94033 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015 Progress Report © 2014 The World Bank Group 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org 7KLVZRUNLVDSURGXFWRIWKHVWDIIRI7KH:RUOG%DQN*URXSZLWKH[WHUQDOFRQWULEXWLRQV7KHÀQGLQJVLQWHUSUH- WDWLRQVDQGFRQFOXVLRQVH[SUHVVHGLQWKLVZRUNGRQRWQHFHVVDULO\UHÁHFWWKHYLHZVRI7KH:RUOG%DQN*URXS LWV%RDUGRI([HFXWLYH'LUHFWRUVRUWKHJRYHUQPHQWVWKH\UHSUHVHQW 7KH:RUOG%DQN*URXSGRHVQRWJXDUDQWHHWKHDFFXUDF\RIWKHGDWDLQFOXGHGLQWKLVZRUN7KHERXQGDULHV FRORUVGHQRPLQDWLRQVDQGRWKHULQIRUPDWLRQVKRZQRQDQ\PDSLQWKLVZRUNGRQRWLPSO\DQ\MXGJPHQW RQWKHSDUWRI7KH:RUOG%DQN*URXSFRQFHUQLQJWKHOHJDOVWDWXVRIDQ\WHUULWRU\RUWKHHQGRUVHPHQWRU acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions 7KHPDWHULDOLQWKLVZRUNLVVXEMHFWWRFRS\ULJKW%HFDXVH7KH:RUOG%DQN*URXSHQFRXUDJHVGLVVHPLQDWLRQ RILWVNQRZOHGJHWKLVZRUNPD\EHUHSURGXFHGLQZKROHRULQSDUWIRUQRQFRPPHUFLDOSXUSRVHVDVORQJDV IXOODWWULEXWLRQWRWKLVZRUNLVJLYHQ $Q\TXHULHVRQULJKWVDQGOLFHQVHVLQFOXGLQJVXEVLGLDU\ULJKWVVKRXOGEHDGGUHVVHGWR:RUOG%DQN3XEOLFDWLRQV 7KH:RUOG%DQN*URXS+6WUHHW1::DVKLQJWRQ'&86$ ID[ HPDLO SXEULJKWV# worldbank.org. &RYHUGHVLJQ 7KH:RUG([SUHVV,QF Contents Foreword .................................................................................................................... YLL ([HFXWLYHVXPPDU\ .................................................................................................... ix Introduction ................................................................................................................ 1 %XLOGLQJDPHWKRGRORJ\ ............................................................................................ 7 $QQH[$ $WUDQVIRUPDWLRQDOIUDPHZRUN .......................................................... 12 CORE TOPICS Registering agricultural land ............................................................................. $FFHVVLQJÀQDQFLDOVHUYLFHV ............................................................................. 6WUHQJWKHQLQJVHHGV\VWHPV............................................................................... ,PSURYLQJIHUWLOL]HUVXSSO\ .................................................................................. 47 Transporting agricultural goods ........................................................................ Selling agricultural goods .................................................................................. 71 TOPICS FOR INITIAL TESTING Contracting agricultural production ................................................................ 83 (OHFWULI\LQJUXUDODUHDV......................................................................................... &RQQHFWLQJIDUPHUVWRLQIRUPDWLRQ .................................................................. References .............................................................................................................. Data notes .............................................................................................................. 121 3LORWGDWDWDEOHV ..................................................................................................... $FNQRZOHGJPHQWV................................................................................................. CONTENTS | 2015 III BOXES %R[ :KDWLVWKHUROHRIDODQGUHJLVWU\³DQGZK\LVLWVRLPSRUWDQW".................................. 18 Box 3.2: Getting to scale in Rwanda ............................................................................................. %R[ 7KHLPSRUWDQFHRIGHOLPLWLQJODQG .................................................................................. 22 %R[ 2YHUYLHZRIWKHEUDQFKOHVVEDQNLQJRSHUDWLRQ ............................................................ 28 %R[ 8JDQGD·VQHZPRELOHPRQH\JXLGHOLQHV ....................................................................... 32 %R[ 6WUDWHJLHVWRLQFUHDVHWKHSURGXFWLRQRIFHUWLÀHGVHHG LQ0RURFFRDQG*XDWHPDOD ........................................................................................... 38 %R[ +DUPRQL]LQJIHUWLOL]HUUHJLVWUDWLRQDQGWUDGHIRUORZHUFRVWDQG greater choice ................................................................................................................... %R[ ([WHQGLQJUHDFKWKURXJKDPRELOHVRLOODELQ8JDQGD ................................................. %R[ :KDWLVWKHUROHRIWUXFNLQJDVVRFLDWLRQV" ....................................................................... %R[ 0RURFFR·VQDWLRQDOSURJUDPVIRULPSURYLQJUXUDOURDGV .............................................. %R[ $WLHUHGDSSURDFKWRH[WHQVLRQVHUYLFHVLQ5ZDQGD .................................................... 73 Box 8.2: Regional integration facilitates cross-border agricultural trade .................................. %R[ $SSURYDORIDVWDQGDUGFRQWUDFWLQ6SDLQ...................................................................... %R[ 0DQGDWRU\PHGLDWLRQLQ0RURFFR .................................................................................. FIGURES )LJXUH 7KHJOREDOSRSXODWLRQLVH[SHFWHGWRH[FHHG ELOOLRQE\ ................................ 1 Figure 2.1: A learning and growth process .................................................................................. 10 )LJXUH$ &RXQWU\VHJPHQWDWLRQEDVHGRQDJULFXOWXUH·VUROH LQWKHQDWLRQDOHFRQRP\ ........................................................................................ 12 )LJXUH$ $JULFXOWXUHDQGDJULEXVLQHVVYDOXHDGGHGDVVKDUHRI*'3DQG WKHUDWLREHWZHHQWKHP ................................................................................................... 13 )LJXUH 7RWDOFRVWRIÀUVWWLPHUHJLVWUDWLRQVLVOHVVWKDQRIWKHSURSHUW\YDOXH LQWKHPDMRULW\RISLORWFRXQWULHV....................................................................................... 20 )LJXUH 7RWDOWLPHWRFRPSOHWHÀUVWWLPHUHJLVWUDWLRQVRIODQGLVHTXDORU OHVVWKDQGD\VLQKDOIRIWKHSLORWFRXQWULHV .............................................................. 20 )LJXUH $OOSLORWFRXQWULHVDOORZWDQJLEOHPRYDEOHSURSHUW\DVFROODWHUDO ........................... 30 )LJXUH ,Q(WKLRSLDGHPDQGIRUEDVLFVHHGIRUWKHPXOWLSOLFDWLRQ RIK\EULGPDL]HUHJXODUO\H[FHHGVVXSSO\ ...................................................................... IV ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015 )LJXUH &RVWIRUHYDOXDWLRQDQGYDULHW\UHOHDVHLVKLJKHVWLQ8NUDLQHDQG8JDQGD LQSHUFHQWDJHRILQFRPHSHUFDSLWD ............................................................................. 41 )LJXUH 7KHSULYDWHVHFWRULVXQGHUUHSUHVHQWHGRQPRVWQDWLRQDO YDULHW\UHOHDVHFRPPLWWHHV .............................................................................................. 42 )LJXUH )HUWLOL]HUODZVE\FRXQWU\ ............................................................................................... )LJXUH )HUWLOL]HUSURGXFWLRQDQGEOHQGLQJE\FRXQWU\ ........................................................... )LJXUH )HUWLOL]HUUHJLVWUDWLRQUHTXLUHPHQWVE\FRXQWU\ ............................................................ )LJXUH $YHUDJHIHUWLOL]HUXVHUDWHVE\FRXQWU\........................................................................ )LJXUH 7\SHRIOLFHQVHUHTXLUHGWRRSHUDWHDGRPHVWLFWUXFNLQJFRPSDQ\ ...................... )LJXUH *URVVYHKLFOHPDVVDQGD[OHORDGOLPLWVE\FRXQWU\ .................................................. )LJXUH% $FFHVVRIUXUDOSRSXODWLRQWRFLWLHVRIRYHUDQG LQKDELWDQWVLQ0RURFFR....................................................................................... )LJXUH 2IÀFLDOIHHVRIREWDLQLQJSK\WRVDQLWDU\FHUWLÀFDWHDQGLPSRUW FOHDUDQFHIRUVWDSOHFHUHDOVE\FRXQWU\ ........................................................................ 78 )LJXUH 6SHFLÀFODZVRQFRQWUDFWIDUPLQJH[LVWLQRQO\FRXQWULHV ...................................... )LJXUH 5XUDOHOHFWULÀFDWLRQUDWHVE\FRXQWU\ .............................................................. )LJXUH 1XPEHURIPRELOHFHOOXODUVXEVFULSWLRQVH[FHHGVFRXQWU\ population in half the pilot countries ............................................................................ 102 Figure 11.2: Mobile broadband usage rates across pilot countries ......................................... 103 MAPS 0DS &RXQWULHVFRYHUHGLQWKHSLORWSKDVH .............................................................................. 0DS% 5HJLRQDORUJDQL]DWLRQVZLWKSLORWFRXQWULHVDVPHPEHUV ....................................... 0DS% 5XUDOSRSXODWLRQDQGWUDYHOWLPHWRWKHQHDUHVWFLW\RYHU LQKDELWDQWVLQ0RURFFR....................................................................................... TABLES 7DEOH 7RSLFVFRYHUHGE\WKHSURMHFW........................................................................................ 8 7DEOH$ .H\PDFURHFRQRPLFGDWDIRUSLORWFRXQWULHV .......................................................... 14 7DEOH :KHUHODQGUHJLVWULHVSURYLGHFRPSHQVDWLRQLQWKHHYHQWRIHUURUV ........................ 23 Table 4.1: Countries regulate branchless banking to different extents ..................................... 7DEOH &URSVHDVRQVUHTXLUHGIRUHYDOXDWLRQDQGUHJLVWUDWLRQRIFHUHDOYDULHW\................ 40 CONTENTS | 2015 V 7DEOH &RXQWU\PHPEHUVKLSLQUHJLRQDODQGLQWHUQDWLRQDOVHHG FHUWLÀFDWLRQVFKHPHV ........................................................................................................ 44 7DEOH 7UDQVSRUWLQJJRRGVIURPWKHFRXQWU\·VODUJHVWQHLJKERULQJ agricultural trading partner .............................................................................................. 7DEOH *HQHUDOWUDGHUHTXLUHPHQWVZLWKWKHODUJHVWQHLJKERULQJ agricultural trading partner .............................................................................................. 7DEOH 'HIDXOWDQGPDQGDWRU\UXOHVIRUFRQWUDFWVSHFLÀFDWLRQV ......................................... 87 7DEOH ,&7HQDEOHGPDUNHWLQIRUPDWLRQDQGHH[WHQVLRQVHUYLFHV in the 10 pilot countries ................................................................................................... VI ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015 Foreword At the dawn of the 21stFHQWXU\WKHDJULFXOWXUH 6HHQDJDLQVWWKLVEDFNGURSWKHZRUOGQHHGVWR VHFWRUIDFHVPDMRUFKDOOHQJHVJOREDOO\ HOLPLQDWHKXQJHUDQGSRYHUW\$ZHOOSHUIRUPLQJ DJULFXOWXUHVHFWRULVHVVHQWLDOIRUDFKLHYLQJWKLV 7KHUHLVDJURZLQJFRQVHQVXVWKDWDSUHHPLQHQW JRDO8QOHVVVPDOOKROGHUIDUPHUVDQGRSHUDWRUV FKDOOHQJHIDFLQJWKHLQWHUQDWLRQDOGHYHORSPHQW RIFRPPHUFLDOIDUPVDUHDEOHWRSDUWLFLSDWH FRPPXQLW\LVIHHGLQJWKHZRUOG·VSRSXODWLRQ IXOO\LQVDWLVI\LQJWKHUDSLGO\ULVLQJGHPDQGIRU ZKLFK LV H[SHFWHG WR WRS ELOOLRQ E\ IRRGDQGVPDOOIDUPHUVGUDPDWLFDOO\LQFUHDVH :HQHHGDIRRGV\VWHPWKDWFDQIHHGHYHU\ \LHOGVRQWKHLUIDUPVPDQ\ZLOOUHPDLQWUDSSHG SHUVRQHYHU\GD\LQHYHU\FRXQWU\0HHWLQJ LQSRYHUW\ WKLV FKDOOHQJH GLUHFWO\ ZLOO UHTXLUH IDUPHUV WR LQFUHDVHDJULFXOWXUDODQGIRRGSURGXFWLRQE\ 7KH:RUOG%DQN*URXS·VEnabling the Business DWOHDVWSHUFHQW of Agriculture (%$ SLORW SURMHFW IRFXVHV RQ PHDVXULQJUHJXODWLRQVSROLFLHVDQGLQIUDVWUXFWXUH $JULFXOWXUHDQGSRYHUW\DUHLQWHUOLQNHG2YHU WKDWDIIHFWWKHEXVLQHVVRIDJULFXOWXUHDQGLWVNH\ WKUHHTXDUWHUVRIWKHZRUOG·VSRRUSHRSOHOLYH SOD\HUV%\LGHQWLI\LQJDQGPRQLWRULQJUHOHYDQW LQUXUDODUHDVDQGGHSHQGRQIDUPLQJIRUIRRG UHJXODWLRQVDQGSROLFLHV(%$VHHNVWRSURYLGH LQFRPHDQGMREV,WLVDPDMRUVRXUFHRIIRRG SROLF\PDNHUVZLWKDQHYLGHQFHEDFNHGWRRO LQFRPHDQGQXWULWLRQVHFXULW\$JULFXOWXUHLVDOVR WKDWFDQEHXVHGWRIRVWHUDQHQDEOLQJHQYL- WKHPRVWVHQVLWLYHVHFWRUWRFOLPDWHFKDQJH URQPHQWIRUORFDODQGUHJLRQDODJULEXVLQHVVHV SURGXFWLRQ LQFUHDVHV PXVW QRW FRPH DW WKH WRWDNHURRWDQGWKULYH FRVWRIGZLQGOLQJDQGÀQLWHQDWXUDOUHVRXUFHV VXFKDVODQGZDWHUDQGELRGLYHUVLW\ 7KLVSURJUHVVUHSRUWFRQWDLQVLQLWLDOUHVXOWVIURP D SLORW GDWD FROOHFWLRQ DQG DQDO\WLFDO HIIRUW (YHQDVZRUOGIRRGSULFHVLQFUHDVHDQGJUDLQ spanning 10 countries. While the results are pre- VWRFNVGHFOLQHIDUPHUVDUHUHVSRQGLQJWRWKH OLPLQDU\WKHXOWLPDWHJRDOLVWRVXSSRUWSROLF\ HFRQRPLFRSSRUWXQLWLHVRIIHUHGE\KLJKHUSULFHV PDNHUV·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ÀQGLQJV protection needs. VSXU GHEDWH DQG KRSHIXOO\ FDWDO\]H UREXVW FOREWORD | 2015 VII HYLGHQFHEDVHGDSSURDFKHVWRDGYDQFHSROLF\ DQGIRRGVHFWRUVFDQFUHDWHEHQHÀFLDOULSSOH GLDORJXHDQGVXSSRUWVRXQGSROLF\PDNLQJ HIIHFWV³PRUHJURZWKPRUHIRRGEHWWHUMREV DQG D EHWWHU HQYLURQPHQW 7KH (%$ SURMHFW 2XUJRDOLVFOHDU)DUPHUV³VPDOOVFDOHPHGLXP PDUNVDVROLGÀUVWVWHSLQEHWWHUXQGHUVWDQGLQJ DQGODUJH³QHHGWRJDLQDFFHVVWRHPHUJLQJ the regulations and policies affecting the ag- OXFUDWLYHPDUNHWRSSRUWXQLWLHV8QGHUVWDQGLQJ ricultural and agribusiness sectors. WKHHQDEOLQJHQYLURQPHQWLQZKLFKDJULEXVLQHVV- HVRSHUDWHLVHVVHQWLDOIRUUHGXFLQJDQGZKHUH %\SODFLQJWKHUHVXOWVIURPWKLVÀUVWRILWVW\SH SRVVLEOHHOLPLQDWLQJWKHELQGLQJFRQVWUDLQWVWKDW UHVHDUFK DQG DQDO\WLFDO HIIRUW LQ WKH SXEOLF DUHOLPLWLQJJURZWKRIWKLVYLWDOVHFWRU7KHJOREDO GRPDLQWKH:RUOG%DQN*URXSVHHNVWRWUDQV- FRPPXQLW\LVZLWKLQUHDFKRIHQGLQJH[WUHPH IRUPWKHDJULFXOWXUHDQGIRRGVHFWRUVDVPDMRU SRYHUW\LQDJHQHUDWLRQ$FURVVWKHGHYHORSLQJ IRUFHVLQWKHÀJKWWRHQGSRYHUW\DQGERRVW ZRUOGH[SHULHQFHVKRZVWKDWYLEUDQWDJULFXOWXUH VKDUHGSURVSHULW\ Juergen Voegele $XJXVWR/RSH]&ODURV Senior Director Director $JULFXOWXUH*OREDO3UDFWLFH Global Indicators Group World Bank World Bank Group VIII ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015 Executive summary Enabling the Business of Agriculture 2015 is a WKH EXVLQHVV FOLPDWH RI DJULFXOWXUH IDU PRUH SLORWDVVHVVPHQWUHSRUWRQWKHDJULEXVLQHVVVHF- HIIHFWLYHO\WKDQSHUFHSWLRQVDQGDVVHVVPHQWV WRUHQDEOLQJHQYLURQPHQWLQFRXQWULHV7KLV WKDWKDYHRIWHQWHQGHGWRGULYHDJULFXOWXUDO SURJUHVVUHSRUWFRYHUVWKHPHWKRGRORJ\NH\ SROLF\GHYHORSPHQW LQVLJKWVDQGOHVVRQVOHDUQHGIURPWKHSLORWHIIRUW Enabling the Business of Agriculture 2015LVDÀUVW 'XULQJWKLVSLORWSKDVHWKHSURMHFWWHDPFRQ- VWHSWRZDUGLGHQWLI\LQJDUHDVDQGGDWDVHWVWKDW VXOWHGZLWKVWDNHKROGHUVLQFOXGLQJFLYLOVRFLHW\ FDQEHXVHGWREXLOGLQGLFDWRUVLQVXEVHTXHQW RUJDQL]DWLRQVSDUWQHULQVWLWXWLRQVSUDFWLWLRQHUV SKDVHVRIWKHSURMHFW WKHLQGLFDWRUVZLOOPHD- SXEOLFDQGSULYDWHVHFWRUUHSUHVHQWDWLYHVUH- VXUHDQGPRQLWRUSROLFLHVDQGUHJXODWLRQVWKDW VHDUFKHUVDQGWHFKQLFDOH[SHUWV'LVFXVVLRQV LPSDFWKRZPDUNHWVIXQFWLRQLQWKHDJULFXOWXUDO IRFXVHGRQWKHUHOHYDQFHDQGPHDVXUDELOLW\RI sector8OWLPDWHO\E\DOORZLQJSROLF\PDNHUVWR GLIIHUHQWDVSHFWVRIWKHHQDEOLQJHQYLURQPHQW FRPSDUHWKHLUFRXQWU\·VDJULEXVLQHVVFOLPDWH $JULFXOWXUDOYDOXHFKDLQVQHHGWREHFRPHVWURQ- ZLWKWKDWRIRWKHUVWKHSURMHFWDLPVWRLQIRUP JHUDQGPRUHSDUWLFLSDWRU\LIJURZLQJJOREDO DQGHQFRXUDJHFKDQJHVWKDWVXSSRUWLQFOXVLYH IRRG GHPDQG LV WR EH PHW LQ D VXVWDLQDEOH SDUWLFLSDWLRQLQDJULFXOWXUDOYDOXHFKDLQVDQG PDQQHU&RXQWU\YLVLWVWRFROOHFWGDWDKHOSHG WKHUHE\IRVWHUDQHQYLURQPHQWWKDWLVFRQGXFLYH WKHWHDPWRJDLQIUHVKLQVLJKWVRQKRZWRGH- to local and regional businesses in agriculture. YHORS D PHWKRGRORJLFDO DSSURDFK LGHQWLI\ NH\UHVSRQGHQWVDQGUHÀQHWKHTXHVWLRQQDLUHV 8QGHUO\LQJWKLVLQLWLDWLYHLVWKHJURZWKRIJOREDO IRRG GHPDQG GULYHQ DOPRVW H[FOXVLYHO\ E\ 7KHGDWDFROOHFWHGDQGDQDO\]HGLQWKLVSURJUHVV XUEDQFHQWHUVLQGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHV&XUUHQW UHSRUWUHSUHVHQWDQLQLWLDOEXWYLJRURXVVWHS in IRRGSURGXFWLRQDQGDFFHVVLVVXHVDORQJZLWK WKHGHYHORSPHQWRIDSRWHQWLDOO\SRZHUIXOWRRO the expected population increase and chang- WKDWFDQEHXVHGWRLQIRUPUHIRUPVRIDJULFXO- ing diets, call for strategic and concerted action. tural policies and regulations worldwide. The &OLPDWHFKDQJHDQGUHODWHGSUHVVXUHVRQQDW- PHWKRGRORJ\DSSOLHGDQGUHÀQHGGXULQJWKLV XUDOUHVRXUFHVLPSRVHFKDOOHQJHVWKDWQHHGWR SLORW\HDUEXLOGVRQRWKHU:RUOG%DQN*URXS EHRYHUFRPHE\PRUHHIIHFWLYHHIÀFLHQWDQG SURGXFWVWKDWKDYHSURYHQXVHIXOLQGHYHORSLQJ SURÀWDEOHDJULFXOWXUDOYDOXHFKDLQVZRUOGZLGH LQGLFDWRUV DQG HQFRXUDJLQJ SXEOLF GHEDWH DQGPRUHGLYHUVHSDUWLFLSDWLRQRIVWDNHKROGHUV SDUWLFXODUO\WKH Doing Business SURJUDPDQG ZLWKLQWKHP6PDUWDQGEDODQFHGUHJXODWLRQV the Agribusiness IndicatorsLQLWLDWLYH DQGSROLFLHVDORQJZLWKUHVSRQVLEOHLQYHVWPHQWV ZLOO EH FUXFLDO LI WKH QHHGHG IRRG VXSSO\ LV 'XULQJWKHSURMHFW·VÀUVW\HDULQLWLDOSKDVHGDWD WREHVXVWDLQDEO\SURGXFHGDQGGLVWULEXWHG ZHUHFROOHFWHGLQFRXQWULHVRQ GLIIHUHQW $FFXUDWHHYLGHQFHEDVHGWRROVFDQPHDVXUH topics. The 10 countries represent a range DQGVXSSRUWWKHUHVSRQVLEOHPDQDJHPHQWRI of geographic regions in different stages of EXECUTIVE SUMMARY | 2015 IX DJULFXOWXUDOGHYHORSPHQWDVIROORZV (WKLRSLD UHOHYDQFHDQGXVHIXOQHVVRIHDFKGDWDSRLQW *XDWHPDOD0RURFFR0R]DPELTXH1HSDO WRHDVHUHJXODWRU\EXUGHQVLQWKHWRSLFDUHDV WKH3KLOLSSLQHV5ZDQGD6SDLQ8JDQGDDQG WDNLQJLQWRDFFRXQWHPSLULFDOHYLGHQFHH[- 8NUDLQH 7R IDFLOLWDWH GDWD FROOHFWLRQ DQDO- pert feedback and whether the data point \VLV DQG UHSRUWLQJ Enabling the Business of LVDFWLRQDEOHE\JRYHUQPHQW7KLVSURFHVVZLOO AgricultureEUHDNVGRZQWKHDJULFXOWXUDOYDOXH HYHQWXDOO\ OHDG WR DQ DSSURDFK WKDW DOORZV FKDLQ³WKHIXOOUDQJHRIDFWLYLWLHVDQGVHUYLFHV for specific targeted indicators and a solid QHHGHGWREULQJDFRPPRGLW\RUSURGXFWIURP DQDO\WLFDOIUDPHZRUN$W\SRORJ\GHYHORSHG SURGXFWLRQ WR VDOH LQ WKH ILQDO PDUNHW³LQWR LQWKHSDVW\HDUFOXVWHUVFRXQWULHVDFFRUGLQJWR different topic areas. Six of these topics were WKHLUVWDJHRIDJULFXOWXUDOWUDQVIRUPDWLRQDQGLV VHOHFWHGIRUVWXG\GXULQJWKHSLORW\HDU³UHJ- KHOSLQJWRIDFLOLWDWHDQDO\VLVDQGFRPSDULVRQ LVWHULQJDJULFXOWXUDOODQGDFFHVVLQJÀQDQFLDO RIWKHHQDEOLQJHQYLURQPHQWIRUWKHEXVLQHVV VHUYLFHVVWUHQJWKHQLQJVHHGV\VWHPVLPSURYLQJ of agriculture. IHUWLOL]HUVXSSO\WUDQVSRUWLQJDJULFXOWXUDOJRRGV and selling agricultural goods. Another three ,Q WKH WHDP SODQV WR VFDOH XS LWV topics were chosen for initial testing: contracting DQDO\WLFDOHIIRUWVWRFRYHUPRUHFRXQWULHV DJULFXOWXUDOSURGXFWLRQHOHFWULI\LQJUXUDODUHDV and expand the list of topics to include issues DQGFRQQHFWLQJIDUPHUVWRLQIRUPDWLRQ UHODWHGWRHQYLURQPHQWDOVXVWDLQDELOLW\JHQGHU OLYHVWRFNDQGZDWHU7KHSURMHFWZLOODOVREXLOG The initial data collected for topic areas pres- WKH FDSDFLW\ RI $IULFDQ JRYHUQPHQW LQVWLWX- HQW D QXPEHU RI GLIIHUHQFHV IRXQG DPRQJ WLRQVZRUNLQJRQDJULFXOWXUDOLVVXHVE\IRUPLQJ FRXQWULHV· UHJXODWRU\ IUDPHZRUNV 7KH GDWD SDUWQHUVKLSVZLWKORFDORUJDQL]DWLRQVIRUGDWD DUHSXUSRVHIXOO\SUHVHQWHG without attributing FROOHFWLRQDQGWKHUHÀQHPHQWRILQGLFDWRUVWR DQ\FDYHDWV)RUWKHVDNHRIIXUWKHUDQDO\VLV EHXVHGDWWKHUHJLRQDOOHYHO DVFRULQJPHWKRGRORJ\LVFXUUHQWO\EHLQJGH- YHORSHGWRDJJUHJDWHWKHVHDQGRWKHUGDWD )HHGEDFNLVZHOFRPHRQDOODVSHFWVRIWKHUH- SRLQWVGXULQJVXEVHTXHQWSKDVHVRIWKHSURMHFW SRUWDQGPHWKRGRORJ\DQGFDQEHSURYLGHG LQFRUSRUDWLQJJRRGSUDFWLFHV1H[WWKHWHDP through the Enabling the Business of Agriculture will conduct additional research to assess the website (eba.worldbank.org). X ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015 Introduction %\ WKH ZRUOG·V SRSXODWLRQ LV SURMHFWHG LQFUHDVLQJDIÁXHQFHDQGULFKHUGLHWVRIXUEDQ- WRH[FHHG ELOOLRQ ÀJXUH 1 Global food L]LQJSRSXODWLRQVLQGHYHORSLQJUHJLRQV GHPDQGZLOOLQFUHDVHE\DQHVWLPDWHG2 SURSHOOHGQRWRQO\E\WKHH[SHFWHGSRSXODWLRQ 7KHJURZWKRIXUEDQFHQWHUVLQWKHGHYHORSLQJ JURZWKEXWDOVRE\DQRQJRLQJHYROXWLRQRIGLHWV ZRUOGLVDIXQGDPHQWDOSDUWRIWKHVWRU\$VWKH ZRUOGZLGH$VWHDG\JURZWKLQNLORFDORULHVSHU SRSXODWLRQRIWKHVHDUHDVVZHOOVDQGPRUHSHRSOH FDSLWDLVH[SHFWHGDWWKHJOREDOOHYHODORQJ VHHJDLQVLQLQFRPHDQGLQDFFHVVWRIRRGFKRLF- ZLWKULVLQJFRQVXPSWLRQRIUHVRXUFHLQWHQVLYH HVGHPDQGZLOOJURZIRUDUDQJHRIDJULFXOWXUDO FRPPRGLWLHV³KLJKHU YDOXH FURSV DQLPDO SURGXFWV$WWKHVDPHWLPHXUEDQPDUNHWVZLOO SURWHLQDQGSURFHVVHGIRRGV³GULYHQE\WKH QHHGWRSURYLGHVWDSOHIRRGVDWVHQVLEOHSULFHV IRUWKHJURZLQJQXPEHUVRISRRUSHRSOHZKRZLOO OLYHQHDUWKHP,QGHHGWKHH[SHFWHGJURZWKLQ JOREDOIRRGGHPDQGZLOOEHGULYHQODUJHO\LIQRW FIGURE 1.1: The global population is H[FOXVLYHO\E\JURZWKLQXUEDQIRRGGHPDQGLQ expected to exceed 9 billion GHYHORSLQJUHJLRQV7KLVGHPDQGLVSURMHFWHG by 2050 WRQHDUO\GRXEOHLQ\HDUV³LQFUHDVLQJE\DQ HVWLPDWHGIDUPRUHWKDQWKHPRGHVWWRWDO 10 9.2 LQFUHDVHH[SHFWHGLQGHYHORSHGUHJLRQV,Q6XE 9 6DKDUDQ$IULFDIRUH[DPSOHJURZWKLQXUEDQ 8 IRRGGHPDQGGXULQJWKLVSHULRGFRXOGH[FHHG 6.9 7 DQGLQ,QGLD 5.3 6 2.6 Billions 5 :KLOH GHPDQG IRU PRUH DQG EHWWHU IRRG LV JURZLQJVXSSO\LVLQFUHDVLQJO\IUDJLOH,WLVZHOO 4 3.1 UHFRJQL]HGWKDWFURSSURGXFWLRQLVYHU\VHQVL- 3 0.5 3.1 2.6 WLYHWRFOLPDWHFKDQJH3PDNLQJIRRGSURYLVLRQ 2 1.7 LQWKHQH[WGHFDGHVHVSHFLDOO\FKDOOHQJLQJ 1 &OLPDWHFKDQJHE\FRXOGUHGXFHFURS 0.9 1.2 1.3 0 \LHOGVE\DQDYHUDJHRIZKHQFRPSDUHG 1960 2010 2050 ZLWKDVFHQDULRZLWKXQFKDQJLQJFOLPDWHDQG Developing countries – urban population OHDGWRDQLQFUHDVHRILQFURSSULFHV4 The Developing countries – rural population Developed countries – population WURSLFV³ZKHUHPDQ\GHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHVDUH ORFDWHG³ZLOOEHKLWKDUGHVWE\ULVLQJWHPSHUD- Source:8QLWHG1DWLRQV WXUHVOHVVUDLQIDOODQGKLJKHUVHDOHYHOV,PSDFWV INTRODUCTION | 2015 1 DUHOLNHO\WREHPRVWVHYHUHLQFRXQWULHVZLWKKLJK SURFHVVHV³HQFRPSDVVLQJWUDQVSRUWVWDQGDUGV WUDQVSRUWDWLRQFRVWVZKHUHDGDSWHGYDULHWLHV LPSOHPHQWDWLRQIRRGVDIHW\DQGPDUNHWNQRZO- DUHXQDYDLODEOHDQGEDVHGRQJOREDOQLWURJHQ HGJH³ZLOO EHFRPH LQFUHDVLQJO\ FULWLFDO WR D DYDLODELOLW\VLPXODWLRQVZKHUHQLWURJHQIHUWLOL]HU VXFFHVVIXOPDUNHWSURFHVVIRUDJULFXOWXUDOSURG- use is low.,QKLJKO\YXOQHUDEOHUHJLRQVZKHUH XFWV7KHUHTXLUHGIRRGVXSSO\LQFUHDVHFDQEH LQFRPHV DUH PHDJHU DQG PRVW UXUDO KRXVH- DFKLHYHGLIWKHQHFHVVDU\LQYHVWPHQWVDUHPDGH holds depend on agriculture for their food and DQGDGHTXDWHUHJXODWLRQVDQGSROLFLHVDUHSXW OLYHOLKRRGVPRUHSHRSOHZLOOIDFHKXQJHUDVD in place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³SDUWLFXODUO\LQDJULFXOWXUDOPDUNHWLQJDQG UHJLRQV DQG LV OLNHO\ WR ZRUVHQ DV D UHVXOW RI DJURSURFHVVLQJ³RIWHQSURYHFULWLFDOWRVXFFHVV- FOLPDWHFKDQJHLQPDQ\UHJLRQV%XUJHRQLQJ ful agricultural growth.10 Without well-functioning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potential land is suitable for growing crops that DUHQRWLQKLJKGHPDQG7RSURGXFHWKHIRRG A pivotal role for smaller-scale DQGRWKHUDJULFXOWXUDOSURGXFWVWKDWWKHIXWXUH·V producers SRSXODWLRQZLOOGHPDQGPRUHSURGXFWLYHDQG VXVWDLQDEOHXVHRIOLPLWHGKLJKO\GHPDQGHG 6PDOOHUVFDOH SURGXFHUV FDQ SOD\ D SLYRWDO natural resources needs to be ensured across UROHLQLQFUHDVLQJIRRGSURGXFWLRQDQGDYDLO- the entire agricultural production chain. DELOLW\DVWKH\FRPPDQGODUJHDUHDVRIODQG HVSHFLDOO\LQGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHVZKHUHWKH\ Nations need to be prepared to address this SURYLGHPRVWRIWKHIRRGVXSSO\8SWRRI FRPSHOOLQJSURVSHFW7KHJURZLQJGHPDQGIRU WKHSRSXODWLRQLQPDQ\FRXQWULHVRI$VLDDQG IRRG FDOOV IRU HQKDQFLQJ DJULFXOWXUDO RXWSXW 6XE6DKDUDQ $IULFD IRUP SDUW RI VPDOOKROGHU HIÀFLHQF\DQGGLVWULEXWLRQDOOZKLOHDGYDQFLQJ IDUPKRXVHKROGVERWKFRQVXPLQJWKHIRRGWKH\ VXVWDLQDELOLW\DQGPDNLQJWKHDJULEXVLQHVVVHFWRU SURGXFHDQGVHOOLQJWKHLUPDUNHWDEOHVXUSOXV PRUH LQFOXVLYH ,QFUHDVLQJ IRRG SURGXFWLRQ LQ ,QWKH(XURSHDQ8QLRQRIWKHDOPRVW WKHIDFHRIGHWHULRUDWLQJVRLOVVFDUFHQDWXUDO PLOOLRQIDUPVDUHOHVVWKDQKHFWDUHV*OREDOO\ UHVRXUFHV DQG FOLPDWH FKDQJH LV LQ LWVHOI DQ VPDOOKROGHU IDUPV DUH HVWLPDWHG WR QXPEHU HQRUPRXV FKDOOHQJH 7R WKLV PXVW EH DGGHG DURXQGPLOOLRQW\SLFDOO\UDQJLQJEHWZHHQ the need to connect producers and the urban DQGKHFWDUHVLQVL]HDQGDYHUDJLQJOHVV PDUNHWRYHULQFUHDVLQJGLVWDQFHV3RVWKDUYHVW than 2 hectares. 