calendar of the Funds for the PreservationL of the Cultural Rehecs along Weinan-Tongguan Expressway Nameof the Area of Fee for Fee for tcao cl excavalion Sub- sight the si%ht survey chilian techni- mate- manage safe-ty unprodi total ___- workm mu w nab -meat - a,, Fanjiarcuen 20e,9600 .120000 4800 19200 37440 18720 9360 '262320 CGuocuen 2400m2 9600 120000 4800 19200 37440. 13720 936D J262320 Zilicuan 2000nm 8000 100000 40000 16000 31200 115600 7800 1218600 Lianglaobao 1600m2 6400 8000 32000 1230 2.4960 12480 6240 174880 cemetery at sothI-ua 1OQOrri 4000 50000 20000 800 15600 78900 3900 109D00 )C anseat _ _ ____---_ __. ________ Qiacnayn 2000ma2 8000 I00000 40000 1600 31200 15600 7800 218600 Gnhucuen 2400mr2 9600 120000 48000 19200 37440 18720 9360 262320 Henzihen 2000m 8000 100000 40000 16000 3120 1500 1 7800 218600 WUM M-M 4000me 16000 200000. 80000 32000 62400 31200 15600 437200 Hongara 1600mx 6400 80000 32000 12800 24960 12480 6240 174880 C ay 0 4000m1 16000 200000 S000 3200 62400 31200 15600 437200 Xituandian 2400m2 9600 120000 48000 19200 37440 18720 9360 262320 Dongqwm 2800n2 11200 140000 560 224000 43680 21840 10920 306040 dian__ TSmhq 3000m1 12000 150000 60000 24000 46800 23400 11700 327900 ancientcity ,___ total 32800m1 131200 1640000 656000 262410 511680 255840 127920 35875040 30  Budget Calendar of the Funds for the Preservation: Of the Cultural Relics along Tongrchuan-Huangln Class A JFIghway Nwun of the Area of Fee for ______Fee for archacol 'cal excavation Sub- Sight the sight suvey civilia techn- wate- nianage safety mpredi tota ________ ~~~~~workems ciazm ni