2 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015 <HW PRVW VPDOOKROGHU IDUPV GRQ·W PHHW WKHLU VDQLWDU\DQGSK\WRVDQLWDU\UXOHVDORQJWKHHQWLUH SRWHQWLDO ,Q WKH GHYHORSLQJ ZRUOG ZKHUH DJULFXOWXUDOYDOXHFKDLQ11 VPDOOKROGHUIDUPHUVPDNHXSWKHYDVWPDMRULW\ RIDJULFXOWXUDOSURGXFHUVWKHVPDOOHVWSURGXFHUV ,QWKLVSURFHVVJRYHUQPHQWVSOD\DFULWLFDOUROH³ KDYHDYHU\GLIÀFXOWWLPHVKLIWLQJIURPVXEVLV- LQVHWWLQJDQGHQIRUFLQJVWDQGDUGVWKDWSURPRWH WHQFHWRFRPPHUFLDOO\YLDEOHIDUPV$UHODWLYHO\ UHVSRQVLEOHIRRGSURGXFWLRQIDFLOLWDWLQJDFFHVV VPDOOVKDUHPRVWO\WKRVHRQWKHPHGLXPVL]HWR WRDJULFXOWXUDOLQSXWVDQGPDUNHWVUHJXODWLQJ ODUJHHQGRIWKHVPDOOKROGHUVSHFWUXPSURGXFHV FRPSHWLWLRQHQFRXUDJLQJFRPSHWLWLYHQHVVLQ PRVWRIWKHIRRGWKDWPRYHVWKURXJKPDUNHWV agribusiness and supporting greater inclusion (YHQLQ(XURSHWKHDELOLW\RIVPDOOHUSURGXFHUV RIVPDOOKROGHUVDQGUXUDOZRUNHUV:LWKPDUNHWV WRVXSSO\ODUJHPDUNHWVGHSHQGVFULWLFDOO\RQ EHFRPLQJPRUHDQGPRUHJOREDOLQZDUGORRN- PDUNHWOLQNVVXFKDVWKHFRRSHUDWLYHVLQ LQJSROLFLHV³LQFOXGLQJIRUFHGORFDOL]DWLRQ³ZLOO 6SDLQWKDWEULQJWRJHWKHUPRUHWKDQDPLOOLRQ QHHGWREHKDQGOHGFDUHIXOO\VRWKDWWKH\GR IDUPVPRVWRIWKHPXQGHUKHFWDUHV QRWSRVHDWKUHDWWRDJULFXOWXUDOGHYHORSPHQW DQGIRRGVHFXULW\*RYHUQPHQWVDUHLQVWUXPHQWDO (QVXULQJWKHSDUWLFLSDWLRQRIORFDOVPDOOHUVFDOH LQOD\LQJRXWHQDEOLQJSROLFLHVWKDWDGGUHVVWKH SURGXFHUVLQDJULFXOWXUDOYDOXHFKDLQVLVFULWLFDO JOREDOFRQWH[WRIDJULFXOWXUDOPDUNHWV WRFRXQWULHV·IXWXUHDELOLW\WRIHHGWKHLUJURZLQJ XUEDQDQGLQFUHDVLQJO\ZHDOWK\SRSXODWLRQV Benchmarking as a way (IIHFWLYHSROLFLHVFDQKHOSVXSSRUWDVWURQJ to foster change FRPSHWLWLYHGRPHVWLFIRRGVXSSO\EDVH³RQH WKDW ODUJHO\ LQFOXGHV D SRSXODWLRQ RI ORFDO (YHU\FRXQWU\FDQIRVWHUDPRUHHQDEOLQJHQYLURQ- VPDOOHUVFDOHSURGXFHUV:LWKRXWHIIHFWLYHSRO- PHQWIRUDJULFXOWXUDOSURGXFHUV%HQFKPDUNLQJ LFLHVJURZLQJPDUNHWRSSRUWXQLWLHVFDQHDVLO\ LVDWRROWKDWKDVSURYHGHIIHFWLYHLQJXLGLQJ EHORVWWRLPSRUWVDQGWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIWKH SROLF\ PDNHUV12 6\VWHPDWLF FRPSDULVRQ LV D DJURSURFHVVLQJVHFWRUZLOOUHPDLQOLPLWHG ORQJVWDQGLQJSUDFWLFHLQDJULFXOWXUHZKLFKFDQ EHWUDFHGEDFNWRWKHODWH WKFHQWXU\DQG Policies, regulations and an FRQWLQXHVWREHGHYHORSHGWRGD\,QGHHGLWV enabling environment YDOXHLQDJULFXOWXUHZDVUHFRJQL]HGLQWKHWK FHQWXU\%&E\WKH*UHHNKLVWRULDQ;HQRSKRQ The prospect of continued growth in food GHPDQG FDOOV IRU JUHDWHU DWWHQWLRQ WR DJUL- <RX>6RFUDWHV@KDYHGLVFRYHUHGWKHUHD- EXVLQHVVSROLF\DQGUHJXODWLRQVWKDWEDODQFH VRQVZK\VRPHIDUPHUVDUHVRVXFFHVVIXO WKHFRPSHWLWLYHQHVVRIWKHDJULFXOWXUDOPDUNHW WKDWKXVEDQGU\\LHOGVWKHPDOOWKH\QHHGLQ ZLWKHIIRUWVWRHQDEOHPRUHLQFOXVLYHQDWLRQDO DEXQGDQFHDQGRWKHUVDUHVRLQHIÀFLHQW UHJLRQDODQGJOREDOPDUNHWV7UDQVSDUHQWDQG WKDWWKH\ÀQGIDUPLQJXQSURÀWDEOH,VKRXOG ZHOOLPSOHPHQWHGSROLFLHVODZVDQGUHJXODWLRQV OLNHWRKHDUWKHUHDVRQVLQHDFKFDVHLQ FDQIRVWHUDFWLYHFRPSHWLWLYHDJULFXOWXUDOPDU- RUGHUWKDWZHPD\GRZKDWLVJRRGDQG NHWV³EHQHÀWLQJLQSXWSURYLGHUVPDUNHWRXWOHWV DYRLGZKDWLVKDUPIXO13 VHUYLFHSURYLGHUVDQGDERYHDOOSURGXFHUV.H\ WRFUHDWLQJVXFKDQHQDEOLQJHQYLURQPHQWLVD %HQFKPDUNLQJKDVEHHQKHOSIXOLQLGHQWLI\LQJ UXOHVEDVHGOHJDODQGUHJXODWRU\V\VWHPWKDW EHVWSUDFWLFHVDQGLPSURYLQJSHUIRUPDQFHLQ DYRLGVH[FHVVLYHEXUGHQVIRUEXVLQHVVHVZKLOH agriculture. But literature suggests that it can VWLOOHQIRUFLQJSURSHUTXDOLW\IRRGVDIHW\DQG DOVREHXVHIXOIRUIRVWHULQJSROLF\OHDUQLQJDQG INTRODUCTION | 2015 3 FKDQJHLQWKHVHFWRU7KHGHYHORSPHQWDQG JOREDOO\,WVDLPLVWRLGHQWLI\DQGPRQLWRUSROLFLHV GLVVHPLQDWLRQRIEHQFKPDUNLQJLQGLFDWRUVFDQ DQGUHJXODWLRQVWKDWLPSDFWWKHIXQFWLRQLQJRI SOD\DSDUWLQERWKSURPRWLQJSROLF\OHDUQLQJ PDUNHWVZLWKLQWKHVHFWRUDOORZLQJSROLF\PDNHUV DQGHIIHFWLQJSROLF\FKDQJHDQGDQRSSRUWXQLW\ WRFRPSDUHWKHLUFRXQWU\·VDJULEXVLQHVVFOLPDWH WR´PDNHLGHDVFLUFXODWHµ14 ZLWKWKDWRIRWKHUV,QGRLQJVRWKHSURMHFWLV LQWHQGHGWRLQIRUPDQGHQFRXUDJHFKDQJHV ,QWHUQDWLRQDO LQÁXHQFHV VXFK DV WKH DFWLRQV WKDWVXSSRUWLQFOXVLYHSDUWLFLSDWLRQLQDJULFXO- DQGH[SHULHQFHVRIRWKHUFRXQWULHVLQPDNLQJ WXUDOYDOXHFKDLQVDQGIRVWHUDQHQYLURQPHQW SROLF\FKDQJHVSOD\DFULWLFDOSDUWLQFDWDO\]LQJ FRQGXFLYH WR ORFDO DQG UHJLRQDO EXVLQHVV LQ SROLF\VKLIWV³ZKLOHGRPHVWLFLQÁXHQFHVVXFKDV agriculture. ORFDOFRQGLWLRQVDQGWKHYLHZVRIVWDNHKROGHUV DUHPRUHLPSRUWDQWLQLQÁXHQFLQJWKHVSHFLÀFV 7KHSURMHFWLVH[SHFWHGWRKHOSLPSURYHWKH RI SROLF\ FKDQJHV %\ DOORZLQJ FURVVFRXQ- DJULFXOWXUDOVHFWRU·VRYHUDOOIXQFWLRQLQJEHQH- WU\ FRPSDULVRQ RI SUDFWLFHV DQG FRQGLWLRQV ÀWWLQJDUDQJHRISOD\HUVDORQJWKHYDOXHFKDLQ EHQFKPDUNLQJLQGLFDWRUVFDQSRLQWWRLVVXHV +RZHYHULQGRLQJVRVRPHHPSKDVLVZLOOEH LQ D FRXQWU\·V HQDEOLQJ HQYLURQPHQW IRU DJ- SODFHGRQSROLF\DQGUHJXODWRU\RSSRUWXQLWLHV ULFXOWXUH KHOSLQJ WR UDLVH DZDUHQHVV DPRQJ DQG FRQVWUDLQWV WKDW DUH ELQGLQJ IRU VPDOOHU SROLF\PDNHUVDQGRWKHUVWDNHKROGHUV,QIDFW SURGXFHUV8OWLPDWHO\UXOHVDQGUHJXODWLRQVWKDW WKH PRUH WKDW FURVVFRXQWU\ EHQFKPDUNLQJ DIIHFWWKHSURÀWDELOLW\RIVPDOODQGPHGLXPVL]H UHYHDOVZHDNQHVVHVLQGRPHVWLFSROLFLHV³RIWHQ SURGXFHUVDOVRKDYHDQLPSDFWRQPHGLXPVL]H WKURXJKTXDQWLWDWLYHLQGLFDWRUVH[SRVLQJSRRU WRODUJHEXVLQHVVHV³DQGWKHVHWRRDUHHVVHQWLDO SHUIRUPDQFHLQLQWHUQDWLRQDOUDQNLQJV³WKHOHVV IRUDFRPSHWLWLYHDJULFXOWXUDOPDUNHWWRIXQF- GLIÀFXOWLWLVIRUUHIRUPRULHQWHGSROLF\PDNHUVWR WLRQZHOO7KHVHHQWHUSULVHVFUHDWHMREVSURYLGH MXVWLI\WKHQHHGIRUFKDQJH DFFHVV WR IRUHLJQ PDUNHWV LQYHVWPHQWV DQG WHFKQRORJ\DQGFDQDFFHOHUDWHDJULFXOWXUDO $WWLPHVEHQFKPDUNLQJLQGLFDWRUVPD\VHUYH GHYHORSPHQW DVDVRXUFHRIQHJDWLYHIHHGEDFNE\PHDVXU- LQJSRRUSHUIRUPDQFHE\DFRXQWU\LQFHUWDLQ $YDOXHFKDLQ³WKHIXOOUDQJHRIDFWLYLWLHVDQG DUHDV³EXWWKH\DOVRRIIHUSURVSHFWVIRUSRVLWLYH VHUYLFHVQHHGHGWREULQJDSURGXFWIURPFRQ- IHHGEDFNDVSHUIRUPDQFHLPSURYHV%RWKW\SHV FHSWLRQ WR VDOH LQ WKH ÀQDO PDUNHW³LQYROYHV RIIHHGEDFNFDQEHLPSRUWDQWLQVSXUULQJUHFRJ- different topic areas and an entire network of QLWLRQRIWKHQHHGIRUSROLF\FKDQJH0RUHRYHU DFWRUVLQLQSXWVXSSO\SURGXFWLRQSURFHVVLQJ EHQFKPDUNLQJLQGLFDWRUVSURYLGHDUHDG\VRXUFH PDUNHWLQJDQGFRQVXPSWLRQ7RIDFLOLWDWHGDWD RILQIRUPDWLRQRQYLDEOHDOWHUQDWLYHVDQRWKHU FROOHFWLRQDQDO\VLVDQGUHSRUWLQJEnabling the aspect shown to be essential in encouraging Business of Agriculture breaks down the agri- SROLF\FKDQJH$QGE\YLUWXHRIWKHLUGHVLJQWKH FXOWXUDOYDOXHFKDLQLQWRGLIIHUHQWWRSLFDUHDV indicators help create a consistent language Six of these topics were selected to be studied IRUFRQYH\LQJWKLVLQIRUPDWLRQ GXULQJWKHSLORW\HDU³UHJLVWHULQJDJULFXOWXUDO ODQG DFFHVVLQJ ÀQDQFLDO VHUYLFHV VWUHQJWK- A tool for policy and HQLQJVHHGV\VWHPVLPSURYLQJIHUWLOL]HUVXSSO\ regulatory analysis WUDQVSRUWLQJ DJULFXOWXUDO JRRGV DQG VHOOLQJ agricultural goods. Another 3 were chosen for Enabling the Business of Agriculture is designed initial testing: contracting agricultural produc- WRKHOSSROLF\PDNHUVVWUHQJWKHQDJULEXVLQHVV WLRQHOHFWULI\LQJUXUDODUHDVDQGFRQQHFWLQJ 4 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015 IDUPHUV WR LQIRUPDWLRQ 0RUH WRSLFV ZLOO EH cohorts according to their stage of agricultural LQFRUSRUDWHGLQWLPH WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ 7KLV W\SRORJ\ LV DFKLHYHG E\ UHODWLQJDJULFXOWXUH·VFRQWULEXWLRQWRDFRXQ- ,QHDFKRIWKHVHDUHDV Enabling the Business WU\·V*'3WRWKHSHUFHQWDJHRILWVZRUNIRUFH of AgricultureUHFRJQL]HVWKHQHHGWRFUDIWEDO- engaged in agriculture. This process allows for anced regulations that foster well-functioning PRUHFRKHUHQWEHQFKPDUNLQJDQGLQVLJKWIXO PDUNHWVZKLOHHQVXULQJWUDQVSDUHQWDQGVWURQJ OHDUQLQJ DV FRXQWULHV FDQ KDYH D VHQVH RI SURWHFWLRQVIRUFRQVXPHUV6HOOLQJDJULFXOWXUDO WKHLU UHODWLYH SRVLWLRQ LQ WKLV FKDQJH SURFHVV JRRGVGDWDIRUH[DPSOHPHDVXUHWKHSURFH- DQGFDQFRPSDUHWKHPVHOYHVZLWKFRXQWULHV GXUHVWLPHDQGFRVWWRFRPSO\ZLWKSK\WRVDQ- LQWKHVDPHFRKRUW LWDU\UHTXLUHPHQWVLQWKHWUDGHRIDJULFXOWXUDO JRRGV7KHGHVLJQRIWKHGDWDVHWVUHFRJQL]HV 7KLV UHSRUW D V\QWKHVLV RI WKH SURMHFW·V SLORW the need for transparent regulation and good SKDVHVXPPDUL]HVWKHWHDP·VHIIRUWWRJHQHUDWH LQVWLWXWLRQDO FDSDFLW\ WR HQVXUH SURSHU SODQW GDWD³WKDWDUHHYLGHQFHEDVHGDQGGLUHFWO\DF- health and the trade of safe agricultural prod- WLRQDEOHE\JRYHUQPHQWV³RQWKHDJULEXVLQHVV ucts. Data also are collected on the existence HQDEOLQJHQYLURQPHQW7KHUHSRUWGHVFULEHVWKH RI VDQLWDU\ DQG SK\WRVDQLWDU\ UXOHV DQG DQ GHYHORSPHQWRIDQHZPHWKRGRORJ\WKDWEXLOGV LQVWLWXWLRQDO IUDPHZRUN WKDW VXSSRUWV SURSHU RQRWKHU:RUOG%DQN*URXSSURGXFWVWKDWKDYH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIWKHUXOHV SURYHQXVHIXOLQHQFRXUDJLQJSXEOLFGHEDWHRULQ PHDVXULQJFKDOOHQJHVIRUDJULFXOWXUHSDUWLFXODUO\ ,QDQRWKHUH[DPSOHVWUHQJWKHQLQJVHHGV\VWHPV the Doing Business report and the Agribusiness GDWDIRFXVRQSROLF\DQGUHJXODWRU\IDFWRUVWKDW IndicatorsLQLWLDWLYH'XULQJWKLVLQLWLDOSLORW\HDU FDQHQDEOHRUFRQVWUDLQWKHWLPHO\LQWURGXFWLRQ WKHSURMHFWKDVIRFXVHGRQGHYHORSLQJDQG RIKLJKTXDOLW\FRPPHUFLDOVHHGYDULHWLHVDQG WHVWLQJDPHWKRGRORJ\IRUJDWKHULQJHVVHQWLDO WKHLUPDUNHWDYDLODELOLW\$VDSULPDU\LQSXWIRU LQIRUPDWLRQ³LQIRUPDWLRQ WKDW KDV RWKHUZLVH DJULFXOWXUHVHHGSROLFLHVDQGUHJXODWLRQVQHHG EHHQXQDYDLODEOHRUXQFROOHFWDEOH³WREHXVHG to be up to date and based on science. The LQGHVLJQLQJDQGEXLOGLQJNH\LQGLFDWRUVIRUQH[W GDWD IRFXV RQ DUHDV RI VHHG UHJXODWLRQ WR \HDUDQGGHWDLOHGLQWKHFKDSWHUGHVFULELQJ help in assessing where countries are following RXUPHWKRGRORJ\&RXQWU\YLVLWVZHUHFULWLFDO LQWHUQDWLRQDOEHVWSUDFWLFHVDQGZKHUHWKH\DUH LQJDWKHULQJLQIRUPDWLRQRQWKHDYDLODELOLW\RI QRWDQGZKHUHH[FHVVLYHFRVWVRUUHTXLUHPHQWV VHFRQGDU\GDWDVRXUFHVRQWKHVWDQGDUGL]DWLRQ PD\UHGXFHWKHSULYDWHVHFWRU·VLQFHQWLYHVWR of these statistics across countries and on issues LQWURGXFHYDULHWLHVLQDFRXQWU\7KHGDWDDOVR IDFHGE\NH\VHFWRUSOD\HUVVXFKDVSURGXFHUV VKRZZKLFKTXDOLW\FRQWUROPHFKDQLVPVFRXQWULHV EXVLQHVVHVDQGJRYHUQPHQWV KDYHLQSODFHDQGZKLFKOHJDOPHFKDQLVPVWKH\ use to reduce the propagation of fake seed. 7KHUHSRUWVKDUHVWKHLQIRUPDWLRQFDSWXUHGLQ this pilot experience. Data collected in the 10 8OWLPDWHO\WKHOHVVRQVGUDZQIURPEHQFKPDUNLQJ countries are presented in the last chapter on YHU\PXFKGHSHQGRQDFRXQWU\·VFRQWH[WDQG SLORWGDWDWDEOHV1RLQGLFDWRUVKDYHEHHQGH- LWVVWDJHRIDJULFXOWXUDOGHYHORSPHQWEnabling YHORSHG\HW7KHÀQGLQJVZLOOEHXVHGWRUHÀQH the Business of AgricultureKDVGHYHORSHGDQ WKHSURMHFW·VPHWKRGRORJ\DQGWKHGHVLJQRI DJULFXOWXUDOWUDQVIRUPDWLRQW\SRORJ\WKDWEXLOGV LWVLQGLFDWRUVLQWKHVHFRQG\HDURIWKHSURMHFW RQWKH:RUOG%DQN·VWorld Development Report LQIRUPRWKHURUJDQL]DWLRQVDQGLQLWLDWLYHVDQG 2008 and enables countries to be clustered into trigger consultation and feedback. INTRODUCTION | 2015 5 Notes 8QLWHG1DWLRQV 2 FAO 2012c. 0F&DUWK\HWDO 4 Nelson et al. 2013. 5RVHQ]ZHLJHWDO (DVWHUOLQJHWDO )$2 ,ELG ,)$' 7KLUWOH/LQDQG3LHVVH GH-DQYU\DQG6DGRXOHW &KULVWLDHQVHQ'HPHU\DQG.XKO 'LDRHW al. 2012. $EERWW 11 Altenburg 2007. &3% ;HQRSKRQ2HFRQRPLFXV 1D\ 0HVHJXHU 6FKOXGL 6 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015 Building a methodology The Enabling the Business of Agriculture PHWK- such as the procedures and cost to register a RGRORJ\ DLPV DW LGHQWLI\LQJ PHDVXULQJ DQG QHZ VHHG YDULHW\ 7KH\ VSHFLI\ ZKHWKHU WKH H[DPLQLQJNH\SROLF\DQGUHJXODWRU\IDFWRUV JRYHUQPHQWKDVDQRIÀFLDOSROLF\RUVWUDWHJ\ WKDWKDYHDQLPSDFWRQDJULEXVLQHVVDFWLYLW\7R WR JXLGH WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI FULWLFDO DUHDV PHHWWKHSURMHFW·VREMHFWLYHVWKHPHWKRGRORJ\ VXFKDVWKHSURYLVLRQRIH[WHQVLRQVHUYLFHVRU LVGLUHFWHGWRZDUGFRPSOHPHQWLQJVWDQGDUGL]HG LQFUHDVHGIHUWLOL]HUXVH$QGWKH\GHVFULEHWKH PHDVXUHVRIODZVUHJXODWLRQVDQGLQVWLWXWLRQV PDUNHWVWUXFWXUHDVVHWRXWE\SROLF\GHVLJQ ZLWKRWKHUYDULDEOHV7KLVDSSURDFKLVPHDQWWR SUDFWLFHDQGSHUIRUPDQFH7KHGDWDDUHFXU- SURYLGHDEURDGHUSLFWXUHRIDFRXQWU\·VDJULFXO- UHQWDVRI0DUFK WXUDOFOLPDWHDQGWRKHOSLGHQWLI\NH\LVVXHVWR LPSURYHWKHHQYLURQPHQWDORQJWKHDJULFXOWXUDO How the data are collected YDOXHFKDLQ%\EHJLQQLQJWRFROOHFWGDWDDQG LGHQWLI\GLIIHUHQFHVLQGLIIHUHQWWRSLFDUHDVD 7KHGDWDDUHFROOHFWHGLQDVWDQGDUGL]HGZD\WR PHWKRGRORJLFDODSSURDFKZHQWWKURXJKLQLWLDO HQVXUHFRPSDUDELOLW\DFURVVFRXQWULHVDQGRYHU WHVWLQJGXULQJWKHSURMHFW·VSLORWSKDVHDQGLVLQ WLPH7RVWDUWWKHSURMHFWWHDPFRQGXFWHGD WKHSURFHVVRIEHLQJUHÀQHG7KHÀQDORXWFRPH WKRURXJKOLWHUDWXUHUHYLHZDQGKHOGGLVFXVVLRQV RIVXFKDSURFHVVZLOOEHWKHEXLOGLQJRIVHYHUDO ZLWKWHFKQLFDOH[SHUWVDQGUHSUHVHQWDWLYHVIURP V\QWKHWLFLQGLFDWRUVWKDWLQVXEVHTXHQWSURMHFW GRQRUDJHQFLHVFLYLOVRFLHW\RUJDQL]DWLRQVDQG SKDVHVZLOOLQFOXGHVFRULQJDQGDJJUHJDWLQJ partner institutions. This process led to the iden- GDWDVHWVWKDWUHIHUWRGLIIHUHQWHOHPHQWVRIWKH WLÀFDWLRQRINH\OHJDODQGUHJXODWRU\LVVXHVDV SURMHFWWRSLFDUHDV ZHOODVSROLF\DQGPDUNHWYDULDEOHVUHODWLQJWR DFRXQWU\·VDJULEXVLQHVVHQYLURQPHQWLQHDFK 'XULQJWKHSURMHFW·VÀUVW\HDUSLORWGDWDZHUH WRSLFDUHD4XHVWLRQVZHUHIRUPXODWHGIRUHDFK FROOHFWHGRYHUPRQWKVIURPFRXQWULHVDQG WRSLFZLWKWKHDLPRIHQVXULQJWKHUHOHYDQFH RQ GLIIHUHQWWRSLFV7KHGDWDGHVFULEHHDFK PHDVXUDELOLW\YDULDELOLW\DQGVWDWLVWLFDOUREXVW- FRXQWU\·VOHJDODQGUHJXODWRU\V\VWHPVXFKDV ness of the resulting data points. Questions re- whether there are regulations to facilitate con- ODWLQJWRUHJXODWRU\SURFHVVHVZHUHGHYHORSHG WUDFWIDUPLQJRUWRVXSSRUWDFFHVVWRÀQDQFLDO DURXQGVWDQGDUGFDVHVWXGLHVZLWKDVVXPSWLRQV VHUYLFHVIRUDJULFXOWXUH7KHGDWDGRFXPHQWWKH DERXWWKHOHJDOIRUPRIWKHEXVLQHVVLWVVL]HLWV FRPSOH[LW\RIUHJXODWLRQVXFKDVWKHQXPEHU ORFDWLRQDQGWKHQDWXUHRILWVDFWLYLWLHV RISURFHGXUHVUHTXLUHGWRREWDLQDOLFHQVHIRU transporting agricultural goods or to register a 7RIDFLOLWDWHXQGHUVWDQGLQJDQGDYRLGPLVLQWHU- SORWRIDJULFXOWXUDOODQGIRUWKHÀUVWWLPH7KH\ SUHWDWLRQTXHVWLRQQDLUHVZHUHWUDQVODWHGLQWR TXDQWLI\WKHEXUGHQRIUHJXODWLRQFRPSOLDQFH HDFKFRXQWU\·VPRVWVSRNHQORFDOODQJXDJHDQG BUILDING A METHODOLOGY | 2015 7 DGPLQLVWHUHGWRPRUHWKDQORFDOH[SHUWV y Pre-transition countries³ZKHUH DJUL- LQFOXGLQJSXEOLFVHFWRUUHSUHVHQWDWLYHVSULYDWH FXOWXUH HPSOR\V PRUH WKDQ RI WKH VHFWRUUHVSRQGHQWVIDUPHURUJDQL]DWLRQVVSH- ZRUNIRUFHDQGDJULFXOWXUHYDOXHDGGHG FLDOLVWVIURPDFDGHPLFRUUHVHDUFKLQVWLWXWLRQV FRQWULEXWHVOHVVWKDQWRWKH*'3 DQGRWKHULQIRUPHGFRQWULEXWRUV7KHWHDPRIWHQ KHOGVHYHUDOURXQGVRILQWHUDFWLRQZLWKWKHVH y Transition countries³ZKHUH DJULFXOWXUH H[SHUWV LQYROYLQJ FRQIHUHQFH FDOOV ZULWWHQ HPSOR\V EHWZHHQ DQG RI WKH FRUUHVSRQGHQFHDQGFRXQWU\YLVLWV7RÀOODQ\ ZRUNIRUFHDQGDJULFXOWXUHYDOXHDGGHG GDWDJDSVTXHVWLRQQDLUHVZHUHVXSSOHPHQWHG FRQWULEXWHVOHVVWKDQWRWKH*'3 E\GHVNUHVHDUFKWKDWGUHZRQVWXGLHVUHVHDUFK SDSHUVDQGRIÀFLDOVRXUFHV ODZVUHJXODWLRQV y Urbanizing countries³ZKHUHDJULFXOWXUH SROLFLHVDQGRIÀFLDOVWDWLVWLFV HPSOR\V EHWZHHQ DQG RI WKH ZRUNIRUFHDQGDJULFXOWXUHYDOXHDGGHG What topics and countries FRQWULEXWHVOHVVWKDQWRWKH*'3 are covered y Developed countries³ZKHUH DJULFXO- 6L[FRUHWRSLFVZHUHVHOHFWHGIRUWKHSURMHFW·V WXUHHPSOR\VOHVVWKDQRIWKHZRUN- pilot phase (table 2.1) and 3 other topics were IRUFHDQGDJULFXOWXUHYDOXHDGGHGFRQ- LGHQWLÀHGIRULQLWLDOWHVWLQJ6HYHUDORWKHUVZLOOEH WULEXWHVOHVVWKDQWRWKH*'3 WDFNOHGLQ\HDURISURMHFWLPSOHPHQWDWLRQ Ten countries were selected for the pilot phase 7KHSURMHFW·VFRYHUDJHLVH[SHFWHGWRH[SDQG RIWKHSURMHFWWKDWUHSUHVHQWDUDQJHRIJHR- to about 80 to 100 countries during the next 3 graphic regions and stages of agricultural \HDUV7KHDLPLVWRVHOHFWFRXQWULHVLQGLIIHUHQW WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ PDS VWDJHVRIDJULFXOWXUDOWUDQVIRUPDWLRQ VHH$QQH[ WRWKLVFKDSWHU 7KHSURMHFWGHYHORSHGDFRXQWU\ +RZWKHSLORWGDWDDUHFODVVLÀHG FODVVLÀFDWLRQEDVHGRQDJULFXOWXUH·VUROHLQWKH QDWLRQDOHFRQRP\DQGZRUNIRUFHDVIROORZV The pilot data that were collected can be FODVVLÀHGLQWRFDWHJRULHV PHDVXUHPHQWVGH- y Agriculture-based countries³ZKHUHDJ- VFULSWLYHGDWDDQGUHIHUHQWLDOGDWDDVIROORZV ULFXOWXUHHPSOR\VPRUHWKDQRIWKH ZRUNIRUFHDQGDJULFXOWXUHYDOXHDGGHG 1. Measurements DUH YDULDEOHV WKDW DUH FRQWULEXWHVPRUHWKDQWRWKH*'3 TXDQWLWDWLYH QXPEHUV RU FDQ EH TABLE 2.1: Topics covered by the project Core topics Topics for initial testing Topic areas for year 2 Registering agricultural land Contracting agricultural production 0HFKDQL]LQJDJULFXOWXUH $FFHVVLQJÀQDQFLDOVHUYLFHV (OHFWULI\LQJUXUDODUHDV Water 6WUHQJWKHQLQJVHHGV\VWHPV &RQQHFWLQJIDUPHUVWRLQIRUPDWLRQ /LYHVWRFN ,PSURYLQJIHUWLOL]HUVXSSO\ Gender Transporting agricultural goods (QYLURQPHQWDOVXVWDLQDELOLW\ Selling agricultural goods 8 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015 MAP 2.1: Countries covered in the pilot phase UKRAINE SPAIN MOROCCO NEPAL PHILIPPINES GUATEMALA ETHIOPIA UGANDA RWANDA MOZAMBIQUE Agriculture-based countries: Ethiopia, Nepal, Rwanda Pre-transition countries: Mozambique, Uganda Transition countries: Guatemala, the Philippines Urbanizing countries: Morocco, Ukraine Developed country: Spain Source: Enabling the Business of Agriculture database. H[SUHVVHG TXDQWLWDWLYHO\ E\ EHLQJ ZKHQ DYDLODEOH 7LPH HVWLPDWHV RIWHQ VFRUHG RU DVVLJQHG D YDOXH DQG DUH LQYROYH DQ HOHPHQW RI MXGJPHQW E\ VWDWLVWLFDOO\ UREXVW DQG FRPSDUDEOH UHVSRQGHQWV ZKR URXWLQHO\ DGPLQLVWHU across countries. The data points will WKH UHOHYDQW UHJXODWLRQV RU XQGHUWDNH EH XVHG DV WKH EDVLV IRU GHYHORSLQJ WKHUHOHYDQWWUDQVDFWLRQV7RFRQVWUXFW aggregate indicators in the future. WKHWLPHHVWLPDWHVIRUDSDUWLFXODUUHJ- 7KLV FDWHJRU\ LQFOXGHV GLIIHUHQW NLQGV XODWRU\ SURFHVV VXFK DV FRPSOHWLQJ RI GDWD VRPH HPHUJH IURP D UHDG- WKH UHTXLUHPHQWV WR LPSRUW IHUWLOL]HU LQJ RI WKH ODZV DQG UHJXODWLRQV ZKLOH the process is broken down into clear- RWKHUV DWWHPSW WR PHDVXUH PDUNHW O\ GHÀQHG VWHSV DQG SURFHGXUHV 7KH SULFHV DYDLODEOH LQIUDVWUXFWXUH RU WKH WLPHWRFRPSOHWHWKHVHVWHSVLVYHULÀHG LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI VHUYLFHV UHODWHG WR ZLWKH[SHUWUHVSRQGHQWV³WKURXJKFRQ- WKH WRSLF DUHD 6WLOO RWKHUV UHÁHFW WKH IHUHQFH FDOOV ZULWWHQ FRUUHVSRQGHQFH UHJXODWRU\ V\VWHP HIÀFLHQF\³IRU H[- DQG YLVLWV E\ WKH WHDP³XQWLO WKHUH LV DPSOHWKHQXPEHURISURFHGXUHVDQG FRQYHUJHQFHRQDÀQDODQVZHU WKH WLPH DQG FRVW WR FRPSOHWH D SUR- FHVVVXFKDVFHUWLI\LQJVHHGIRUVDOHLQ 2. Descriptive data ZKLOH VWDWLVWLFDOO\ UH- WKHGRPHVWLFPDUNHW'DWDRIWKLVW\SH OLDEOH LQFOXGH LQIRUPDWLRQ WKDW LV FRQ- FULWLFDOWRXQGHUVWDQGLQJNH\SURFHVVHV WH[WXDO DQG VHUYHV RQO\ WR GHVFULEH LQ WKH DJULEXVLQHVV VHFWRU DUH EXLOW RQ HOHPHQWV RI D SROLF\ DQG UHJXODWRU\ OHJDOUHTXLUHPHQWVDQGFRVWPHDVXUHV HQYLURQPHQW7KHVHGDWDGRQRWUHSUH- DUH EDFNHG E\ RIÀFLDO IHH VFKHGXOHV VHQWIDFWRUVWKDWDUHQHFHVVDULO\PRUHRU BUILDING A METHODOLOGY | 2015 9 OHVVFRQGXFLYHWRDQHQDEOLQJHQYLURQ- What are the lessons learned PHQW IRU FRPPHUFLDO DJULFXOWXUH DQG WKHUHIRUH DUH QRW PHDQW WR EH FRP- $PRQJWKHPDLQJRDOVRIWKHLQLWLDOSLORWVWDJH SDUHG 7KH GDWD LQFOXGH IRU H[DPSOH KDYHEHHQWRGHYHORSWHVWDQGUHÀQHWKHGDWD WKHVRXUFHRIÀQDQFLQJIRUODQGUHJLVWU\ FROOHFWLRQPHWKRGRORJ\,QWHUDFWLRQEHWZHHQ RSHUDWLRQVDQGWKHW\SHRIJRYHUQPHQW VRPH RI WKH VWHSV³FRQVXOWDWLRQ RI OLWHUDWXUH DJHQF\ LQ FKDUJH RI LVVXLQJ SK\WRVDQL- DQG H[SHUWV ÀHOG H[SHULHQFH UHYLHZ RI WKH WDU\FHUWLÀFDWHVQHHGHGIRUWKHWUDGHRI TXHVWLRQQDLUHV³KDV OHG WR D OHDUQLQJ DQG agricultural products. JURZWKSURFHVVWKDWKDVSURYHGWREHLQYDOXDEOH ZKLOHZRUNLQJWRZDUGWKHSURMHFW·VREMHFWLYHV 3. Referential data are data points that ÀJXUH DUH FRQVLGHUHG RI LQWHUHVW DQG DUH RI- WHQ LPSRUWDQW EXW DUH QRW VWDWLVWLFDOO\ This process can be seen in the work done to UREXVW³W\SLFDOO\ EHFDXVH WKH\ DUH QRW GHWHUPLQHWKHGHVLJQFRQWHQWVDQGVFRSHRI GHULYHG IURP D UHSUHVHQWDWLYH VDPSOH WKHTXHVWLRQQDLUHV³DOOFULWLFDOLQHQVXULQJWKH RU EHFDXVH WKH\ DUH EDVHG RQ RSLQLRQ UREXVWQHVVRIWKHGDWDFROOHFWLRQ7KHTXHVWLRQ- RU H[SHULHQFH (YHQ LI QRW VWDWLVWLFDOO\ QDLUHVZHUHUHYLVHGDQGWUDQVIRUPHGRYHUWKH UHOLDEOHWKHGDWDFDQEHXVHGDVUHIHU- FRXUVHRIWKHFRXQWU\YLVLWVDVIROORZV HQFHSRLQWVLQRQJRLQJHIIRUWVWRGHYHO- RSDQGUHÀQHWKHSURMHFW·VPHWKRGROR- y Questionnaires addressing legal and J\([DPSOHVLQFOXGHWKHSHUFHQWDJHRI UHJXODWRU\ LVVXHV ZHUH LQWHJUDWHG ZLWK IDUPHUVDYHG VHHG DQG WKH UHDVRQV IRU WKRVHPHDVXULQJSROLF\DQGPDUNHWUH- WKHSRRUTXDOLW\RIURDGV ODWHG YDULDEOHV UHVXOWLQJ LQ D VLQJOH FIGURE 2.1: A learning and growth process Jan–Jun 2013 Jun–Oct 2013 Nov 2013 Dec 2013 Jan 2014 Research and Consultation with Round 1 data Round 2 data Refinement and consultation on key technical experts to collection in collection in Morocco, review of constraints in enabling develop questionnaires Guatemala Rwanda and Ukraine questionnaires environment for agriculture Feb–Mar 2014 Mar–May 2014 May–Jul 2014 Aug–Sep 2014 Oct–Dec 2014 Round 3 data collection Data verification Data analysis and Consultations on Implementation of in Ethiopia, Mozambique, through follow-up and report writing main findings and suggestions on report Nepal, Philippines, Spain extensive research methodology analysis and methodology and Uganda for second-year data collection 10 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015 TXHVWLRQQDLUH IRU HDFK WRSLF ,Q DGGL- PHDVXUDELOLW\ DQG UREXVWQHVV RI HDFK WLRQ GDWD SRLQWV ZHUH UHH[DPLQHG LQ YDULDEOH WKH GDWD SRLQWV FROOHFWHG light of the initial experience in collect- ZHUHFODVVLÀHGLQWRWKHFDWHJRULHVGH- LQJGDWDDQGTXHVWLRQVZHUHFRQVROLGDW- VFULEHGDERYH PHDVXUHPHQWVGHVFULS- HG 7KH RXWFRPH ZDV D TXHVWLRQQDLUH WLYHGDWDDQGUHIHUHQWLDOGDWD WKDWFRXOGEHPRUHUHDGLO\DGPLQLVWHUHG WRFRQWULEXWRUVDQGWKDWSURYLGHGEHWWHU y 7KH GDWD VHW REWDLQHG IURP WKH TXHV- LQWHJUDWLRQEHWZHHQWKHW\SHVRIGDWD tionnaires for each topic was sorted and being collected. VWXGLHG 'DWD SRLQWV LQ HDFK FDWHJRU\ ZHUH WKHQ WDJJHG E\ SULRULW\ OHYHO RQ y $ VLQJOH PDVWHU TXHVWLRQQDLUH IRU HDFK WKH EDVLV RI WKHLU UHOHYDQFH WKH IHDVL- WRSLF ZDV FXVWRPL]HG IRU HDFK W\SH RI ELOLW\ RI WKHLU FROOHFWLRQ WKHLU YDULDELOLW\ FRQWULEXWRU³SXEOLF VHFWRU UHSUHVHQWD- DQGWKHLQWHJUDWLRQEHWZHHQWKHP7KH WLYHV SULYDWH FRPSDQ\ PDQDJHUV DV- RXWFRPH RI WKHVH VWHSV KDV UHVXOWHG LQ VRFLDWLRQ RIÀFHUV DFDGHPLF IDFXOW\ TXHVWLRQQDLUHV WKDW DUH PRUH IRFXVHG DQG IDUPHU RUJDQL]DWLRQV 7KLV PHWKRG RUJDQL]HG DQG VXFFLQFW³DQG GDWD UHGXFHG WKH QXPEHU RI TXHVWLRQV IRU VHWVWKDWFDQEHPRUHHDVLO\PDQDJHG HDFKFRQWULEXWRUDQGVLPSOLÀHGWKHVXU- DQG SUHVHQWHG 7KH TXHVWLRQQDLUHV DQG YH\SURFHVV GDWDVHWVIRUPDVROLGIRXQGDWLRQIRUWKH EXLOGLQJ RI LQGLFDWRUV DQG XSFRPLQJ y ,QOLJKWRIDFORVHUH[DPLQDWLRQRILVVXHV data collection in the next phase of the DQG GDWD DQG DQ DVVHVVPHQW RI WKH SURMHFW BUILDING A METHODOLOGY | 2015 11 Annex A: A transformational framework )LJXUH$EHORZUHODWHVDJULFXOWXUH·VFRQWUL- SRLQWVRIDJULFXOWXUDOWUDQVIRUPDWLRQ2QHPHW- EXWLRQWRDFRXQWU\·V*'3WRWKHSHUFHQWDJH ULF WKDW VHHPV IXQGDPHQWDO LV WKH UHODWLYH of its workforce engaged in agriculture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·V*'3LQUHODWLRQWRWKHUHVWRI *'3JURZVDORQJWKHWUDQVIRUPDWLRQSURFHVV WKHHFRQRP\7KHUHDUHKRZHYHUVLJQLÀFDQW ÀJXUH$ differences between countries. $QRWKHUVHWRIPHWULFVWKDWFDQEHFRPSDUHG 7KLVW\SRORJ\FDQEHXVHGWRH[DPLQHDEURDGHU DFURVV WKLV FDWHJRUL]DWLRQ UHODWHV WR WKH SUR- UDIWRIPHWULFVLQFRXQWULHVWKDWDUHDWGLIIHUHQW MHFWHGJURZWKRIIRRGGHPDQGLQFLWLHVZLWKD FIGURE A2.1: Country segmentation based on agriculture’s role in the national economy, 2012 70 Agriculture value added as percent of GDP 60 Agriculture-based 50 40 30 Urbanizing Transition 25 20 Developed Pre-transition 10 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Economically active in agriculture as percent of total economically active population Sources:(FRQRPLFDOO\DFWLYHSRSXODWLRQLQDJULFXOWXUHGDWDIURP)$267$7IRU DJULFXOWXUHYDOXHDGGHGGDWDIURP81QDWLRQDO accounts for 2012. 12 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015 FIGURE A2.2: Agriculture and agribusiness value added as share of GDP and the ratio between them 100 90 1:0.56 1:0.87 1:1.06 1:1.17 1:1.90 80 70 60 Percent 50 40 30 20 1 0 Agriculture-based Pre-transition Transition Urbanizing Developed Rest of other sectors Agribusiness Agriculture Source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stages. DJULFXOWXUDO *'3 DJULFXOWXUDO HPSOR\PHQW DQG FDSLWDO LQYHVWPHQW SHU IDUP ZRUNHU IRU )LYHRIWKHSLORWFRXQWULHVVWXGLHGLQWKHSDVW WKH SLORW FRXQWULHV 7KH QXPEHUV KLJKOLJKW \HDU³(WKLRSLD0R]DPELTXH1HSDO5ZDQGD WKHORZHUUHODWLYHLPSRUWDQFHRIDJULEXVLQHVV DQG 8JDQGD³ KDYH SULPDULO\ RSHUDWHG DV LQ(WKLRSLD1HSDODQG8JDQGDDVZHOODVWKH DJULFXOWXUHEDVHGFRXQWULHV8JDQGDKDVPRVW KLJKSURMHFWHGLQFUHDVHLQXUEDQGHPDQGLQ UHFHQWO\ HQWHUHG WKH SUHWUDQVLWLRQ FOXVWHU RI (WKLRSLD5ZDQGDDQG8JDQGD FRXQWULHV$JULFXOWXUHLQ*XDWHPDODDQGWKH 3KLOLSSLQHVLVQRZDWWKHPLGSRLQWRIWKHWUDQ- Notes VLWLRQ VWDJH ZKLOH 0RURFFR KDV MXVW PRYHG 7KHXQGHUO\LQJUHVHDUFKDQGGHVLJQRIWKH$JULFXOWXUDO LQWR DQ XUEDQL]LQJ VWDJH 8NUDLQH LV RQ WKH 7UDQVIRUPDWLRQ)UDPHZRUNEHQHÀWHGIURPYDOXDEOHLQSXW FXVS RI PRYLQJ RXW RI WKH XUEDQL]LQJ SKDVH SURYLGHGE\6DQMLE&KRXGKXUL ANNEX A: A TRANSFORMATIONAL FRAMEWORK | 2015 13 TABLE A2.1: Key macroeconomic data for pilot countries Agriculture Agriculture Agriculture Agriculture value capital Estimated value value EAP in added/EAP stock/EAP in future urban added to added agriculture in agriculture agriculture food demand agribusiness Country (% of GDP)a (% total EAP)b (US $/person) (US $/person)c (% CAGR)d (ratio)e Ag based (n = 26) Ethiopia 0R]DPELTXH Nepal 1: 0.33 Rwanda Pre-transition (n = 18) 1: 0.87 8JDQGD 1: 0.40 Transition (n = 35) *XDWHPDOD 1: 1.02 3KLOLSSLQHV Urbanizing (n = 27) 1: 1.17 Morocco 1: 0.83 8NUDLQH Developed (n = 50) Spain 1: 1.28 Source: Enabling the Business of AgricultureFDOFXODWLRQVXVLQJGDWDIURP8QLWHG1DWLRQV1DWLRQDO$FFRXQWV )$267$7)$2 E $OH[DQGUDWRVDQG%UXLQVPD DQG*OREDO7UDGH$QDO\VLV3URMHFW *7$3 Note: 'DWDREWDLQHGIURP8QLWHG1DWLRQV1DWLRQDO$FFRXQWVIRU D (FRQRPLFDOO\$FWLYH3RSXODWLRQ ($3 LQ$JULFXOWXUHIURP)$267$7IRU($3LQ$JULFXOWXUHLQFOXGHVWKHODERUIRUFHLQDJULFXOWXUH E ERWKHPSOR\HGDQGXQHPSOR\HG $JULFXOWXUDO&DSLWDO6WRFN $J&DS6WRFN IRUIURP)$2 E F &RPSRXQG$QQXDO*URZWK5DWH &$*5 HQGLQJYDOXHEHJLQQLQJYDOXH A \HDUV ²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| 2015 Registering agricultural land María Heredia, a farmer in Spain’s Andalusian province of Almería, has a one-hectare greenhouse in which she grows high-end “raf” tomatoes. Her grandparents were landless peasants in the nearby province of Granada at the turn of the 20th century; they moved to Almería because of a land reform and colonization program that provided them with farmland. One of the least developed parts of Spain at the time, Almería now boasts one of the highest levels of income per capita among Andalucía’s provinces. Its smallholders have invested in their land to become market leaders in vegetable production—growing peppers, squash, tomatoes, zucchini and other vegetables in the hundreds of greenhouses they have built since the 1960s. The province ships fresh produce to markets across Europe. The land reform that allowed smallholders to register their rights to farmland is perceived to be one of the critical factors in the development of this suc- cessful agriculture-based economy.1 )DUPHUVVHHNLQJWRHQWHUWKHFRPPHUFLDOPDUNHW Agriculture for DevelopmentLOOXVWUDWHVWKHLULP- need secure access2WRVSHFLÀFSORWVRIODQG3 SRUWDQFHXVLQJDQH[DPSOHRIIHPDOHIDUPHUVLQ ZKHWKHUWKHDFFHVVLVORQJWHUP WKURXJKLQGL- $IULFD:LWKLQVHFXUHSURSHUW\ULJKWVWKHIHPDOH YLGXDORUFROOHFWLYHIUHHKROGSURSHUW\ULJKWV4 IDUPHUVWHQGWRSURGXFHOHVVWKDQWKHLUDVVHW FXVWRPDU\ULJKWVRUORQJWHUPOHDVHV) or for a EDVHFRXOGRWKHUZLVHVXSSRUWEHFDXVHWKH\ SUHGHWHUPLQHGSHULRG WKURXJKPHGLXPDQG IHDUWKDWLIWKH\DUHPRUHSURGXFWLYHPHQLQ VKRUWWHUPOHDVHV7). The guarantee of access or WKHFRPPXQLW\ZRXOGSUREDEO\WDNHFRQWURORI WHQXUHVHFXULW\8SURYLGHVLQFHQWLYHVWRLQYHVWLQ WKHLUODQG,IWKHZRPHQKDGVHFXUHODQGWHQ- ODQGWRPDNHLWPRUHSURGXFWLYHVXFKDVE\ XUHLWLVHVWLPDWHGWKDWWKHLUFURS\LHOGVZRXOG DGGLQJLUULJDWLRQV\VWHPV 7HQXUHVHFXULW\DOVR LQFUHDVHE\DVPXFKDV²11 FUHDWHVLQFHQWLYHVWRSURYLGHJRRGVWHZDUG- ship of natural resources that are essential to $V QRWHG E\ WKH )RRG DQG $JULFXOWXUH VXVWDLQIDUPLQJ$QGWHQXUHVHFXULW\VHUYHVDV 2UJDQL]DWLRQ·V Voluntary Guidelines on the DIRUPRIFROODWHUDOZKLFKPRVWEDQNVUHTXLUH Responsible Governance of TenureDNH\ÀUVW IRUOHQGLQJWRIDUPHUV10 VWHSLQDFKLHYLQJWHQXUHVHFXULW\LVWKHUHFRJ- QLWLRQRIOHJLWLPDWHVWDWXWRU\DQGFXVWRPDU\ 0DQ\VWXGLHVKDYHVKRZQWKHLPSRUWDQFHRI ODQGULJKWVLQWKHQDWLRQDOOHJDOIUDPHZRUN12 VHFXUHODQGDQGSURSHUW\ULJKWVIRUIDUPHUV7KH (YLGHQFHVKRZVWKDWGHYHORSPHQWGRHVQRW :RUOG%DQN·VWorld Development Report 2008: KDSSHQ ZLWKRXW OHJDOLW\ 13 The Rights and REGISTERING AGRICULTURAL LAND | 2015 15 5HVRXUFHV,QLWLDWLYHDFRDOLWLRQRIRUJDQL]DWLRQV DPELJXRXVLQFRPSOHWHRUFRQWUDGLFWRU\17 The ZRUNLQJ RQ ODQG DQG IRUHVW SROLF\ UHIRUPV LPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIWKHOHJDODQGSROLF\IUDPH- IXUWKHUGHYHORSVWKLVLGHDE\PDNLQJWKHFDVH ZRUNVDSSHDUHGWREHLQFRQVLVWHQWRIWHQKXUWLQJ WKDWFRXQWULHVQHHGWRUHFRJQL]HOHJLWLPDWH WKRVHZKRZHUHDOUHDG\YXOQHUDEOH³HVSHFLDOO\ SURSHUW\ULJKWVWRGULYHHFRQRPLFGHYHORSPHQW WKRVHXVLQJODQGWKDWZDVQRWGHPDUFDWHGRU VXFKDVWKDWH[SHULHQFHGE\%UD]LO&KLQDRU registered or those whose resource rights were WKH$VLDQWLJHUV:KHUHHFRQRPLFV\VWHPVDUH XQUHJLVWHUHG6LPLODUÀQGLQJVDUHUHSRUWHGE\ GULYHQE\UHVRXUFHH[WUDFWLRQDQGFRPPRGLW\ RWKHUVWXGLHVRIODUJHVFDOHODQGDFTXLVLWLRQV H[SRUWVWKHHFRQRP\PD\EHPRUHYXOQHUDEOH LQGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHV18 to extHUQDOVKRFNVDQGQDWLRQVPD\H[SHULHQFH DKLJKHULQFLGHQFHRISRYHUW\LQHTXDOLW\SR- 7KH DELOLW\ WR UHJLVWHU ODQG ULJKWV LV D NH\ HQ- OLWLFDOLQVWDELOLW\DQGLQWHUQDOFRQÁLFW7KLVLVWKH DEOLQJ IDFWRU QRW RQO\ IRU IDUPHUV ZLVKLQJ WR FDVH LQ /LEHULD ZKHUH WKH JRYHUQPHQW KDV JURZLQWRWKHFRPPHUFLDOVHFWRUEXWDOVRIRU JLYHQRXWXSWRWZRWKLUGVRIWKHFRXQWU\·VODQG WKRVHZDQWLQJWRH[LWDJULFXOWXUH,QXUEDQL]LQJ as concessions for large-scale agriculture for FRXQWULHVIDUPHUVVHHNLQJWRH[SDQGZLOOZDQW H[SRUWFRPPRGLWLHVVXFKDVUXEEHUDQGWLP- WREX\RUOHDVHODQGULJKWVIURPRWKHUVZKRDUH EHUDFFRUGLQJWRVRPHDFFRXQWV14+RZHYHU ORRNLQJWRH[LWIDUPLQJ:LWKRXWDFFXUDWHDQG WKLVGRHVQRWKDYHWREHWKHRXWFRPHLIWKHUH UHOLDEOHSURSHUW\ULJKWVLQIRUPDWLRQWKHVHODQG DUHLQVWLWXWLRQVHQFRXUDJLQJWUDQVSDUHQF\DQG WUDQVDFWLRQV ZLOO EH VORZHU RU HYHQ EORFNHG VXSSRUWLQJLQFOXVLYHVXVWDLQDEOHGHYHORSPHQW LQWKHIRUPDOVHFWRUDQGODQGPDUNHWVZLOOEH VXFKDVLQ6ZLW]HUODQGZKHUHOHJLWLPDWHLQGLYLG- XQDEOHWRIXOÀOOWKHLUIXQFWLRQRIDOORFDWLQJODQG XDODQGFROOHFWLYHULJKWVFRH[LVWLQUXUDODUHDV HIÀFLHQWO\ ,QWRGD\·VHFRQRPLHVODQGUHJLV- WULHVDUHXVXDOO\EHVWHTXLSSHGWRSURYLGHWKLV $VHFRQGVWHSWRZDUGWHQXUHVHFXULW\LVSURYLGLQJ LQIRUPDWLRQ ER[ 20 SHRSOHZLWKWKHDELOLW\WRUHJLVWHURUUHFRUGWKHLU ODQGULJKWVRQFHWKH\KDYHEHHQUHFRJQL]HG What registering agricultural land LQWKHQDWLRQDOOHJDOIUDPHZRUN Along these data measure OLQHV WKH )$2·V Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of TenureUHFRPPHQG 5HJLVWHULQJ DJULFXOWXUDO ODQG GDWD PHDVXUH WKDW´6WDWHVVKRXOGVWULYHWRHQVXUHWKDWHYHU\- UHJXODWRU\FRQVWUDLQWVLQODQGUHJLVWUDWLRQRULQ RQHLVDEOHWRUHFRUGWKHLUWHQXUHULJKWVµ The UHFRUGDWLRQSURFHVVHVDVZHOODVOLPLWDWLRQVLQ SHUFHLYHGYDOXHRIWKHVHULJKWVFDQFKDQJHDW registration or in recordation institutions that DQ\WLPHVXFKDVZKHQWKHUHDUHODUJHVFDOH DIIHFW WKH VHFXULW\ RI WHQXUH WKDW WKH OHJDO ODQGDFTXLVLWLRQVIRUDJULFXOWXUHRUZKHQDJUL- V\VWHPRIIHUV7KHGDWDIRFXVRQUHJLVWUDWLRQ FXOWXUDOODQGLVH\HGIRUDGLIIHUHQWXVHVXFKDV or recordation institutions because these are IRUDGDPRUPLQHRUIRUXUEDQH[SDQVLRQ:KHQ WKHPRVWHIÀFLHQWLQVWUXPHQWVNQRZQWRGD\IRU WKHVH FKDQJHV RFFXU WKH DELOLW\ WR IRUPDOO\ VHFXULQJODQGULJKWVDQGIRUSURYLGLQJDFFXUDWH UHJLVWHUOHJLWLPDWHODQGULJKWVEHFRPHVFULWLFDO DQGUHODWLYHO\ORZFRVWLQIRUPDWLRQRQWKHVH WRVHFXUHWKHOLYHOLKRRGVRIIDUPHUV rights.21 $ UHFHQW :RUOG %DQN VWXG\ RI WKH HIIHFWV RI 'DWDDUHFROOHFWHGLQWRSLFDUHDVDVIROORZV ODUJHVFDOH ODQG DFTXLVLWLRQV IRU DJULFXOWXUH LQGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHVIRXQGWKDWODZVDQG 1. First-time registrations of private land for SROLFLHVVXUURXQGLQJODQGDFTXLVLWLRQZHUHRIWHQ individuals: These data assess whether 16 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015 GXHSURFHVVLVIROORZHGGXULQJÀUVWWLPH of land rights and rights-holders. Other is- registrations of freehold rights on agri- sues that are explored include how reg- FXOWXUDO ODQG LQ FRXQWULHV ZLWK SULYDWH LVWUDUVDUHVHOHFWHGDQGWKHPHFKDQLVPV ownership. XVHG WR JXDUDQWHH WKH LQWHJULW\ RI WKH UHJLVWU\·VUHFRUGV 2. 3URFHGXUHV WLPH DQG FRVW IRU ÀUVWWLPH registrations of private land for individu- )RUWKHÀUVWWRSLFDUHDVGHDOLQJZLWKÀUVWWLPH als: 7KHVHGDWDPHDVXUHWKHQXPEHURI UHJLVWUDWLRQVSHFLÀFGXHSURFHVVLVVXHVWKDWDUH SURFHGXUHVWLPHDQGFRVWWKDWLWWDNHV DQDO\]HGLQFOXGHWKHIROORZLQJ to register a plot of agricultural land for WKHÀUVWWLPHDWWKHODQGUHJLVWU\LQRQHRI y Whether neighbors and other parties WKHPDLQDJULFXOWXUDODUHDVRIWKHFRXQ- ZLWK SRWHQWLDO LQWHUHVWV DQG ULJKWV RYHU WU\6HHWKH'DWDQRWHVIRUWKHGHWDLOVRI WKHODQGVXEMHFWWRWKHDSSOLFDWLRQDUH WKHFDVHVWXG\WKDWLVPHDVXUHG LQIRUPHG RI WKH ÀUVWWLPH UHJLVWUDWLRQ DSSOLFDWLRQ 3. First-time registrations of leases of public land for individuals: These data assess y :KHWKHU DIIHFWHG SDUWLHV FDQ YRLFH whether due process is followed during WKHLUFRQFHUQVZLWKWKHÀUVWWLPHUHJLVWUD- ÀUVWWLPH UHJLVWUDWLRQV RI VWDWHRZQHG WLRQDSSOLFDWLRQ DQG ODQGWKDWLVJLYHQRXWWRLQGLYLGXDOVRQD leasehold or concession basis. y Whether affected parties can appeal WKH GHFLVLRQ WR SURFHHG ZLWK WKH ÀUVW 4. First-time registrations of land for com- WLPHUHJLVWUDWLRQLIWKH\GLVDJUHH munities: These data assess whether due SURFHVVLVIROORZHGGXULQJÀUVWWLPHUHJLV- What the initial pilot results show WUDWLRQVRIFXVWRPDU\ULJKWV :KRPD\UHJLVWHUODQGULJKWVDQGKRZDUHFULW- Land registry and registered land rights: LFDOLVVXHVWKDWDODQGUHJLVWU\QHHGVWRGHFLGH 7KHVH GDWD H[DPLQH ZKHWKHU WKH ODQG IURPWKHRXWVHW7KHDQVZHUVWRWKHVHTXHVWLRQV UHJLVWU\ IROORZV SUDFWLFHV LQ LWV OHJDO GH- ZLOOGHWHUPLQHIDUPHUV·DFFHVV RUODFNRIDF- VLJQ WKDW HQDEOH WKH UHJLVWU\ WR SURYLGH FHVV WRWKHLQVWLWXWLRQWKDWXVXDOO\SURYLGHVWKH OHJDO FHUWDLQW\ WR LQGLYLGXDOV DQG LQ- strongest legal protection of land rights. The VWLWXWLRQV ZDQWLQJ WR PDNH XVH RI WKH V\VWHPIRUDFFHVVQHHGVWREHÁH[LEOHHQRXJK UHJLVWU\V LQIRUPDWLRQ ZKHQ HQJDJLQJ WRDOORZWKHUHJLVWUDWLRQRIULJKWVWKDWKDYHQRW LQ SURSHUW\ WUDQVDFWLRQV WR UHGXFH ULVN EHHQSUHYLRXVO\GRFXPHQWHGZKLOHSURYLGLQJ DQG DYRLG RU PLQLPL]H ODQG FRQÁLFWV WKHQHFHVVDU\VDIHJXDUGVWRJXDUDQWHHWKDWRQO\ &RYHUHGSUDFWLFHVFDQLQFOXGH WKHUHJ- WKHSHRSOHZLWKULJKWVWRWKHODQGLQTXHVWLRQ LVWU\·VDELOLW\WRFHUWLI\WKHLQIRUPDWLRQLQ are allowed to register those rights. LWVUHFRUGV ZKHWKHUWKHUHJLVWU\SURYLGHV FRPSHQVDWLRQ IRU PLVWDNHV LQ WKH LQIRU- Three scenarios—with commonalities PDWLRQ LW FHUWLÀHV ZKHQ WKLV HUURQHRXV and differences across countries LQIRUPDWLRQOHDGVWRORVVHVWRWUDQVDFWLQJ SDUWLHV DQGZKHWKHUWKHUHJLVWU\DQGWKH 7KURXJKWKHUHJLVWHULQJDJULFXOWXUDOODQGGDWD FRXUWVOLQNWKHLULQIRUPDWLRQRQWKHVWDWXV Enabling the Business of AgricultureDQDO\]HV REGISTERING AGRICULTURAL LAND | 2015 17 BOX 3.1: What is the role of a land registry—and why is it so important? ,QWKHRU\WKHVHFXUHSURSHUW\ULJKWVQHHGHGWRVXSSRUWLQYHVWPHQWRUWUDGHLQODQGFRXOGEHDFKLHYHG WKURXJKHLWKHUIRUPDORULQIRUPDOV\VWHPVa%XWLQIRUPDOSURSHUW\ULJKWVV\VWHPVFDQEHHIÀFLHQWRQO\ ZKHQWKHSDUWLHVLQYROYHGLQDODQGWUDQVDFWLRQNQRZHDFKRWKHURUZKHQWKH\ERWKNQRZDWKLUGSDU- W\ZKRPWKH\WUXVWWRHQVXUHWKHLUFRPSOLDQFH7RGD\ZKHUHPRVWWUDQVDFWLRQVWDNHSODFHEHWZHHQ SDUWLHVZKRGRQRWNQRZHDFKRWKHUFRXQWULHVQHHGIRUPDOV\VWHPVWRHVWDEOLVKWKHQHFHVVDU\WUXVW ,QVWLWXWLRQVWKDWSURYLGHVHFXUHDQGYHULÀDEOHSURSHUW\ULJKWVSOD\DQHVVHQWLDOUROHLQHFRQRPLFGH- YHORSPHQW $V RQH VWXG\ DUJXHV ´3HRSOH SURVSHU ZKHQ LQYHVWRUV IHHO VHFXUH DQG DUH WKHUHIRUH ZLOOLQJWRLQYHVWLQSURGXFWLYHDFWLYLWLHV%XWWKH\SURVSHUHYHQPRUHLIWKH\FDQWUDGHEH\RQGWKHLU SHUVRQDOFLUFOHVRINQRZQSHRSOHµb6HFXUHSURSHUW\ULJKWVWKDWFDQEHWUDQVDFWHGLQDUHDVRQDEOH WLPHIUDPHIRUPWKHEDVLVIRUORZFRVWIXQFWLRQLQJRIERWKODQGDQGÀQDQFLDOPDUNHWV 6HFXUHSURSHUW\ULJKWVDQGVSHHGLQVHFRQGDU\WUDQVDFWLRQVDUHEHVWDFKLHYHGWKURXJKIRUPDOLQVWL- tutions such as land registriesc or registries of deedsdZKHQWKHVHLQVWLWXWLRQVRIIHUWKHULJKWLQFHQWLYHV to landowners and parties to land transactions.e$PRQJWKHPDLQLQFHQWLYHVWKH\RIIHULVWKHLUDELOLW\ WRUHGXFHWUDQVDFWLRQFRVWVIRUFRQWUDFWLQJSDUWLHVE\LGHQWLI\LQJWKHUHJLVWHUHGSURSHUW\RZQHU,WLV QRVXUSULVHWKDWDOOSLORWFRXQWULHVKDYHDODQGUHJLVWU\RUUHJLVWU\RIGHHGVZKHUHODQGULJKWVFDQ be registered or recorded. 2QFH VXFK DQ LQVWLWXWLRQ LV HVWDEOLVKHG FULWLFDO TXHVWLRQV EHFRPH ZKLFK ULJKWV WR UHFRJQL]H DQG UHJLVWHURUUHFRUGDQGZKDWVWUHQJWKWRJLYHWKHVHULJKWVRQFHWKH\DUHUHJLVWHUHG2WKHULPSRUWDQW LVVXHVLQGHVLJQLQJDODQGUHJLVWUDWLRQRUUHFRUGDWLRQV\VWHPLQFOXGHGHWHUPLQLQJZKDWJXDUDQWHHV DUHJLYHQWRUHJLVWHUHGRUUHFRUGHGWUDQVDFWLRQVDQGHVWDEOLVKLQJDQRUJDQL]DWLRQDOVWUXFWXUHWKDW FDQGHOLYHUTXDOLW\UHJLVWUDWLRQVHUYLFHV 7KHGHÀQLWLRQRIDIRUPDOV\VWHPWKDWLVXVHGLQWKLVFKDSWHULVDOHJDOO\DQGVRFLDOO\DFFHSWHGV\VWHPWKDWSURYLGHVIRUWKH D UHJLVWUDWLRQRIUHFRJQL]HGDQGOHJLWLPDWHODQGULJKWVLQZULWLQJLQDV\VWHPDWLFZD\7KHGHÀQLWLRQRIDQLQIRUPDOV\VWHPWKDWLV XVHGLQWKLVFKDSWHULVDOHJDOO\DQGVRFLDOO\DFFHSWHGV\VWHPWKDWKDVQRV\VWHPDWLFZULWWHQUHFRUGV $UUXxDGD E 7KLVFKDSWHUGHÀQHVDWLWOHUHJLVWU\DVDODQGUHJLVWU\WKDWUHFRUGVFKDQJHVLQKROGHUVRIULJKWVRUWLWOHWRDVSHFLÀFSORWRIODQG F 7KLVPHDQVWKDWWKHUHJLVWU\LVDEOHWRSURYLGHFRQFOXVLYHLQIRUPDWLRQRQWLWOHRZQHUV3OHDVHVHHWKHFKDSWHURQUHJLVWHULQJ SURSHUW\LQDoing Business 2012IRUDPRUHGHWDLOHGGLVFXVVLRQRQWKLVWRSLF 7KLVFKDSWHUGHÀQHVDUHJLVWU\RIGHHGVDVDODQGUHJLVWU\WKDWUHFRUGVWKHWUDQVIHURIGHHGV7KHVHUHJLVWULHVGRQRWSURYLGH G FRQFOXVLYHLQIRUPDWLRQRQWLWOHRZQHUV3OHDVHVHHWKHFKDSWHURQUHJLVWHULQJSURSHUW\LQDoing Business 2012IRUDPRUH detailed discussion on this topic. $UUXxDGD)$2F H GLIIHUHQWVFHQDULRVLQZKLFKDIDUPHURUIDUPLQJ y 6FHQDULR $IDUPHUVHHNVWRREWDLQWKH FRPPXQLW\ FRXOG UHTXHVW WKH UHJLVWUDWLRQ RI right to use a plot of agricultural land rights for a plot of land for which there has been that belongs to the public sector. QRSULRUUHJLVWUDWLRQRIODQGULJKWVDVIROORZV y 6FHQDULR $IDUPLQJFRPPXQLW\VHHNV y 6FHQDULR $IDUPHURUDIDUPHUDQGKLV WR UHJLVWHU FROOHFWLYH ULJKWV WR D SORW RI RUKHUIDPLO\KDYHIDUPHGDSORWRIODQG ODQGWKDWKDVEHHQFROOHFWLYHO\XVHGE\ IRU PRUH WKDQ \HDUV22 EXW KDYH QHY- WKHFRPPXQLW\DFFRUGLQJWRFXVWRPDU\ HUUHJLVWHUHGWKHLULQGLYLGXDOULJKWVWRWKH practices. land. 18 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015 Scenario 1: First-time registrations IDUPHU&DVHVVXFKDVWKHVHFDQEHVHHQLQ of private land PRVWRIWKHSLORWFRXQWULHV $OO SLORW FRXQWULHV DOORZ WKH ÀUVWWLPH UHJ- ,Q 5ZDQGD IRU H[DPSOH WKH DXWKRULWLHV GH- LVWUDWLRQRISULYDWHODQGE\LQGLYLGXDOFLWL]HQV cided that it would be best to undertake a ZKRKDYHEHHQXVLQJWKHODQGLQIRUPDOO\DQG V\VWHPDWLF SURFHVV WR UHJLVWHU DOO ODQG LQ WKH LQJRRGIDLWKIRU\HDUV³DQGDOOKDYHUHJXOD- FRXQWU\$OOODQGKDVEHHQPDSSHGZLWKLQWKH tions in place to process applications for these past decade and has been or is in the process UHJLVWUDWLRQV7UDGLWLRQDOO\WKLVPHFKDQLVPKDV of being titled (box 3.2). DOORZHGDFFHVVWRWKHUHJLVWU\IRUODQGSORWV RQDFDVHE\FDVHEDVLV5HDVRQVIRUVHHNLQJ 7KHDSSOLFDWLRQSURFHVVIRUÀUVWWLPHUHJLVWUDWLRQV ÀUVWWLPHUHJLVWUDWLRQFRXOGLQFOXGHDQLUULJDWLRQ LV PRUH EXUGHQVRPH LQ VRPH FRXQWULHV WKDQ LQYHVWPHQWWKDWPDNHVDJULFXOWXUDOODQGPRUH LQRWKHUV,Q1HSDODQLQLWLDOVWHSWKDWUHTXLUHV YDOXDEOHWKHQHHGIRUDPRUWJDJHWKDWUHTXLUHV WKHJRYHUQPHQW·VFRQVHQWXVXDOO\EORFNVWKH WKHUHJLVWUDWLRQRIODQGEHIRUHLWFDQEHJLYHQ HQWLUHSURFHVV,Q0R]DPELTXHDIDUPHUPXVW DVFROODWHUDORUDODUJHVFDOHSURMHFWWKDWFRXOG FRPSOHWH SURFHGXUHV ZKHQ VHHNLQJ WR UHVXOWLQWKHH[SURSULDWLRQRIWKHODQGIURPWKH register the land that he or she has been using BOX 3.2: Getting to scale in Rwanda ,Q5ZDQGDODQGIUDJPHQWDWLRQZDVW\SLFDOO\DGLVLQFHQWLYHIRUWKHDJULFXOWXUDOHFRQRP\DVPXOWLSOH SORWVRIODQGZHUHXVHGLQDQLQHIÀFLHQWPDQQHUDQGYDULRXVFURSVZHUHJURZQRQDPLQLPDOVFDOH 7KXVWKHQHHGWRDFKLHYHHFRQRPLHVRIVFDOHVRDVWRLQFUHDVHWKHRXWSXWRIVSHFLÀFFURSVWKHSUR- GXFWLYLW\RIIDUPHUVDQGWKHRYHUDOOFRPSHWLWLYHQHVVIRUWKHSURGXFWLQTXHVWLRQOHGWRDODQGSROLF\ WKDWSURPRWHVWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIWKHFRQVROLGDWLRQRIODQGXVH 7KH 0LQLVWU\ RI $JULFXOWXUH DQG $QLPDO 5HVRXUFHV 0,1$*5, DQG WKH 5ZDQGD $JULFXOWXUDO 'HYHORSPHQW $XWKRULW\ 5$'$ XQGHUWRRN ODQG XVH FRQVROLGDWLRQ WR IDFLOLWDWH JUHDWHU DJULFXOWXUDO \LHOGV DQG WR SURPRWH WKH HIÀFLHQW DQG VXVWDLQDEOH XVH RI ODQG UHVRXUFHV ZKLOH VWLOO PDLQWDLQLQJ WKHULJKWVRIVPDOOKROGHUIDUPHUV8QGHUWKHODQGFRQVROLGDWLRQSROLF\IDUPHUVLQDQDUHDPDLQWDLQ WKHLULQGLYLGXDOODQGULJKWVWRWKHLUVSHFLÀFSORWVRIODQGEXWWKH\FRQVROLGDWHWKHXVHRIWKHLUODQGE\ SODQWLQJWKHVDPHFURSWKHUHE\LQFUHDVLQJRXWSXWDQGSURGXFWLYLW\7KHODQGFRQVROLGDWLRQSROLF\ LVDLPHGDWHQDEOLQJDQGHQFRXUDJLQJJUHDWHUHFRQRPLHVRIVFDOHZLWKUHJDUGVWRVHHGVIHUWLOL]HUV DQGPHFKDQL]DWLRQVHUYLFHVDVZHOODVDWDOORZLQJRSSRUWXQLWLHVIRULQWHJUDWHGVROXWLRQVIRUWUDQVSRUW DQGVWRUDJHRIDJULFXOWXUDOJRRGVRQFHWKH\DUHKDUYHVWHG $VODQGXVHFRQVROLGDWLRQLVGLIÀ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| 2015 19 LQIRUPDOO\DQGLQJRRGIDLWK WKHSURFHVVWDNHV DQGGD\VDQGFRVWVMXVWRIWKHSURSHUW\ RYHUD\HDUDQGFRVWVRIWKHSURSHUW\ YDOXH ÀJXUHV YDOXH236RLQ0R]DPELTXHQRWMXVWWKHOHQJWK of the registration process but also the cost can ,QDPDMRULW\RIWKHSLORWFRXQWULHVLQFOXGLQJ EHREVWDFOHVWRUHJLVWHULQJODQG,Q8NUDLQHE\ *XDWHPDOD0R]DPELTXH6SDLQDQG8JDQGD FRPSDULVRQWKHSURFHVVWDNHVSURFHGXUHV WKHUHOHYDQWDXWKRULWLHVPDNHWKHUHJLVWUDWLRQ 7RWDOFRVWRIÀUVWWLPHUHJLVWUDWLRQVLVOHVVWKDQRIWKHSURSHUW\YDOXHLQ FIGURE 3.1: the majority of pilot countries Ukraine 0.1 Spain 0.1 Guatemala 0.2 Rwanda 0.4 Philippines 0.7 Uganda 1.7 Morocco 2.1 Ethiopia 6.4 Mozambique 36.5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Percent of property value Source: Enabling the Business of Agriculture database. 1RWH 1HSDOLVQRWLQFOXGHGDVLWLVDQRSUDFWLFHFRXQWU\ 7RWDOWLPHWRFRPSOHWHÀUVWWLPHUHJLVWUDWLRQVRIODQGLVHTXDORUOHVVWKDQ FIGURE 3.2: 200 days in half of the pilot countries >200 4 101–200 2 Days 51–100 2 <50 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 Number of countries Source: Enabling the Business of Agriculture database. 1RWH 1HSDOLVQRWLQFOXGHGDVLWLVDQRSUDFWLFHFRXQWU\ 20 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015 DSSOLFDWLRQSXEOLFHQVXULQJWKDWQHLJKERUVDQG FRPPXQLW\ULJKWVRQSULYDWHODQGIRUWKHÀUVW RWKHULQWHUHVWHGSDUWLHVFDQEHLQIRUPHGDERXW WLPH,Q0R]DPELTXHDOOODQGEHORQJVWRWKH WKHDSSOLFDWLRQ&RXQWULHVWKDWPDNHWKHDSSOL- VWDWHDQGWKHFRPPXQLW\LVJLYHQDFROOHFWLYH cation public24 also include a public hearing in use right. WKHUHJLVWUDWLRQSURFHVVDOORZLQJFRQVXOWDWLRQ RILQWHUHVWHGSDUWLHVRQWKHDSSOLFDQW·VSURSHUW\ Land rights are inheritable – but do not FODLP2QFHDGHFLVLRQLVPDGHWRDSSURYHWKH necessarily include the land’s natural DSSOLFDWLRQDQGWKHQDPHRIWKHDSSOLFDQWLV resources PDGHSXEOLFWKH\DOORZDOODIIHFWHGSDUWLHVWR appeal the decision. 7KHEXQGOHRIODQGULJKWVWKDWDUHUHFRJQL]HG LQDFRXQWU\·VOHJDODQGUHJXODWRU\V\VWHPFDQ Scenario 2: First-time registrations of leases of LQFOXGHWKHULJKWWR WUDQVIHUWKHULJKWVE\VDOH public land for individual use RULQKHULWDQFH OHDVHWKHULJKWVWRDWKLUGSDUW\ PRUWJDJHWKHSURSHUW\ WKHVRLODQGWKHVXEVRLO $OOWKHSLORWFRXQWULHVDOORZLQGLYLGXDOFLWL]HQV DQGDQ\RWKHUQDWXUDOUHVRXUFHVRQWKHSURSHU- WRUHJLVWHUIRUXVHULJKWVRISXEOLFODQGEXWWKH W\:KHWKHUIDUPHUVKDYHWKHVHULJKWVPDWWHUV SURFHVVWHQGVWRGLIIHUIURPWKDWXVHGIRUÀUVW EHFDXVHWKHVHULJKWVFUHDWHLQFHQWLYHV³DQG WLPHUHJLVWUDWLRQVRISULYDWHODQG,QSDUWLFXODU WKHLUODFNRIDYDLODELOLW\GLVLQFHQWLYHV³WRLQYHVW the safeguards of the process differ. While the LQIDUPODQG SURFHVV IRU UHJLVWUDWLRQV RI SULYDWHO\RZQHG ODQGW\SLFDOO\LQFOXGHVLQIRUPLQJDQGFRQVXOWLQJ Registered rights to a plot of land can be inher- neighbors and other interested parties about ited in all the pilot countries. But land rights do WKHDSSOLFDWLRQWKHSURFHVVIRUSXEOLFO\RZQHG QRWQHFHVVDULO\LQFOXGHWKHULJKWWRWKHVXEVRLO ODQGLQYROYHVOHVVFRQVXOWDWLRQRIRWKHUSDUWLHV 7KH\GRQRWLQFOXGHWKLVULJKWLQ*XDWHPDODDQG ZKRFRXOGEHDIIHFWHG,Q6SDLQIRUH[DPSOH 1HSDOIRUH[DPSOH,Q0R]DPELTXHDQG6SDLQ the process does not include consulting third ODQGULJKWVLQFOXGHWKHVXEVRLOEXWWKH\GRQRW parties. LQFOXGHDQ\RWKHUQDWXUDOUHVRXUFHVWKDWPLJKW EHRQWKHSURSHUW\RUWKHVXEVRLOVXFKDVPLQHV Scenario 3: First-time registrations of land for RUZDWHUDTXLIHUV WKHVHDUHFRQVLGHUHGSXEOLF communal use SURSHUW\ ,Q DGGLWLRQ LQ 8NUDLQH UHJLVWHUHG rights to a plot of land can be inherited and $OOWKHSLORWFRXQWULHVH[FHSW1HSDO5ZDQGD GRLQFOXGHWKHVXEVRLODVVWDWHGLQWKH6XEVRLO DQG8NUDLQHDOORZWKHUHJLVWUDWLRQRIFROOHFWLYH &RGHRI8NUDLQH+RZHYHUWRXVHFHUWDLQW\SHV FXVWRPDU\ULJKWVWRODQG ER[ %XWWKHOHJDO RIPLQHUDOUHVRXUFHVDVSHFLDOSHUPLWLVUHTXLUHG VWUXFWXUHUHTXLUHGIRUWKHFRPPXQLW\DQGWKH RIZKLFKWKHLQGLYLGXDOPD\QRWFRQFHGHRUVHOO W\SH RI OHJDO ULJKWV JLYHQ WR WKH FRPPXQLW\ GLIIHUDFURVVFRXQWULHV,Q6SDLQIRUH[DPSOH The spectrum of coordination among FROOHFWLYHFRPPXQLW\ODQGULJKWVDUHJLYHQWR land registries, mapping agencies, and WKH PXQLFLSDOLW\ DQG WKH ODQG LV FRQVLGHUHG mining institutions SXEOLFODQG,Q*XDWHPDODWKHODQGDVVLJQHG IRUFRPPXQLW\XVHLVFXUUHQWO\DOVRSXEOLFODQG Land rights can be registered in one institution EXWLWLVDVVLJQHGLQWKHIRUPRIDFRQFHVVLRQ RULQPXOWLSOHLQVWLWXWLRQV,QPRVWFRXQWULHVWKH WKDW LQFOXGHV FHUWDLQ SHUIRUPDQFH UHTXLUH- VDPHODQGUHJLVWU\FRYHUVERWKXUEDQDQGUXUDO PHQWV*XDWHPDODLVQRZZRUNLQJRQUHJLVWHULQJ areas. But not all land registries coordinate their REGISTERING AGRICULTURAL LAND | 2015 21 BOX 3.3: The importance of delimiting land 'U(OLQRU2VWURPZLQQHURID1REHO3UL]HLQ(FRQRPLFVQRWHGWKDWFRPPXQLWLHVWKDWKDYHVXFFHVV- IXOO\PDQDJHGFROOHFWLYHUHVRXUFHVRYHUDORQJSHULRGDOOVKDUHVRPHWKLQJVLQFRPPRQa2QHFRP- PRQDOLW\LVFOHDUO\GHÀQHGERXQGDULHVIRUWKHFRPPXQDOSURSHUW\ ,QPDQ\FRXQWULHVKRZHYHUWKHERXQGDULHVRIFRPPXQDOSURSHUW\DQGSXEOLFODQGVKDYHQRWEHHQ GHÀ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region. ,QWHUHVWLQJO\1DWLRQDO,QVWLWXWHRI6WDWLVWLFVRI6SDLQGDWDVKRZWKDW1DYDUUDLVDOVRDPRQJWKH6SDQLVK UHJLRQVZLWKWKHKLJKHVWVWDQGDUGVRIOLYLQJDQGORZHVWLQFRPHLQHTXDOLW\2IFRXUVHDKLJKVWDQGDUG RIOLYLQJDQGFRPPXQDOODQGFRPSOHPHQWHDFKRWKHURQO\ZKHQWKHQHFHVVDU\FRQGLWLRQVDUHLQ SODFH7KHDOORFDWLRQRIODQGSDUFHOVPXVWEHDOLJQHGZLWKDVWUDWHJ\WKDWDGYRFDWHVIRUWKHSURWHF- tion of natural resources. D2VWURP LQIRUPDWLRQ ZLWK RWKHU UHJLVWULHV VXFK DV WKH LGHQWLILFDWLRQ QXPEHUV IRU HDFK SDUFHO ,Q UHJLVWU\RIPLQHVRUZLWKIRUHVWRUFRQVHUYDWLRQ 8JDQGD E\ FRQWUDVW WKH ODQG UHJLVWU\ DQG FRQFHVVLRQV2QO\LQ6SDLQDQG8NUDLQHGRHVWKH FDGDVWUHXVHWKHVDPHLGHQWLÀFDWLRQQXPEHU ODQGUHJLVWU\LQSURYLGLQJLQIRUPDWLRQDERXWD $QGLQ6SDLQWKHODQGUHJLVWU\LQFOXGHVWKHFD- SORWRIODQGDOVRLQFOXGHLQIRUPDWLRQDERXWWKH GDVWUH·VLGHQWLÀFDWLRQQXPEHULQLWVUHFRUGVIRU H[LVWHQFHRIPLQHVRURWKHUFRQFHVVLRQVRQWKH HDFKSDUFHOLQDQHIIRUWWRFRRUGLQDWHWKHLU SURSHUW\.QRZLQJWKLVLQIRUPDWLRQLVLPSRUWDQW databases. LQ 0R]DPELTXH IRU H[DPSOH WKH ULJKW WR D PLQHH[WLQJXLVKHVWKHULJKWWRWKHVXUIDFHODQG The relationship between erroneous land information and monetary compensation $OOWKHSLORWFRXQWULHVKDYHDFDGDVWUHRUVXU- YH\LQJDXWKRULW\EXWWKH\YDU\LQZKHWKHUWKLV 7KHXOWLPDWHJRDORIDODQGUHJLVWU\LVWRSURYLGH LQVWLWXWLRQXVHVWKHVDPHLGHQWLÀFDWLRQQXPEHU WKHPRVWDFFXUDWHLQIRUPDWLRQSRVVLEOHRQODQG IRUODQGSDUFHOVDVWKHODQGUHJLVWU\GRHV,Q ULJKWV7KLVLQIRUPDWLRQXQGHUJLUGVQRWRQO\WKH *XDWHPDOD DQG 8NUDLQH IRU H[DPSOH WKH UHDOHVWDWHPDUNHWEXWDOVRWKHÀQDQFLDOPDUNHW ODQGUHJLVWU\DQGFDGDVWUHPDLQWDLQGLIIHUHQW DQGWKHRYHUDOOHFRQRP\7KHJUHDWHVWOHJDO 22 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015 TABLE 3.1: Where land registries provide constraints and good practices in registering compensation in the event of DJULFXOWXUDOODQGWKDWFDQLPSDFWWKHDJULFXO- errors WXUDOVHFWRU$IWHUDQDO\]LQJWKHGDWDFROOHF- WLRQ UHVXOWV WKH WHDP QDUURZHG WKH IRFXV WR Does the law provide for compensation to parties GDWDSRLQWVE\LGHQWLI\LQJWKRVHWKDWZHUH who engage in a good UHOHYDQWPHDVXUDEOHDQGFROOHFWDEOH:KLOH faith transaction and incur losses due to erroneous WKLVGDWDVHWZLOOEHQDUURZHGGRZQWRFRYHU LQIRUPDWLRQFHUWLÀHGE\WKH WKHPRVWFULWLFDOLVVXHVLQWKHWRSLFDUHDGXULQJ Country land registry? WKHXSFRPLQJ\HDUDIWHUIXUWKHUFRQVXOWDWLRQV Ethiopia No DGGLWLRQDOPHDVXUHPHQWVPD\EHFRQVLGHUHG Guatemala No 6RPHPHDVXUHPHQWVWKDWFRXOGEHGHYHORSHG Morocco No LQFOXGHEXWDUHQRWOLPLWHGWRWKHIROORZLQJ 0R]DPELTXH No areas: Nepal No Philippines Yes 1. The issues of access to registered rights Rwanda No DQGWKHVHFXULW\SURYLGHGE\UHJLVWUDWLRQ Spain Yes VHUYLFHVKDYHSURYHGWREHFULWLFDOLQDOO FRXQWULHV 7KH SURFHVV IROORZHG IRU ÀUVW Uganda No WLPH UHJLVWUDWLRQV KDV DOVR EHHQ D FRQ- Ukraine Yes ÁLFW UHVROXWLRQ DQG SUHYHQWLRQ PHFKD- Source: Enabling the Business of Agriculture database. QLVP)RUWKHQH[WGDWDFROOHFWLRQURXQG issues that will be addressed in building VHFXULW\LVSURYLGHGE\UHJLVWULHVWKDWDUHDEOHWR registering agricultural land indicators in- FHUWLI\WKHLULQIRUPDWLRQDQGWKDWFRPSHQVDWH FOXGHGHYHORSLQJOLVWVRISURFHGXUHVIRU parties that incur losses as a result of errors in ÀUVWWLPHUHJLVWUDWLRQVRIFXVWRPDU\ODQG UHJLVWU\FHUWLÀHGLQIRUPDWLRQ WDEOH WR FRPSOHPHQW WKH FXUUHQW SURFHGXUH OLVW RI ÀUVWWLPH UHJLVWUDWLRQV RI LQGLYLGXDO ,Q6SDLQDQG8NUDLQHFRPSHQVDWLRQLVJHQHUDOO\ land rights. PDGHDYDLODEOHWRSDUWLHVWKDWKDYHLQFXUUHGD loss as a result of engaging in good faith trans- 2. 7KH SLORW UHVXOWV XQGHUVFRUH WKH LPSRU- DFWLRQVWKDWUHO\RQUHJLVWU\FHUWLÀHGLQIRUPDWLRQ WDQFHRIWKHODQGUHJLVWU\VWUXFWXUHDQG WKDWLVODWHUSURYHGWREHZURQJ,Q*XDWHPDOD its coordination with other institutions in 0R]DPELTXHDQG1HSDOKRZHYHUUHJLVWULHV GHWHUPLQLQJWKHUHOLDELOLW\RIWKHLQIRUPD- GRQRWSURYLGHFRPSHQVDWLRQLQWKHVHFDVHV WLRQWKDWLWSURYLGHVRQODQGULJKWV:LWK WKLVH[SHULHQFHWKHWHDPZLOOEHUHÀQLQJ Next steps WKH ODQJXDJH XVHG LQ WKH OHJDO TXHV- WLRQVWKDWH[DPLQHWKHUHJLVWU\VWUXFWXUH This chapter presented the initial results for a VR WKDW WKH\ DUH XQGHUVWDQGDEOH LQ DOO GDWDVHWWKDWPHDVXUHGSROLF\DQGUHJXODWRU\ countries. REGISTERING AGRICULTURAL LAND | 2015 23 Notes 7KHXQGHUO\LQJUHVHDUFKDQGGHVLJQRIWKHUHJLVWHULQJ )$2E )$2F <RRDQG6WHFNHO :RUOG DJULFXOWXUDOODQGWRSLFEHQHÀWHGIURPYDOXDEOH %DQN 'HLQLQJHU FRPPHQWVSURYLGHGE\+DQV%LQVZDQJHU.DURO 3URVWHUPDQHWDO %RXGUHDX[)HGHULFR%XVWHOR.ODXV'HLQLQJHU7KHD 'XUDQG/DVVHUYHDQG6HORG +LOKRUVW-RQDWKDQ0LOOV/LQGVD\)UHGHULF0HXQLHU 12 FAO 2013c. -RUJH0XQR]1LFRODV1RJXHUROHV(QULTXH3DQWRMD 'H6RWR 5RELQ5DMDFN1D\GD$OPRGRYDU5HWHJXLVDQG9LFWRULD 5LJKWVDQG5HVRXUFHV,QLWLDWLYH 6WDQOH\ )$2F )$2FSDU 5LYHUD0HQpQGH] 'HLQLQJHUHWDO :RUOG%DQNDQG8QLWHG1DWLRQV /DQGDFFHVVLQWKLVFKDSWHULVXQGHUVWRRGDVSK\VLFDO &RQIHUHQFHIRU7UDGHDQG'HYHORSPHQW /DZU\ SRVVHVVLRQRIWKHODQGSORW7KHWHUPDFFHVVGRHV et al. 2014. QRWUHIHUWR:RUOG%DQNODQGUHGLVWULEXWLRQSURMHFWVIRU )RUH[DPSOH&RWXODDQGRWKHUV DQG$UH]NL landless peasants. Deininger and Selod (2011). 5LJKWVDQG5HVRXUFHV,QLWLDWLYH $UUXxDGD 'XUDQG/DVVHUYHDQG6HORG 7KHGHÀQLWLRQRIIUHHKROGXVHGLQWKLVFKDSWHULV 20 FAO 2013c. RZQHUVKLSRISURSHUW\IRUOLIHZLWKWKHULJKWWRSDVV 21 Arruñada 2012. LWRQWKURXJKLQKHULWDQFH7KLVULJKWFDQEHJLYHQWR 7KLUW\\HDUVZDVLQFOXGHGDVDUHIHUHQFHSRLQW DQLQGLYLGXDORUWRDFRPPXQLW\LQZKLFKFDVHWKH EHFDXVHLWZDVWKHKLJKHVWPLQLPXPUHTXLUHGWLPH IUHHKROGULJKWZRXOGEHRIDQLQGLYLGXDORUFROOHFWLYH DPRQJWKHSLORWFRXQWULHVWKDWDOORZHGIRUDGYHUVH QDWXUHUHVSHFWLYHO\ possession. 7KHGHÀQLWLRQRIFXVWRPDU\ULJKWVXVHGLQWKLVFKDSWHU )RUVSHFLÀFDVVXPSWLRQVXVHGWRFDOFXODWHWKHVH UHIHUVWRWKHODQGWHQXUHQRUPVXVHGE\DJLYHQ ÀJXUHVSOHDVHUHIHUWRWKH'DWDQRWHV FRPPXQLW\ZKLFKDUHEDVHGRQWKHLUKLVWRU\DQG %\SXEOLFWKLVSDUDJUDSKLVUHIHUULQJWRQRWLFHVWKDW FXVWRPVDQGPD\RUPD\QRWEHUHFRJQL]HGE\D DUHSXWXSLQSXEOLFDUHDVUHOHYDQWWRWKHORFDWLRQ ZULWWHQDQGRIÀFLDOOHJDOLQVWUXPHQW where the plot of land is situated. This process $OHDVHLVDFRQWUDFWZKHUHE\WKHRZQHURIDSORW XVXDOO\WDNHVWKHIRUPRISXEOLFQRWLFHVRQWKHORFDO RIODQGFHGHVWKHULJKWWRXVHWKHODQGDQGEHQHÀW JRYHUQPHQWEXOOHWLQERDUGRULQWKHLQVWLWXWLRQZKHUH RILWVSURFHHGVWRDQRWKHUSDUW\LQH[FKDQJHIRUD WKHÀUVWWLPHUHJLVWUDWLRQSURFHVVLVWDNLQJSODFHIRU SD\PHQW7KHGHÀQLWLRQRIORQJWHUPOHDVHXVHGLQ H[DPSOHDWWKHFRXUWEXLOGLQJLQWKHFDVHRIDFRXUW WKLVFKDSWHULVWKDWRIOHDVHVRIRYHU\HDUV SURFHHGLQJ,QVRPHFRXQWULHVSXEOLFQRWLFHVDUH 7KHGHÀQLWLRQRIPHGLXPWHUPOHDVHXVHGLQWKLV SODFHGLQRIÀFLDOJD]HWWHVRUQHZVSDSHUV FKDSWHULVIRUOHDVHVRIWR \HDUV$VKRUWWHUP OHDVHLVFRQVLGHUHGWREHIURPWR\HDUV 7KHGHÀQLWLRQRIWHQXUHVHFXULW\XVHGLQWKLVFKDSWHULV DUHODWLRQVKLSWRWKHODQGWKDWLVOHJLWLPDWHDFFRUGLQJ WRWKHQDWLRQDOOHJDOIUDPHZRUNVRFLDOO\DFFHSWHG DQGHQIRUFHDEOHIRUDSUHHVWDEOLVKHGSHULRGRIWLPH WKDWLVNQRZQE\DOOSDUWLHVDQGVWDNHKROGHUV 24 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015 $FFHVVLQJÀQDQFLDOVHUYLFHV Tsehay Farmers’ Cooperative Union is an Ethiopian farmers’ union with more than 38,000 small farmers who produce mainly barley, chickpea, teff, and spices in the Amhara region of Gondar. Farmers typically had to travel long distances to reach larger towns and cities if they wanted to access basic ÀQDQFLDOVHUYLFHV*HWWLQJDORDQZDVDOVREXUGHQVRPHDVEDQNVXVXDOO\ required as collateral immovable assets that the small farmers rarely owned. However, some recently-adopted regulations have helped to overcome WKHVHFRQVWUDLQWVDQGDUHSURPRWLQJÀQDQFLDOLQFOXVLRQWKURXJKLQQRYDWLYH GHOLYHU\PHWKRGVRIÀQDQFLDOVHUYLFHV7KDQNVWRWKH3URFODPDWLRQWR3URYLGH for a Warehouse Receipts System enacted in 2003, farmers can now store their crops and use them as collateral to obtain loans from banks. Similarly, mobile and agent banking services regulation has enabled banks to offer DUDQJHRIÀQDQFLDOVHUYLFHV³VXFKDVELOOSD\PHQWVDQGWUDQVIHUV³WKDW farmers can access through their mobile phones without having to travel to a bank branch. $JULFXOWXUHGHSHQGVRQDZHOOIXQFWLRQLQJÀQDQ- H[SDQGLQJPDUNHWRSSRUWXQLWLHV2 The need is FLDOV\VWHP0RUHDGYDQFHGVHJPHQWVRIWKH QRWRQO\IRUORDQVEXWDOVRIRUVDYLQJVFUHGLW VHFWRUQHHGWKHVXSSRUWRIDVWURQJÀQDQFLDO DQGSD\PHQWVHUYLFHV³WRKHOSVPRRWKYRODWLOH V\VWHPWRFRPSHWHJOREDOO\ZKLOHOHVVGHYHO- LQFRPHÁRZVEHWWHUDOORFDWHULVNDQGXQORFNWKH RSHGVHJPHQWVQHHGLWVVXSSRUWWRWUDQVLWLRQ GHYHORSPHQWSRWHQWLDORIDJULFXOWXUDODFWLYLWLHV3 WRPRGHUQSURGXFWLRQPHWKRGV %XW UXUDO DQG DJULFXOWXUDO ILQDQFH³DPRQJ )DUPHUVDQGUXUDODJULFXOWXUDOHQWHUSULVHVQHHG WKHPRVWFKDOOHQJLQJÀHOGVRIEDQNLQJ³KDYH EHWWHU DFFHVV WR D UDQJH RI ÀQDQFLDO SURG- EHHQODJJLQJEHKLQGGHYHORSPHQWVLQWKHUHVW XFWV6PDOOHUIDUPHUVQHHGFUHGLWWRSXUFKDVH RI WKH ÀQDQFLDO V\VWHP 7KH PRUH GLVSHUVHG LQSXWVDQGWRÀQDQFHKDUYHVWLQJSURFHVVLQJ SURGXFWLRQORZHUSRSXODWLRQGHQVLW\DQGOHVV PDUNHWLQJ DQG WUDQVSRUW DFWLYLWLHV $PRQJ GHYHORSHG LQIUDVWUXFWXUH LQ UXUDO DUHDV OHDG VPDOOKROGHU IDUPHUV WKH GHPDQG IRU FUHGLW WRKLJKHUWUDQVDFWLRQVFRVWV7KHVHDVRQDOLW\LQ ZDVUHFHQWO\HVWLPDWHGWREHQHDUO\ELOOLRQ DJULFXOWXUHDQGWKHRIWHQKLJKO\FRYDULDQWQD- worldwide1³DGHPDQGWKDWLVODUJHO\XQPHW WXUHRISURGXFWLRQDFWLYLWLHVPHDQKLJKHUULVNV DQGVWHDGLO\JURZLQJ$QGERWKIDUPHUVDQG as well.4$VDUHVXOWEDQNVDQGRWKHUWUDGLWLRQDO HQWHUSULVHVQHHGDFFHVVWRDIIRUGDEOHÀQDQFLDO ÀQDQFLDOLQWHUPHGLDULHVWHQGWRFRQFHQWUDWHLQ VHUYLFHVWRWDNHEHWWHUDGYDQWDJHRIQHZDQG XUEDQORFDWLRQVZKHUHWKH\FDQRSHUDWHDW ACCESSING FINANCIAL SERVICES | 2015 25 ORZHUFRVWDQGEHQHÀWIURPODUJHUORDQVL]HV 5HJXODWLRQVDOVRQHHGWRVXSSRUWLQQRYDWLRQ,Q WRFRYHUÀ[HGWUDQVDFWLRQVFRVWV(YHQZKHQ PDQ\SDUWVRIWKHGHYHORSLQJZRUOGÀQDQFLDO ÀQDQFLDOVHUYLFHVDUHDYDLODEOHLQUXUDODUHDV³ OLEHUDOL]DWLRQ DQG WKH FORVXUH RI DJULFXOWXUDO ZKHWKHUIURPWUDGLWLRQDOOHQGLQJLQVWLWXWLRQVRU GHYHORSPHQWEDQNVKDYHOHGWRDFRQWUDF- IURPWUDGHUVDQGDJULFXOWXUDOSURFHVVRUVRIIHULQJ WLRQRIDJULFXOWXUDOÀQDQFH LQQRYDWLRQLQWKH LQSXWFUHGLW³WKH\WHQGWREHUHODWLYHO\FRVWO\ GHVLJQ DQG SURYLVLRQ RI ÀQDQFLDO VHUYLFHV LV DQGZLWKULJLGWHUPV FUXFLDOWRÀOOWKLVJDS106PDUWUHJXODWLRQVHQVXUH VWDELOLW\ZLWKRXWLPSRVLQJDQH[FHVVLYHEXUGHQ 7RVXSSRUWDJULFXOWXUDOGHYHORSPHQWDÀQDQ- RQÀQDQFLDOLQVWLWXWLRQVRUOLPLWLQJWKHLQQRYD- FLDOV\VWHPQHHGVWRSURYLGHDIIRUGDEOHDQG WLRQVSDFHIRUÀQDQFLDOSURGXFWV7UDGLWLRQDO UHOLDEOHÀQDQFLDOVHUYLFHVWKDWFDQEHQHÀWHYHQ banking regulations need to be adapted to DVVHWSRRUDQGUHPRWHIDUPHUVDQGDJULFXOWXUDO DOORZEDQNVPLFURÀQDQFHLQVWLWXWLRQVPRELOH HQWHUSULVHV7KLVW\SHRIV\VWHPUHTXLUHVDGLYHUVH RSHUDWRUV DQG UHWDLOHUV WR H[SHULPHQW ZLWK PL[RIÀQDQFLDOLQVWLWXWLRQV³ZLWKDSSURSULDWH QHZSDUWQHUVKLSPRGHOVZKLOHVWLOOSURWHFWLQJ VWDQGDUGVDQGRYHUVLJKW³DVZHOODVZKROHVDOH WKHLQWHJULW\RIWUDQVDFWLRQVDQGWKHVDIHW\RI DQGSDUWQHULQJUHODWLRQVKLSVWRVXSSRUWLQQRYD- FXVWRPHUV·GHSRVLWV11 WLRQDQGH[SDQGHGUXUDOUHDFK:KLOHFRPPHU- FLDOEDQNVFDQSURYLGHVWURQJEDODQFHVKHHWV :KDWDFFHVVLQJÀQDQFLDOVHUYLFHV DQGPDQDJHULDOFDSDFLW\ÀQDQFLDOFRRSHUD- data measure WLYHVFUHGLWXQLRQVDQGPLFURÀQDQFHLQVWLWXWLRQV can offer rural reach and local knowledge. And 7KHDFFHVVLQJÀQDQFLDOVHUYLFHVGDWDPHDVXUH DOWHUQDWLYHGHOLYHU\SODWIRUPV³DJHQWVPRELOH FRQVWUDLQWVLQWKHUHJXODWLRQRIDVHWRIÀQDQFLDO EDQNLQJ³FDQLQFUHDVHWKHÀQDQFLDOLQFOXVLRQ VHUYLFHVWKDWFDQIRVWHUÀQDQFLDOLQFOXVLRQDQG RIPRUHLVRODWHGFOLHQWV7 WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI DJULFXOWXUDO HQWHUSULVHV and households. 5HJXODWLRQVDUHQHHGHGWRHQVXUHWKDWÀQDQFLDO V\VWHPVIXQFWLRQZHOO3UXGHQWLDOUXOHVVXFKDV 'DWDDUHFROOHFWHGLQWRSLFDUHDVDVIROORZV FDSLWDODQGOLTXLGLW\UHTXLUHPHQWVKHOSSUHYHQW ÀQDQFLDOLQVWLWXWLRQVIURPWDNLQJH[FHVVLYHULVNV 1. Branchless banking. These data assess ZKHQLQYHVWLQJWKHLUFXVWRPHUV·VDYLQJV³ZKLFK KRZ ODZV UHJXODWH WKH SURYLVLRQ RI À- LVSDUWLFXODUO\LPSRUWDQWIRUDJULFXOWXUHZKHUH QDQFLDO VHUYLFHV WKURXJK FKDQQHOV RXW- ULVNWHQGVWREHKLJKHUDQGKLJKO\FRYDULDQW VLGH FRQYHQWLRQDO EDQN EUDQFKHV 7KH &RQVXPHU SURWHFWLRQ UXOHV KHOS VDIHJXDUG GDWD IRFXV RQ WKH SRVVLELOLW\ RI DJHQW VPDOOKROGHUVZKHQWKH\DFFHVVIRUPDOÀQDQ- EDQNLQJ³EDQNV KLULQJ FRUUHVSRQGHQWV FLDO VHUYLFHV IRU WKH ÀUVW WLPH RU ZKHQ WKH\ WR FRQGXFW RSHUDWLRQV RQ WKHLU EHKDOI XVHVHUYLFHVSURYLGHGWKURXJKQHZFKDQQHOV FRYHU UHJXODWLRQV WKDW DSSO\ WR ÀQDQ- VXFK DV PRELOH SKRQHV RU DJHQWV8 )LQDOO\ FLDO VHUYLFHV SURYLGHG WKURXJK FHOOXODU JRRGUHJXODWLRQVFDQSURYLGHIRUFRQVLVWHQW SKRQHV PRELOHEDQNLQJ DQGPHDVXUH DQG SUHGLFWDEOH RXWFRPHV LQ WKH DUHDV RI FRQVXPHU SURWHFWLRQ UXOHV VSHFLÀF WR VHFXUHGWUDQVDFWLRQVEUDQFKOHVVEDQNLQJDQG WKHVHGHOLYHU\FKDQQHOV ZDUHKRXVHÀQDQFLQJ%\KHOSLQJWREXLOGWUXVW WKH\HQFRXUDJHWKHDGRSWLRQRIQHZGHOLYHU\ 2. Nontraditional collateral. These data PRGHOVWKDWDUHPRUHDFFHVVLEOHWRIDUPHUV· IRFXV RQ SURYLVLRQV WKDW UHJXODWH WKH agricultural enterprises. use of categories of collateral that are 26 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015 HVSHFLDOO\ UHOHYDQW IRU DJULFXOWXUDO HQ- Regulated branchless banking in all WHUSULVHV DQG VPDOOKROGHUV ,Q SDUWLFXODU pilot countries except Morocco and WKH GDWD H[DPLQH LI WDQJLEOH PRYDEOH Mozambique JRRGV OHDVHG DQG IXWXUH DVVHWV DQG WKHSURFHHGVDQGWUDQVIRUPDWLRQVRIDOO %UDQFKOHVVEDQNLQJ³WKHGHOLYHU\RIÀQDQFLDO such assets can be used as collateral. VHUYLFHV WKURXJK UHWDLO DJHQWV RU LQIRUPDWLRQ DQG FRPPXQLFDWLRQ WHFKQRORJ\³KDV HQRU- 3. Warehouse receipts. 7KHVH GDWD PHD- PRXVSRWHQWLDOWRUHDFKIDUPHUVZLWKÀQDQFLDO sure the existence and scope of rules VHUYLFHV WKDQNV WR LWV ORZ WUDQVDFWLRQV FRVWV HVWDEOLVKLQJZDUHKRXVHUHFHLSWV\VWHPV DQG LQQRYDWLYH FKDQQHOV ER[ 13 6HYHQ 7KHGDWDFRYHUOLFHQVLQJDQGLQVXUDQFH FRXQWULHV³(WKLRSLD *XDWHPDOD 1HSDO WKH UHTXLUHPHQWV DV ZHOO DV WKH W\SH DQG 3KLOLSSLQHV5ZDQGD6SDLQDQG8NUDLQH³KDYH FRYHUDJHRIZDUHKRXVHUHFHLSWV ODZVUHJXODWLQJDJHQWEDQNLQJDFWLYLWLHV6RPH VXFKDV8JDQGDKDYHVSHFLÀFJXLGHOLQHVIRU 4. Prudential regulation. These data focus DJHQW EDQNLQJ WKH 0RQHWDU\ %RDUG LQ WKH RQWKHUHJXODWLRQRIÀQDQFLDOLQVWLWXWLRQV 3KLOLSSLQHVLVVXHVFLUFXODUVUHODWLQJWRWKHRXW- 7KHGDWDFRYHUFDSLWDOUHTXLUHPHQWVULVN VRXUFLQJRIEDQNLQJIXQFWLRQV$PRQJWKHVH ZHLJKWVDQGSURYLVLRQLQJUXOHVIRUFRP- FRXQWULHV(WKLRSLD5ZDQGDDQG8NUDLQHDOORZ PHUFLDO EDQNV DV ZHOO DV PLFURÀQDQFH ERWKFRPPHUFLDOEDQNVDQGPLFURÀQDQFHLQVWL- institutions. WXWLRQVWRKLUHDJHQWVZKLOHWKHUHVWDOORZRQO\ FRPPHUFLDOEDQNVWRGRVR WDEOH What the initial pilot results show $JHQWEDQNLQJFDQPHDQKLJKHURSHUDWLRQDO 5HJXODWRU\IUDPHZRUNVIRUÀQDQFLDOV\VWHPVYDU\ FUHGLWDQGOLTXLGLW\ULVNVEHFDXVHDJHQWVRIWHQ DFURVVFRXQWULHV6PDUWUHJXODWLRQFDQSURPRWH RSHUDWHLQULVNLHUHQYLURQPHQWVDQGODFNDGH- LQQRYDWLYH ÀQDQFLDO LQFOXVLRQ SUDFWLFHV WKXV TXDWH LQWHUQDO PDQDJHPHQW SURFHVVHV DQG EHWWHUHQDEOLQJWKHÀQDQFLDOV\VWHPWRVHUYH WUDLQHGVWDIIIDPLOLDUZLWKEDQNLQJDFWLYLWLHV14 WKHDJULFXOWXUHVHFWRU$QDVVHVVPHQWRIUHJX- 7KHUHIRUHHOLJLELOLW\UXOHVDQGGXHGLOLJHQFHWHVWV ODWRU\FRYHUDJHIRUEUDQFKOHVVEDQNLQJKHOSV are needed to ensure that agents are able to WRLGHQWLI\JRRGUHJXODWRU\SUDFWLFHVLQWKLVQHZ SURYLGHSURIHVVLRQDOFXVWRPHUVHUYLFHVNHHS DUHQD0RUHRYHUDVVHFXUHGWUDQVDFWLRQVODZV UHFRUGV KDQGOH FDVK DQG PDQDJH OLTXLGLW\ DQGUHJLVWULHVLPSURYHVPDOODQGPHGLXPVL]HG HIÀFLHQWO\'DWDPHDVXULQJHOLJLELOLW\VWDQGDUGV EXVLQHVVHV·DFFHVVWRFUHGLWWKHVSHFLÀFLP- VKRZWKDWQRFRXQWU\VHWVPLQLPXPVWDQGDUGV SDFWRIVXFKSURYLVLRQVRQVPDOOKROGHUIDUPHUV RQLQWHURSHUDELOLW\EHWZHHQDJHQWVDQGÀQDQ- GHVHUYHV IXUWKHU DWWHQWLRQ12 ,Q DGGLWLRQ WKH FLDOLQVWLWXWLRQVWKRXJKPRVWKDYHUHTXLUHPHQWV HPHUJHQFH RI ZDUHKRXVH UHFHLSW ÀQDQFLQJ UHODWLQJWRDQDJHQW·VSUHYLRXVÀQDQFLDOSHU- UHTXLUHVWKHHVWDEOLVKPHQWRIDWDLORUHGUHJX- IRUPDQFH:KLOHUHDOWLPHFRQQHFWLRQWRWKH ODWRU\IUDPHZRUNWRSURPRWHWKHGHYHORSPHQW bank reduces the risk of fraud and the costs RIWKLVQHZ³EXWHIIHFWLYH³ÀQDQFLQJWRROIRU RILQIRUPDWLRQH[FKDQJHRQO\(WKLRSLDDQG VPDOOKROGHUIDUPHUV/DVWEXWQRWOHDVWSUXGHQWLDO 5ZDQGDUHTXLUHWKLVIRUDJHQWV UHJXODWLRQDQGVXSHUYLVLRQRIGLIIHUHQWÀQDQFLDO LQVWLWXWLRQVLQYROYHGLQDJULFXOWXUDOOHQGLQJFDQ $JHQWVPD\EHDEOHWRSHUIRUPDZLGHUUDQJHRI KHOS WR HQVXUH WKHLU VPRRWK RSHUDWLRQ DQG VHUYLFHVZKHQUHJXODWLRQVHQVXUHWKHLUUHOLDELOLW\ VWDELOLW\ DQGFRPSHWHQFH17$PRQJWKHFRXQWULHVZLWK ACCESSING FINANCIAL SERVICES | 2015 27 BOX 4.1: Overview of the branchless banking operation %UDQFKOHVV EDQNLQJ LV GHÀQHG DV WKH GHOLYHU\ RI ÀQDQFLDO VHUYLFHV RXWVLGH RI FRQYHQWLRQDO EDQN EUDQFKHV,WFRQVLVWVPDLQO\RIDJHQWEDQNLQJDQGPRELOHEDQNLQJDQGSURYLGHVFRVWHIIHFWLYHVROX- WLRQWRSURPRWHDJULFXOWXUDOÀQDQFLQJIURPERWKWKHVXSSO\DQGGHPDQGVLGHV2QRQHKDQGLWORZ- HUVWKHFRVWWREDQNVE\DYRLGLQJSURYLGLQJSK\VLFDOEDQNLQJLQIUDVWUXFWXUHWRXQEDQNHGDUHDV RQ WKHRWKHUKDQGLWSURYLGHVIDUPHUVZLWKPRUHHFRQRPLFDORSWLRQVRIJHWWLQJDFFHVVWRÀQDQFLDOVHU- YLFHVDVWKH\GRQRWQHHGWRVSHQGRXWRISRFNHWWRUHDFKDEDQNEUDQFKa+RZHYHUUHJXODWLRQGH- YHORSPHQWKDVQRWFDXJKWXSZLWKWKHUDSLGVSUHDGRIEUDQFKOHVVEDQNLQJDFWLYLWLHV$ODFNRIOHJDO FHUWDLQW\WUDQVSDUHQF\DQGRSHQQHVVLPSHGHVWKHPDUNHWIURPWKULYLQJb$QLVVXHIRUJRYHUQPHQWV LVWRGHVLJQDUHJXODWRU\HQYLURQPHQWWKDWHQFRXUDJHVPDUNHWSOD\HUVWRLQQRYDWHVRDVWRDFKLHYH ÀQDQFLDOLQFOXVLRQZKLOHFRQFXUUHQWO\SURWHFWLQJFRQVXPHUVDQGWKHÀQDQFLDOV\VWHPLQWHJULW\ $JHQWEDQNLQJLVDPRGHORISDUWQHULQJZLWKDUHWDLODJHQW RUFRUUHVSRQGHQW WRH[WHQGÀQDQFLDOVHU- YLFHVLQORFDWLRQVIRUZKLFKEDQNEUDQFKHVZRXOGEHXQHFRQRPLFDOc)RULQVWDQFH.&%5ZDQGDD VXEVLGLDU\RIWKH.HQ\D&RPPHUFLDO%DQN .&% *URXSGHOHJDWHVLWVUHWDLORXWOHWVWRFRQGXFWEDVLF WUDQVDFWLRQVIRUFOLHQWVVXFKGHSRVLWVZLWKGUDZDOVDQGIXQGWUDQVIHUVd 0RELOHEDQNLQJUHIHUVWRÀQDQFLDOVHUYLFHVWKDWDUHGHOLYHUHGYLDPRELOHQHWZRUNVDQGSHUIRUPHGRQ DPRELOHSKRQH0RELOHEDQNLQJPRGHOVPDLQO\IDOOLQWRWKHWZRFDWHJRULHVQDPHO\WKHEDQNOHG PRGHODQGWKHPRELOHQHWZRUNRSHUDWRU 012 OHGPRGHO8QGHUWKHEDQNOHGPRGHOEDQNVPDNH VRPH VHUYLFHV DYDLODEOH WKURXJK WKH XVH RI D PRELOH GHYLFH WR LQFUHDVH FXVWRPHU FRQYHQLHQFH while reducing institutional costs.e 8QGHUWKH012OHGPRGHOWKH012DFWVDVWKHGHIDFWR´EDQNµ ZLWKOLPLWHGRUQRLQYROYHPHQWRIWKHÀQDQFLDOLQVWLWXWLRQf7KHFXVWRPHU·V´PRQH\µLVUHFRUGHGLQD YLUWXDODFFRXQWRQWKH012VHUYHUDQGWKHFXVWRPHUFDQXVHDPRELOHGHYLFHWRPDNHRUDFFHSW SD\PHQWV PRELOHPRQH\ +RZHYHURIWHQWKHUHJXODWLRQVGHPDQGWKDWWKH012VWRUHDOOGHSRVLWV LQWUXVWDFFRXQWVDWDÀQDQFLDOLQVWLWXWLRQg D-D\DQW\ E.XPDUHWDO F&*$3 ´.&%5ZDQGD/DXQFKHV$JHQF\%DQNLQJµThe New Times0DUFKhttp:ZZZQHZWLPHVFRUZQHZVLQGH[ G SKS"L D . H86$,' f. Merritt 2010. g. Tobbin 2011. UXOHV RQ DJHQW EDQNLQJ WKH 3KLOLSSLQHV DQG LQFOXGLQJFDVKLQDQGFDVKRXWVHUYLFHVPRQ- 8NUDLQH DOORZ DJHQWV WR SURYLGH RQO\ OLPLWHG H\ WUDQVIHUV DQG ELOO SD\PHQWV (WKLRSLD DQG VHUYLFHV7KH3KLOLSSLQHVDOORZVDJHQWVRIFRP- Spain also allow agents to open accounts for PHUFLDOEDQNVRQO\WRFRQGXFWNQRZ\RXUFXV- QHZFXVWRPHUV6SDLQLVWKHRQO\RQHDOORZLQJ WRPHU .<& SURFHGXUHV8NUDLQHSHUPLWVDJHQWV DJHQWVWRSURFHVVORDQGRFXPHQWV RQO\WRSURYLGHWUDQVIHUHPRQH\DQGFXUUHQF\ H[FKDQJHVHUYLFHVWKRXJKDOLVWRIRWKHUÀQDQ- 7KHUDSLGH[SDQVLRQRIPRELOHSKRQHFRYHU- FLDOVHUYLFHVWKDWFDQEHRIIHUHGE\DJHQWVLV DJHKDVSURYLGHGDQHZÀQDQFLDOLQIUDVWUXF- SHQGLQJDSSURYDO(WKLRSLD*XDWHPDOD1HSDO WXUHFDSDEOHRIUHDFKLQJHYHQWKHPRVWUXUDO Rwanda and Spain allow agents to conduct FRPPXQLWLHVLQGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHV(WKLRSLD DZLGHUVHWRIRSHUDWLRQVRQEHKDOIRIEDQNV *XDWHPDOD1HSDOWKH3KLOLSSLQHV5ZDQGDDQG 28 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015 TABLE 4.1: Countries regulate branchless banking to different extents Consumer protection rules tailored to agent Country Agent banking Law Mobile banking Law banking activities Ethiopia Guatemala Morocco 0R]DPELTXH Nepal Philippines Rwanda Spain Uganda Ukraine Source: Enabling the Business of Agriculture database. 1RWH %ODQNV QRUHJXODWLRQLQWKLVDUHD 8JDQGDKDYHVSHFLÀFODZVUHJXODWLQJPRELOH %XWLQ(WKLRSLD0RURFFR0R]DPELTXHWKH EDQNLQJ WDEOHER[ DQGDOORZEDQNVWR 3KLOLSSLQHV6SDLQDQG8JDQGDWKHODZGRHV SURYLGHPRQH\WUDQVIHUELOOSD\PHQWDQGORDQ not allow eligible borrowers to describe their UHSD\PHQW VHUYLFHV WKURXJK PRELOH SKRQHV WDQJLEOHPRYDEOHFROODWHUDOLQJHQHUDOWHUPV (WKLRSLD 1HSDO 5ZDQGD DQG 8JDQGD DOVR LQWKHVHFXULW\DJUHHPHQWDQGZKHQUHJLVWHU- DOORZPLFURÀQDQFHLQVWLWXWLRQVWRRIIHUÀQDQFLDO LQJWKHVHFXULW\7KLVFDQFUHDWHDEDUULHUIRU VHUYLFHVWKURXJKWKLVWHFKQRORJ\ VPDOOKROGHUVVLQFHWKHLUFROODWHUDOWHQGVWREH DSRRORIDVVHWV³VXFKDVDJULFXOWXUDOSURGXFWV Continuing constraints on the use of RUOLYHVWRFN³DQGWKHH[DFWPDNHXSFKDQJHV nontraditional collateral DVDPDWWHURIGDLO\EXVLQHVV 0DQ\ IDUPHUV SDUWLFXODUO\ VPDOOKROGHUV ODFN :KHQ ERUURZHUV ODFN WUDGLWLRQDO FROODWHUDO LPPRYDEOHDVVHWVVXFKDVODQGPDNLQJLWGLI- OHDVLQJPD\RIIHUDQLPSRUWDQWDOWHUQDWLYHHV- ÀFXOWIRUWKHPWRVHFXUHORDQV<HWPDQ\RZQ SHFLDOO\LQFRXQWULHVZLWKZHDNFUHGLWRUV·ULJKWV PRYDEOHFROODWHUDO³VXFKDVDJULFXOWXUDOPD- DQGLQDGHTXDWHFROODWHUDOODZVDQGUHJLVWULHV20 FKLQHU\SURGXFWVRUUHFHLYDEOHV OLYHVWRFN RU /HDVLQJDUUDQJHPHQWVDOORZWKHXVHRIOHDVHG warehouse receipts. Banks tend to be hesitant DVVHWVDVFROODWHUDOIRUÀQDQFLQJWKHSXUFKDVH WRDFFHSWVXFKPRYDEOHDVVHWVDVFROODWHUDO RIWKHDVVHWV)RUVPDOOKROGHUVOHDVHVFDQEH KRZHYHU HVSHFLDOO\ ZKHUH WKH OHJDO V\VWHP PRUH DIIRUGDEOH WKDQ EDQN ORDQV EHFDXVH JRYHUQLQJWKHXVHRIFROODWHUDOLVGDWHG18 WKH\ LQYROYH VPDOOHU GRZQ SD\PHQWV WKDQ EDQNVGHPDQGDQGVHOGRPUHTXLUHDGGLWLRQDO ,QDOOFRXQWULHVWKHODZDOORZVEXVLQHVVHVDQG collateral.21/HDVLQJDOVRRIIHUVDGYDQWDJHVIRU VPDOOKROGHUVWRXVHWDQJLEOHPRYDEOHSURSHUW\ WKHOHVVRUVDOORZLQJWKHPWRUHWDLQDVVHWRZQ- VXFK DV DJULFXOWXUDO PDFKLQHU\ FURSV DQG HUVKLS DQG PDNLQJ LW HDVLHU WR UHSRVVHVV WKH OLYHVWRFN DVFROODWHUDOWRVHFXUHORDQV ÀJXUH FROODWHUDOLQFDVHRIGHIDXOW2QO\*XDWHPDOD ACCESSING FINANCIAL SERVICES | 2015 29 FIGURE 4.1: All pilot countries allow tangible movable property as collateral Share of pilot countries that allow the usage of certain asset category to secure a loan 100 100 Tangible movable property can be used in all the 10 pilot countries, 90 while it can only be described in general terms in 4 of them 80 70 60 60 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Tangible movable property Leased movable assets Future assets Source: Enabling the Business of Agriculture database. 0RURFFR1HSDO5ZDQGD6SDLQDQG8NUDLQH DVLVWKHFDVHIRUPDQ\UXUDOHQWHUSULVHV23$PRQJ KDYHFROODWHUDOODZVDOORZLQJWKHXVHRIOHDVHG the countries with a secured transactions law PRYDEOHDVVHWV WKDWDOORZVVXFKDUHJLVWU\QRWDOOKDYHDIXQF- WLRQDOUHJLVWU\ 7KHDELOLW\WRSOHGJHIXWXUHDVVHWV VXFKDVFURSV WREHKDUYHVWHG DVFROODWHUDOLVDQRWKHULPSRUW- Great potential for the use of warehouse DQWZD\WRLPSURYHDFFHVVWRÀQDQFHIRUVPDOO- receipts KROGHUV6L[FRXQWULHV³*XDWHPDOD0RURFFR 1HSDO5ZDQGD8JDQGDDQG8NUDLQH³KDYH :DUHKRXVHUHFHLSWVFDQEHDQHIIHFWLYHWRROIRU collateral laws allowing pledging future assets as LQFUHDVLQJDFFHVVWRFUHGLWIRUIDUPHUV24 When FROODWHUDO$OVRLPSRUWDQWLVWKHDELOLW\WRSOHGJH VXSSRUWHGE\DQDSSURSULDWHOHJDOIUDPHZRUN WKHSURGXFWVSURFHHGVDQGUHSODFHPHQWVRI ZDUHKRXVH UHFHLSWV FDQ VHUYH DV FROODWHUDO WKHRULJLQDOFROODWHUDO6PDOOKROGHUVDQGEXVLQHVV- 6L[ FRXQWULHV KDYH D VSHFLILF ODZ RQ ZDUH- es need working capital to process crops into KRXVHUHFHLSWV WKHH[FHSWLRQVDUH0RURFFR KLJKHUYDOXHSURGXFWV$ODZWKDWSUHYHQWVWKH 0R]DPELTXH1HSDODQG6SDLQ XVHRIVXFKWUDQVIRUPHGSURGXFWVDVFROODWHUDO FKRNHVWKHVXSSO\RIZRUNLQJFDSLWDO22 7REHHIIHFWLYHZDUHKRXVHUHFHLSWV\VWHPVQHHG WRUHGXFHXQFHUWDLQW\IRUEDQNVVRDVWRLQFUHDVH ,QFRXQWULHVZLWKUHJLVWULHVIRUPRYDEOHFROODWHUDO their willingness to accept the receipts as collat- ÀUPVKDYHJUHDWHUDFFHVVWREDQNÀQDQFHDQG HUDO2QHNH\DVSHFWLVHDV\HQIRUFHDELOLW\RIWKH ORZHULQWHUHVWUDWHV5HJLVWULHVDOVREHQHÀWÀUPV VHFXULW\ Another is insurance against risks that ZLWKIHZDVVHWVWKDWFDQEHXVHGDVFROODWHUDO DULVHIURPQDWXUDOGLVDVWHUVRURSHUDWRUV·DFWLRQV 30 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015 *RRGPDQDJHPHQWSUDFWLFHVUHJXODWRU\VX- ([SDQVLRQRIPLFURÀQDQFHQHFHVVLWDWHV SHUYLVLRQDQGSHUIRUPDQFHJXDUDQWHHVHQVXUH EHWWHUUHJXODWRU\IUDPHZRUNVIRUÀQDQFLDO DKLJKOHYHORISURWHFWLRQIRUEDQNFROODWHUDO institutions 3HUIRUPDQFHJXDUDQWHHV³ZKLFKVDIHJXDUG DJDLQVWIUDXGDQGSURYLGHFRPSHQVDWLRQLI 0LFURÀQDQFHLQVWLWXWLRQVKDYHLQFUHDVHGWKHLU VWRUHGJRRGVGRQRWPDWFKZKDWLVVSHFLÀHG FRYHUDJHH[SRQHQWLDOO\IURPSRRUSHR- LQWKHUHFHLSW³FDQKHOSHQFRXUDJHIDUPHUV SOHLQ WRPRUHWKDQPLOOLRQLQ to store their goods in warehouses as well as $PRQJWKRVHEHQHÀWLQJKDYHEHHQVPDOOKROGHU LQFUHDVH EDQNV· ZLOOLQJQHVV WR DFFHSW WKH IDUPHUVIRUZKRPDFFHVVWRPLFURÀQDQFHKDV receipts as collateral.27(WKLRSLD*XDWHPDOD ERRVWHGSURGXFWLYLW\E\HQDEOLQJEHWWHUXVHRI 8JDQGD DQG 8NUDLQH UHTXLUH ZDUHKRXVH IHUWLOL]HUVHHGDQGKLUHGODERU30 operators to insure the warehouse against ÀUH ÁRRG DQG HDUWKTXDNH GDPDJH 7KHVH 7KH H[SDQVLRQ RI PLFURÀQDQFH KDV OHG WR D FRXQWULHVDOVRUHTXLUHWKHRSHUDWRUWRREWDLQ JURZLQJQHHGWRDGDSWUHJXODWRU\IUDPHZRUNVWR a license before storing goods and issuing these institutions.31:KLOHPLFURÀQDQFHLQVWLWXWLRQV warehouse receipts. KDQGOHPXFKVPDOOHUÀQDQFLDOYROXPHVWKDQ FRPPHUFLDOEDQNVDQGWKXVSRVHDORZHUULVNWR :KHQUHFHLSWVSURYLGHIXOOLQIRUPDWLRQRQWKH WKHÀQDQFLDOV\VWHPWKH\VWLOOUHTXLUHSUXGHQWLDO ZDUHKRXVHVDQGWKHFRPPRGLWLHVVWRUHGWKH\ UXOHV%XWVRPHDUJXHWKDWPLQLPXPFDSLWDOUH- UHGXFHWUDQVDFWLRQVFRVWVIRUÀQDQFLDOSURYLGHUV TXLUHPHQWVIRUPLFURÀQDQFHLQVWLWXWLRQVVKRXOG $OOFRXQWULHVZLWKDVSHFLÀFODZRQZDUHKRXVH EHNHSWORZHUWRUHGXFHHQWU\FRVWV32$PRQJ UHFHLSWV³(WKLRSLD*XDWHPDODWKH3KLOLSSLQHV WKHFRXQWULHVWKDWUHTXLUHPLQLPXPFDSLWDOWR 5ZDQGD8JDQGDDQG8NUDLQH³UHTXLUHWKDW HVWDEOLVKDPLFURÀQDQFHLQVWLWXWLRQWKHDPRXQW UHFHLSWVVSHFLI\WKHORFDWLRQRIWKHVWRUDJHDQG LVDOZD\VOHVVWKDQWKDWIRUDFRPPHUFLDOEDQN WKHDPRXQWVWRUHGDQG(WKLRSLD*XDWHPDOD DQG8NUDLQHDOVRUHTXLUHLQIRUPDWLRQRQWKH\HDU $QRWKHUNH\LVVXHLQUHJXODWLQJDQGVXSHUYLVLQJ DQGW\SHRIKDUYHVW%XWQRQHUHTXLUHVLQIRUPD- PLFURÀQDQFHLQVWLWXWLRQVLVWKHPRELOL]DWLRQRI WLRQRQSHUIRUPDQFHJXDUDQWHHV0RUHRYHU GHSRVLWVIURPWKHJHQHUDOSXEOLF330LFURÀQDQFH RQO\ (WKLRSLD 8JDQGD DQG 8NUDLQH UHTXLUH LQVWLWXWLRQVPD\KDYHYDULRXVIXQGLQJVRXUFHV WKDWUHFHLSWVLQFOXGHLQIRUPDWLRQRQVHFXULW\ DQG OLFHQVLQJ UHTXLUHPHQWV QHHG WR EH LQ LQWHUHVWVRYHUWKHJRRGV$QGRQO\*XDWHPDOD place if the funding generated through retail DQG 8JDQGD UHTXLUH LQVXUDQFH FRYHUDJH deposits hits a certain threshold.34 Six countries LQIRUPDWLRQ KDYHVHWXSDUHJXODWRU\IUDPHZRUNDOORZLQJ PLFURÀQDQFHLQVWLWXWLRQVWRPRELOL]HGHSRVLWV While both paper-based and electronic receipts IURPWKHSXEOLFDQGKDYHVSHFLÀHGOLFHQVLQJ FDQEHXVHGH[SHULHQFHVKRZVWKDWHOHFWURQLF UHTXLUHPHQWV UHFHLSWVRIIHUDGGLWLRQDODGYDQWDJHV(OHFWURQLF UHFHLSWVHOLPLQDWHWKHQHHGWRKDQGOHVWRUHDQG 6HWWLQJDUHTXLUHGPLQLPXPFDSLWDODGHTXD- VDIHJXDUG SDSHU GRFXPHQWV DQG DYRLG WKH F\ UDWLR LV D FRPPRQ UHJXODWRU\ PHDVXUH FRVWVDQGGHOD\VDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHLUSK\VLFDO IRU HQVXULQJ WKH VDIH RSHUDWLRQ RI ÀQDQFLDO GHOLYHU\28 2QO\ (WKLRSLD WKH 3KLOLSSLQHV DQG LQVWLWXWLRQV7KLVUDWLRPHDVXUHVDEDQN·VFRUH 8NUDLQHDOORZHOHFWURQLFUHFHLSWV*XDWHPDOD capital as a percentage of its risk-weighted 5ZDQGDDQG8JDQGDDOORZRQO\SDSHUEDVHG assets.:KLOHH[FHVVLYHO\KLJKUHTXLUHPHQWV receipts. FUHDWH REVWDFOHV IRU ILQDQFLDO LQVWLWXWLRQV ACCESSING FINANCIAL SERVICES | 2015 31 BOX 4.2: Uganda’s new mobile money guidelines 0RELOH SKRQH XVH KDV VSUHDG WKURXJKRXW WKH GHYHORSLQJ ZRUOG³E\ WKH HQG RI RI WKH SRSXODWLRQKDGPRELOHSKRQHVXEVFULSWLRQVa7KHYDVWQHWZRUNRIFRYHUDJHFUHDWHVRSSRUWXQLWLHVIRU H[SDQGLQJÀQDQFLDOVHUYLFHVWRVPDOOKROGHUVLQUHPRWHDUHDV%XWPRELOHEDQNLQJUHPDLQVUHODWLYHO\ QHZDQGPDQ\FRXQWULHVKDYHQRODZVIRULWVUHJXODWLRQb(VWDEOLVKLQJVPDUWUHJXODWLRQDQGVXSHUYL- VLRQWRHQDEOHWKHVRXQGJURZWKRIPRELOHEDQNLQJVHUYLFHVLVEHFRPLQJLQFUHDVLQJO\LPSRUWDQWIRU JRYHUQPHQWVZRUOGZLGH 8JDQGDKDVWDNHQVWHSVDLPHGDWSURYLGLQJFOHDUUHJXODWLRQRIPRELOHEDQNLQJVHUYLFHVWKURXJKWKH 0RELOH0RQH\*XLGHOLQHVLVVXHGE\LWVFHQWUDOEDQNDVRI2FWREHU7KHJXLGHOLQHVGLIIHUHQ- WLDWHWKHPRELOHEDQNLQJPRGHOVE\FODVVLI\LQJPRELOHÀQDQFLDOVHUYLFHVLQWRFDWHJRULHV PRELOH EDQNLQJ EDQNOHGPRGHO DQGPRELOHPRQH\ 012OHGPRGHO 7KHJXLGHOLQHVVHWHOLJLELOLW\DQGWHFKQRORJ\VWDQGDUGVIRUPRELOHPRQH\VHUYLFHSURYLGHUVWKDWUHVSRQG WRWKHRSHUDWLRQDODQGVHFXULW\ULVNVLQPRELOHEDQNLQJ7RSURWHFWFRQVXPHUVWKHJXLGHOLQHVHVWDEOLVK UHTXLUHPHQWVRQKDQGOLQJWUDQVDFWLRQVWUDQVSDUHQF\GDWDSURWHFWLRQDQGFRPSODLQWVDQGVWLSXODWH VXSHUYLVLRQDQGUHSRUWLQJSURFHVVHVIRUGLIIHUHQWUHJXODWRUV7KHVHPHDVXUHVDGGUHVVWKHSRVVLEO\KLJKHU ULVNRIFRQVXPHUULJKWVYLRODWLRQVLQWKHFRQYHUJHQFHRIÀQDQFLDOVHUYLFHVDQGPRELOHWHFKQRORJ\ /LFHQVLQJ UHTXLUHPHQWV GR QRW FUHDWH LQVXUPRXQWDEOH EDUULHUV WR ODXQFKLQJ PRELOH EDQNLQJ VHU- YLFHVEXWHIIRUWVFDQEHPDGHWRVWUHDPOLQHDQGLPSURYHWKHHIÀFLHQF\RIDQ\OLFHQVLQJSURFHVVc 8JDQGD·VJXLGHOLQHVRXWOLQHWKHDSSURYDOSURFHGXUHIRUOLFHQVHDSSOLFDWLRQVDQGOLVWWKHGRFXPHQWV UHTXLUHG1ROHJDOIUDPHZRUNIRULVVXLQJGHFLVLRQVRQDSSOLFDWLRQVLVLQSODFH\HWKRZHYHU $VPRELOHEDQNLQJVHUYLFHVFRQWLQXHWRH[SDQGWKHLVVXHRILQWHURSHUDELOLW\³WKHDELOLW\WRWUDQVIHU HPRQH\IURPRQHPRELOHEDQNLQJVHUYLFHWRDQRWKHU³LVOLNHO\WREHFRPHLQFUHDVLQJO\LPSRUWDQW *RYHUQPHQWVFDQVHWVWDQGDUGVIRUWKHLQWHUFRQQHFWLRQRIPRELOHEDQNLQJSODWIRUPVRUDWWHPSWWR PDQGDWHLQWHUFRQQHFWLRQ%XWWKHSRWHQWLDOFRPSOH[LW\RIHQFRXUDJLQJRUPDQGDWLQJLQWHURSHUDELO- LW\QHHGVWREHZHLJKHGDJDLQVWWKHULVNRIVWLÁLQJLQQRYDWLRQDQGLQYHVWPHQWd8JDQGD·VJXLGHOLQHV UHTXLUH PRELOH PRQH\ VHUYLFH SURYLGHUV WR XVH V\VWHPV FDSDEOH RI EHFRPLQJ LQWHURSHUDEOH ZLWK RWKHUSD\PHQWV\VWHPVLQWKHFRXQWU\DQGLQWHUQDWLRQDOO\%XWQRFRQFUHWHVWDQGDUGVRUZRUNSODQV WRSURPRWHLQWHURSHUDELOLW\KDYHEHHQVSHFLÀHG :KLOHDPRUHFRPSUHKHQVLYHUHJXODWRU\IUDPHZRUNLVQHHGHG8JDQGD·VJXLGHOLQHVUHÁHFWWKHJRY- HUQPHQW·VHIIRUWWRSURYLGHFODULW\DQGFHUWDLQW\LQWKHUHJXODWLRQDQGVXSHUYLVLRQRIPRELOHEDQNLQJ DFWLYLWLHV ,WV HIIRUWV DUH VHQGLQJ SRVLWLYH VLJQDOV DQG VHUYH DV DQ LQWHULP PHDVXUH IRU HQDEOLQJ WKH PDUNHWRSHUDWLRQDQGJURZWK D,78 E,)&DQG*3), F+HUQDQGH]%HUQVWHLQDQG=LUNOH d. Ibid. PLFURÀQDQFHLQVWLWXWLRQV·KLJKHUH[SRVXUHLQ IRUPLFURÀQDQFHLQVWLWXWLRQVDQGLQRIWKHVH DJULFXOWXUHPLJKWMXVWLI\UHDVRQDEO\KLJKHUFDS- FRXQWULHV³(WKLRSLD8JDQGDDQG8NUDLQH³WKLV LWDODGHTXDF\UDWLRVIRUWKHVHLQVWLWXWLRQV Six UDWLR LV KLJKHU WKDQ WKH RQH IRU FRPPHUFLDO FRXQWULHVVHWDVSHFLÀFFDSLWDODGHTXDF\UDWLR EDQNV:KHQFDOFXODWLQJWKHFDSLWDODGHTXDF\ 32 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015 UDWLRFRXQWULHV 0R]DPELTXH1HSDODQGWKH ÀQDQFLDO LQVWLWXWLRQV 7KH 3KLOLSSLQHV UHTXLUHV 3KLOLSSLQHV DOORZDORZHUULVNZHLJKWIRUORDQV DOOEDQNVLQFOXGLQJUXUDODQGWKULIWEDQNVZLWK WRVPDOODQGPHGLXPVL]HHQWHUSULVHVWKDWPHHW PLFURÀQDQFHRSHUDWLRQVWRVHWDVLGHRI VSHFLÀFFRQGLWLRQVWKDQIRUJHQHUDOFRPPHUFLDO their loanable funds for the agricultural sector. loans.37 This process can encourage loans to DJULFXOWXUDOHQWHUSULVHVPDQ\RIZKLFKDUHLQ Next steps WKLVVL]HFDWHJRU\ This chapter presented the initial pilot results /RDQFODVVLÀFDWLRQDQGSURYLVLRQLQJUXOHVSUR- RIWKHPHDVXUHPHQWVRISROLF\DQGUHJXODWRU\ WHFW ÀQDQFLDO LQVWLWXWLRQV IURP SRWHQWLDO ORDQ FRQVWUDLQWVUHODWHGWRÀQDQFLDOFKDQQHOVRXWVLGH default risks.386WDQGDUGVIRUORDQFODVVLÀFDWLRQ RIFRQYHQWLRQDOEDQNEUDQFKHVFDWHJRULHVRI DQGWKHFRUUHVSRQGLQJSURYLVLRQLQJUDWHVDUH FROODWHUDO HVSHFLDOO\ UHOHYDQW IRU DJULFXOWXUDO VLPLODUDFURVVFRXQWULHV%XWUXOHVIRUFRPSXWLQJ HQWHUSULVHVDQGVPDOOKROGHUVZDUHKRXVHUHFHLSW WKH SURYLVLRQ DPRXQWV GLIIHU ,Q *XDWHPDOD V\VWHPVDQGUHJXODWLRQRIÀQDQFLDOLQVWLWXWLRQV 0RURFFR0R]DPELTXH5ZDQGD6SDLQDQG 7KHGDWDFROOHFWLRQFRQGXFWHGLQWKHÀUVW 8NUDLQHWKHFROODWHUDOYDOXHLVGHGXFWHGIURP SLORWFRXQWULHVVHUYHGDVDEDVHWREHWWHUXQ- QRQSHUIRUPLQJORDQVZKHQFDOFXODWLQJSURYL- GHUVWDQGKRZGLIIHUHQWO\WKHVDPHLVVXHVFDQ VLRQVZKLOHLQ(WKLRSLD1HSDOWKH3KLOLSSLQHV be regulated across the globe. DQG8JDQGDSURYLVLRQVDUHFDOFXODWHGRQWKH IXOODPRXQW0RUHRYHU(WKLRSLD*XDWHPDOD The next steps consist of building and deepen- 0RURFFR5ZDQGDDQG8NUDLQHKDYHVSHFLI- ing the scope of indicators in those areas where LF³PRVWO\ PRUH VWULQJHQW³SURYLVLRQLQJ UXOHV KLJKGLYHUVLW\DFURVVWKHHFRQRP\LVH[SHFWHG IRU PLFURILQDQFH LQVWLWXWLRQV )RU H[DPSOH DQG WKHUH DUH VLJQLÀFDQW SRWHQWLDO EHQHÀWV (WKLRSLDUHTXLUHVDKLJKHUSURYLVLRQLQJUDWHIRU IURPEHQFKPDUNLQJ,QGLFDWRUVZLOOFRYHUNH\ VXEVWDQGDUGORDQVRIPLFURÀQDQFHLQVWLWXWLRQV DUHDVWKDWLPSDFWWKHRSHUDWLRQVRIDUDQJHRI WKDQIRUWKRVHRIFRPPHUFLDOEDQNV*XDWHPDOD ÀQDQFLDOLQWHUPHGLDULHVHVSHFLDOO\WKRVHWKDW 0RURFFRDQG5ZDQGDUHTXLUHPLFURÀQDQFH DUH PRUH UHOHYDQW WR VPDOOKROGHUV 7KLV SLORW LQVWLWXWLRQVWRDSSO\VKRUWHUSHULRGVLQDUUHDUV FRYHUHGUHJXODWLRQVUHODWHGWRPLFURÀQDQFH ZKHQFODVVLI\LQJORDQV institutions under the data sets on prudential UHJXODWLRQZKLFKZLOOEHIXUWKHUGHYHORSHG$ :LWKWKHDLPRIHQVXULQJDGHTXDWHFUHGLWIRU UHJXODWRU\IUDPHZRUNZLWKDWLHUHGDSSURDFK DJULFXOWXUDODFWLYLWLHVVRPHJRYHUQPHQWVUH- will be expanded so as to be suitable for dif- TXLUHÀQDQFLDOLQVWLWXWLRQVWRDOORFDWHVSHFLÀF IHUHQW W\SHV RI ÀQDQFLDO LQWHUPHGLDULHV VXFK percentages of their loanable funds to agricul- DV L VXSHUYLVHGÀQDQFLDOLQWHUPHGLDULHV HJ WXUH:KLOHWKHVHPHDVXUHVPLJKWKHOSFKDQQHO PLFURÀQDQFH LQVWLWXWLRQV LL QRQVXSHUYLVHG H[WUDÀQDQFHWRDJULFXOWXUHWKH\WHQGWRKDYH ÀQDQFLDOLQWHUPHGLDULHV HJQRQJRYHUQPHQWDO GLVWRUWLYHHIIHFWVRQWKHÀQDQFLDOVHFWRULQWKH RUJDQL]DWLRQV DQG LLL ÀQDQFLDOFRRSHUDWLYHV long run.40 7KH\DUHSDUWLFXODUO\SUREOHPDWLF ,QGLFDWRUVZLOOH[DPLQHLIVXFKLQVWLWXWLRQVDUH ZKHQ WKH\ LQYROYH VXEVLGLHV SDLG RXW RI WKH DOORZHGDQGKRZVWULFWO\WKH\DUHUHJXODWHG VWDWHEXGJHWZKLFKPD\QRWEHVXVWDLQDEOHRU DQGVXSHUYLVHG2YHUO\UHVWULFWLYHFHLOLQJVRQ PD\FUHDWHSHUYHUVHLQFHQWLYHVLQWKHFRXQWU\ LQGLYLGXDO ORDQ VL]H DQG RQ WRWDO ORDQDEOH DWODUJH2QO\1HSDODQGWKH3KLOLSSLQHVLPSRVH IXQGV DUH H[DPSOHV RI FRPPRQ UHJXODWRU\ VXFK OHQGLQJ UHTXLUHPHQWV RQ FRPPHUFLDO PHDVXUHVWKDWFDQOLPLWWKHUXUDORXWUHDFKRI EDQNVPLFURÀQDQFHLQVWLWXWLRQVRUFRRSHUDWLYH ÀQDQFLDOVHUYLFHV ACCESSING FINANCIAL SERVICES | 2015 33 :KLOHWKHFXUUHQWSLORWFRYHUVUHJXODWRU\IUDPH- HPHUJLQJDUHDIRUDJULFXOWXUDOÀQDQFLQJ%DVHG ZRUNVIRUEUDQFKOHVVEDQNLQJVXFKDVDJHQW on attributes of successful warehouse receipt DQGPRELOHEDQNLQJWKHQH[WSLORWZLOODGGDQ V\VWHPVGDWDZLOOEHIXUWKHUUHÀQHGWRIRUPXODWH LQGLFDWRUVHWRQHOHFWURQLFPRQH\7KLVGDWD indicators. On the use of nontraditional collat- VHWZLOOFRPSOHPHQWWKHPRELOHEDQNLQJGDWD HUDOWKHFXUUHQWDFFHVVLQJÀQDQFLDOVHUYLFHV DOUHDG\FROOHFWHGDQGH[SDQGWKHVFRSHE\ subtopic includes a data subset that the Doing ORRNLQJDWWKHUXOHVWKDWEXVLQHVVHVPXVWFRPSO\ Business Getting Credit-Legal Rights Indicator ZLWKWRLVVXHHOHFWURQLFPRQH\WKURXJKPRELOH PHDVXUHV+HQFHIRUWKHQH[WURXQGRISLORWV SKRQHVSUHSDLGFDUGVRUWKURXJKWKH,QWHUQHW WKHWHDPZLOOFRRUGLQDWHZLWKWKHDoing Business WHDPLQLQWHJUDWLQJVRPHNH\TXHVWLRQVLQWKH $VWKHSURMHFWH[SDQGVLWVFRYHUDJHWRPRUH current Getting Credit-Legal Rights indicators FRXQWULHV HIIRUWV ZLOO EH PDGH WR ÀQG JRRG WKDWDUHRISDUWLFXODUUHOHYDQFHIRUVPDOOKROGHU SUDFWLFHV LQ ZDUHKRXVH UHFHLSW V\VWHPV³DQ IDUPHUV Notes 7KHXQGHUO\LQJUHVHDUFKDQGGHVLJQRIWKHDFFHVVLQJ ,)&3HUIRUPDQFHJXDUDQWHHVPDLQO\UHIHUWR ÀQDQFLDOVHUYLFHVWRSLFEHQHÀWHGIURPYDOXDEOH ERQGVLQGHPQLW\LQVXUDQFHSROLF\DQGVRRQ FRPPHQWVSURYLGHGE\&DUORV&XHYDV*LVHOD'DYLFR *LRYDQQXFFL9DUDQJLVDQG/DUVRQ /DFURL[DQG 5HQDWH.ORHSSLQJHU+HDWKHU$QQH0LOOHU$MDL1DLU5R\ 9DUDQJLV 3DUL]DW6KDOLQL6DQNDUDQDUD\DQ3DXOD6DYDQWL0DNLNR 28 Drew 2013. 7R\RGDDQG3DQD\RWLV9DUDQJLV :RUOG%DQNI *LUDELDQG0ZDNDMH 'DOEHUJ&LWL)RXQGDWLRQDQG6NROO)RXQGDWLRQ *UHXQLQJ*DOODUGRDQG5DQGKDZD ,)&DQG*3), /HGJHUZRRGDQG:KLWH &RIIH\ &XOO'HPLUJo.XQWDQG0RUGXFK &RYDULDQWULVNUHIHUVWRULVNWKDWDIIHFWVPDQ\IDUPV *UHXQLQJ*DOODUGRDQG5DQGKDZD RUKRXVHKROGVLQRQHDUHDDWWKHVDPHWLPH7\SLFDO 3OHDVHQRWHWKDWWKHFDSLWDODGHTXDF\UDWLRLVYHU\ H[DPSOHVRIFRYDULDQWULVNDUHQDWXUDOGLVDVWHUV GLIIHUHQWIURPWKHFDSLWDOPLQLPXPUHTXLUHPHQWWR HSLGHPLFVDQGSULFHVKRFNV VWDUWDÀQDQFLDOLQVWLWXWLRQ,WLVWKHUDWLRRIDÀQDQFLDO :RUOG%DQN LQVWLWXWLRQ·VFRUHFDSLWDOWRWKHLWVULVNZHLJKWHGDVVHW &*$3DQG,)$' &RUHFDSLWDOFRQVLVWVSULPDULO\RIFRPPRQVWRFN ,)&DQG*3), DQGGLVFORVHGUHVHUYHV RUUHWDLQHGHDUQLQJV EXW $OH[DQGUH0DVDQG5DGFOLIIH PD\DOVRLQFOXGHQRQUHGHHPDEOHQRQFXPXODWLYH $PPDUDQG$KPHG SUHIHUUHGVWRFN5LVNZHLJKWHGDVVHWLVDEDQN·VDVVHWV 10 Hoellinger 2011. RURIIEDODQFHVKHHWH[SRVXUHVZHLJKWHGDFFRUGLQJ $OH[DQGUH0DVDQG5DGFOLIIH to risk. $OYDUH]GHOD&DPSD -DQVVRQDQG:HQQHU %HUHQEDFKDQG&KXUFKLOO $OH[DQGUH0DVDQG5DGFOLIIH /\PDQ,YDWXU\DQG6WDVFKHQ 7KHGHÀQLWLRQRIVPDOODQGPHGLXPVL]HHQWHUSULVH &*$3 ORDQVYDULHVDFURVVFRXQWULHV&RQGLWLRQVWRTXDOLI\IRU $OH[DQGUH0DVDQG5DGFOLIIH ORZHUULVNZHLJKWLQFOXGHGLYHUVLÀFDWLRQZDUUDQWLQJ &*$3 DQGORZLQGLYLGXDOYDOXHVWDQGDUGV 6DIDYLDQ)OHLVLJDQG6WHLQEXNV /HPLHX[DQG6SRQJ /RDQFODVVLÀFDWLRQUHÁHFWV $OYDUH]GHOD&DPSD WKHULVNDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHSHUIRUPDQFHRIVSHFLÀF ,)&DQG*3), ORDQV3URYLVLRQLQJUXOHVHVWDEOLVKWKHUHVRXUFHVWKDW 21 Nair and Kloeppinger-Todd 2004. ÀQDQFLDOLQVWLWXWLRQVPXVWVHWDVLGHWRFRYHUSRWHQWLDO )OHLVLJ6DIDYLDQDQGGHOD3HxD ORVVHVIURPQRQSHUIRUPLQJORDQV /RYHHWDO &UHGLWLQVWLWXWLRQVLQ8NUDLQHGHFLGHIRUWKHPVHOYHVRQ &RXOWHUDQG2QXPDK:DUHKRXVHUHFHLSWV DSODQWRIRUPUHVHUYHV³ZKLFKFDQQRWH[FHHG DUHLVVXHGE\ZDUHKRXVHRSHUDWRUVDVHYLGHQFH RIWKHDJJUHJDWHGHEW³DQGFODVVLI\WKHGHEWXVLQJ WKDWWKHSHUVRQRUÀUPWKH\QDPHKDVGHSRVLWHG different criteria. FRPPRGLWLHVRIDVSHFLÀHGTXDQWLW\DQGTXDOLW\DWD ,)&DQG*3), particular location. (%5' 34 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015 Strengthening seed systems A farmer in northern Rwanda’s Gagenke district, Mugawaneza has grown maize on her half hectare of farmland for more than a decade. Two years ago she persuaded other farmers in her village to consolidate their land DQGSDUWLFLSDWHLQWKH1DWLRQDO&URS,QWHQVLÀFDWLRQ3URJUDP1 Mugawaneza and the other farmers were given improved seed2 and fertilizer as well as training in good agricultural practices. Thanks in large part to the improved maize variety, their production rose substantially—and now the farmers are able to sell more than half their harvest in the local market. Before, they only occasionally had surplus to sell after feeding their families. The improved variety also needs less rainfall and can be harvested in 90 days rather than the traditional 120 to 150 days. ,PSURYHGVHHGLQFUHDVHVDJULFXOWXUHSURGXF- 6HHGDFFHVVLELOLW\DQGDYDLODELOLW\WRIDUPHUV WLYLW\DQGSURÀWDELOLW\$PRQJRWKHUEHQHÀWV DUHGHWHUPLQHGE\PDQ\IDFWRUVLQFOXGLQJD LPSURYHG VHHG RIIHUV IDUPHUV EHWWHU TXDOLW\ FRXQWU\·VFURSEUHHGLQJV\VWHPVLQVWLWXWLRQDO production and resistance to plant pests and DQGRUJDQL]DWLRQDODUUDQJHPHQWVDVZHOODV diseases.3 And its use can account for up to WKHVRFLRHFRQRPLFFRQGLWLRQVRIIDUPHUV In RI WKH SRWHQWLDO LQFUHDVH LQ FURS \LHOGV DGGLWLRQVWXGLHVLGHQWLI\PXOWLSOHSROLF\DQG $JURQRPLFSUDFWLFHVLQFOXGLQJLUULJDWLRQDQG UHJXODWRU\REVWDFOHVWKDWFRQWULEXWHWRWKHORZ IHUWLOL]HUDFFRXQWIRUWKHRWKHUKDOI4 XVDJHRILPSURYHGVHHGE\IDUPHUV$PRQJ WKHPDUHWKHVHHGVHFWRU·VODFNRIFRPSHWLWLRQ ,QFUHDVLQJWKHDYDLODELOLW\DQGXVHRILPSURYHG EXUGHQVRPH À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ÀUPVLQWKHVHFWRU SURGXFWLRQ³DEOHWRVXSSO\IRRGWRWKHJURZLQJ XUEDQPDUNHWZKLOHJHQHUDWLQJQHHGHGLQFRPH *RYHUQPHQWVKDYHRIWHQH[HUFLVHGDQXQXVX- IRUVPDOOSURGXFHUV DO GHJUHH RI FRQWURO RYHU WKH VHHG LQGXVWU\ STRENGTHENING SEED SYSTEMS | 2015 35 MXVWLI\LQJWKLVDVDZD\WRHQVXUHWKDWIDUPHUV UHJXODWRU\ IUDPHZRUN WKDW HQFRXUDJHV DQG KDYHDFFHVVWRVHHG+RZHYHUWRRRIWHQWKH VXSSRUWVWKHJURZWKRIDSULYDWHVHHGVHFWRU SXEOLFVHFWRUFRQWLQXHVWRSOD\DGRPLQDQWUROH 7KH SXEOLF VHFWRU PD\ VWLOO SOD\ D UROH LQ WKH LQGHYHORSLQJDQGPDLQWDLQLQJYDULHWLHVDQG VWUHQJWKHQLQJRIVHHGV\VWHPVLQDUHDVZKHUH WLJKWO\FRQWUROVDVSHFWVRIYDULHW\UHJLVWUDWLRQ SULYDWHHQWHUSULVHVDUHOHVVDFWLYH³VXSSRUWLQJ DQGVHHGFHUWLÀFDWLRQ76WXGLHVKDYHVKRZQWKDW SODQWEUHHGLQJDQGWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIRUSKDQ H[FHVVLYHSXEOLFLQWHUYHQWLRQLQPDQ\RIWKHVH FURSV DQG QHZ RSHQSROOLQDWHG YDULHWLHV RI SURFHVVHVDGGVXQQHFHVVDU\FRVWVDQGGHOD\V staple food crops.10$VUHJXODWRUVJRYHUQPHQWV WRWKHUHOHDVHRIQHZYDULHWLHVDQGSURGXFWLRQ FDQ SOD\ D SRVLWLYH UROH HOLPLQDWLQJ PDUNHW RIKLJKTXDOLW\VHHGUHGXFLQJWKHLUDIIRUGDELOLW\ IDLOXUHVDQGVHWWLQJWKHQRUPVWKDWFDQIDFLOLWDWH DQGDYDLODELOLW\IRUIDUPHUV8 ,Q(WKLRSLDIRUH[- WKHLQWURGXFWLRQRIQHZYDULHWLHV)RUH[DPSOH DPSOHWKHSXEOLFVHHGHQWHUSULVH·VSURGXFWLRQ 3HUXVDZLWVVHHGVHFWRUJURZIURPSULYDWH PRQRSRO\KDVUHVXOWHGLQSHUVLVWHQWVKRUWDJHVRI VHHG FRPSDQLHV DQG SDUDVWDWDOV WR PRUH LQLWLDOVHHGFODVVHVSXWWLQJLPSURYHGYDULHWLHV WKDQSULYDWHHQWHUSULVHVLQ\HDUVWKDQNVWR EH\RQGWKHUHDFKRIVPDOOKROGHUVDQGHYHQ FULWLFDOUHJXODWRU\UHIRUPWKDWDOORZHGWKLUGSDUW\ VRPHODUJHUDJULEXVLQHVVHV ÀJXUH FHUWLÀFDWLRQ$SXEOLFSULYDWHSDUWQHUVKLSDOVR established 8 regional seed centers. %RWKDSULPDU\LQSXWIRUDJULFXOWXUHDQGDOLYLQJ RUJDQLVPVHHGUHTXLUHVXSWRGDWHSROLFLHVDQG 7KHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RIVPDUWUHJXODWLRQFDQ UHJXODWLRQVZLWKDVWURQJVFLHQWLÀFIRXQGDWLRQ HQFRXUDJHWKHGHYHORSPHQWRISULYDWHVHHG 7KHUHLVDJHQHUDOFRQVHQVXVWKDWWKHGHYHORS- HQWHUSULVHVDQGFUHDWHDWKULYLQJVHHGVHFWRU PHQWRIDYLEUDQWVHHGLQGXVWU\UHTXLUHVDVHHG ZLWKQXPHURXVVHHGHQWHUSULVHVRIDOOVL]HV11 A FIGURE 5.1: In Ethiopia, demand for basic seed for the multiplication of hybrid maize regularly exceeds supply 900 782 800 730 700 600 Metric tons 500 400 313 300 243 249 222 200 118 102 115 100 52 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Quantity supplied Quantity demand Source: World Bank 2012b. 1RWH %DVLFRUIRXQGDWLRQVHHGLVVHHGSURGXFHGXQGHUWKHPDLQWDLQHU·VUHVSRQVLELOLW\DFFRUGLQJWRWKHJHQHUDOO\DFFHSWHG SUDFWLFHVIRUWKHPDLQWHQDQFHRIWKHYDULHW\,WLVLQWHQGHGIRUWKHSURGXFWLRQRIFHUWLÀHGVHHG 36 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015 JRRG UHJXODWRU\ VWUXFWXUH IRU VHHG FDQ VSXU PHFKDQLVPV DUH OHJDOO\ UHTXLUHG IRU LQQRYDWLRQDQGPD[LPL]HDFFHVVWRSURGXFWLYH VHHG WR EH VROG :KHUH FHUWLÀFDWLRQ LV JHQHWLFUHVRXUFHVDOORZLQJIDUPHUVWRDFFHVVDQ PDQGDWRU\WKHGDWDPHDVXUHWKHSUR- LQFUHDVHGQXPEHURIQHZYDULHWLHVDQGDGGUHVV FHGXUHV DQG FRVW WR FHUWLI\ ORFDOO\ SUR- WKHQHHGVRIIDUPHUVLQUHPRWHHFRORJLFDODUHDV duced seed. WKDWPD\QRWEHQHÀWIURPWKHZLGHO\DYDLODEOH FRPPHUFLDOYDULHWLHV12 International and regional seed trade. 7KHVHGDWDH[DPLQHDVSHFWVRIPRYLQJ What strengthening seed systems VHHG DFURVV QDWLRQDO ERUGHUV LQFOXGLQJ data focuses on ZKHWKHUDFRXQWU\LVSDUW\WRDUHJLRQDO VFKHPHIRUKDUPRQL]DWLRQRIVHHGUHJX- 6WUHQJWKHQLQJVHHGV\VWHPVGDWDDUHDUHVSRQVH lations and whether it adheres to inter- WRWKHQHHGWRLQFUHDVHLPSURYHGVHHGXVH QDWLRQDOFHUWLÀFDWLRQVWDQGDUGVIRUVHHG &RPELQLQJPHDVXUHVRISROLFLHVODZVDQGUHJ- LPSRUWDQGH[SRUW XODWLRQVWKHGDWDVHHNWRLGHQWLI\WKHREVWDFOHV DIIHFWLQJWKHWLPHO\LQWURGXFWLRQDQGSURGXFWLRQ What the initial pilot results show RIKLJKTXDOLW\VHHGIURPIRUPDOVRXUFHV13 Data include the following: 7KHGHYHORSPHQWRIDVHHGV\VWHPVLPLODUWR WKHDJULFXOWXUDOVHFWRULWVHOISDVVHVWKURXJKGLV- 1. The regulatory framework for seed. These tinct stages.(DFKVWDJHLVFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\D GDWD H[DPLQH SROLFLHV ODZV DQG UHJXOD- VSHFLÀFGHYHORSPHQWSKDVHRIWKHUHJXODWRU\ WLRQVJRYHUQLQJWKHVHHGVHFWRUVXFKDV IUDPHZRUNWKHSULYDWHVHFWRUDQGWKHXSWDNHRI WKH VHHG ODZ DQG LQWHOOHFWXDO SURSHUW\ LPSURYHGYDULHWLHVE\IDUPHUV:KHQGHYHORSHG ULJKWVLQFOXGLQJUHFHQWUHJXODWRU\UHIRUPV WKHVWUHQJWKHQLQJVHHGV\VWHPVLQGLFDWRUVZLOO LGHQWLI\SROLF\DQGUHJXODWRU\EDUULHUVDIIHFWLQJ 2. Requirements for the evaluation and WKHHIÀFLHQWDQGWLPHO\UHOHDVHRIQHZYDULHWLHV registration of new varieties. These data DQGKLJKOLJKWREVWDFOHVDIIHFWLQJWKHDYDLODELOLW\ FRYHU WKH OHJDOO\ PDQGDWHG SURFHVVHV RIKLJKTXDOLW\VHHGIRUIDUPHUVVRDVWRSURYLGH IRULQWURGXFLQJDYDULHW\LQWRWKHGRPHV- DEDVHOLQHIRUGLVFXVVLRQZLWKSROLF\PDNHUV WLFPDUNHW7KHGDWDH[DPLQHZKHWKHUD QDWLRQDO YDULHW\ FDWDORJXH H[LVWV PHD- Most countries have seed laws but many VXUHWKHVWHSVDQGFRVWWRHYDOXDWHDQG still lack seed intellectual property rights UHJLVWHU D YDULHW\ DQG LGHQWLI\ ZKHWKHU WKHSULYDWHVHFWRULVLQFOXGHGLQWKHYDUL- 5HVHDUFKLQFRXQWULHVWKDWKDYHDUREXVWVHHG HW\UHOHDVHFRPPLWWHH VHFWRU ZLWK D KLJK WXUQRYHU RI QHZ YDULHWLHV VXJJHVWV WKDW RQH NH\ WR WKLV LV D OHJDO DQG 3. Availability of initial seed classes. These UHJXODWRU\IUDPHZRUNWKDWIRFXVHVRQSURYLGLQJ GDWD ORRN DW ZKHWKHU SULYDWH HQWHUSULV- DGHTXDWHFHUWDLQW\DERXWVHHGUHJXODWLRQZKLOH es are eligible to produce breeder or DOVRFUHDWLQJWKHQHFHVVDU\FRQGLWLRQVIRUWKH pre-basic seed and foundation or basic GHYHORSPHQWRISULYDWHVHHGHQWHUSULVHV7KH VHHGIRUWKHGRPHVWLFPDUNHW14 EURDGFRQVHQVXVLVWKDWWKHVHREMHFWLYHVFDQ EHDFKLHYHGWKURXJKDUXOHVEDVHGVWUXFWXUHG 4. Seed quality control requirements. These SROLF\IUDPHZRUNZLWKLPSOHPHQWHGUHJXODWLRQV GDWDORRNDWZKLFKVHHGTXDOLW\FRQWURO that are clear and enforceable. STRENGTHENING SEED SYSTEMS | 2015 37 6HHGSROLFLHVJXLGHWKHVHFWRU·VGHYHORSPHQW UHJXODWLRQLGHQWLÀHVWKHFRPSHWHQWDXWKRULWLHV $QDWLRQDOVHHGSROLF\GRFXPHQW³RXWOLQLQJWKH VHWVRXWSURKLELWLRQVDQGREOLJDWLRQVVWLSXODWHV JRYHUQPHQW·VSODQIRUWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIWKH UHJLVWUDWLRQDQGVHHGSURGXFWLRQV\VWHPVDQG FRXQWU\·VVHHGVHFWRU³EHFRPHVSDUWLFXODUO\ GHÀQHVRWKHUTXDOLW\UHTXLUHPHQWV It generates LPSRUWDQWZKHQWKHVHHGV\VWHPLVGHYHORSLQJ DQHQDEOLQJHQYLURQPHQWIRUWKHGHYHORSPHQW DQGEHFRPLQJPRUHGLYHUVH176XFKDSROLF\ RIVHHGHQWHUSULVHVRIDQ\VFDOHDQGHQVXUHV SURYLGHVJXLGHOLQHVRQWKHVHHGVHFWRURSHU- WKH WLPHO\ LQWURGXFWLRQ RI QHZ YDULHWLHV DQG ation and details the roles and responsibilities KLJKTXDOLW\VHHG+RZHYHUVHHGODZVQHHG RIWKHJRYHUQPHQWSULYDWHVHHGHQWHUSULVHV WREHXSGDWHGWRUHÁHFWSROLF\SULRULWLHVDQG VHHGUHVHDUFKLQVWLWXWLRQVIDUPHUVDQGRWKHUV WKH QHHGV RI IDUPHUV WKH VHHG LQGXVWU\ DQG 7KHSROLF\DOVRQHHGVWRLQFOXGHDSODQIRUSUR- RWKHUVWDNHKROGHUV³DQGWRSURYLGHWKHQHF- PRWLQJWKHXVHRIKLJKTXDOLW\VHHGE\IDUPHUV HVVDU\VDIHJXDUGVWRHQVXUHKLJKTXDOLW\VHHG DQGFOHDUO\GHÀQHWKHJRYHUQPHQW·VSRVLWLRQ standards. RQWKHPDUNHWLQJRIVHHGE\DGGUHVVLQJVXFK LVVXHVDVSULFLQJVXEVLGLHVDGHDOHUQHWZRUNDQG $PRQJWKHSLORWFRXQWULHVVWXGLHGERWK(WKLRSLD FUHGLW ER[ 18$PRQJWKHSLORWFRXQWULHV DQG0R]DPELTXHUHIRUPHGWKHLUVHHGUHJX- (WKLRSLD0RURFFR1HSDODQG5ZDQGDKDYHD ODWLRQVLQ(WKLRSLDUHSODFHGLWV\HDU VHHGSROLF\GRFXPHQWZKLOH*XDWHPDODDQG ROG6HHG3URFODPDWLRQZLWKDQHZRQH20 that 8JDQGDKDYHDSROLF\LQGHYHORSPHQW DLPVDWRSHQLQJWKHVHHGVHFWRU2EMHFWLYHV LQFOXGHVLPSOLI\LQJYDULHW\UHOHDVHE\DOORZLQJ %H\RQGHVWDEOLVKLQJDVHHGSROLF\UHJXODWRU\ FHUWDLQYDULHWLHVWREHUHJLVWHUHGZLWKOLPLWHG UHIRUPVXSGDWHDVHHGV\VWHP$FRXQWU\·VVHHG UHTXLUHPHQWVDQGVWUHDPOLQLQJVHHGFHUWLÀFDWLRQ 6WUDWHJLHVWRLQFUHDVHWKHSURGXFWLRQRIFHUWLÀHGVHHGLQ0RURFFR BOX 5.1: and Guatemala 7RLQFUHDVHDYDLODEOHFHUWLÀHGVHHGVRPHJRYHUQPHQWVDQGRUJDQL]DWLRQVKDYHEHHQLQYHVWLQJLQH[- SDQGLQJWKHQXPEHURIVHHGPXOWLSOLHUV)RUH[DPSOHDVSDUWRILWVQDWLRQDOSODQWRERRVWDJULFXOWXUDO SURGXFWLRQE\³NQRZQDVPlan Maroc Vert *UHHQ0RURFFR3ODQ ³WKH0RURFFDQJRYHUQPHQW LVRIIHULQJVXEVLGLHVWRSULYDWHLQYHVWRUVWRFUHDWHVHHGDJJUHJDWLRQSURMHFWVWREULQJVHHGSURGXFHUV together.a7KHVHHGSURGXFHUVDUHHLWKHUJLYHQWKHLQSXWV VHHGDQGIHUWLOL]HU E\WKHDJJUHJDWRURU JLYHQKHOSLQREWDLQLQJDORDQWRSXUFKDVHWKHLQSXWV3URGXFHUVWKDWMRLQWKHDJJUHJDWLRQSURMHFW DOVREHQHÀWIURPVXEVLGLHVRQWKHSXUFKDVHRIPDFKLQHU\,Q*XDWHPDODWKH)RRGDQG$JULFXOWXUH 2UJDQL]DWLRQ )$2 RIWKH8QLWHG1DWLRQVVWDUWHGDQLQLWLDWLYH³6HHGIRU'HYHORSPHQW³LQIXQG- HGE\WKH6SDQLVKJRYHUQPHQW7KHSURMHFWWDXJKWVPDOOIDUPHURUJDQL]DWLRQVKRZWRSURGXFHFHU- WLÀHGPDL]HDQGNLGQH\EHDQVHHG$QDOOLDQFHZDVIRUPHGZLWKWKH,QVWLWXWHRI$JULFXOWXUDO6FLHQFH DQG 7HFKQRORJ\ WKH QDWLRQDO UHVHDUFK LQVWLWXWH WKDW SURGXFHV EUHHGHU VHHG DQG WKH 0LQLVWU\ RI $JULFXOWXUHWRJXDUDQWHHWKHFHUWLÀFDWLRQSURFHVV7KHLQLWLDWLYHSURGXFHGRYHUNLORJUDPVRI FHUWLÀHG PDL]H VHHG GXULQJ LWV LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ IURP WR VXSSO\LQJ DSSUR[LPDWHO\ VPDOOIDUPHUVb $QGWKHDFWLYLWLHVFUHDWHGDQHVWLPDWHGMREVIRUGD\ODERUHUVc )RUGHWDLOVRQ3ODQ0DURF9HUWVHH´)LOLqUH6HPHQFLqUHµ0RURFFDQ0LQLVWU\RI$JULFXOWXUHDQG0DULWLPH)LVKLQJKWWS ZZZ D DJULFXOWXUHJRYPDSDJHVDFFHVÀOOLHUHVÀOLHUHVHPHQFLHUH b. FAO 2013b. F,QWHUYLHZZLWK)$2*XDWHPDOD1RYHPEHU 38 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015 SURFHGXUHV 0R]DPELTXH DOVR UHSODFHG LWV UHOHDVHGIURPUHDFKLQJWKHPDUNHWLQWLPHIRU 2001 seed decree with a new one21WKDWUHYLVHV the new crop season. UHTXLUHPHQWVIRUVHHGSURGXFWLRQWUDGHDQG TXDOLW\ FRQWURO WR FRPSO\ ZLWK WKH 6RXWKHUQ Enabling the Business of Agriculture found a $IULFDQ'HYHORSPHQW&RPPXQLW\ 6$'& VHHG UDQJHRIUHTXLUHPHQWVIRUWKHUHJLVWUDWLRQHYDO- SURWRFROUHTXLUHPHQWV7KHGHFUHHDOVRDLPVWR XDWLRQDQGWHVWLQJRIVHHGYDULHWLHV(LJKWRIWKH ease the public sector burden during the seed SLORWFRXQWULHVUHTXLUHUHJLVWUDWLRQRIDOOIRRG FHUWLÀ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rieties.22)LYHRIWKHSLORWFRXQWULHVKDYHSODQW DQ\WHVWLQJRWKHUWKDQLWVRZQ,Q(WKLRSLDDQG YDULHW\ SURWHFWLRQ ODZV ZKLOH *XDWHPDOD 0R]DPELTXH'86WHVWLQJKDVEHHQUHTXLUHG 0R]DPELTXH 1HSDO 5ZDQGD DQG 8JDQGD VLQFH EXW LV QRW \HW IXOO\ LPSOHPHQWHG GRQRWKDYHODZV,Q8JDQGDWKH3ODQW 7KHQXPEHURIFURSVHDVRQVUHTXLUHGIRU9&8 9DULHW\3URWHFWLRQ$FWLVDZDLWLQJWKHSUHVLGHQW·V WHVWVYDULHVDFURVVFRXQWULHVHYHQIRUWKHVDPH VLJQDWXUHZKLOHLQ0R]DPELTXHWKH&RXQFLORI FURS WDEOH ,Q(WKLRSLDIRUH[DPSOHZKHDW 0LQLVWHUVDSSURYHGWKHQHZ5HJXODWLRQIRUWKH WHVWLQJWDNHVVHDVRQVZKLOHLWWDNHVVHDVRQV 3URWHFWLRQRI3ODQW9DULHWLHVLQ0DUFK8WLOLW\ LQ6SDLQDQG0RURFFR7KHQXPEHURIORFDWLRQV SDWHQWVDUHFXUUHQWO\XVHGWRSURWHFWEUHHGHU·V ZKHUH WHVWLQJ PXVW EH GRQH DOVR ÁXFWXDWHV ULJKWVLQ*XDWHPDOD JUHDWO\$QH[FHVVLYHDPRXQWRIORFDWLRQVPD\ OLPLWWKHYDULHWLHVWKDWDVHHGHQWHUSULVHLQWUR- Costs and testing requirements across GXFHVDVWKHYDULHW\PD\RQO\EHVXLWHGIRUD countries for the evaluation and VPDOOHUQXPEHURIDJURHFRORJLFDOUHJLRQV9&8 registration of new varieties reduce WHVWLQJPXVWEHGRQHLQORFDWLRQVLQ8JDQGD outcomes IRUH[DPSOHDQGXSWRLQ8NUDLQH 7KHWLPHO\UHOHDVHRIQHZVHHGYDULHWLHVLQWR 7R VSHHG XS HYDOXDWLRQ SURFHGXUHV DQG UH- WKH PDUNHW KHOSV HQVXUH WKDW IDUPHUV KDYH GXFHWKHWLPHUHTXLUHGIRUUHOHDVLQJDYDULHW\ DFFHVVWRWKHODWHVWVHHGWHFKQRORJ\DQGWKDW UHJXODWLRQVPD\DOORZWKHSXEOLFDXWKRULW\WR WKHUHLVDGHTXDWHUHQHZDORIYDULHWLHV0RVW DFFHSWWHVWGDWDIURPWKHEUHHGHUDVRIÀFLDO JRYHUQPHQWVHVWDEOLVKFRQWUROV\VWHPVIRUHYDO- WHVWUHVXOWV$PRQJWKHSLORWFRXQWULHVRQO\LQ XDWLQJQHZYDULHWLHVWRHQVXUHWKDWWKRVHPDGH *XDWHPDODGRHVWKHODZDOORZWKLVSUDFWLFH DYDLODEOHWRIDUPHUVSHUIRUPZHOO%XWLQPDQ\ 8JDQGDLVIROORZLQJDVLPLODUSUDFWLFHIRU'86 FRXQWULHVWKHVHFRQWUROVFDQEHVRFRVWO\DQG WHVWLQJEHFDXVHRIDODFNRIFDSDFLW\DWWKH WLPHFRQVXPLQJWKDWÀUPVOLPLWWKHQXPEHURI SXEOLFDXWKRULW\WKH1DWLRQDO6HHG&HUWLÀFDWLRQ YDULHWLHVWKH\VXEPLWIRUUHJLVWUDWLRQ23 And the 6HUYLFHV 16&6 :KLOHWKH16&6LVVXSSRVHG UHG WDSH FDQ SUHYHQW WKH YDULHWLHV WKDW DUH WRFRQGXFWSHUIRUPDQFHWULDOVLQSUDFWLFHWKH STRENGTHENING SEED SYSTEMS | 2015 39 TABLE 5.1:&URSVHDVRQVUHTXLUHGIRUHYDOXDWLRQDQGUHJLVWUDWLRQRIFHUHDOYDULHW\ Ethiopia a Guatemala Morocco 0R]DPELTXH Nepal Spain Uganda Ukraine Topic (wheat) (maize) (wheat) (maize) (maize) (wheat) (maize) (maize) Number of crop seasons for DUS n.a. n.a. 2 n.a.b 2 2 2 3 testing Number of crop seasons for VCU 3 n.a. 2 2 2 2 2 3 testing Are applicant data accepted No Yesc No Yes Yes Yes Yes No DVRIÀFLDOGDWD" Source: Enabling the Business of Agriculture database. 1RWH 7KHWDEOHH[FOXGHVWKH3KLOLSSLQHVEHFDXVHUHJLVWUDWLRQLVQRWPDQGDWRU\LQWKDWFRXQWU\,WH[FOXGHV5ZDQGDEHFDXVHWKH SURFHVVHVSUHVFULEHGE\WKHPLQLVWHULDORUGHUVIRUYDULHW\HYDOXDWLRQDQGUHOHDVHZHUHQRWRSHUDWLRQDODWWKHWLPHRIGDWD FROOHFWLRQQD QRWDSSOLFDEOH '86 GLVWLQFWLYHQHVVXQLIRUPLW\DQGVWDELOLW\ 9&8 YDOXHIRUFXOWLYDWLRQRUXVH 'DWDLVFXUUHQWDVRI0DUFKSHQGLQJWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRI(WKLRSLD·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breeders are running the trials and NSCS accepts IHHVDWDPLQLPXP³VRDVWRHQFRXUDJHVPDOO WKHLUWHVWUHVXOWVIRUWKHHYDOXDWLRQ0R]DPELTXH DQGPHGLXPVL]HFRPSDQLHVWRHQWHUWKHVHHG LVIROORZLQJDVLPLODUSUDFWLFHIRU9&8WHVWLQJ sector. allowing the seed enterprise to conduct the WHVWLQJDQGWKHQVKDULQJWKHUHVXOWVDVRIÀFLDO $PRQJ WKH SLORW FRXQWULHVWKDWUHTXLUHHYDO- data. XDWLRQDQGUHJLVWUDWLRQIHHV8NUDLQHKDVWKH KLJKHVWFRVWIRUHYDOXDWLRQDQGYDULHW\UHOHDVH +LJKFRVWVIRUHYDOXDWLRQDQGYDULHW\UHOHDVH RILWVPRVWSURGXFHGFHUHDO³WKHFRVWLV FDQGLVFRXUDJHSULYDWHHQWHUSULVHVIURPWU\LQJ RILQFRPHSHUFDSLWD³IROORZHGE\8JDQGD WRLQWURGXFHQHZYDULHWLHV6WXGLHVKDYHVKRZQ ZKHUHLWLVRILQFRPHSHUFDSLWD7KHFRVW WKDWEUHHGHUVOLPLWWKHYDULHWLHVVXEPLWWHGIRU LVRILQFRPHSHUFDSLWDLQ0RURFFRDQG RIÀFLDOUHOHDVHWRWKRVHOLNHO\WRSHUIRUPZHOOLQDOO RILQFRPHSHUFDSLWDLQ6SDLQ*XDWHPDOD test locations. This practice contributes to a shift KDVWKHORZHVWFRVWDWRILQFRPHSHUFDSLWD LQEUHHGLQJSULRULWLHVIDYRULQJZLGHO\DGDSWHG ÀJXUH YDULHWLHVRYHUWKRVHVXLWHGWRWKHGLYHUVHFKDUDF- WHULVWLFVRIPRVWVPDOOVFDOHIDUPHUV·FRQGLWLRQV24 7KHYDULHW\UHOHDVHFRPPLWWHHLVWKHÀQDOTXDOLW\ 0RUHRYHUORQJFRVWO\SURFHVVHVIRUHYDOXDWLRQ DVVXUDQFHPHFKDQLVPWKDWUHYLHZVDQHZYDUL- DQGYDULHW\UHOHDVHKDYHWKHJUHDWHVWLPSDFW HW\IRULQFOXVLRQLQWKHQDWLRQDOFDWDORJXHDQG RQVPDOODQGPHGLXPVL]HHQWHUSULVHVZKLFK UHOHDVHLQWRWKHPDUNHW7KLVFRPPLWWHH·VGLYHUVH FRQWLQXDOO\QHHGQHZYDULHWLHVWRFRPSHWHLQ UHSUHVHQWDWLRQIURPERWKWKHSXEOLFDQGSULYDWH WKHPDUNHWDQGVWD\LQEXVLQHVV5HVHDUFKVXJ- VHFWRUKHOSVHQVXUHWKDWNH\VHHGVHFWRUDFWRUV JHVWVWKDWRQHZD\WRLQFUHDVHWKHÁRZRIQHZ SDUWLFLSDWHLQWKHGHFLVLRQPDNLQJ1LQHRIWKH VHHGYDULHWLHVWRIDUPHUVLQGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHV SLORWFRXQWULHVKDYHDQRIÀFLDOYDULHW\UHOHDVH 40 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015 FIGURE 5.2: Cost for evaluation and variety release is highest in Ukraine and Uganda in percentage of income per capita 70 60.0 60 50 40 30 28.0 20 15.8 9.9 10 Freea 2.0 Free 0 Ethiopia Guatemala Morocco Nepal Spain Uganda Ukraine (wheat) (maize) (wheat) (maize) (wheat) (maize) (wheat) Source: Enabling the Business of Agriculture database. 1RWH 7KHÀJXUHH[FOXGHVWKH3KLOLSSLQHVEHFDXVHUHJLVWUDWLRQLVQRWPDQGDWRU\LQWKDWFRXQWU\ 5ZDQGDLVH[FOXGHGEHFDXVHLWV HYDOXDWLRQDQGUHJLVWUDWLRQSURFHVVLVQRWIXOO\LPSOHPHQWHGDQG0R]DPELTXHLVRPLWWHGEHFDXVHQRGDWDFRXOGEHREWDLQHG QD QRWDSSOLFDEOH D:KLOHWKHUHJLVWUDWLRQRIDQHZYDULHW\LVFXUUHQWO\IUHHLQ(WKLRSLDWKH6HHG3URFODPDWLRQZLOOVHWDFRVW FRPPLWWHHZLWKDVWUXFWXUHHVWDEOLVKHGLQWKH HQVXUHKLJKTXDOLW\VHHG³EXWDOVRSURSRUWLRQDWH VHHGUHJXODWLRQVRUWKHQDWLRQDOVHHGSROLF\ WRDYRLGDGGLQJH[WUDFRVWVWRVHHGRUFUHDWLQJ *XDWHPDODKDVQRUHJXODWLRQDGGUHVVLQJWKLV GHOD\VLQGHOLYHULQJVHHGWRIDUPHUV([FHVVLYH LVVXHDQGQRRIÀFLDOYDULHW\UHOHDVHFRPPLWWHH FRQWUROVPD\DOVRSODFHDÀQDQFLDOEXUGHQRQ SXEOLFDXWKRULWLHVWKDWKDYHOLPLWHGUHVRXUFHV &XUUHQWUHJXODWLRQVRQWKHYDULHW\UHOHDVHFRP- PLWWHH·VFRPSRVLWLRQGLIIHUZLWKLQWKHSLORWFRXQ- 7KHUHLVQR´RQHVL]HÀWVDOOµ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ÀFDWLRQLVPDQGDWRU\IRUDOOOR- SLORWFRXQWU\ZLWKDQHTXDOQXPEHURISULYDWH FDOO\SURGXFHGVHHGWREHVROGRQWKHGRPHVWLF DQGSXEOLFVHFWRUUHSUHVHQWDWLYHV ÀJXUH PDUNHW,QFDVHVOLNHWKHVHDOORZLQJFRPSDQLHV WREHFRPHDFFUHGLWHGWRFRQGXFWWKHLURZQ 6HHGFHUWLÀFDWLRQLVFRPPRQDQGPRVWO\ LQVSHFWLRQVRUSHUPLWWLQJWKLUGSDUWLHVWRGRVR done by public authorities FDQHDVHWKHSXEOLFVHFWRU·VÀQDQFLDOEXUGHQ DQGKHOSDGGUHVVFDSDFLW\LVVXHV6HHGUHJX- 6HHGTXDOLW\FRQWUROVDUHFUXFLDOEHFDXVHWKH\ ODWLRQVLQ*XDWHPDOD0RURFFR0R]DPELTXH YRXFKIRUWKHVHHGTXDOLW\WREHGLVWULEXWHGLQ 1HSDOWKH3KLOLSSLQHV6SDLQDQG8JDQGDDOORZ WKHPDUNHW6XFKFRQWUROVQHHGWREHVXIÀFLHQWWR WKLVRSWLRQWRYDU\LQJGHJUHHVDVIROORZV STRENGTHENING SEED SYSTEMS | 2015 41 FIGURE 5.3: The private sector is underrepresented on most national variety release committees 25 20 10 15 10 9 6 11 7 10 6 7 5 4 4 3 2 3 3 0 Guatemalaa Philippinesb Rwandac Ethiopiad Nepal Uganda Morocco Spain Public sector representatives Private sector representatives Source: Enabling the Business of Agriculture database. 1RWH 0R]DPELTXHDQG8NUDLQHDUHH[FOXGHGEHFDXVHQRLQIRUPDWLRQFRXOGEHREWDLQHG ,Q*XDWHPDODWKHFRPPLWWHHLVLQIRUPDOO\RUJDQL]HG WKHSXEOLFVHHGWHFKQLFDODGYLVHUVDQGWKHVHHGSURJUDPGLUHFWRUPHHWDV D QHHGHGWRGHFLGHZKHWKHUDQHZYDULHW\VKRXOGEHUHOHDVHG 9DULHW\UHJLVWUDWLRQLVYROXQWDU\LQWKH3KLOLSSLQHV E 7KHFRPPLWWHHLQ5ZDQGDZDVQRW\HWIXQFWLRQDODVRI0DUFK F ,QIRUPDWLRQIRU(WKLRSLDLVEDVHGRQWKHYDULHW\FDWDORJSHQGLQJWKHIXOOLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIWKH6HHG3URFODPDWLRQ G 'LVFXVVLRQVDUHRQJRLQJWRH[SDQGWKHYDULHW\UHOHDVHFRPPLWWHHPHPEHUVKLS y ,Q 0RURFFR SULYDWH LQVSHFWRUV DUH DO- WR FRPSOHWH RQO\ LQWHUDFWLRQV ZLWK ORZHG WR SHUIRUP WKH ÀHOG LQVSHFWLRQ WKH SXEOLF DXWKRULW\ GXULQJ WKH VHDVRQ GXULQJWKHFHUWLÀFDWLRQSURFHVV DV IROORZV WKH ÀUVW WR PDNH D UHTXHVW IRU FHUWLÀFDWLRQ DW WKH VWDUW RI WKH VHD- y ,Q1HSDOSULYDWHLQVSHFWRUVDUHLQFUHDV- VRQ DQG WKHQ WR UHJLVWHU WKH UHVXOWV RI LQJO\GRLQJWKHUHTXLUHGÀHOGLQVSHFWLRQV tests conducted in accordance with ZKHQFHUWLÀFDWLRQLVFKRVHQ International Seed Testing Association (ISTA) rules. Both procedures can be y 0R]DPELTXH·V6HHG'HFUHHLQWUR- done online. GXFHG WKH SRVVLELOLW\ RI DFFUHGLWDWLRQ IRUVHHGFRPSDQLHV DWWKHWLPHRIGDWD *XDWHPDOD1HSDODQGWKH3KLOLSSLQHVHPSOR\ FROOHFWLRQWKHJRYHUQPHQWKDGVWDUWHG YROXQWDU\FHUWLÀFDWLRQ VHHGHQWHUSULVHVPD\ LQVSHFWLRQVRISULYDWHFRPSDQLHVWRDV- VLPSO\RSWWRFRPSO\ZLWKWUXWKLQODEHOLQJUH- VHVVZKLFKPLJKWEHHOLJLEOHWREHFRPH TXLUHPHQWV,Q6SDLQYHJHWDEOHVQHYHUQHHG accredited in the future. WR EH FHUWLILHG ,Q (WKLRSLD WKH 6HHG 3URFODPDWLRQ LQWURGXFHG D QHZ VHHG FDWH- y ,Q $QGDOXFtD 6SDLQ³WKH UHJLRQ WKDW JRU\ZLWKWKH4XDOLW\'HFODUHG6HHGRSWLRQ SURGXFHVWKHPRVWFHUWLÀHGVHHG³PRVW WKLVV\VWHPZLOODOORZUHJLVWHUHGVHHGSURGXFHUV VHHG FRPSDQLHV DUH DOUHDG\ DFFUHGLW- WRSURGXFHDQGPDUNHWVHHGLQDFFRUGDQFH ed. Accredited seed enterprises need ZLWK TXDOLW\ VWDQGDUGV SUHYLRXVO\ DJUHHG WR 42 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015 E\ WKH JRYHUQPHQW ZLWK OLPLWHG LQVSHFWLRQ UHOHDVHGLQDOOPHPEHUVRIDWUDGHEORFRQFH UHTXLUHPHQWV7KRXJK(WKLRSLD·VV\VWHPLVQRW LWKDVEHHQUHOHDVHGLQDPLQLPXPQXPEHURI \HWLQXVH)$2JXLGHOLQHVVXJJHVWWKDWLWVKRXOG WKHP JHQHUDOO\RU SURYLGHVHHGHQWHUSULVHVZLWKPRUHDXWRQRP\ and reduce the public sector burden because (WKLRSLD*XDWHPDOD0R]DPELTXH5ZDQGD RQO\RIVHHGSURGXFHGDQGRIIHUHGIRUVDOH 6SDLQDQG8JDQGDDUHPHPEHUVRIUHJLRQDO PXVWEHLQVSHFWHG FHUWLÀFDWLRQ VFKHPHV ,Q DGGLWLRQ 0RURFFR KDVKDGDQHTXLYDOHQFHDUUDQJHPHQWIRUFHU- &HUWLÀFDWLRQSURFHVVGHOD\V³GXULQJVHHGVDP- WLÀFDWLRQZLWKWKH(XURSHDQ8QLRQVLQFH SOLQJDQGLQLVVXLQJWKHWHVWUHVXOWV³FDQGHWHU 7KLVVFKHPHHVWDEOLVKHVWKDWVHHGH[SRUWHGWR VPDOOHU IDUPHUV DQG VPDOOHU HQWHUSULVHV IURP WKH(XURSHDQ8QLRQPHHWWKHVDPHFULWHULDIRU EHFRPLQJVHHGSURGXFHUV$SURGXFHUPD\ VHHGFKDUDFWHULVWLFVH[DPLQDWLRQLGHQWLÀFD- KDYHVHHGUHDG\WREHPDUNHWHGEXWFDQQRW WLRQPDUNLQJFRQWURODQGSDFNDJLQJDVVHHG GRVRGXHWRÀQDORIÀFLDODSSURYDOGHOD\V)RU KDUYHVWHGDQGFRQWUROOHGZLWKLQWKH(XURSHDQ H[DPSOH VHHG HQWHUSULVHV LQ 8NUDLQH XVXDOO\ 8QLRQ )RU 6SDLQ DQG DOO RWKHU (8 PHPEHUV UHFHLYHWKHWHVWUHVXOWVEDFNIURPWKHODERUD- seed can be sold without further testing once WRU\GD\VDIWHUWKHVDPSOHLVFROOHFWHG LQ DYDULHW\LVUHJLVWHUHGLQDQ\RQH(8PHPEHU 5ZDQGDDQG8JDQGDWKHZDLWLVZHHNVEXW DIWHU \HDUV RI WHVWV $V D 6$'& PHPEHU WHVWUHVXOWVFDQWDNHDPRQWKLQ0R]DPELTXH 0R]DPELTXH KDV PRYHG WR DOLJQ LWV OHJLVOD- WLRQZLWKWKH6$'&7HFKQLFDO$JUHHPHQWVRQ Regional and international harmonization +DUPRQL]DWLRQRI6HHG5HJXODWLRQVWKURXJKLWV offers opportunities for faster and simpler GHFUHH2QFHWKHGHFUHHLVIXOO\LPSOH- evaluation and registration of new PHQWHGYDULHWLHVSUHYLRXVO\UHJLVWHUHGLQ6$'& varieties FRXQWULHVFDQEHUHJLVWHUHGLQ0R]DPELTXH ZLWKRXWIXUWKHUWHVWLQJ5ZDQGDDQG8JDQGD %\KDUPRQL]LQJVHHGUHJXODWLRQVDFURVVFRXQWULHV KDYHWDNHQVWHSVWREHLQFOXGHGLQWKH(DVW DQG LPSOHPHQWLQJ LQWHUQDWLRQDO FHUWLÀFDWLRQ $IULFDQ &RPPXQLW\·V VFKHPH IRU KDUPRQL]- VFKHPHVJRYHUQPHQWVFDQLQFUHDVHWKHÁRZ LQJ VHHG UHJXODWLRQV ZKLFK LV QRZ DZDLWLQJ of seed across national borders. This process ex- HQGRUVHPHQWE\PHPEHUFRXQWULHV SDQGVWKHSRWHQWLDOPDUNHWVL]HFUHDWLQJVWURQ- JHULQFHQWLYHVIRUERWKORFDODQGLQWHUQDWLRQDO $ PDMRULW\ RI WKH SLORW FRXQWULHV EHORQJ WR LQYHVWPHQW27$QGVLPSOLI\LQJDQGKDUPRQL]LQJ DQ LQWHUQDWLRQDO VHHG FHUWLILFDWLRQ VFKHPH WHVWLQJDQGFHUWLÀFDWLRQSURFHGXUHVKHOSVWR 0RURFFR 6SDLQ 8JDQGD DQG 8NUDLQH DUH LPSURYHIDUPHUV·DFFHVVWRKLJKTXDOLW\VHHG PHPEHUV RI WKH 2UJDQLVDWLRQ IRU (FRQRPLF E\LQFUHDVLQJDYDLODEOHFKRLFHV28 &RRSHUDWLRQDQG'HYHORSPHQW 2(&' VHHG FHUWLÀFDWLRQVFKHPH7KHVFKHPHHQVXUHVWKH 5HJLRQDOVFKHPHVIRUKDUPRQL]LQJVHHGUHJ- YDULHWDO LGHQWLW\ DQG SXULW\ RI VHHG WKURXJK XODWLRQVDUHDLPHGDWVWDQGDUGL]LQJWKHUHJ- UHTXLUHPHQWVDQGFRQWUROVWKURXJKRXWWKHFURS- LVWUDWLRQFHUWLÀFDWLRQDQGWUDGHVWDQGDUGVRI SLQJVHHGSURFHVVLQJDQGODEHOLQJRSHUDWLRQV PHPEHUFRXQWULHV7KHVHVFKHPHVFDQUHGXFH 0HPEHUVKLSSURYLGHVIRURIÀFLDOUHFRJQLWLRQRI WKHWLPHDQGFRVWWRLQWURGXFHDQHZYDULHW\ ´TXDOLW\JXDUDQWHHGµVHHGIDFLOLWDWLQJLQWHUQD- WKDWKDVDOUHDG\JRQHWKURXJKWKHSURFHVVLQ WLRQDOWUDGHDQGKHOSLQJWRUHPRYHWHFKQLFDO RWKHUPHPEHUFRXQWULHV)RUH[DPSOHUHJLRQDO trade barriers.301HSDOWKH3KLOLSSLQHV6SDLQ YDULHW\UHOHDVHV\VWHPVDOORZDYDULHW\WREH DQG8NUDLQHDUHDFFUHGLWHGODEPHPEHUVRI STRENGTHENING SEED SYSTEMS | 2015 43 WKH,67$VFKHPHZKLFKDLPVWR´DFKLHYHXQL- IURPPRUHWKDQGDWDSRLQWVWKHWHDPLGHQ- IRUPVHHGTXDOLW\HYDOXDWLRQZRUOGZLGHµ31 This WLÀHGGDWDSRLQWVWKDWDUHPHDVXUDEOHDQG VFKHPHSURPRWHVVSHFLÀFVWDQGDUGVLQJOREDO collectable across countries and narrowed the VHHG TXDOLW\ HYDOXDWLRQ LQFOXGLQJ WKURXJK IRFXVWRUHOHYDQWVXEWRSLFVDVVWDWHGDERYH LQWHUQDWLRQDOO\ DJUHHG VHHG VDPSOLQJ DQG $IWHUIXUWKHUFRQVXOWDWLRQGXULQJWKHXSFRPLQJ WHVWLQJ SURFHGXUHV DFFUHGLWDWLRQ RI WHVWLQJ \HDUWKLVGDWDVHWZLOOEHIXUWKHUUHÀQHGDQGXVHG ODERUDWRULHVSURPRWLRQRIUHVHDUFKSURYLVLRQ DVDVWDUWLQJSRLQWIRUIRUPXODWLQJLQGLFDWRUV D RILQWHUQDWLRQDOVHHGDQDO\VLVFHUWLÀFDWHVDQG UHYLVHGTXHVWLRQQDLUHZLOOEHGHYHORSHGIRUWKH WUDLQLQJDQGWKHGLVVHPLQDWLRQRINQRZOHGJH next round of data collection. LQVHHGVFLHQFHDQGWHFKQRORJLHV8JDQGDLV DOVR DQ ,67$ PHPEHU IROORZLQJ WKH UXOHV IRU ,QWKHFRPLQJ\HDUWKHIROORZLQJDUHDVRIFRQ- WHVWLQJ EXW LW GRHV QRW KDYH DQ DFFUHGLWHG WHQWZLOOEHUHÀQHGRUGHYHORSHG³DOWKRXJKWKH ,67$ODERUDWRU\ OLVWPD\EHH[SDQGHG³IRULQFOXVLRQ (WKLRSLD*XDWHPDOD0R]DPELTXHDQG5ZDQGD y The usefulness of the current selection of DUHQRWDPHPEHURIDQ\LQWHUQDWLRQDOVHHG WLPH DQG PRWLRQ GDWD³PHDVXULQJ WKH FHUWLÀFDWLRQVFKHPH WDEOH WLPH FRVW DQG SURFHGXUHV UHTXLUHG IRU WKH HYDOXDWLRQ DQG UHJLVWUDWLRQ RI QHZ Next steps YDULHWLHVDQGVHHGFHUWLÀFDWLRQSURFHVV- HV³PXVW EH FRQVLGHUHG DQG ZHLJKHG This chapter presented the initial results for a DJDLQVW WKH SRVVLELOLW\ RI LQWURGXFLQJ GDWDVHWWKDWPHDVXUHVSROLF\DQGUHJXODWRU\ QHZ WLPH DQG PRWLRQ LQGLFDWRUV ,QLWLDO FRQVWUDLQWVDIIHFWLQJWKHVWUHQJWKRIVHHGV\V- GDWD FROOHFWLRQ ÀQGLQJV LQGLFDWH WKDW WHPV$IWHUDQDO\]LQJWKHGDWDFROOHFWLRQUHVXOWV WKHUHDUHIXUWKHUHOHPHQWVWKDWFRXOGEH TABLE 5.2: Country membership in regional and international seed FHUWLÀFDWLRQVFKHPHV Country 5HJLRQDOVHHGFHUWLÀFDWLRQVFKHPHV ,QWHUQDWLRQDOVHHGFHUWLÀFDWLRQVFKHPHV Ethiopia &20(6$VHHGKDUPRQL]DWLRQ None Guatemala &HQWUDO$PHULFDQ7HFKQLFDO5HJXODWLRQV None Morocco (8FHUWLÀFDWLRQHTXLYDOHQFH OECD 0R]DPELTXH 6$'&7HFKQLFDO$JUHHPHQWVRQ+DUPRQL]DWLRQ None of Seed Regulations (2008) Nepal None ISTA Philippines None ISTA Rwanda &20(6$VHHGKDUPRQL]DWLRQ None Spain (8OHJLVODWLRQRQWKHPDUNHWLQJRIVHHGDQG OECD and ISTA SODQWSURSDJDWLQJPDWHULDO 6330 Uganda &20(6$VHHGKDUPRQL]DWLRQ OECD and ISTA Ukraine None OECD and ISTA Source: Enabling the Business of Agriculture database. 1RWH &20(6$ &RPPRQ0DUNHWIRU(DVWHUQDQG6RXWKHUQ$IULFD (8 (XURSHDQ8QLRQ ,67$ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO6HHG7HVWLQJ $VVRFLDWLRQ 2(&' 2UJDQLVDWLRQIRU(FRQRPLF&RRSHUDWLRQDQG'HYHORSPHQW 6$'& 6RXWKHUQ$IULFDQ'HYHORSPHQW&RPPXQLW\ 44 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015 LQFOXGHGLQWKHVHHGWLPHDQGPRWLRQLQ- LQGLFDWRU DURXQG WKH HYDOXDWLRQ GLFDWRUVDVIROORZV DQG UHJLVWUDWLRQ RI QHZ YDULHWLHV DQG VHHG FHUWLÀFDWLRQ SURFHVVHV y 7KH OHJDO UHTXLUHPHQWV DQG FRVW WKH WHDP ZLOO FRQGXFW IXUWKHU UH- to obtain a seed producer license VHDUFKDQGVHHNIHHGEDFNWRUHÀQH are considerations. Initial readings WKH PHWKRGRORJ\ DQG FDVH VWXG\ RI WKH UHJXODWLRQV GHPRQVWUDWHG D DVVXPSWLRQVWRHQVXUHFRPSDUDELOL- QXPEHURIPDQGDWRU\UHTXLUHPHQWV W\DFURVVFRXQWULHV)ROORZLQJWKHOHV- WKDWPD\DIIHFWREWDLQLQJDOLFHQVH VRQVOHDUQHGGXULQJWKHSLORWSKDVH ZKLFK LV D FRQVLVWHQW UHTXLUHPHQW DGGLWLRQDO FDVH VWXG\ DVVXPSWLRQV across countries. PXVWEHLQFOXGHGLIDWLPHDQGPR- WLRQVHHGFHUWLÀFDWLRQLQGLFDWRULVWR y 7KH WLPH FRVW DQG SURFHGXUHV UH- EH HVWDEOLVKHG QRWDEO\ WKH VHHG TXLUHG WR REWDLQ DQ LPSRUW OLFHQVH H[DPLQHG PXVW EH VWDQGDUGL]HG DQGIRUVHHGWHVWLQJZKHQLPSRUWLQJ DQGWKHSORWVL]HDQGWKHQXPEHURI seed are additional considerations. ODEHOV XVHG IRU SDFNDJLQJ PXVW EH *LYHQ WKDW VRPH FRXQWULHV KDYH GHÀQHG YHU\ OLPLWHG GRPHVWLF VHHG SURGXF- WLRQDQGWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIWKHLQWHU- y Initial data was gathered on seed QDWLRQDO VHHG WUDGH FRQVLGHUDWLRQ policies. Further discussions with ex- VKRXOGEHJLYHQWRLQFOXGHWKLVLVVXH perts on the appropriate angle to adopt will be held to further enrich y ,IWKHFXUUHQWWLPHDQGPRWLRQGDWD WKHDQDO\VLVRIWKHVHSROLFLHV DUH PDLQWDLQHG IRU EXLOGLQJ DQ STRENGTHENING SEED SYSTEMS | 2015 45 Notes 7KHXQGHUO\LQJUHVHDUFKDQGGHVLJQRIWKHVWUHQJWKHQLQJ 7KHOLWHUDWXUHLGHQWLÀHVVWDJHV SUHYDOHQFHRIDQ VHHGV\VWHPVWRSLFEHQHÀWHGIURPYDOXDEOHFRPPHQWV LQIRUPDOVHHGVHFWRULQLWLDOUHOHDVHVRILPSURYHG SURYLGHGE\0DUFHO%UXLQV)UDQFRLV%XUJDXG3LHWUR YDULHWLHVXSWDNHRILPSURYHGVHHGE\IDUPHUVDQG &KLDSSLQL-RVHSK&RUWHV:LOO*DOYLQ'DYLG*LVVHOTXLVW VWURQJFRPPHUFLDOVHHGSURGXFWLRQDQGGLVWULEXWLRQ /DXUHQ*RRG$GHODLGD+DUULHV:DOWHUOH%RHI/OR\G 0DUHGLDDQG+RZDUG> @ -DIIHHDQG6ULYDVWDYD /H3DJH&DUO3UD\DQG-LWHQGUD36ULYDVWDYD > @ 3UD\DQG5DPDVZDPL> @ 86$,'($73URMHFWDQG,RZD6WDWH8QLYHUVLW\6HHG )RUPRUHLQIRUPDWLRQRQWKHSURJUDPVHH´&URS Science Center 2011. ,QWHQVLÀFDWLRQ3URJUDPµ5ZDQGDQ0LQLVWU\RI 17 Turner 2001. $JULFXOWXUHDQG$QLPDO5HVRXUFHVKWWS ZZZ 18 FAO 2013d. PLQDJULJRYUZLQGH[SKS"LG 7XUQHU 2 Enabling the Business of AgricultureGHÀQHVLPSURYHG 7KHUHIRUPLQ(WKLRSLDZDVXQGHUWDNHQZLWK VHHGDVVHHGWKDWLVEUHGLQFRQYHQWLRQDOV\VWHPVIRU DVVLVWDQFHIURPWKHJRYHUQPHQWRIWKH1HWKHUODQGV SDUWLFXODUO\GHVLUHGFKDUDFWHULVWLFVVXFKDVGURXJKW DQGWKH%LOO 0HOLQGD*DWHV)RXQGDWLRQ tolerance and disease resistance. 7KHUHIRUPLQ0R]DPELTXHZDVXQGHUWDNHQLQ 7ULSSHWDO WKHFRQWH[WRIWKH1HZ$OOLDQFHIRU)RRG6HFXULW\ 'HUFRQ9DUJDV+LOODQG=HLWLQ DQG1XWULWLRQ7KH1HZ$OOLDQFHIRU)RRG6HFXULW\ :RUOG%DQN DQG1XWULWLRQODXQFKHGLQDQGEXLOGLQJRQ 5XE\RJR6SHUOLQJ1DVLUXPELDQG.DVDPEDOD SUHYLRXV*HIIRUWVLVDVKDUHGFRPPLWPHQWE\ 86$,'($73URMHFWDQG,RZD6WDWH8QLYHUVLW\6HHG $IULFDQOHDGHUVSULYDWHVHFWRUSDUWQHUVDQGGRQRUV Science Center 2011. WRDFKLHYHVXVWDLQHGDQGLQFOXVLYHDJULFXOWXUDO 8 World Bank 2012b. JURZWKDQGUDLVHPLOOLRQSHRSOHRXWRISRYHUW\ Enabling the Business of AgricultureGHÀQHVDVHHG RYHUWKHQH[W\HDUV)RUPRUHLQIRUPDWLRQVHH UHJXODWRU\IUDPHZRUNDVWKHGRFXPHQWVLQVWUXPHQWV ´7KH1HZ$OOLDQFHIRU)RRG6HFXULW\DQG1XWULWLRQµ DQGSURFHGXUHVWKDWUHJXODWHWKHVHHGVHFWRU )HHGWKH)XWXUHKWWS IHHGWKHIXWXUHJRYOSQHZ VXFKDVVHHGSROLFLHVOHJLVODWLRQVWDQGDUGVDQG DOOLDQFHIRRGVHFXULW\DQGQXWULWLRQ)RUPRUHRQ processes. WKHFROODERUDWLRQZLWKWKH*VHH)HHGWKH)XWXUH 10 Minot 2008. (2012). 11 Enabling the Business of AgricultureGHÀQHVSULYDWH 8329 VHHGHQWHUSULVHVDVDQ\SHUVRQRUJURXSRISHUVRQV *XLVVHOTXLVW ZLOOLQJDQGDEOHWRSURGXFHDQGPDUNHWKLJKTXDOLW\ /RXZDDUV VHHGXQGHUWKHLURZQUHVSRQVLELOLW\ &RQGRQ 86$,'($73URMHFWDQG,RZD6WDWH8QLYHUVLW\6HHG *HRUJHDQG7XUQHU Science Center 2011. 27 Minot 2008. $OWKRXJKVHHGIURPLQIRUPDOVRXUFHVSOD\VDQ 0LQGHDQG:DLWKDND LPSRUWDQWUROHLQGHYHORSLQJDFRXQWU\·VVHHG 86$,'($73URMHFWDQG,RZD6WDWH8QLYHUVLW\6HHG V\VWHPWKHVHFWRUFDQQRWDFFXUDWHO\EHPHDVXUHG Science Center 2011. through the Enabling the Business of Agriculture ´$ERXWWKH2(&'6HHG6FKHPHVµ2(&' PHWKRGRORJ\DQGLVWKHUHIRUHQRWFRQVLGHUHGLQWKH http://www.oecd.org/agriculture/code/ VWUHQJWKHQLQJVHHGV\VWHPVLQGLFDWRUV DERXWWKHRHFGVHHGVFKHPHVKWP %UHHGHURUSUHEDVLFVHHGLVVHHGGLUHFWO\FRQWUROOHG )URPWKH,67$ZHEVLWHDWKWWS ZZZVHHGWHVWRUJ E\WKHRULJLQDWLQJRUVSRQVRUSODQWEUHHGLQJ HQKRPHKWPO LQVWLWXWLRQÀUPRULQGLYLGXDO,WLVWKHVRXUFHIRU WKHSURGXFWLRQRIVHHGRIFHUWLÀHGFODVVHV%DVLF or foundation seed is seed produced under the UHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKHPDLQWDLQHUDFFRUGLQJWRWKH JHQHUDOO\DFFHSWHGSUDFWLFHVIRUWKHPDLQWHQDQFH RIWKHYDULHW\,WLVLQWHQGHGIRUWKHSURGXFWLRQRI FHUWLÀHGVHHG 46 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015 Improving fertilizer supply A farmer in Mozambique’s Xai-Xai region, Fernanda grows maize, beans and vegetables. She produces enough to sustain her family of 5, but would like to grow surplus production to sell at the local market. Fernanda has heard from other women at her village that if she uses fertilizer she can sig- QLÀFDQWO\LQFUHDVHKHU\LHOG+RZHYHUQRVWRUHLQKHUYLOODJHVHOOVIHUWLOL]HU 7RÀQGIHUWLOL]HU)HUQDQGDZRXOGQHHGWRWUDYHOIRUPRUHWKDQKRXUVDQG she hears that this agricultural input is very expensive. Therefore, Fernanda has decided not to use fertilizer this season. )HUWLOL]HU LV DPRQJ WKH PRVW LPSRUWDQW LQSXWV )HUWLOL]HU XVH LQ GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHV LV FRQ- LQDJULFXOWXUH:LWKRXWLWJOREDO\LHOGVRIIRRG VWUDLQHGE\DQXPEHURIIDFWRUVSDUWLFXODUO\ FURSVZRXOGEH²ORZHU1 No world region KLJKSULFHVDQGXQDYDLODELOLW\WKDWRIWHQUHÁHFW has been able to boost agricultural growth XQVDWLVIDFWRU\SURFXUHPHQWSUDFWLFHVLQHIÀFLHQW and tackle hunger without increasing the use DGPLQLVWUDWLYH SURFHGXUHV DQG LQDGHTXDWH RIIHUWLOL]HU2([SDQGLQJLWVXVHLVFULWLFDOQRWRQO\ infrastructure.4/LPLWHGXQGHUVWDQGLQJDPRQJ WRPHHWJOREDOIRRGQHHGVEXWDOVRWRPDLQWDLQ IDUPHUVRIKRZWREHVWXVHIHUWLOL]HUFRPELQHG VRLO IHUWLOLW\ DQG HQVXUH WKDW IDUPLQJ LV SURÀW- ZLWKDJHQHUDOODFNRIDJULEXVLQHVVVNLOOVKDPSHUV DEOH)DUPHUVXVLQJIHUWLOL]HUDUHEHWWHUDEOHWR PRUHZLGHVSUHDGIHUWLOL]HUXVHDQGDUHHYLGHQFH SURGXFHVXUSOXVHVWKDWDUHHVVHQWLDOWRPRYH RILQHIIHFWLYHRUQRQH[LVWLQJFDSDFLW\EXLOGLQJ EH\RQGVXEVLVWHQFHIDUPLQJWRZDUGFRPPHU- SURJUDPV,WLVQRWVXUSULVLQJWKHQWKDWIDUPHUV FLDODJULFXOWXUHDQGLQWRWKHPDLQVWUHDPRID KDYHOLWWOHIDLWKLQWKHEHQHÀWVRIXVLQJIHUWLOL]HU PDUNHWHFRQRP\ ZKLFKLVDOVRDWOHDVWSDUWO\DWWULEXWDEOHWRSRRU TXDOLW\ FRQWURO PHDVXUHV LQ PDQ\ FRXQWULHV <HWPRVWIDUPHUVLQGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHVKDYH )LQGLQJV IURP WKH :RUOG %DQN·V Agribusiness QRW WDNHQ IXOO DGYDQWDJH RI WKH RSSRUWXQLW\ IndicatorsUHSRUWVVKRZDVLJQLÀFDQWQXPEHU WKDWIHUWLOL]HURIIHUV)HUWLOL]HUDGRSWLRQDQGXVH RIFRPSODLQWVUHJDUGLQJDGXOWHUDWHGDQGIDNH DUHSDUWLFXODUO\LPSRUWDQWZKHUHVRLOVDUHFKDU- IHUWLOL]HULQDOPRVWDOO$IULFDQFRXQWULHVVWXGLHG DFWHUL]HGE\PRGHUDWHWRYHU\VHYHUHIHUWLOLW\ FRQVWUDLQWVDVWKH\DUHLQYDVWIDUPLQJUHJLRQV 7KHUHLVDOVRFRQWURYHUV\VXUURXQGLQJIHUWLOL]HU RI6XE6DKDUDQ$IULFD/RZIHUWLOL]HUXVHQRWRQO\ XVHDQGLWVLPSDFWRQWKHHQYLURQPHQW:KHQ UHVWULFWV\LHOGVWRGD\LWDOVRSURPLVHVGHFOLQHV LPSURSHUO\XVHGIHUWLOL]HUFDQSURPRWHQXWULHQW in the future through the ongoing depletion of SROOXWLRQJHQHUDWLQJORVVHVRIELRORJLFDOGLYHU- soil nutrients.3 VLW\DVZHOODVKHDOWKKD]DUGV76RLODQDO\VLVDQG IMPROVING FERTILIZER SUPPLY | 2015 47 WUDLQLQJFDQVXSSRUWWKHDSSOLFDWLRQRIIHUWLOL]HU FRXQWULHVUHTXLULQJPRVWRWKHUVWRUHO\RQ DWUHFRPPHQGHGOHYHOVOHDGLQJWRKLJKHU\LHOGV LPSRUWVWKHVHGDWDIRFXVRQWKHSULYDWH ZKLOHSUHVHUYLQJWKHHQYLURQPHQW VHFWRU·VUROHLQLPSRUWLQJIHUWLOL]HUDVZHOO DVWKHSXEOLFVHFWRU·VSURFXUHPHQWUROH What improving fertilizer supply 7KH GDWD VHW DOVR PHDVXUHV WKH SURFH- data focus on GXUHVWLPHDQGFRVWWRLPSRUWIHUWLOL]HU ,PSURYLQJIHUWLOL]HUVXSSO\GDWDPHDVXUHUHJ- Subsidies, taxes and tariffs on fertiliz- XODWRU\ ERWWOHQHFNV OLPLWLQJ DYDLODELOLW\ 7KH er. 7KHVH GDWD ORRN DW IHUWLOL]HU VXEVLG\ GDWDDOVRIRFXVRQRSHUDWLRQDODQGHFRQRPLF VFKHPHV DQG DW LPSRUW WDULIIV DQG WD[- FRQVWUDLQWVDVZHOODVWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRI HV OHYLHG RQ IHUWLOL]HU *RYHUQPHQW VXE- OHJLVODWLRQDIIHFWLQJWKHIHUWLOL]HULQGXVWU\6HYHQ VLGLHV FDQ UHVXOW LQ HFRQRPLF LQHIÀFLHQ- VXEWRSLFVKDYHEHHQGHYHORSHGDVIROORZV FLHVDQGODUJHÀVFDOFRVWV,QHFRQRPLHV ZLWK PDUNHW IDLOXUHV KRZHYHU VXEVLG\ 1. Domestic production and blending of SURJUDPV PLJKW EH HFRQRPLFDOO\ MXVWL- fertilizer. 1RW PDQ\ FRXQWULHV SURGXFH ÀHGDVDZD\WRDGGUHVVWKHVHIDLOXUHVDV IHUWLOL]HU DQG WKHUHIRUH PDQ\ GHSHQG ZHOODVDODFNRILQFHQWLYHVIRUIDUPHUVWR RQLPSRUWLQJLW7KHVHTXHVWLRQVLQYHVWL- XVHIHUWLOL]HU8 Taxes and tariffs can be an JDWH ZKHWKHU WKH FRXQWU\ SURGXFHV LWV LPSRUWDQW UHYHQXH VRXUFH IRU JRYHUQ- RZQ IHUWLOL]HU DQG LI WKHUH DUH DQ\ SXE- PHQWV,QFRXQWULHVZLWKORZIHUWLOL]HUXVH OLFRUSULYDWHSODQWVLQWKHFRXQWU\ZKLFK KRZHYHU OHYLHV RQ WKLV LQSXW DUH GHWUL- PL[RUEOHQGIHUWLOL]HU PHQWDOWRDJULFXOWXUDOGHYHORSPHQW 2. Regulatory framework for fertilizer. These Quality control of fertilizer. These data GDWD H[DPLQH SROLFLHV ODZV DQG UHJX- IRFXV RQ ODEHOLQJ UHTXLUHPHQWV OHJLVOD- ODWLRQV JRYHUQLQJ IHUWLOL]HU VXFK DV WKH WLRQRQWKHVDOHRIPLVODEHOHGDQGRSHQ existence of national and supranational IHUWLOL]HU FRQWDLQHUV DQG SUDFWLFHV LQ laws and regulations. PRQLWRULQJIHUWLOL]HUTXDOLW\$GXOWHUDWLRQ RI IHUWLOL]HU SURGXFWV LQFOXGLQJ YLRODWLRQ 3. Registration of fertilizer. $V PDQ\ FRXQ- RIWUXWKLQODEHOLQJUHTXLUHPHQWVRQFRQ- WULHV UHTXLUH IHUWLOL]HU WR EH UHJLVWHUHG WHQW TXDQWLW\ DQG TXDOLW\ KDV EHHQ EHIRUH WKH\ FDQ EH VROG FRPPHUFLDOO\ VKRZQ WR EH DQ LVVXH LQ RSHQ PDUNHWV WKHVHGDWDLGHQWLI\WKHFRXQWULHVWKDWUH- 7KH GDPDJH FDXVHG E\ DGXOWHUDWHG TXLUH UHJLVWUDWLRQ DQG LQ WKRVH WKDW GR IHUWLOL]HU³RIWHQ DSSDUHQW RQO\ PRQWKV H[DPLQH WKH QHFHVVDU\ SURFHGXUHV LQ- DIWHULWVDSSOLFDWLRQ³XQGHUPLQHVWUXVWLQ FOXGLQJ WKH DVVRFLDWHG WLPH DQG FRVW IHUWLOL]HUTXDOLW\DQGGLVFRXUDJHVIDUPHUV 7KH GDWD H[DPLQH WKH WLPH OHQJWK RI IURPSXUFKDVLQJWKLVLQSXW UHJLVWUDWLRQ YDOLGLW\ DQG ZKHWKHU WKHUH LVDQRIÀFLDOUHJLVWU\RSHQWRWKHSXEOLF 7. Fertilizer use and soil health. These data The data set also highlights supranation- PHDVXUH IHUWLOL]HU DSSOLFDWLRQ UDWHV DQG DODJUHHPHQWVRQIHUWLOL]HUUHJLVWUDWLRQ look at whether soil testing facilities and H[WHQVLRQVHUYLFHVDUHDYDLODEOHWRIDUP- 4. Importing of fertilizer. $V IHUWLOL]HU SUR- HUV)DUPHUVQHHGWRXVHIHUWLOL]HUDWUHF- GXFWLRQ LV FRQFHQWUDWHG LQ RQO\ D IHZ RPPHQGHG OHYHOV WR UHDFK SRWHQWLDO 48 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015 \LHOGVEXWDOVRWRDYRLGWKHSODQWWR[LFLW\ 5HVXOWVIRURWKHUGDWDSRLQWVKRZHYHUUHYHDO DQG HQYLURQPHQWDO FRQWDPLQDWLRQ WKDW ODUJHGLIIHUHQFHVIURPFRXQWU\WRFRXQWU\PRVW IHUWLOL]HU FDQ FDXVH 0DQ\ GHYHORSLQJ QRWDEO\LQHQGXVHUSULFHVLQVXEVLGLHVDQGWDU- FRXQWULHV ODFN VRLO WHVWLQJ FDSDELOLWLHV LIIVDQGLQUHJLVWUDWLRQDQGLPSRUWSURFHGXUHV KRZHYHUOHDGLQJWRDUHOLDQFHRQEODQ- NHWUHFRPPHQGDWLRQV7UDLQLQJLQIHUWLOL]- 7KUHHSLORWFRXQWULHV³(WKLRSLD0R]DPELTXH HUXVHLVQHHGHGWRHQVXUHDGHTXDWHVRLO DQG1HSDO³KDYHDIHUWLOL]HUSROLF\GLUHFWLYH QXWULHQWOHYHOV DQGDOOKDYHODZVVSHFLÀFWRIHUWLOL]HU%HVLGHV QDWLRQDOODZVRQO\*XDWHPDODDQG6SDLQDOVR $GGLWLRQDO GDWD ZHUH FROOHFWHG RQ IHUWLOL]HU KDYH VXSUDQDWLRQDO DJUHHPHQWV RQ IHUWLOL]HU SULFHVDQGVRPHDQDO\VLVLVSURYLGHGEHORZ ZLWKRWKHUFRXQWULHV ÀJXUH 7KHVHGDWDPHDVXUHHQGXVHUIHUWLOL]HUSULFHV ZKLFK YDU\ GUDPDWLFDOO\ DFURVV FRXQWULHV Four of the 10 pilot countries produce fer- 5HODWLYHO\KLJKSULFHVRIWHQUHÁHFWKLJKWUDQVSRUW WLOL]HU 0RURFFR WKH 3KLOLSSLQHV 6SDLQ DQG DQGKDQGOLQJFRVWV+LJKSULFHVPLJKWDOVREH 8NUDLQH7KHVHFRXQWULHVDORQJZLWK(WKLRSLD JHQHUDWHGE\WKHSURFXUHPHQWSURFHVVZKHQ *XDWHPDODDQG0R]DPELTXHDOVRKDYHEOHQG- DODFNRIFRPSHWLWLRQDQGWUDQVSDUHQF\FURZG LQJIDFLOLWLHV(WKLRSLDUHFHQWO\LQDXJXUDWHGLWVÀUVW RXWWKHSULYDWHVHFWRU&RPSDUDEOHGDWDRQ EOHQGLQJIDFLOLW\DQGRWKHUVLWHVLQWKHFRXQWU\ SULFHVKRZHYHUZHUHQRWDYDLODEOHIRUDOOSLORW DUHVHWWRVWDUWRSHUDWLQJWKURXJKRXW ÀJXUH countries. 2QO\1HSDO5ZDQGDDQG8JDQGDKDYH neither production nor blending facilities. All 10 What the initial pilot results show FRXQWULHVLPSRUWIHUWLOL]HU ,QLWLDO GDWD UHVXOWV VKRZ FRPPRQ SDWWHUQV Regional harmonization leads to easier DFURVVFRXQWULHV)RUH[DPSOHPRVWRIWKH registration of fertilizer SLORWFRXQWULHVUHTXLUHIHUWLOL]HUWREHUHJLVWHUHG UHTXLUHIHUWLOL]HUSDFNDJHVWREHODEHOHGDQG 5HJLVWUDWLRQRIIHUWLOL]HULVLPSRUWDQW7KHUHJ- SURKLELWWKHVDOHRIIHUWLOL]HUWKDWLVPLVODEHOHG LVWUDWLRQ SURFHVV HQGRUVHV WKH HQWU\ RI QHZ FIGURE 6.1: Fertilizer laws by country Countries that have a unified law Ethiopia Guatemala Mozambique Nepal 8 regulating chemical fertilizers Philippines Rwanda Uganda Ukraine Countries that do not have a law Morocco 1 regulating chemical fertilizers Countries that have a supranational fertilizer law in addition to the Guatemala Spain 2 national fertilizer law Source: Enabling the Business of Agriculture database. IMPROVING FERTILIZER SUPPLY | 2015 49 FIGURE 6.2: Fertilizer production and blending by country Fertilizer producing countries Morocco Philippines Spain Ukraine 4 Countries that mix/blend fertilizer Guatemala Morocco Mozambique Philippines 6 domestically Spain Ukraine Source: Enabling the Business of Agriculture database. DQGLQQRYDWLYHSURGXFWVLQWRWKHPDUNHWZKLOH UHJLVWHULQJDIHUWLOL]HUKDVQRFRVW$PRQJWKH HQVXULQJ KXPDQ DQLPDO DQG HQYLURQPHQWDO RWKHUFRXQWULHVWKHFRVWUDQJHVIURPLQ VDIHW\7KHLQWURGXFWLRQRIQHZSURGXFWVLVPRUH 5ZDQGDWRLQ8NUDLQH HIÀFLHQWZKHQIHUWLOL]HUUHJLVWUDWLRQLVVXSSRUWHG E\DJLOHSURFHGXUHVDWDUHDVRQDEOHFRVW ,Q DOO SLORW FRXQWULHV WKDW UHTXLUH UHJLVWUDWLRQ H[FHSW(WKLRSLDWKHUHJLVWUDWLRQLVYDOLGIRUD $OOSLORWFRXQWULHVH[FHSW0RURFFRUHTXLUHWKDW VSHFLÀHG SHULRG ,Q *XDWHPDOD 6SDLQ DQG IHUWLOL]HUPXVWEHUHJLVWHUHGWREHOHJDOO\VROG 8NUDLQH WKH UHJLVWUDWLRQ LV YDOLG IRU \HDUV 7KHSURFHVVYDULHVDFURVVFRXQWULHV,Q6SDLQ ZKLOHLQ0R]DPELTXHWKHYDOLGLW\ODVWV\HDUV UHJLVWHULQJDIHUWLOL]HUWDNHVRQO\DVLQJOHSUR- DQGLQWKH3KLOLSSLQHV5ZDQGDDQG8JDQGD FHGXUHDQGGD\VRQDYHUDJH,Q8NUDLQH \HDUV ÀJXUH LW UHTXLUHV SURFHGXUHV DQG LQ 8JDQGD ³ DQGLQERWKFRXQWULHVWKHSURFHVVWDNHVPRUH 6L[RIWKHSLORWFRXQWULHV³(WKLRSLD*XDWHPDOD WKDQGD\V1HSDOKDVWKHORQJHVWSURFHVV WKH3KLOLSSLQHV6SDLQ8JDQGDDQG8NUDLQH³ UHTXLULQJGD\VRQDYHUDJH³PRUHWKDQ KDYHSXEOLFO\DFFHVVLEOHIHUWLOL]HUUHJLVWULHV7KH \HDUV6SDLQLVWKHRQO\SLORWFRXQWU\ZKHUH UHJLVWULHV RIIHU LQIRUPDWLRQ RQ ZKR RZQV WKH FIGURE 6.3:)HUWLOL]HUUHJLVWUDWLRQUHTXLUHPHQWVE\FRXQWU\ Registration Ethiopia Guatemala Mozambique Nepal Philippines reguired to legally 9 commercialize Rwanda Spain Uganda Ukraine fertilizer No registration Morocco 1 reguired No specific time 3 years Registration is Rwanda Nepal Philippines Uganda subject to a specific 8 5 years 10 years time period Mozambique Guatemala Spain Ukraine Source: Enabling the Business of Agriculture database. 50 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015 IHUWLOL]HU UHJLVWUDWLRQ ZKDW WKH SURGXFW FRP- VHFWRU SURFXUHV IHUWLOL]HU SURGXFWV VSHFLÀHG position is and when the registration expires. IRU FHUWDLQ IRRG FURSV ,Q 5ZDQGD IHUWLOL]HU 6SDLQKDVUHJLVWULHVRQHIRUSURGXFWVZKRVH IRUIRRGFURSVDUHLPSRUWHGDQGGLVWULEXWHG UHJLVWUDWLRQLVYDOLGDFURVVWKH(XURSHDQ8QLRQ WKURXJK JRYHUQPHQWVXEVLGL]HG VFKHPHV (8 DQGRQHIRUWKRVHZKRVHUHJLVWUDWLRQLVYDOLG SULYDWHÀUPVDUHLQYROYHGLQWKHGLVWULEXWLRQ RQO\LQWKH6SDQLVKPDUNHW 2QO\LQ0R]DPELTXHWKH3KLOLSSLQHV6SDLQ 8JDQGDDQG8NUDLQHLVWKHIHUWLOL]HUVHFWRUUXQ 5HJLRQDOKDUPRQL]DWLRQRISURFHGXUHVIRUUHJLV- HQWLUHO\E\SULYDWHÀ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ÀFDWLRQE\ÀYHPHPEHUFRXQWULHV LF UHJXODWLRQV IRU WKH WUDQVSRUW VWRUDJH DQG 7DONVRQFUHDWLQJFRPPRQUHJLVWUDWLRQVFKHPHV KDQGOLQJRIDPPRQLXPQLWUDWHDVXEVWDQFH DUHRQJRLQJLQWKH(DVW$IULFDQ&RPPXQLW\DQG ZLGHO\ XVHG LQ IHUWLOL]HU WKDW FDQ EH XVHG LQ WKH6RXWKHUQ$IULFDQ'HYHORSPHQW&RPPXQLW\ H[SORVLYHFRPSRXQGV6SDLQUHTXLUHVDGHW- (SADC). RQDELOLW\WHVWDWDERUGHULQVSHFWLRQSRVW WKLV WHVWFRVWVXSWRʙIRUWKHLPSRUWHUHDFK Public sector is often involved in the WLPH,Q*XDWHPDODWKH0LQLVWU\RI,QWHULRUPXVW procurement of fertilizer LQVSHFWWKHFDUJRDQGDPLOLWDU\HVFRUWPXVW DFFRPSDQ\ LW IURP WKH ERUGHU SRVW WR WKH )HUWLOL]HU SURGXFWLRQ LV FDSLWDO LQWHQVLYH DQG DSSURYHGGHVWLQDWLRQ WKHLQGXVWU\EHQHÀWVIURPHFRQRPLHVRIVFDOH DVZHOODVORZFRVWVRIUDZPDWHULDOV So it is no Fertilizer prices are the highest in African VXUSULVHWKDWWKHZRUOG·VSURGXFWLRQFDSDFLW\LV pilot countries FRQFHQWUDWHGLQDIHZFRXQWULHV-XVWQDWLRQV SURGXFHKDOIRUPRUHRIWKHJOREDOVXSSO\RI 3ULFHGHWHUPLQHVZKHWKHUIDUPHUVDGRSWDQG WKH PRVW ZLGHO\ XVHG W\SHV RI IHUWLOL]HU XUHD XVHIHUWLOL]HU6XE6DKDUDQ$IULFDKDVWKHKLJKHVW QLWURJHQ SKRVSKRUXV DQG SRWDVVLXP IHUWLOL]HUSULFHVRIWHQSXWWLQJLWVXVHEH\RQGWKH 13. GLDPPRQLXPSKRVSKDWH '$3 UHDFKRIPDQ\IDUPHUV7KHUHJLRQDFFRXQWV PRQRDPPRQLXP SKRVSKDWH 0$3 IRUOHVVWKDQRIWKHJOREDOIHUWLOL]HUPDUNHW SRWDVK DQGDPPRQLD 10$VDUHVXOW EXWRIWKHZRUOG·VSRSXODWLRQ DQGLPSRUWV PRVWFRXQWULHVLPSRUWIHUWLOL]HU UHODWLYHO\ VPDOO TXDQWLWLHV UHVXOWLQJ LQ KLJKHU SULFHVIRUERWKWKHSURGXFWDQGLWVVKLSPHQW 7KHSULYDWHVHFWRULVDOORZHGWRLPSRUWIHUWLOL]HU $IULFDQLPSRUWHUVSD\IHUWLOL]HUSURGXFHUVWKH LQDOOWKHSLORWFRXQWULHV,Q(WKLRSLD*XDWHPDOD VDPHSULFHVDV$VLDQLPSRUWHUVEXWWKHFRVWV 0RURFFR 1HSDO DQG 5ZDQGD WKH SXEOLF RIRQZDUGKDQGOLQJDQGGLVWULEXWLRQ³LQFOXGLQJ IMPROVING FERTILIZER SUPPLY | 2015 51 BOX 6.1: Harmonizing fertilizer registration and trade for lower cost and greater choice 5HJLRQDOKDUPRQL]DWLRQRIIHUWLOL]HUUHJLVWUDWLRQDQGWUDGHSROLFLHVFUHDWHVHIÀFLHQFLHVDQGHFRQR- PLHVRIVFDOH7KLVSURFHVVEHQHÀWVIDUPHUVE\UHGXFLQJIHUWLOL]HUSULFHVDQGLQFUHDVLQJWKHUDQJHRI DYDLODEOHIHUWLOL]HUSURGXFWV ,QVPDOOPDUNHWVFRPSDQLHVVRPHWLPHVSUHIHUQRWWRUHJLVWHUIHUWLOL]HUZLWKOLPLWHGPDUNHWVKDUHVEH- FDXVHWKHSURÀWZLOOEHWRRVOLJKWWRFRPSHQVDWHIRUEXUGHQVRPHSURFHGXUHV+DYLQJFRXQWULHVZLWK DFRPPRQUHJLVWUDWLRQUHJLPHVLPSOLÀHVWKHSURFHGXUHVFRPSDQLHVQHHGWRJRWKURXJKWRVHOOWKHLU IHUWLOL]HU SURGXFWV LQ PXOWLSOH PDUNHWV 7KLV FRPPRQDOLW\ QRW RQO\ UHGXFHV FRVWV IRU WKH FRPSDQLHV EXWDOVRHQFRXUDJHVWKHPWRUHJLVWHUPRUHSURGXFWV)RUH[DPSOHWKH(XURSHDQ8QLRQ (8 DOORZV DVLQJOHIHUWLOL]HUSURGXFWUHJLVWUDWLRQIRUDOO(8FRXQWULHVXQLI\LQJLQRQHSURFHVVZKDWZDVSUHYLRXVO\ GRQHVHSDUDWHO\LQGLIIHUHQWFRXQWULHV ,QWHJUDWHG WUDGH UHJLPHV ORZHU WUDQVSRUW DQG WUDQVDFWLRQV FRVWV WKURXJK WDULII XQLÀFDWLRQ IUHH WUDGHDPRQJPHPEHUVDQGWKHDFFHSWDQFHRIDSSURYDOVDQGLQVSHFWLRQVGRQHE\SDUWLFLSDWLQJ FRXQWULHV0RVWRIWKHSLORWFRXQWULHVEHORQJWRDUHJLRQDORUJDQL]DWLRQZLWKDWUDGHDJUHHPHQW PDS% DVIROORZV WKH$VVRFLDWLRQRI6RXWKHDVW$VLDQ1DWLRQV $6($1 WKH&HQWUDO$PHULFDQ &XVWRPV8QLRQSOXV3DQDPD &$&83 WKH&RPPRQZHDOWKRI,QGHSHQGHQW6WDWHV &,6 WKH(DVW $IULFDQ&RPPXQLW\ ($& WKH(8 RUWKH6RXWKHUQ$IULFDQ'HYHORSPHQW&RPPXQLW\ 6$'& ,QDOO WKHVH JURXSV IHUWLOL]HU DUH ´]HUR UDWHGµ DPRQJ PHPEHU VWDWHV VR WKDW QR WDULIIV FDQ EH OHYLHG RQ WKHP+RZHYHURQO\WKH(8DQG&$&83KDYHIUHHPRYHPHQWRIJRRGVDQGDFFHSWDSSURYDOVDQG LQVSHFWLRQVGRQHE\DOOPHPEHUVWDWHV MAP B6.1.1: Regional organizations with pilot countries as members CIS EU CACU+P ASEAN EAC SADC Source:,%5'2FWREHU 1RWH $6($1 $VVRFLDWLRQRI6RXWKHDVW$VLDQ1DWLRQV &$&83 &HQWUDO$PHULFDQ&XVWRPV8QLRQSOXV3DQDPD &,6 &RPPRQZHDOWKRI,QGHSHQGHQW6WDWHV ($& (DVW$IULFDQ&RPPXQLW\ (8 (XURSHDQ8QLRQ 6$'& 6RXWKHUQ$IULFDQ'HYHORSPHQW&RPPXQLW\ 52 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015 WUDQVSRUWFRVWVWDULIIVDQGWD[HV³FDQDFFRXQW DOO $IULFDQ FRXQWULHV FRYHUHG WKH VXEVLG\ IRUXSWRRIWKHSULFHWKDW$IULFDQIDUPHUV SURJUDPVKDYHLPSURYHGVPDOOKROGHUDFFHVVWR SD\FRPSDUHGZLWKRQO\IRU$VLDQIDUPHUV IHUWLOL]HUDQGLQFUHDVHG\LHOGVDQGSURGXFWLRQ +RZHYHULWDOVRVKRZVWKDWPRVWSURJUDPVZHUH 7KHKLJKFRVWRIIHUWLOL]HUGLVFRXUDJHVLWVDGRS- SRRUO\WDUJHWHGWRQHHG\KRXVHKROGVDQGWKDW WLRQDQGWKHUHVXOWLQJORZUDWHRIXWLOL]DWLRQDQG WKHUHZHUHGHOD\VLQIHUWLOL]HUGHOLYHU\WKDWOHGWR FRQVHTXHQWORZOHYHORILPSRUWVFRQWULEXWHWR ODWHDQGWKHUHIRUHLQHIIHFWLYHDSSOLFDWLRQV,Q KLJKHUFRVWV,Q8JDQGDIRUH[DPSOHZKHUH DGGLWLRQVRPHFRXQWULHVODFNHGDQH[LWVWUDW- FRPSDUDWLYHO\VPDOOEDWFKHVRIPHWULF HJ\IURPWKHLUVXEVLG\SURJUDPDQGLQWKHVH WRQVDUHLPSRUWHGIHUWLOL]HUSULFHVDUHUHODWLYHO\ FDVHVWKHSURJUDPXOWLPDWHO\FURZGHGRXWWKH KLJK ,Q WKLV ODQGORFNHG FRXQWU\ WKH FRVW RI SULYDWHVHFWRU WUDQVSRUWLQJWKHSURGXFWIURPWKHQHDUHVWSRUW LQ0RPEDVD.HQ\DWRLWVRZQERUGHUDGGVWR $PRQJWKHSLORWFRXQWULHVKDOIKDYHLPSOH- WKHSULFHWKDWIDUPHUVSD\,QWKHSULFHSHU PHQWHGIHUWLOL]HUVXEVLG\VFKHPHV *XDWHPDOD WRQRI13. ZDV86LQ8JDQGD 0RURFFR1HSDOWKH3KLOLSSLQHVDQG5ZDQGD FRPSDUHGZLWK86SHUWRQRI13. ,Q5ZDQGDVHOHFWHGIDUPHUVEHQHÀWIURPWKH LQWKH3KLOLSSLQHV JRYHUQPHQWSURFXUHGIHUWLOL]HUWKURXJKYRXFKHUV DOORZLQJWKHPDGLVFRXQWRQNLORJUDP Programs to promote fertilizer use are EDJVRIXUHDIHUWLOL]HUDQGNLORJUDPEDJVRI becoming increasingly targeted '$3IHUWLOL]HU9RXFKHUVFDQEHXVHGIRUPDL]H DQGZKHDWSURGXFWLRQDQGVLQFHDOVRIRU :KHUHWKHSULFHRIIHUWLOL]HULVKLJKDQGIDUPHUV ULFHDQG,ULVKSRWDWRHV5ZDQGDH[SOLFLWO\LQYROYHV ODFNNQRZOHGJHDERXWLWVXVHRUIDLOWRSHUFHLYH WKHSULYDWHVHFWRUE\WUDQVIHUULQJWKHUHVSRQVLELOLW\ LWVEHQHÀWVFRXQWULHVPD\UHVSRQGE\WXUQLQJWR IRUIHUWLOL]HUGLVWULEXWLRQWRSULYDWHFRPSDQLHV LQSXWVXEVLGLHV%\ORZHULQJWKHSULFHRIIHUWLOL]HU 1HSDOLVSLORWLQJDVLPLODUYRXFKHUSURJUDPIRU WKURXJKVXFKPHDVXUHVJRYHUQPHQWVDLPWR VPDOOKROGHUVLQGLVWULFWV7KHYRXFKHUVDOORZWKH UDLVHLWVXVHWRDQRSWLPDOOHYHODWZKLFKWKH IDUPHUVWRSXUFKDVHNLORJUDPEDJVRI13. DGGLWLRQDOFURSSURGXFWLRQYDOXHH[FHHGVWKH '$3DQGXUHDIHUWLOL]HUDWDGLVFRXQW VXEVLG\FRVW7KHXVHRILQSXWVXEVLGLHVPDUNV D UHFHQW IHUWLOL]HU SROLF\ VKLIW 8QWLO WKH 7RSURPRWHSURÀWDEOHIHUWLOL]HUXVHE\VPDOOKROG- IRFXVZDVRQUHPRYLQJVXEVLGLHVDQGOLEHUDO- HUV VRPH FRXQWULHV UHGXFH PDUNHWLQJ FRVWV L]LQJ WKH PDUNHW +RZHYHU FRQFHUQV DERXW E\UHPRYLQJWD[HVDQGWDULIIVRQIHUWLOL]HUDQG SRSXODWLRQJURZWKKLJKIRRGSULFHVDQGORZ IHUWLOL]HUUDZPDWHULDOV0DQ\KDYHOLIWHGOHYLHV VRLOIHUWLOLW\KDYHUHQHZHGLQWHUHVWLQIHUWLOL]HU RQ IHUWLOL]HU LQFOXGLQJ (WKLRSLD 5ZDQGD DQG SURPRWLRQ SURJUDPV GHOLYHUHG DV ´PDUNHW 8JDQGD)HUWLOL]HUDUH´]HURUDWHGµLQWKH(DVW VPDUWµ11 subsidies.12 $IULFDQ &RPPXQLW\ &XVWRPV 0DQDJHPHQW $FWPHDQLQJWKDWQRGXW\YDOXHDGGHGWD[ $VWXG\WRDQDO\]HWKHHIIHFWVRIIHUWLOL]HUVXE- RUZLWKKROGLQJWD[VKRXOGEHOHYLHGRQIHUWLOL]HU VLGLHV ZDV FRQGXFWHG E\ D FRDOLWLRQ RI LQVWL- VKLSPHQWV14 WXWLRQV FRPSULVLQJ WKH 1HZ 3DUWQHUVKLS IRU $IULFD·V'HYHORSPHQWWKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO)HUWLOL]HU 6HYHQRIWKHSLORWFRXQWULHVFKDUJHGXWLHVRQ 'HYHORSPHQW&HQWHUWKH)RRGDQG$JULFXOWXUH IHUWLOL]HULPSRUWV*XDWHPDODOHYLHVDQLPSRUW 2UJDQL]DWLRQ )$2 DQGWKH$OOLDQFHIRUD*UHHQ GXW\RIIRU13.IHUWLOL]HUEXWQRQHIRUXUHD 5HYROXWLRQLQ$IULFD13 7KHVWXG\UHYHDOVWKDWLQ IHUWLOL]HU0RURFFRDQG0R]DPELTXHOHY\LPSRUW IMPROVING FERTILIZER SUPPLY |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tainers. In the countries where open containers Quality controls are common, but not FDQEHVROGOHJLVODWLRQGLIIHUVRQWKHVSHFLÀFV always effective ,Q(WKLRSLDIRUH[DPSOHIHUWLOL]HUUHWDLOHUVFDQ VHOORSHQFRQWDLQHUVDWDQ\WLPHZKLOHPDQX- Countries use both labeling and inspections IDFWXUHUVDQGLPSRUWHUVFDQVHOOWKHPRQO\WR WRFRQWUROIHUWLOL]HUTXDOLW\$OOSLORWFRXQWULHV EOHQGHUVDQGODUJHVFDOHIDUPV,Q*XDWHPDOD UHTXLUHIHUWLOL]HUSURGXFWVWREHODEHOHGZLWKVXFK IHUWLOL]HUFDQEHVROGLQEXONLIDFFRPSDQLHGE\ LQIRUPDWLRQ DV WKH FRPSDQ\ QDPH DQG WKH a technical data sheet. SURGXFWFRPSRVLWLRQ(WKLRSLDWKH3KLOLSSLQHV 5ZDQGDDQG6SDLQUHTXLUHWKDWWKHODEHODOVR $GXOWHUDWHGDQGFRXQWHUIHLWIHUWLOL]HULVDPDMRU include the results that can be expected when SUREOHPLQPDQ\FRXQWULHVDIIHFWLQJRXWSXWLQ WKHIHUWLOL]HULVXVHGDVGLUHFWHGDVVWDWHGRQWKH ZD\VWKDWOHDGWRIRRGLQVHFXULW\DQGUHGXFH ODEHO*XDWHPDODDQG(WKLRSLDKDYHVSHFLÀF IDUPHUV· SURILWV17 Adulteration and dilution ODEHOLQJUHTXLUHPHQWVIRUSURGXFWVWKDWWKHLU RIIHUWLOL]HUKDSSHQVPRVWO\DWWKHUHWDLOOHYHO JRYHUQPHQWVFRQVLGHUWREHRIORZHUTXDOLW\ *RYHUQPHQWVLQDOOSLORWFRXQWULHVKDYHWKH *XDWHPDODUHTXLUHVIHUWLOL]HUZLWKDORZFRQ- DXWKRULW\WRLQVSHFWIHUWLOL]HUTXDOLW\DWWKHUHWDLO FHQWUDWLRQRIQXWULHQWVWRKDYHDGLDJRQDOUHG OHYHOEXWLQPRVWRIWKHVHFRXQWULHVERWKSULYDWH EDQQHU DW OHDVW RI WKH SDFNDJH ZLGWK VHFWRUUHSUHVHQWDWLYHVDQGJRYHUQPHQWRIÀFLDOV ZLWKWKHZRUGV´:DUQLQJ KLJKFRQWHQWRIÀOOLQJ KDYHH[SUHVVHGFRQFHUQDERXWZHDNTXDOLW\ PDWHULDOVµ$FFRUGLQJWR*XDWHPDODQODZWKHVH FRQWUROVUHVXOWLQJIURPFRQVWUDLQWVRQDYDLODEOH DUHIHUWLOL]HUZLWKDQ13.FRQWHQWRIOHVVWKDQ UHVRXUFHVLQFOXGLQJDVFDUFLW\RILQVSHFWRUV RUZLWKDFRQWHQWRI RUPRUHRIPDWHULDOV 0RUHRYHUWKH\GHVFULEHIHUWLOL]HUVDPSOLQJDV RWKHUWKDQIHUWLOL]HU(WKLRSLDUHTXLUHVIHUWLOL]HU IRFXVHGPDLQO\RQPDFURQXWULHQWVZKLOHGLVUH- FODVVLÀHGDVVXEVWDQGDUGDFFRUGLQJWRQDWLRQDO JDUGLQJVHFRQGDU\QXWULHQWV TXDOLW\UHTXLUHPHQWVWREHLQDSDFNDJHZLWK DVXSHUVFULEHGUHG´;µ ([WHQVLRQVHUYLFHVWRVXSSRUWHIÀFLHQW IHUWLOL]HUXVHDUHVWLOOLQVXIÀFLHQW 6RPHFRQWULEXWRUVWR Enabling the Business of AgricultureEHOLHYHWKDWWKHVHYLVXDOODEHOLQJ $GHTXDWHIHUWLOL]HUDSSOLFDWLRQLQWHUPVRIERWK VSHFLÀFDWLRQVE\RYHUFRPLQJDQ\LVVXHVRIGL- GRVHVDQGWLPLQJLVQHHGHGWRPD[LPL]HWKH DOHFWRUOLWHUDF\KHOSHQVXUHWKDWPDQ\IDUPHUV EHQHÀWVDQGPLQLPL]HHQYLURQPHQWDOFRQWDPL- FDQLGHQWLI\ZKDWWKHFRQWULEXWRUVFRQVLGHUWREH QDWLRQ,Q6XE6DKDUDQ$IULFDZKHUHVRLOQXWULHQW ORZTXDOLW\SURGXFWV2WKHUFRQWULEXWRUVVXJJHVW GHÀFLHQFLHVDUHKLJKIHUWLOL]HUXVHLVWUHQGLQJ WKDWVXFKSROLFLHVIDYRUWKHSURGXFWVRIVRPH XSZDUGLQPRVWFRXQWULHV+RZHYHUUDWHVVWLOO FRPSDQLHVRYHURWKHUV7KH\DUJXHWKDWWKLVLV UHPDLQZHOOEHORZWKHWDUJHWRINLORJUDPVSHU 54 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015 KHFWDUHVHWLQLQWKH$IULFDQ8QLRQ·V$EXMD IHUWLOL]HUXVHDUHEHLQJSURYLGHGLQDOOSLORW 'HFODUDWLRQRQ)HUWLOL]HUIRUDQ$IULFDQ*UHHQ FRXQWULHV7KHSXEOLFVHFWRULVWKHPDLQGULYHU 5HYROXWLRQ 18 ,Q 0R]DPELTXH IRU H[DPSOH LQ ÀQDQFLQJ DQG SURYLGLQJ WKHVH VHUYLFHV LQ IHUWLOL]HUXVHUDWHVDUHDVORZDVNLORJUDPVSHU QHDUO\DOOWKHFRXQWULHV6SDLQDQG8NUDLQHDUH KHFWDUHDQGLQ8JDQGDWKH\DUHDVORZDV WKHH[FHSWLRQVZKHUHWUDLQLQJLVSURYLGHGHQ- NLORJUDPVSHUKHFWDUH%\FRPSDULVRQXVHUDWHV WLUHO\E\SULYDWHLQSXWVXSSOLHUV2WKHUVRXUFHVRI DUHNLORJUDPVSHUKHFWDUHLQ*XDWHPDOD DJULFXOWXUDOH[WHQVLRQVHUYLFHVIRUVPDOOKROGHUV DQGWKH3KLOLSSLQHV ÀJXUH UDQJH IURP FRPPXQLW\EDVHG SURMHFWV DQG WKRVH IXQGHG E\ QRQJRYHUQPHQWDO RUJDQL- (IIHFWLYHIHUWLOL]HUXVHUHTXLUHVVRLODQDO\VHVWR ]DWLRQV 1*2V WR SULYDWH FRPSDQLHV 'DWD KHOSLQPDWFKLQJSURGXFWVWRVRLOW\SHVEXWPDQ\ RQWKHQXPEHURIIDUPHUVUHDFKHGE\SXEOLF FRXQWULHVODFNWKHPHDQVWRHQDEOHIDUPHUVWR H[WHQVLRQDJHQWVSURYHGWREHOLPLWHGLQPRVW WHVWWKHLUVRLO:KLOHDOOSLORWFRXQWULHVKDYH of the countries. VRLOWHVWLQJODEVWKHQXPEHURIIXQFWLRQDOODEV YDULHVDVGRWKHWLPHDQGFRVWIRUDVRLODQDO\VLV Next steps ,QWKH3KLOLSSLQHVIRULQVWDQFHZLWKRIÀFLDO ODERUDWRULHVDQGPDQ\SULYDWHRQHVUHVXOWVFDQ This chapter presented the initial pilot results for EHH[SHFWHGDIWHUZRUNLQJGD\V,Q8JDQGD DGDWDVHWIRFXVLQJRQSROLF\DQGUHJXODWRU\ with 3 functional laboratories and a population DVSHFWVUHODWHGWRIHUWLOL]HUUHJLVWUDWLRQLPSRUW DERXWRQHWKLUGWKHVL]HRIWKH3KLOLSSLQHVUHVXOWV DQGVDOH IHUWLOL]HUSULFHVVXEVLGLHVWD[HVDQG DUHDYDLODEOHDIWHUZRUNLQJGD\V ER[ WDULIIV TXDOLW\FRQWURO DQGIHUWLOL]HUXVHDQGVRLO health. The results presented were selected %XLOGLQJ IDUPHU FDSDFLW\ LQ IHUWLOL]HU PDQ - EDVHG RQ WKHLU UHOHYDQFH FROOHFWDELOLW\ DQG DJHPHQW WKURXJK WUDLQLQJ DQG WHFKQLFDO GHJUHHRIFRPSDUDELOLW\DFURVVFRXQWULHV7KH DGYLFHLVDOVRFUXFLDOIRUHIIHFWLYHXVHRIWKLV focus areas will be narrowed down during the LQSXW$JULFXOWXUDOH[WHQVLRQVHUYLFHVUHODWHGWR XSFRPLQJ \HDU WR FDSWXUH WKH PRVW FULWLFDO FIGURE 6.4: Average fertilizer use rates by country 160 150 150 140 131 Kilograms per hectare 120 100 80 78 60 40 40 23 24 20 2 5 0 Uganda Mozambique Ethiopia Nepal Morocco Ukraine Spain Guatemala Philippines Source: Enabling the Business of Agriculture database. 1RWH 5ZDQGDLVH[FOXGHGEHFDXVHQRLQIRUPDWLRQFRXOGEHREWDLQHG IMPROVING FERTILIZER SUPPLY | 2015 55 BOX 6.2: Extending reach through a mobile soil lab in Uganda $ SURMHFW LQ QRUWKHUQ 8JDQGD LV SLORWLQJ D PRELOH WUDLQLQJ DQG VRLO WHVWLQJ ODERUDWRU\ WR VHUYH VPDOOKROGHUV 7KH DLP LV WR LQFUHDVH VRLO IHUWLOLW\ DQG SURGXFWLYLW\ E\ SURYLGLQJ VLWH VSHFLÀFUHFRPPHQGDWLRQVIRUIHUWLOL]DWLRQEDVHGRQVRLOWHVWV 7KH SURMHFW LV D SXEOLFSULYDWH LQLWLDWLYH LQYROYLQJ *HUPDQ SRWDVVLXP PLQLQJ FRPSDQ\ .6.$/,*PE+ WKH6DVDNDZD$IULFD$VVRFLDWLRQDQLQWHUQDWLRQDODJULFXOWXUDOGHYHORS- PHQW1*2 8JDQGD·V1DWLRQDO$JULFXOWXUDO5HVHDUFK2UJDQL]DWLRQ DQGWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI *|WWLQJHQLQ*HUPDQ\ZKLFKLVVXSSRUWLQJWKHSURMHFWZLWKH[SHUWLVHLQVRLODQDO\VLV 7KHVRLOODERUDWRU\LVFDSDEOHRIPHDVXULQJWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWQXWULHQWVLQWKHVRLOTXLFNO\ DQGDFFXUDWHO\:KHQDLUGULHGVDPSOHVDUHVXEPLWWHGLWWDNHVRQO\DERXWDQKRXUWRRE- WDLQUHVXOWV7KHODELVHTXLSSHGZLWKDZDWHUSXULÀHUIRUWKHODEZDWHUDQGDVSHFWURSKR- WRPHWHUIRUPHDVXULQJVRLOQXWULHQWV Source:6DVDNDZD$IULFD$VVRFLDWLRQKWWS ZZZVDDVDIHRUJ WRSLF IDFWRUV ,Q SDUDOOHO DQG DIWHU IXUWKHU 2. 'HWHUPLQLQJ DFFHVV WR RUJDQLF IHUWLOL]HU FRQVXOWDWLRQVDGGLWLRQDOPHDVXUHPHQWVPD\ GXHWRFRVWLPSOLFDWLRQVDQGWKHKHDOWK be considered. Further research that would be DQGHQYLURQPHQWDOEHQHÀWVRILWVXVH XQGHUWDNHQLQFOXGHVEXWLVQRWOLPLWHGWRWKH following 3 areas: 3. ([SDQGLQJFRYHUDJHRIVRLOWHVWLQJJLY- HQ LWV LPSRUWDQFH WKURXJK TXHVWLRQV 1. 0HDVXULQJTXDOLW\FRQWURODORQJWKHIHU- RQ WKH DYDLODELOLW\ DQG XSGDWLQJ RI VRLO WLOL]HUYDOXHFKDLQ PDSV 56 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015 Notes 7KHXQGHUO\LQJUHVHDUFKDQGGHVLJQRIWKHLPSURYLQJ 0LQGHDQG1GORYX GHVFULEH´VPDUWµVXEVLGLHV IHUWLOL]HUVXSSO\WRSLFEHQHÀWHGIURPYDOXDEOHFRPPHQWV DVWKRVHLQYROYLQJVSHFLÀFWDUJHWLQJWRIDUPHUVZKR SURYLGHGE\0DULD$QWLS'LHJR$ULDV-RVKXD$ULJD would not otherwise use purchased inputs (or to the 7RGG%HQVRQ,PDG%RX]LDQH&DUORV&DSSDUHOOL DUHDVZKHUHDGGHGIHUWLOL]HUFDQFRQWULEXWHWKHPRVW 0RUJDQH'DQLHORX3HWHU+HIIHUQDQ&DWKHULQH.LQJ WRLPSURYLQJ\LHOG PHDVXUDEOHLPSDFWV DFKLHYDEOH ,JQDFLR0RQWDJXG0RKLQGHU0XGDKDU$PLW5R\-DVRQ JRDOV DUHVXOWVRULHQWDWLRQ DQGWLPHO\GXUDWLRQ 6FDUSRQH'DYLG6SLHOPDQDQG0DOFROP6XPQHU RILPSOHPHQWDWLRQ WKDWLVEHLQJWLPHERXQGRU GHVLJQHGZLWKDIHDVLEOHH[LWVWUDWHJ\ +R\XP 12 Minde et al. 2008. $IULFDQ8QLRQ :DQ]DODHWDO 3 World Bank 2013b. 7KH(DVW$IULFDQ&RPPXQLW\PHPEHUFRXQWULHVDUH 'RQDYDQ %XUXQGL.HQ\D5ZDQGD7DQ]DQLDDQG8JDQGD :RUOG%DQNF $FXHUGR*XEHUQDWLYRDUWLFOHDQG 7KHFRXQWULHVFRYHUHGE\WKH:RUOG%DQN·V annex 1. $JULEXVLQHVV,QGLFDWRUVSURMHFWDUH%XUNLQD)DVR 3URFODPDWLRQ DUWLFOHVDQG (WKLRSLD*KDQD.HQ\D0R]DPELTXH1LJHULD *DQHVK.XPDUDQG3XOODEKRWOD 5ZDQGD7DQ]DQLDDQG=DPELD 7KHGHFODUDWLRQLVDUHVXOWRIWKH$IULFD)HUWLOL]HU 3HDUFHDQG.RXQGRXUL 6XPPLWKHOGLQ$EXMD1LJHULDLQ 'UXLOKHDQG%DUUHLUR+XUOp *UHJRU\DQG%XPE ,)'& IMPROVING FERTILIZER SUPPLY | 2015 57 Transporting agricultural goods Simalgarhi Samuha, a farmers’ group based in the village of Chainpur, in Nepal’s Chitwan district, has 22 members who grow beans, eggplant DQGFDXOLÁRZHU7KHIDUPHUVVHOOWKHLUSURGXFHLQWKHZKROHVDOHPDUNHWVRI Bharatpur, Pokhara and Kathmandu, but getting their produce to these markets is not easy. Although an all-weather road connects the village to the markets, the road can deteriorate quickly, especially in the rainy season. And because licensed commercial vehicles are in short supply in WKHYLOODJHWKHGDLO\UHQWDOFRVWVDUHKLJKHDWLQJLQWRWKHLUSURÀWV,QVWHDG the farmers often rely on informal public transport such as unregistered minibuses. This solution is far from ideal as the vehicles neither comply with safety rules nor keep the produce fresh until it reaches the market. Access to essential transport infrastructure and WUDQVDFWLRQVFRVWVLQDJULFXOWXUH$UHFHQWVWXG\ VHUYLFHVLVFUXFLDOIRUDJULFXOWXUDOGHYHORSPHQW VXJJHVWVWKDWLPSHUIHFWFRPSHWLWLRQDFFRXQWV DOORYHUWKHZRUOGDVLWVWUHQJWKHQVPDUNHWFRP- IRURIQDWLRQDOWUDQVSRUWFRVWVLQ&HQWUDO SHWLWLYHQHVVDQGIRVWHUVHIÀFLHQWDQGLQFOXVLYH $PHULFD16PDOOSURGXFHUVLQUXUDODUHDVWHQG DJULFXOWXUDOYDOXHFKDLQVDWORFDODQGJOREDO WREHPRUHYXOQHUDEOHWRXQFRPSHWLWLYHPDU- OHYHOV NHWVWUXFWXUHV$FFRUGLQJWRWKH:RUOG%DQN·V World Development Report 2008: Agriculture 7UDQVSRUW LQIUDVWUXFWXUH PDWWHUV IRU DOO DFWRUV for DevelopmentLQDGHTXDWHWUDQVSRUWLQIUD- DORQJ WKH YDOXH FKDLQ %XW IRU VPDOOVFDOH VWUXFWXUHDQGVHUYLFHVLQUXUDODUHDVSXVKXS SURGXFHUVZKRWHQGWREHJHRJUDSKLFDOO\GLV- PDUNHWLQJFRVWVXQGHUPLQLQJERWKORFDOPDUNHWV SHUVHGWKHODFNRIJRRGTXDOLW\LQIUDVWUXFWXUH and exports.2 DQGHIÀFLHQWWUDQVSRUWFDQEHDSDUWLFXODUO\ ODUJHREVWDFOHPDNLQJLWGLIÀFXOWIRUWKHPWR 'HYHORSPHQWSROLFLHVKDYHIRFXVHGPDLQO\RQ obtain essential inputs and get their crops to LQYHVWPHQWVWRLPSURYHWUDQVSRUWLQIUDVWUXFWXUH PDUNHWV:KHQVPDOOVFDOHSURGXFHUVGRKDYH %XWWKHUHGXFHGFRVWVRIXVLQJLPSURYHGLQIUD- DFFHVVWRWUDQVSRUWVHUYLFHVWKHFRVWLVRIWHQ VWUXFWXUHZLOORQO\EHHQMR\HGE\FRQVXPHUVDQG YHU\ KLJK OLPLWLQJ WKHLU FRPSHWLWLYHQHVV DQG SURGXFHUVLIWUDQVSRUWVHUYLFHVDUHFRPSHWLWLYH DELOLW\WRSDUWLFLSDWHLQDJULFXOWXUDOYDOXHFKDLQV *RYHUQPHQWLQWHUYHQWLRQWRLQFUHDVHFRPSHWL- WLRQFDQEHDQHIIHFWLYHZD\RIUHGXFLQJWUDGH &RPSHWLWLRQDPRQJWUDQVSRUWRSHUDWRUVSOD\V costs.3)RUH[DPSOH0H[LFRRSHQHGLWVWUXFNLQJ DFULWLFDOSDUWLQGHWHUPLQLQJWUDQVSRUWSULFHV LQGXVWU\WRFRPSHWLWLRQLQWKHODWH VDQGVDZ /RZ OHYHOV RI FRPSHWLWLRQ WHQG WR LQFUHDVH URDGWUDQVSRUWSULFHVGURSE\LQUHDOWHUPV WUDQVSRUWSULFHVZKLFKDUHDPRQJWKHODUJHVW ZLWKLQ\HDUV,Q(DVWHUQ(XURSHWKHHOLPLQDWLRQ TRANSPORTING AGRICULTURAL GOODS | 2015 59 RIUDWHDQGURXWHFRQWUROVOHGWRWKHHQWU\RI What transporting agricultural QHZWUXFNLQJRSHUDWRUVWKDWRIIHUHGFRPSHWLWLYH goods data measure SULFHVDQGLQQRYDWLYHORJLVWLFVVHUYLFHV4 In the /DR3HRSOH·V'HPRFUDWLF5HSXEOLFWKHHOLPL- 7UDQVSRUWLQJDJULFXOWXUDOJRRGVGDWDPHDVXUH nation of the trucking cartel and the restrictions SROLF\ DQG UHJXODWRU\ FRQVWUDLQWV LQ WUXFNLQJ RQIRUHLJQWUXFNHUV·WUDQVSRUWLQJJRRGVEDFN VHUYLFHV DQG URDG LQIUDVWUXFWXUH OLPLWDWLRQV RXWRIWKHFRXQWU\OHGWRDUHGXFWLRQRILQ WKDWFDQSRWHQWLDOO\DIIHFWWKHGHYHORSPHQW logistics costs. RIFRPPHUFLDODJULFXOWXUH7KHGDWDIRFXVRQ URDGWUDQVSRUWEHFDXVHWKLVLVWKHPRGHXVHG 7UDQVSRUWUHJXODWLRQLVMXVWLÀHGWRWDFNOHPDUNHW IRU PRVW DJULFXOWXUDO DQG IRRG SURGXFWV LQ IDLOXUHVVXFKDVFRQJHVWLRQSROOXWLRQDQGVDIHW\ GHYHORSHGDQGGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHVDOLNH LQ LVVXHVZKLFKFDQOHDGWRXQIDLUFRPSHWLWLRQ WKH8QLWHG6WDWHVRIDJULFXOWXUDOIUHLJKWLV %HFDXVHURDGVDUHJHQHUDOO\DSXEOLFJRRG WUDQVSRUWHGE\URDGDQGLQ$IULFD² LV XVHUVGRQRWSHUFHLYHWKHFRVWRIWKHDGGLWLRQ (YHQFDUJRFRQYH\HGE\DLUVHDRUUDLOWUDYHOV RIDQRWKHUYHKLFOHDQGWKLVFDQOHDGWRURDG SDUWRIWKHZD\E\URDG IUHLJKW WUDQVSRUW IOHHWV H[FHHGLQJ RSWLPDO OHYHOV6RPHJRYHUQPHQWVGRQRWVXIÀFLHQWO\ )LYHVXEWRSLFVKDYHEHHQGHVLJQDWHGDVIROORZV DGGUHVVWKHVHPDUNHWIDLOXUHVZKLOHRWKHUVRIWHQ JREH\RQGZKDWLVQHFHVVDU\DQGSURSRUWLRQDWH 1. Licensing requirements to operate a LQGRLQJVR4XDQWLWDWLYHUHVWULFWLRQVVXFKDV trucking company. 7KHVH GDWD PHD- FDSVRQWKHQXPEHURIWUXFNLQJÀUPVFDQXQGXO\ VXUH WKH UHTXLUHPHQWV DQG SURFHGXUHV UHVWULFWFRPSHWLWLRQE\LPSHGLQJWKHHQWU\DQG WR VWDUW DQG RSHUDWH D GRPHVWLF WUXFN- GHYHORSPHQWRIQHZÀUPV3ULFHFRQWUROVPD\ LQJFRPSDQ\ VHH'DWDQRWHVIRUFDVH LQFUHDVHEXVLQHVVULVNVIRUWUXFNLQJFRPSDQLHV VWXG\ GHWDLOV LQFOXGLQJ WKH WLPH DQG $QG H[FHVVLYH OLFHQVLQJ UHTXLUHPHQWV DQG FRVW LQYROYHG 7KH GDWD IRFXV RQ WKH FRVWVGLVFULPLQDWHDJDLQVWQHZHQWUDQWVVPDOO PDMRU UHJXODWRU\ UHTXLUHPHQWV IRU RE- DQG PHGLXPVL]H ÀUPV DQG IRUHLJQ WUXFNLQJ WDLQLQJDQGUHQHZLQJQHFHVVDU\OLFHQV- FRPSDQLHV HV RU SHUPLWV WR WUDQVSRUW DJULFXOWXUDO goods. 6PDUW UHJXODWLRQ³UHJXODWLRQ WKDW VWULNHV WKH ULJKWEDODQFHLQHQVXULQJSURSHUHQIRUFHPHQW 2. Pricing and freight allocation. These RI HVVHQWLDO VDIHW\ DQG TXDOLW\ FRQWURO UXOHV GDWDPHDVXUHUHJXODWRU\RURWKHULQWHU- ZKLOHDYRLGLQJH[FHVVLYHUHJXODWRU\EXUGHQVLQ YHQWLRQVE\WKHJRYHUQPHQWRUWUDQVSRUW WKHWUXFNLQJVHFWRU³FDQOHDGWRERWKEHWWHU DVVRFLDWLRQV LQ GHWHUPLQLQJ KRZ SULFHV WUDQVSRUWVHUYLFHVDQGORZHUFRVWV Appropriate are set and how freight is allocated. ZHLJKW D[OHORDG UHJXODWLRQV KHOS SUHYHQW URDG GHWHULRUDWLRQ HQKDQFH VDIHW\ UHGXFH 3. Axle-load regulation. These data focus URDGPDLQWHQDQFHFRVWVDQGFUHDWHDOHYHO RQQDWLRQDOD[OHORDGDQGYHKLFOHWRWDO SOD\LQJ ILHOG DPRQJ SURYLGHUV RI WUDQVSRUW PDVVOLPLWVDVZHOODVWKHLUHQIRUFHPHQW VHUYLFHV7 Appropriate professional standards through weighing stations and associat- DQGFHUWLÀFDWLRQVXSSRUWDQHIIHFWLYHORJLVWLFV HGÀQHV VHFWRU$QGUHPRYLQJXQQHFHVVDU\TXDQWLWDWLYH OLPLWVRUH[FHVVLYHOLFHQVLQJUHTXLUHPHQWVLQWKH 4. Mutual recognition of standards and for- trucking sector can facilitate trade.8 eign trucking competition. These data 60 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015 focus on bilateral or regional agree- trade and transport.11 /LFHQVH UHTXLUHPHQWV PHQWVEHWZHHQFRXQWULHVDQGWKHLUPRVW FDSV RQ WKH QXPEHU RI WUXFNLQJ ILUPV DQG LPSRUWDQWQHLJKERULQJDJULFXOWXUDOWUDG- GLVFULPLQDWLRQ RQ WKH JURXQGV RI QDWLRQDOLW\ LQJSDUWQHUV7KHGDWDPHDVXUHZKHWKHU RUFRPSDQ\VL]HDOOOLPLWFRPSHWLWLRQDPRQJ WKHUH LV PXWXDO UHFRJQLWLRQ RI UHOHYDQW WUDQVSRUWSURYLGHUV VWDQGDUGV IRU WUXFNLQJ FRPSDQLHV DV well as restrictions on cross-border truck- ,Q RXW RI WKH SLORW FRXQWULHV³(WKLRSLD LQJ VHUYLFHV LQFOXGLQJ LPSRUW WUDQVLW *XDWHPDOD 0R]DPELTXH 1HSDO 5ZDQGD FDERWDJH EDFNKDXOLQJ DQG WULDQJXODU 6SDLQDQG8JDQGD³FRPSDQLHVPXVWREWDLQ rights.10 DWUXFNLQJOLFHQVHRUSHUPLWWROHJDOO\WUDQVSRUW DJULFXOWXUDOSURGXFWV,QWKH3KLOLSSLQHVFRP- Monitoring of road access, density and SDQLHVPXVWVHFXUHDIUDQFKLVH,Q0RURFFR quality. These data record the existence WUXFNLQJ FRPSDQLHV QHHG WR EH UHJLVWHUHG RI JRYHUQPHQW LQGLFDWRUV RQ URDG DF- ZLWKWKHVSHFLDOUHJLVWHUIRUFRPPHUFLDOURDG cess (such as the share of the popula- haulage (registre spécial de transporteur de WLRQOLYLQJZLWKLQDFHUWDLQGLVWDQFHRID marchandises pour compte d’autrui 8NUDLQHLV URDG URDG QHWZRUN GHQVLW\ DQG URDG WKHRQO\SLORWFRXQWU\ZKHUHQRVSHFLÀFOLFHQVH TXDOLW\ LVUHTXLUHGIRURSHUDWLQJDWUXFNLQJFRPSDQ\ LQWKHGRPHVWLFPDUNHW ÀJXUH What the initial pilot results show The process of obtaining a license or other au- 3UHOLPLQDU\ÀQGLQJVLQWKHSLORWFRXQWULHVVKRZ WKRUL]DWLRQLVOHVVEXUGHQVRPHLQVRPHFRXQWULHV YDU\LQJOHYHOVRIUHJXODWRU\LQWHUYHQWLRQLQWKH WKDQLQRWKHUVUDQJLQJIURPMXVWSURFHGXUH trucking sector around the world. Licensing re- WDNLQJGD\VLQ5ZDQGDDQG6SDLQWRSUR- TXLUHPHQWVLQWKHWUXFNLQJVHFWRUDUHLQWHQGHG FHGXUHV WDNLQJ GD\V LQ WKH 3KLOLSSLQHV WRHQVXUHWKDWVDIHW\DQGTXDOLW\VWDQGDUGVDUH where the process includes a hearing that re- PHWEXWVKRXOGQRWXQGXO\UHVWULFWVPDOODQG TXLUHVOHJDODVVLVWDQFHDQGPXVWEHSUHFHGHG IRUHLJQFRPSDQLHVWRHQWHUDQGRSHUDWHLQWKH E\ QRWLFH SXEOLVKHG LQ D SXEOLFO\ FLUFXODWHG PDUNHW7KHSURFHVVIRUREWDLQLQJDOLFHQVHRU QHZVSDSHU 7KH DYHUDJH FRVW IRU REWDLQLQJ SHUPLWVKRXOGEHFOHDUWUDQVSDUHQWDQGHIÀFLHQW WKHOLFHQVHRUSHUPLWLQWKHSLORWFRXQWULHV %LODWHUDODQGUHJLRQDOWUDQVSRUWDJUHHPHQWVFDQ LVRILQFRPHSHUFDSLWD UDQJLQJ EH HIIHFWLYH LQVWUXPHQWV WR DOORZ UHFLSURFDO IURPQRFRVWLQ0RURFFRDQGRILQFRPH FRPSHWLWLRQDQGWRKDUPRQL]HD[OHORDGOLPLWV SHUFDSLWDLQ6SDLQ WRRILQFRPH DQGRWKHUUHOHYDQWVWDQGDUGV/DVWO\JRYHUQ- SHUFDSLWDLQ1HSDO ,Q1HSDOWUXFNLQJ PHQWLQGLFDWRUVRQURDGDFFHVVGHQVLW\DQG OLFHQVHV PXVW EH UHQHZHG DQQXDOO\ DQG LQ TXDOLW\ DUH LQVWUXPHQWV WKDW FDQ KHOS LQIRUP 6SDLQHYHU\\HDUV,Q0RURFFRWKHUHJLVWU\ policies on transport and infrastructure. HQWU\LVYDOLGDVORQJDVWKHFRPSDQ\FRQWLQXHV WRPHHWWKHUHTXLUHPHQWV License or permit is required to transport agricultural goods in most pilot countries (WKLRSLD0RURFFR0R]DPELTXH1HSDOWKH 3KLOLSSLQHVDQG6SDLQKDYHQRQWHFKQLFDOUH- Making it easier to obtain licenses for transport TXLUHPHQWV WKDW FDQ UHVWULFW HQWU\ LQWR WKH HTXLSPHQWDQGRSHUDWLRQVLVFRQVLGHUHGWREH WUXFNLQJVHFWRU7KHPRVWFRPPRQUHTXLUHPHQWV DPRQJWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWZD\VWRLPSURYH UHODWH WR RZQHUV· QDWLRQDOLW\ DQG FRPSDQ\ TRANSPORTING AGRICULTURAL GOODS | 2015 61 FIGURE 7.1:7\SHRIOLFHQVHUHTXLUHGWRRSHUDWHDGRPHVWLFWUXFNLQJFRPSDQ\ State concession or franchise Philippines 1 Ethiopia Guatemala Mozambique Nepal Special license or permit 7 Rwanda Spain Uganda Registry or notification to a government Morocco 1 agency or professional association No special license required Ukraine 1 Source: Enabling the Business of Agriculture database. VL]H ,Q 0RURFFR IRU H[DPSOH RQO\ QDWLRQDO Little intervention in pricing and freight FLWL]HQVRUFRPSDQLHVFDQRSHUDWHDWUXFNLQJ allocation FRPSDQ\,Q6SDLQWUXFNLQJFRPSDQLHVPXVW KDYHDPLQLPXPRIWUXFNVWKDWDUHOHVVWKDQ 3ULFHFRQWUROV³LQIRUPRIPDQGDWRU\PLQLPXP PRQWKV ROG ,Q *XDWHPDOD 0R]DPELTXH SULFHVLPSRVHGRQWUDQVSRUWVHUYLFHV³FDQEH 1HSDO DQG 8JDQGD D OLFHQVH LV UHTXLUHG DW DQLQVWUXPHQWWROLPLWGXPSLQJEXWFDQDOVR WKHWUXFNOHYHO LQWKHUHVWRIWKHSLORWFRXQWULHV OHDGWRXQFRPSHWLWLYHKLJKSULFHV%\FRQWUDVWD RQHOLFHQVHLVUHTXLUHGSHUFRPSDQ\WKRXJK PDUNHWVWUXFWXUHWKDWDOORZVWUXFNLQJFRPSDQLHV DGGLWLRQDOSD\PHQWVPLJKWEHUHTXLUHGIRUUHJ- WRQHJRWLDWHSULFHVDQGFRQGLWLRQVGLUHFWO\ZLWK LVWHULQJWKHWUXFNVZLWKWKHDXWKRULWLHV,QPRVWRI FXVWRPHUVFDQVXSSRUWJUHDWHUFRPSHWLWLRQ WKHFRXQWULHVWUXFNVQHHGFHUWLÀFDWHVVKRZLQJ +RZIUHLJKWLVDOORFDWHGDOVRPDWWHUV(YLGHQFH WKDWWKH\PHHWFHUWDLQWHFKQLFDOUHTXLUHPHQWV VKRZVWKDWWKHXVHRITXHXLQJV\VWHPVFDQLQ- such as refrigeration for transporting perishable WURGXFHPDUNHWGLVWRUWLRQVDQGHQFRXUDJHWKH agricultural goods. H[LVWHQFHRIFDUWHOVOHDGLQJWRKLJKHUWUDQVSRUW prices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ÀOOWRREWDLQRUUHQHZWKHP $XWKRULW\RFFDVLRQDOO\VHWVWUDQVSRUWSULFHVIRU (WKLRSLD *XDWHPDOD 0R]DPELTXH 1HSDO VWUDWHJLFFRPPRGLWLHVVXFKDVIHUWLOL]HUZKHDW WKH3KLOLSSLQHV5ZDQGDDQG6SDLQDOVRVHWD (food grain) and coffee.13,QRWKHUFRXQWULHV OHJDOWLPHIUDPHIRULVVXLQJGHFLVLRQVRQOLFHQVH VXFK DV 6SDLQ WKH 0LQLVWU\ RI 3XEOLF :RUNV applications. and Transport publishes past prices (based on 62 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015 WUXFNLQJVXUYH\V IRUVWDWLVWLFDOSXUSRVHVEXW ,QQRQHRIWKHSLORWFRXQWULHVLVLWFRPSXOVRU\ WKHLQGXVWU\GRHVQRWXVHWKHPDVUHIHUHQFH to belong to a trucking association to operate prices. OHJDOO\%XWWKHVHUYLFHVSURYLGHGE\DVVRFLDWLRQV DQGWKHSRVVLELOLW\RIUHWDOLDWLRQIRUIDLOLQJWREH- ,Q *XDWHPDOD DQG WKH 3KLOLSSLQHV WUXFNLQJ ORQJPD\SXVKFRPSDQLHVWRUHJLVWHU6LPLODUO\ associations publish reference prices on their QRSLORWFRXQWU\KDVDQLQVWLWXWLRQDOL]HGTXHXLQJ websites or in national newspapers. In nei- RULQWHUPHGLDU\V\VWHPLQSODFHIRUDOORFDWLQJ WKHUFRXQWU\DUHWKHVHSULFHVELQGLQJ WKDWLV IUHLJKW,Q1HSDOKRZHYHUDTXHXLQJV\VWHP there are no legal sanctions for not following ZDVRSHUDWLQJRSHQO\XQWLO)HEUXDU\ZKHQ WKHP %XWDQLPSRUWDQWTXHVWLRQUHPDLQVIRU LWZDVDEROLVKHGE\D6XSUHPH&RXUWRUGHU EXVLQHVVHVDQGIDUPHUV +RZPXFKFDQLQGH- SHQGHQW WUXFNLQJ FRPSDQLHV GHYLDWH IURP Axle-load regulations are widespread WKHVH ´UHFRPPHQGHGµ SULFHV" 7KH DQVZHU GHSHQGV RQ D QXPEHU RI IDFWRUV DPRQJ :HOOGHVLJQHGD[OHORDGUHJXODWLRQVFDQKDYH WKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWEHLQJWKHUROHRIWUXFNLQJ D ELJ LPSDFW RQ WUDQVSRUW VHFWRU HIÀFLHQF\ associations (box 7.1). $VQRWHGWKH\FDQKHOSLQFUHDVHURDGVDIHW\ BOX 7.1: What is the role of trucking associations? 7UXFNLQJDQGWUDQVSRUWDVVRFLDWLRQVH[LVWDVPHPEHUEDVHGRUJDQL]DWLRQVLQDOOSLORWFRXQWULHV0RVW DUHUHJLRQDOLQVFRSHMRLQLQJZLWKRWKHUVWRIRUPDQDWLRQZLGHIHGHUDWLRQ7KH\SURYLGHVHUYLFHVWR PHPEHUVWKDWLQFOXGHSXEOLFDGYRFDF\VLPSOLÀFDWLRQRIDGPLQLVWUDWLYHSURFHGXUHVDQGWHFKQLFDO guidelines and training. (YHQLIQRWPDQGDWRU\SUDFWLFHVLQVRPHFRXQWULHVPD\OHDYHWUXFNLQJFRPSDQLHVZLWKOLWWOHFKRLFH EXWWRUHJLVWHUZLWKWUXFNLQJDVVRFLDWLRQV,QWKH3KLOLSSLQHVVKLSSLQJFRPSDQLHVZLOORIIHUDFRQWUDFW WRWUDQVSRUWJRRGVIURPWKHSRUWRQO\WRPHPEHUVRIWKHIHGHUDWLRQ,Q1HSDOZKHUHWKHUHLVLQDGH- TXDWHLQVXUDQFHFRYHUDJHIRUDFFLGHQWVWUXFNLQJFRPSDQLHVKDYHWRUHO\RQWKHPDLQIHGHUDWLRQV (Federation of Truck Transport Associations of Nepal and Federation of Nepalese National Transport (QWUHSUHQHXUV ZKLFKKDYHFUHDWHGDIXQGIURPPHPEHUVKLSIHHVWRFRYHUDFFLGHQWUHODWHGPHGL- FDOFRVWV,Q(WKLRSLDWKHDVVRFLDWLRQDVVLVWVLQGLYLGXDOWUXFNRZQHUVWRÀQGFOLHQWV,Q*XDWHPDODDQG 8NUDLQHWUXFNLQJDVVRFLDWLRQVDUHLVVXLQJDQGJXDUDQWHHLQJFXVWRPVWUDQVLWGRFXPHQWV DOORZLQJWKH LQWHUQDWLRQDOWUDQVLWRIJRRGVZLWKRXWDVWRSDWLQWHUPHGLDWHERUGHUV $QGDVVRFLDWLRQVPD\H[HUW WKHLU SRZHU E\ ZLWKKROGLQJ VHUYLFHV IURP D WUXFNLQJ FRPSDQ\ WR SXQLVK LW IRU GHYLDWLQJ IURP WKHLU guidelines (such as those on pricing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ource: Enabling the Business of Agriculture database. TRANSPORTING AGRICULTURAL GOODS | 2015 63 DYRLG GHWHULRUDWLRQ RI URDG TXDOLW\ UHGXFH Axle-load regulations are enforced through PDLQWHQDQFHFRVWVIRUWKHURDGQHWZRUNDQG À[HG DQG PRELOH ZHLJKLQJ VWDWLRQV ORFDWHG SURPRWHIDLUFRPSHWLWLRQ6HWWLQJDSSURSULDWH PDLQO\DWERUGHUFURVVLQJVRQWUXQNURDGVRUDW D[OHORDGOLPLWVLVWKHÀUVWVWHSWRZDUGDFKLHYLQJ PDLQDFFHVVSRLQWVWRSRUWVDQGFLWLHV$OOSLORW WKHVH REMHFWLYHV 7KH OLPLWV WKHQ QHHG WR EH countries sanction freight carriers for exceeding DGHTXDWHO\ HQIRUFHG WKURXJK ZHLJKLQJ VWD- WKHZHLJKWOLPLWV7KHPRVWFRPPRQVDQFWLRQ WLRQVZLWKVDQFWLRQVLPSRVHGIRUDQ\YLRODWLRQV XVHGLQDOOFRXQWULHVLVWKHLPSRVLWLRQRIDÀQH 6WUHDPOLQLQJFRQWUROVLVDOVRLPSRUWDQW,QWKH 7KHVHÀQHVJHQHUDOO\VHWDVDQDPRXQWSHUWRQ (DVW$IULFDQ&RPPXQLW\FXWWLQJWKHDYHUDJH RIH[FHVVZHLJKWYDU\JUHDWO\LQVL]HDPRQJWKH WLPHUHTXLUHGIRUDWUXFNWRFURVVDWUXFNVFDOH countries. Most of the countries also take other E\KRXUFRXOGSRWHQWLDOO\UHGXFHWUDQVSRUW PHDVXUHV VXFK DV WHPSRUDULO\ ZLWKGUDZLQJ FRVWVE\PLOOLRQD\HDU14 SODWHVRUOLFHQVHV DVLQ*XDWHPDOD RULPPH- GLDWHO\UHPRYLQJWKHH[FHVVZHLJKW,Q8NUDLQH $OOSLORWFRXQWULHVKDYHD[OHORDGUHJXODWLRQV KRZHYHUH[FHVVZHLJKWPXVWEHXQORDGHGRQO\ LQSODFH$[OHORDGOLPLWVUDQJHIURPWR LILWVXUSDVVHVWKHPD[LPXPDOORZHGE\ PHWULFWRQVSHUD[OH WKHDYHUDJHLVPHWULF tons. All countries except for Morocco and Nepal International transport agreements are DOVRKDYHJURVVYHKLFOHPDVVOLPLWVUDQJLQJIURP in place, but limited foreign trucking WR PHWULF WRQV ÀJXUH 0RVW IXUWKHU competition remains VSHFLI\D[OHORDGDQGJURVVYHKLFOHPDVVOLPLWVIRU VSHFLÀFW\SHVRIYHKLFOHV DVGHÀQHGE\OHQJWK :KHQ QHLJKERULQJ FRXQWULHV DSSO\ GLIIHUHQW RUZKHHOVSHUD[OH RUVSHFLÀFW\SHVRIURDGV URDGWUDQVSRUWVWDQGDUGVWKLVPD\UHTXLUHFRVWO\ FIGURE 7.2: Gross vehicle mass and axle-load limits by country 60 56 56 53 50 46 45 41 40 40 40 Tons 30 20 13.5 11.5 11.5 10 10 11 10.2 10 9 8 0 co da e da s a ia n l e pa ne ai in al qu op oc an an ra Sp m Ne pi bi hi Uk te ilip or Ug Rw am Et ua M Ph oz G M Gross vehicle mass Maximum weight per axle Source: Enabling the Business of Agriculture database. 1RWH (WKLRSLDKDVRQO\JURVVYHKLFOHPDVVOLPLWVDQGQRD[OHORDGOLPLWV0RURFFRDQG1HSDOKDYHRQO\ZHLJKWOLPLWVSHUD[OHEXWQR JURVVYHKLFOHPDVVOLPLW 64 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015 DGMXVWPHQWVIRUWUXFNLQJFRPSDQLHVLPSHGLQJ WKH WUDQVSRUW RI JRRGV IURP SRUWV WR LQODQG FURVVERUGHUWUDGH,QWHUQDWLRQDOUHJLRQDODQG landlocked countries.17,Q=DPELDZKLFKSHU- ELODWHUDODJUHHPHQWVWKDWKDUPRQL]HRUSURYLGH PLWVIRUHLJQFRPSHWLWLRQLQWUXFNLQJWKHUHDUH IRUPXWXDOUHFRJQLWLRQRIWUDQVSRUWVWDQGDUGV VRPH²ODUJHWUXFNVUHJLVWHUHGWKDW FDQEHDQHIÀFLHQWWRROIRUIDFLOLWDWLQJWUDGH$QG RSHUDWH QDWLRQDOO\ DQG UHJLRQDOO\ 'HVSLWH transport rights allowing foreign participation =DPELD·VGLVWDQFHIURPPDMRUSRUWVVXFKDV LQWUXFNLQJDQGORJLVWLFVVHUYLFHVFDQLPSURYH 'XUEDQLQ6RXWK$IULFDWUDQVSRUWSULFHVLQWKLV WKH FRPSHWLWLYHQHVV DQG TXDOLW\ RI VHUYLFHV ODQGORFNHG FRXQWU\ DUH ORZ EHFDXVH RI GR- DYDLODEOHWRWKHDJULFXOWXUDOVHFWRU PHVWLFWUXFNLQJFRPSDQLHV·H[SRVXUHWRZLGHU UHJLRQDOFRPSHWLWLRQ18 $OOFRXQWULHVH[FHSW0R]DPELTXH1HSDODQG WKH3KLOLSSLQHVDUHSDUWRIDPXOWLODWHUDOWUHDW\ )UHHFRPSHWLWLRQLQWUDQVSRUWVHUYLFHVWKRXJK UHJXODWLQJ WUDQVSRUW 0RURFFR 6SDLQ DQG EURDGO\DJUHHGRQLQSULQFLSOH LVIDUIURPEHLQJ 8NUDLQHDUHSDUWLHVWRWKH&XVWRPV&RQYHQWLRQ IXOO\LPSOHPHQWHGLQSUDFWLFH$PRQJWKHSL- on the International Transport of Goods under ORWFRXQWULHVDOOH[FHSWWKH3KLOLSSLQHV WKHRQO\ &RYHURI7,5&DUQHWV 7,5&RQYHQWLRQ 6LJQHG LVODQGFRXQWU\LQWKHJURXS DOORZIRUHLJQFRP- LQ DQGUDWLÀHGE\FRXQWULHVZRUOGZLGH SDQLHVWRWUDQVSRUWJRRGVLQWRWKHFRXQWU\EXW WKH7,5&RQYHQWLRQLVDLPHGDWVLPSOLI\LQJDQG RQO\6SDLQDQG8NUDLQHDOORZLQWHUQDOFDERWDJH KDUPRQL]LQJWKHDGPLQLVWUDWLYHIRUPDOLWLHVRI 7KHVHFRXQWULHVDOVRJUDQWIRUHLJQFRPSDQLHV LQWHUQDWLRQDOURDGWUDQVSRUW7KHFRQYHQWLRQ DOORWKHUWUDQVSRUWULJKWVPHDVXUHGE\WKHWUDQV- HVWDEOLVKHGDFXVWRPVWUDQVLWV\VWHPDOORZLQJ SRUWLQJDJULFXOWXUDOJRRGVGDWD LPSRUWWUDQVLW JRRGVXQGHUD7,5JXDUDQWHHWRPRYHLQVHDOHG backhauling and triangular rights) (table 7.1). ORDGFRPSDUWPHQWVDQGFRQWDLQHUVZLWKQR UHTXLUHPHQWIRUFXVWRPVFKHFNVDWLQWHUPHGL- 5HFLSURFLW\LVQRWUHVSHFWHGLQDOOFDVHV ZKLOH ate borders. Indian trucks can operate in Nepal for 72 hours ZLWKRXWDVSHFLDOOLFHQVH1HSDOHVHWUXFNVQHHG 6RPHSLORWFRXQWULHVDUHSDUWRIUHJLRQDOHFR- DVSHFLDOSHUPLWIURPWKH,QGLDQ(PEDVV\MXVW QRPLFFRPPXQLWLHVZLWKDUHJLRQDOWUDQVSRUW WR FURVV WKH ERUGHU $V H[SHFWHG FRXQWULHV DJUHHPHQWLQSODFHLQFOXGLQJ*XDWHPDODDQG ZLWKQDWLRQDOLW\UHVWULFWLRQVLQOLFHQVLQJDOVROLPLW 6SDLQ5ZDQGDDQG8JDQGDDUHSDUWRIWKH(DVW IRUHLJQWUXFNLQJFRPSHWLWLRQ $IULFDQ&RPPXQLW\ZKHUHDELOORQKDUPRQL]D- tion of axle-load regulations (the Vehicle Load Broad use of standard government &RQWURO%LOO ZDVSDVVHGLQ7KHELOOZKLFK indicators on road quality, but limited VHWWKHJURVVYHKLFOHPDVVOLPLWDWPHWULFWRQV reliable data on road access and density KDVQRW\HWEHHQIXOO\LPSOHPHQWHGE\PHPEHU VWDWHVKRZHYHU8JDQGDKDVUHÁHFWHGWKHQHZ *RRGTXDOLW\URDGVSURYLGLQJDFFHVVWRPDU- OLPLWLQLWVQDWLRQDOODZVEXW5ZDQGDZLOOQHHG NHWVDUHIXQGDPHQWDOWRHIIHFWLYHWUDQVSRUWLQ WRDGDSWIURPLWVFXUUHQWPHWULFWRQV2QFH DJULFXOWXUH(YLGHQFHVKRZVWKDWIDUPHUVWHQG IXOO\LPSOHPHQWHGWKHQHZOLPLWLVH[SHFWHG WRUHFHLYHEHWWHUSULFHVZKHQWKH\KDYHDFFHVV WRVDYHPRUHWKDQELOOLRQD\HDULQWUDQVSRUW WRURDGV,Q3DSXD1HZ*XLQHDSULFHVUHFHLYHG FRVWVLQWKH(DVW$IULFDQ&RPPXQLW\ E\IDUPHUVIRUWKHLUFURSVGHFUHDVHE\IRU HDFKDGGLWLRQDOPLOHDZD\IURPWKHQHDUHVW Transport rights that allow trucks to pick up a WUDQVSRUWIDFLOLW\20-XVWDVLPSRUWDQWDVDFFHVV EDFNKDXOIURPDWKLUGFRXQWU\FDQHQFRXUDJH WRURDGVLVWKHLUTXDOLW\,Q(DVW$IULFDLPSURYLQJ TRANSPORTING AGRICULTURAL GOODS | 2015 65 TABLE 7.1: Transporting goods from the country’s largest neighboring agricultural trading partner Types of transport rights granted to foreign companies Country Import Backhauling Transit Triangular Cabotage Ethiopia Guatemala Morocco 0R]DPELTXH Nepal Philippines Rwanda Spain Uganda Ukraine Source: Enabling the Business of Agriculture database. 1RWH %ODQNV QRVXFKWUDQVSRUWULJKWVDUHJUDQWHG WKHTXDOLW\RIWUDQVSRUWFRUULGRUVIURPIDLUWRJRRG LQYHVWPHQWVQHHGHGWREXLOGDQGPDLQWDLQWKHP DVPHDVXUHGE\WKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO5RXJKQHVV *RYHUQPHQWLQGLFDWRUVRQURDGDFFHVVGHQVLW\ Index21 UHGXFHGWUDQVSRUWFRVWVE\22 DQG TXDOLW\ DUH HVVHQWLDO WR LQIRUP GHFLVLRQV DERXWWKRVHLQYHVWPHQWVDQGDVVLJQDGHTXDWH 5RDGVDUHSULPDULO\DSXEOLFJRRGDQGJRY- resources (box 7.2). HUQPHQWV SOD\ D FULWLFDO UROH LQ PDNLQJ WKH BOX 7.2: Morocco’s national programs for improving rural roads 0RUH WKDQ RI 0RURFFR·V SRRU SRSXODWLRQ OLYHV LQ LVRODWHG UXUDO DUHDV FXW RII IURP HFRQRPLF RSSRUWXQLWLHVDQGNH\VRFLDOVHUYLFHVE\ODFNRIDFFHVVWRDOOZHDWKHUURDGV%XW0RURFFRKDVEHHQ ZRUNLQJVWHDGLO\WRLPSURYHUXUDOURDGTXDOLW\DQGDFFHVVWKURXJKDVHULHVRIQDWLRQDOSURJUDPV 7KHÀUVW1DWLRQDO3URJUDPIRU5XUDO5RDGV 1355 LQSODFHIURP WREXLOWNLORPHWHUV RIUXUDOURDGV7KHVHFRQGSURJUDP1355IURPWRKDGPXFKPRUHVSHFLÀFREMHFWLYHV QDPHO\WRLPSURYHDFFHVVWRURDGVIRUPLOOLRQSHRSOH WRUDLVHWKH1DWLRQDO5XUDO5RDG$FFHVVLELOLW\ ,QGH[IURPLQWRLQ DQGWRUHGXFHWKHKXJHGLVSDULWLHVDPRQJSURYLQFHV7KHLQ- GH[ZDVGHÀQHGDVWKHVKDUHRIWKHUXUDOSRSXODWLRQOLYLQJZLWKLQNLORPHWHURIDQDOOZHDWKHUURDG DQGFRYHUVRQO\SHRSOHOLYLQJLQ douarsVPDOOYLOODJHVRIPRUHWKDQKRXVHKROGV%\'HFHPEHU 1355KDGEXLOW NLORPHWHUVRIUXUDOURDGVDQGDQRWKHUNLORPHWHUVZHUHXQGHUFRQ- VWUXFWLRQPLOOLRQSHRSOHKDGJDLQHGDFFHVVWRURDGVDQGWKH1DWLRQDO5XUDO5RDG$FFHVVLELOLW\ ,QGH[KDGEHHQUDLVHGWR,QWKHJRYHUQPHQWODXQFKHG1355 Continued next page 66 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015 BOX 7.2: (Continued) %HVLGHVWKHSURJUDPV·GLUHFWHIIHFWVRQURDGGHQVLW\TXDOLW\DQGDFFHVVWKHJRYHUQPHQWDOVRPRQ- LWRUVWKHLUVRFLRHFRQRPLFLPSDFW$FFRUGLQJWRLWVVWDWLVWLFVWKHFRVWIRUIUHLJKWWUDQVSRUWDQGSXEOLF WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ KDV EHHQ UHGXFHG E\ PRUH WKDQ WKH VFKRRO DWWHQGDQFH UDWH LQFUHDVHG IURP WRZRPHQ·VYLVLWVWRPHGLFDOFHQWHUVLQFUHDVHGE\PRQWKO\KRXVHKROGLQFRPHURVHE\ DQGWKHSULFHIRUVWDSOHIRRGVIHOOE\a Data on rural population and travel time to the nearest city 5HVHDUFKLQGLFDWHVWKDWDJULFXOWXUDOSURGXFWLRQLVKLJKO\FRUUHODWHGZLWKSUR[LPLW\WRXUEDQPDUNHWVDV PHDVXUHGE\WUDYHOWLPH,Q$IULFDPD[LPXPSURGXFWLYLW\ZDVIRXQGWREHUHDFKHGEHWZHHQWKUHHWR IRXUKRXUVRIWUDYHOWLPHWRDQXUEDQPDUNHWbZKLOHLQ3HUXDVWXG\IRXQGWKDWIDUPODERUSURGXFWLYLW\ DQGUXUDOLQFRPHLQFUHDVHGZKHQMRXUQH\WLPHVWRWKHQHDUHVWFLW\GURSSHGWRMXVWXQGHUIRXUKRXUVc Enabling the Business of AgricultureLVH[SORULQJWKHXVHRIJHRJUDSKLFLQIRUPDWLRQV\VWHPV *,6 WR SURYLGHPHDVXUHVRIWKHSHUFHQWDJHRIWKHUXUDOSRSXODWLRQZLWKLQDVSHFLÀFWUDYHOWLPHWRPDMRUFLW- LHV WKDWLVFLWLHVRIRYHUDQGLQKDELWDQWV 7ZRH[DPSOHVFDQEHIRXQGEHORZZLWKD PDSRI0RURFFRLOOXVWUDWLQJWKHWUDYHOWLPHWRFLWLHVRIPRUHWKDQLQKDELWDQWVDQGDJUDSKRI WUDYHOWLPHVIRUWKHUXUDOSRSXODWLRQLQ0RURFFRWRUHDFKODUJHUFLWLHVRIRULQKDELWDQWV PDS%ÀJXUH% 7KHLQIRUPDWLRQFROOHFWHGLQGLFDWHVWKDWRIWKHUXUDOSRSXODWLRQOLYH EH\RQGDKRXUWUDYHOWLPHIURPDFLW\RIRYHULQKDELWDQWVZKLOHOLYHEH\RQGKRXUV IURPDFLW\RIRYHULQKDELWDQWV7KLVGDWDFRXOGIRUPDYDOXDEOHWRROWRLQIRUPJRYHUQPHQW SURJUDPVRQWKHLUUXUDOURDGVLQYHVWPHQW MAP B7.2.1: Rural population and travel time to the nearest city over 250,000 inhabitants in Morocco Rural populaƟon within 1 hour within 2 hours within 3 hours within 4 hours over 4 hours (30%) 0 100 200 300 400 Kilometers Source::UREOHZVNLDQG'DYLHV Continued next page TRANSPORTING AGRICULTURAL GOODS | 2015 67 BOX 7.2: (Continued) FIGURE B7.2.1: Access of rural population to cities of over 100,000 and 250,000 inhabitants in Morocco 100 93 90 Percent of rural population beyond 80 86 73 70 specific travel time 60 56 49 50 40 30 30 33 18 20 20 10 11 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Travel time in hours Travel time to cities with over 250,000 inhabitants Travel time to cities with over 100,000 inhabitants Source::UREOHZVNLDQG'DYLHV a. World Bank 2006; African Development Bank 2013; Ministry of Equipment, Transport and Logistics (Ministère de l’Equipement, du Transport et de la Logistique) E'RURVKHWDO6WLIHODQG0LQWHQ c. Webb 2013. ,QDOOFRXQWULHVH[FHSWWKH3KLOLSSLQHV5ZDQGD SHUFHQWDJHOLYLQJZLWKLQKRXUV·ZDONLQWKH DQG8NUDLQHWKHJRYHUQPHQWKDVHVWDEOLVKHG terai (plain) region. URDGDFFHVVLQGLFDWRUVPHDVXULQJWKHVKDUH RIWKHSRSXODWLRQOLYLQJZLWKLQ²NLORPHWHUVRI 5HOLDEOH DQG XSWRGDWH URDG GHQVLW\ GDWD DQDOOZHDWKHUURDG,Q(WKLRSLD0RURFFRDQG DUHODFNLQJLQPRVWFRXQWULHV,QVWHDGWKHWRWDO 8JDQGDWKHLQGLFDWRUIRFXVHVRQUXUDODUHDV OHQJWKRIWKHURDGQHWZRUNLQVSHFLÀFUHJLRQV PHDVXULQJWKHVKDUHRIWKHUXUDOSRSXODWLRQ LVXVHGDVDSUR[\+RZHYHUDOOSLORWFRXQWULHV ZLWKLQNLORPHWHUVRIDQDOOZHDWKHUURDG7KLV KDYHLQGLFDWRUVPHDVXULQJWKHTXDOLW\RIURDGV VKDUHUDQJHVIURPDVORZDVLQ(WKLRSLD ([FHSWIRU0RURFFR0R]DPELTXHDQG8NUDLQH WRLQ0RURFFRWKRXJKWKHPHWKRGRORJ\ all countries use the International Roughness XVHGDQGWKHWLPHVHULHVGLIIHUFRQVLGHUDEO\ ,QGH[ZKLFKWUDFNVWKHSHUFHQWDJHRIWUXQN DPRQJWKHFRXQWULHV,Q1HSDOGLIIHUHQW URDGVLQSRRUIDLURUJRRGTXDOLW\,Q*XDWHPDOD LQGLFDWRUVDUHXVHGWRUHÁHFWWKHJHRJUDSKLF DQG8JDQGDWKHSHUFHQWDJHRIWKHQDWLRQDO UHDOLW\ RI WKH FRXQWU\ QDPHO\ WKH SHUFHQW- trunk roads in poor condition is as high as 33 DJH RI SHRSOH OLYLQJ ZLWKLQ KRXUV· ZDON RI SHUFHQWDQGSHUFHQWUHVSHFWLYHO\ZKLOHLQ DQDOOZHDWKHUURDGLQWKHKLOOUHJLRQDQGWKH 6SDLQLWLVDERXWSHUFHQW 68 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015 Next steps 3. 7KH PHDVXUHPHQW RI UHJXODWLRQ HQ- IRUFHPHQW ZLOO EH LPSURYHG &XUUHQWO\ This chapter presents the initial results for a UHVHDUFK LV FDSWXULQJ WKH OHJDO WLPH GDWD VHW PHDVXULQJ SROLF\ DQG UHJXODWRU\ IUDPHWRJUDQWDWUDQVSRUWOLFHQVHZKLFK constraints in trucking that can affect the FDQEHFRPSDUHGZLWKWKHDFWXDOWLPH DJULFXOWXUDOVHFWRU$IWHUDQDO\]LQJWKHGDWD WRREWDLQLWDVPHDVXUHGE\WKHOLFHQVLQJ FROOHFWLRQ UHVXOWV WKH IRFXV ZDV QDUURZHG data. Another group of indicators would WR GDWD SRLQWV E\ LGHQWLI\LQJ WKRVH WKDW IXUWKHUH[SORUHWKHHQIRUFHPHQWRID[OH DUH UHOHYDQW PHDVXUDEOH DQG FROOHFWDEOH ORDG OLPLWV WKURXJK ZHLJKLQJ VWDWLRQV These data points will be used as a basis for WKH QXPEHU RI ZHLJKLQJ VWDWLRQV WKHLU DUHYLVHGTXHVWLRQQDLUHIRUWKHQH[WURXQGRI ORFDWLRQWKHLURSHUDWLQJKRXUVWKHLUHQ- data collection (see Data notes). IRUFHPHQWRISHQDOWLHV 7KHFRQWHQWLQDUHDVZLOOEHIXUWKHUGHYHORSHG 4. $QDWWHPSWZLOOEHPDGHWRFOHDUO\GLI- LQWKHQH[WF\FOHDVIROORZV IHUHQWLDWH DOO SHUPLWV OLFHQVHV DQG DX- WKRUL]DWLRQV QHHGHG WR RSHUDWH LQ WKH 1. 7KH PHDVXUHPHQW RI WKH H[LVWHQFH RI trucking business. While the focus is pri- JRYHUQPHQW LQGLFDWRUV RQ URDG TXDOLW\ PDULO\RQWKHW\SHRIOLFHQVHUHTXLUHGDW GHQVLW\ DQG DFFHVV ZLOO EH UHÀQHG ,Q WKH FRPSDQ\ OHYHO HTXDOO\ LPSRUWDQW WKHQH[WSKDVHDGGLWLRQDOUHVHDUFKZLOO LV PHDVXULQJ OLFHQVHV DQG RWKHU WHFKQL- EH FRQGXFWHG ZLWK TXHVWLRQV RQ GDWD FDOVSHFLÀFDWLRQVDWWKHWUXFNOHYHO7KH based on the International Roughness TXHVWLRQQDLUHZLOOEHUHÀQHGWRFDSWXUH ,QGH[ DV WKH LQWHUQDWLRQDOO\ DFFHSW- VSHFLÀF UHTXLUHPHQWV IRU WUDQVSRUWLQJ HG VWDQGDUG IRU PHDVXULQJ URDG TXDO- perishable goods as well as the distinc- LW\ )RU URDG GHQVLW\ WKH IRFXV ZLOO EH WLRQEHWZHHQGRPHVWLFDQGUHJLRQDORU RQ FROOHFWLQJ JRYHUQPHQW GDWD RQ WKH international transport. WRWDO OHQJWK RI WKH QHWZRUN E\ W\SH RI URDG LQ WKH FRXQWU\ RU LQ D VSHFLÀF UH- $Q LPSRUWDQW HIIRUW ZLOO EH PDGH WR JLRQ$VQRWHG Enabling the Business of PHDVXUHDFWXDOWUDQVSRUWSULFHVRQNH\ Agriculture is exploring the use of geo- URXWHVLQDFRPSDUDEOHPDQQHU'HVSLWH JUDSKLFLQIRUPDWLRQV\VWHPV *,6 WRSUR- DWWHPSWV WR FDSWXUH WKHVH GDWD GXULQJ YLGHPHDVXUHVRIWKHSHUFHQWDJHRIWKH the pilot phase (including through a UXUDO SRSXODWLRQ ZLWKLQ D VSHFLÀF WUDYHO VWDQGDUGL]HG FDVH VWXG\ WKHUH ZHUH WLPHWRPDMRUFLWLHV REVWDFOHVUHODWLQJWRFRPSDUDELOLW\DQG UHSUHVHQWDWLYHQHVV RI WKH VDPSOH 7KH 2. 7KH H[LVWHQFH RI ELODWHUDO UHJLRQDO SURMHFWLVWU\LQJWRVHFXUHDSDUDOOHOJUDQW and international transport agree- to conduct research on transport prices PHQWV LQFOXGLQJ WKH KDUPRQL]DWLRQ LQ VSHFLÀF FRXQWULHV LQFOXGLQJ WKURXJK DQG PXWXDO UHFRJQLWLRQ RI WUDQVSRUW DGGLWLRQDO VXUYH\V DQG D ODUJHU VDPSOH UHJXODWLRQV VWDQGDUGV DQG SURFHGXUHV RIWUXFNLQJFRPSDQLHV$GGLWLRQDOLQIRU- EHWZHHQ QHLJKERULQJ FRXQWULHV ZLOO PDWLRQRQGHOD\VDQGFRVWVDVVRFLDWHG EH UHVHDUFKHG DQG DQDO\]HG PRUH ZLWKVHFXULW\FKHFNSRLQWVRUURDGEORFNV V\VWHPDWLFDOO\ FRXOGEHDGGHGWRWKHDQDO\VLV TRANSPORTING AGRICULTURAL GOODS | 2015 69 Notes 7KHXQGHUO\LQJUHVHDUFKDQGGHVLJQRIWKHWUDQVSRUWLQJ :RUOG%DQN DJULFXOWXUDOJRRGVWRSLFEHQHÀWHGIURPYDOXDEOH %DVHGRQDVWDWHPHQWE\(DVW$IULFDQ&RPPXQLW\ FRPPHQWVSURYLGHGE\&KDUOHV.XQDND7KHUHVD 'HSXW\6HFUHWDU\*HQHUDO(QRV%XNXNXRQ Osborne and Virginia Tanase. )HEUXDU\DWDWDVNIRUFHPHHWLQJ FRQYHQHGLQ1DLUREL.HQ\DWRGUDIWWKH9HKLFOH 2VERUQH3DFKRQDQG$UD\D /RDG&RQWURO%LOO6HH´($&&RXOG6DYH%LOOLRQ :RUOG%DQN E\$JUHHLQJWR5HJLRQDO9HKLFOH/RDG&RQWURO 3 Kunaka et al. 2013. /DZµ(DVW$IULFDQ&RPPXQLW\KWWS ZZZ 7HUDYDQLQWKRUQDQG5DEDOODQG HDFLQWLQIUDVWUXFWXUHLQGH[SKS"RSWLRQ FRPB $UQROG FRQWHQW YLHZ DUWLFOH LG HDFFRXOGVDYHELOOLR 7HUDYDQLQWKRUQDQG5DEDOODQG Q FDWLG SUHVV ,WHPLG 7 World Bank 2012d. 17 Nathan Associates 2012. 8 World Bank 2010. 5DEDOODQG.XQDNDDQG*LHUVLQJ &DVDYDQWHWDO .XQDNDHWDO6HHDOVRWKH:RUOG7UDGH 7KHVHULJKWVUHIHUWRIRUHLJQWUXFNLQJFRPSDQLHV· 2UJDQL]DWLRQ·V*HQHUDO$JUHHPHQWRQ7UDGHLQ DELOLW\WRWUDQVSRUWJRRGVLQWRDFRXQWU\ LPSRUW 6HUYLFHV WKURXJKWKHFRXQWU\ WUDQVLW EHWZHHQSRLQWVZLWKLQ *LEVRQDQG5R]HOOH WKHFRXQWU\ FDERWDJH EDFNIURPWKHFRXQWU\ 21 The International Roughness Index is a standard scale EDFNKDXOLQJ DQGIURPWKHFRXQWU\LQWRDWKLUG WKDWTXDQWLÀHVWKHURXJKQHVVRIURDGVDQGPHDVXUHV FRXQWU\ WULDQJXODUULJKWV WKHLUTXDOLW\DVSRRUIDLURUJRRG,WLVEDVHGRQWKH 11 World Bank 2010. VLPXODWHGUHVSRQVHRIDJHQHULFPRWRUYHKLFOHWRWKH 7HUDYDQLQWKRUQDQG5DEDOODQG roughness in a single wheel path of the road surface. 13 World Bank 2012b. 0HDVXUHPHQWRIWKHLQGH[ZDVÀUVWH[SHULPHQWHG (DVW$IULFDQ7UDGHDQG7UDQVSRUW)DFLOLWDWLRQ3URMHFW ZLWKDQGUHFRPPHQGHGE\WKH:RUOG%DQNLQ ($77)3 DQG-DSDQ,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RRSHUDWLRQ 7HUDYDQLQWKRUQDQG5DEDOODQG $JHQF\ -,&$ 70 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015 Selling agricultural goods A farmer from Iganga, Uganda, Seruwo produces and sells maize. When harvest comes, thanks to the farmer organization he belongs to, his maize is pooled with that of his neighbors and sold at the local market. He knows he could get more for his maize across the border in Kenya, but there are several constraints to getting his maize to the neighboring market. Besides lack of proper storage to protect his grain from rain and pests, transpor- tation is expensive, and there are burdensome requirements across the ERUGHU PDQ\WLPHVKHGRHVQRWHYHQKDYHWKHWLPHRUPHDQVWRÀQGRXW ZKLFKGRFXPHQWVDQGFHUWLÀFDWHVDUHQHHGHG'LZDWDDIHPDOHFRFRQXW trader in the Philippines, faces similar problems; in addition, she also has to register as an exporter with 2 different government agencies, which can be costly and take more than 3 weeks. 0DUNHWRSSRUWXQLWLHVDUHWKHNH\GULYHURIIDUP VWRUDJH IDFLOLWLHV UHSUHVHQW LPSRUWDQW LVVXHV LQFRPHV DQG SURGXFWLYLW\ JURZWK 0DUNHW WKDWDIIHFWPDUNHWDFFHVV+RZHYHULQHIÀFLHQW GHPDQGIRUDJULFXOWXUDOSURGXFWVLQQDWLRQDO DQGQRQWUDQVSDUHQWVRIWLQIUDVWUXFWXUHHPHUJHV DQGJOREDOPDUNHWVLVH[SDQGLQJ³GXHWRSRS- DVDPDMRUREVWDFOH,WLVHVWLPDWHGWKDW XODWLRQJURZWKLQFRPHJDLQVDQGLQFUHDVHG RI WKH GHOD\V LQ $IULFDQ PDUNHWV DUH GXH WR XUEDQL]DWLRQ³JHQHUDWLQJ QHZ RSSRUWXQLWLHV SUREOHPVZLWKVRIWLQIUDVWUXFWXUH³SDUWLFXODUO\ and challenges. Responding to these growing OHJDODQGUHJXODWRU\EDUULHUV³DQGSRRUWUDGH PDUNHWRSSRUWXQLWLHVLVRIFULWLFDOLPSRUWDQFH facilitation.1 7KHVH EDUULHUV W\SLFDOO\ KDYH D HVSHFLDOO\WRVPDOOKROGHUIDUPHUVWKDWDUHRI- GLVSURSRUWLRQDWHO\ KLJK QHJDWLYH LPSDFW RQ WHQFRQVWUDLQHGE\ORZSRSXODWLRQGHQVLWLHV VPDOOHUSURGXFHUVDQGEXVLQHVVHVZKRGRQRW UHPRWH ORFDWLRQV DQG KLJK WUDQVSRUW FRVWV HQMR\HFRQRPLHVRIVFDOHDQGKDYHWRLQYHVW ,PSURYLQJIDUPHUV·SDUWLFLSDWLRQLQFRPPHUFLDO PRUHWLPHDQGPRQH\LQXQGHUVWDQGLQJDQG VXSSO\FKDLQVZKHUHSURGXFWLYLW\LVLQFUHDVHG FRPSO\LQJZLWKUHJXODWLRQVDQGSURFHGXUHV2 WUDQVDFWLRQFRVWVDUHPLQLPL]HGDQGQHFHVVDU\ TXDOLW\DQGKHDOWKVWDQGDUGVHQIRUFHGSOD\V 7DFNOLQJ WKRVH REVWDFOHV UHTXLUHV FHUWDLQ LQ- DNH\SDUWLQUHVSRQGLQJWRWKHVHRSSRUWXQLWLHV VWLWXWLRQDO DUUDQJHPHQWV DV ZHOO DV VXSSRUW DQGHIÀFLHQWO\OLQNLQJSURGXFHUVDQGFRQVXPHUV IURPWKHSXEOLFDQGSULYDWHVHFWRUV)URPWKH IDUPJDWHRQHZD\LVWKURXJKZHOOJRYHUQHG ,QHIÀFLHQW DJURLQSXW VXSSO\ DQG GLVWULEXWLRQ SURGXFHU JURXSV FRRSHUDWLYHV DQG IDUPHU V\VWHPVODFNRIÀQDQFLDOVHUYLFHVDQGLQDGH- RUJDQL]DWLRQVWKDWFDQKHOSLQFUHDVHWKHEDU- TXDWHLQIUDVWUXFWXUH LQFOXGLQJTXDOLW\URDGVDQG JDLQLQJSRZHURIVPDOOHUSURGXFHUVE\ORZHULQJ SELLING AGRICULTURAL GOODS | 2015 71 FRVWVDQGJXDUDQWHHLQJDEX\HUIRUWKHLUDJ- H[WHQVLRQWKHSURYLVLRQRISXEOLFPDUNHWLQIRU- ricultural products.3 7KHVH RUJDQL]DWLRQV FDQ PDWLRQDQGLQVWLWXWLRQDODUUDQJHPHQWV ER[ DOVRSOD\DQLPSRUWDQWUROHLQHQDEOLQJIDUPHUV ([DPSOHVRIVXFKLQLWLDWLYHVPLJKWLQFOXGH WRFRPSO\ZLWKTXDOLW\VWDQGDUGV(LWKHUSXEOLF WKHGHYHORSPHQWRIDPDUNHWLQJGHSDUWPHQW RUSULYDWHPDQGDWRU\RUYROXQWDU\VWDQGDUGV LQWKHUHOHYDQWPLQLVWU\RUWKHHVWDEOLVKPHQW IDFLOLWDWHWKHFRRUGLQDWLRQRIDJULFXOWXUHYDOXH RI LQYHVWPHQW SURPRWLRQ SURJUDPV LQ WKH FKDLQV DQG WUDQVPLW FUHGLEOH LQIRUPDWLRQ RQ agricultural sector. the nature of the products and the conditions XQGHUZKLFKWKH\DUHSURGXFHGSURFHVVHG ,PSURYLQJSDUWLFLSDWLRQLQDJULFXOWXUDOPDUNHWV and transported.4 UHTXLUHV DQ LQWHJUDWHG DSSURDFK HQDEOLQJ IDUPHUVDQGRWKHUDFWRUVWRSDUWLFLSDWHLQORFDO *RYHUQPHQWLQWHUYHQWLRQLQIDFLOLWDWLQJDFFHVV GRPHVWLFUHJLRQDODQGLQWHUQDWLRQDOPDUNHWV WRPDUNHWVKDVDFUXFLDOUHJXODWRU\GLPHQVLRQ DOLNH3URGXFHUVRIDJULFXOWXUDOJRRGVFDQRIWHQ 6DQLWDU\DQGSK\WRVDQLWDU\ 636 PHDVXUHVIRU SURÀWIURPPRUHGLVWDQWPDUNHWVZKHUHWKHUH H[DPSOH DUH LPSRUWDQW WR SURWHFW KXPDQ LVPRUHGHPDQGDQGFRQVXPHUVDUHZLOOLQJWR DQLPDODQGSODQWKHDOWK+RZHYHUVRPHWLPHV SD\PRUHIRUDGGLWLRQDOTXDOLW\DQGYDULHW\RI JRYHUQPHQWVJREH\RQGMXVWLÀHGUHTXLUHPHQWV produce.7 But foreign trade does not neces- RUDSSO\WKHPLQDGLVFULPLQDWRU\RUSURWHFWLRQ- VDULO\LQYROYHDFFHVVWRUHPRWHPDUNHWVZKHUH LVWPDQQHU$FKDOOHQJLQJEXWQHFHVVDU\WDVN DGGLWLRQDOTXDOLW\RUFRVWHIÀFLHQFLHVH[FHHG LQYROYHV VWULNLQJ WKH ULJKW EDODQFH EHWZHHQ WDULIIVDQGWUDQVSRUWDWLRQFRVWV,QGHYHORSLQJ DSSURSULDWH 636 PHDVXUHV DQG WKH QHHG WR FRXQWULHV PDLQO\LQ$IULFD ERUGHUVDUHRIWHQ IDFLOLWDWHLQWHJUDWLRQRISURGXFHUVHVSHFLDOO\ DUELWUDU\DQGWKHQHDUHVWODUJHPDUNHWFRXOG VPDOOHUVFDOHRQHVLQWRUHJLRQDODQGQDWLRQDO lie right across the border.8,QIDFWLPSURYLQJ YDOXH FKDLQV E\ VWUHDPOLQLQJ SURFHVVHV $Q OLQNDJHVWRUHJLRQDOPDUNHWVLQSDUWLFXODULVEH- DGGLWLRQDOFKDOOHQJHOLHVLQWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQ FRPLQJPRUHLPSRUWDQWHVSHFLDOO\LQUHJLRQV RIUHJXODWRU\PHDVXUHV3RRULPSOHPHQWDWLRQ ZLWK PDQ\ VPDOO DQG ODQGORFNHG FRXQWULHV RI636PHDVXUHVFDQFRQWULEXWHWRLQFUHDVHV VXFKDV6XE6DKDUDQ$IULFDDQG&HQWUDO$VLD LQWKHSULFHRIIRRGVWDSOHVLQFUHDVLQJFRVWV ZKHUH HFRQRPLHV RI VFDOH DUH QHFHVVDU\ WR EHWZHHQDQG7LPHFRQVXPLQJDQG LPSURYHPDUNHWDFFHVVGHYHORSORFDOVXSSO\ FRVWO\FXVWRPVV\VWHPVDQGSURFHGXUHVPD\ FKDLQVDQGOLQNSURGXFHUVDQGPDUNHWV DGG XS WR EXUGHQVRPH OLFHQVLQJ DQG UHJLV- WUDWLRQUHTXLUHPHQWVWKDWLPSHGHWKHWUDGHRI ,QIUDVWUXFWXUH SROLFLHV DQG UHJXODWLRQV JRY- DJULFXOWXUDOSURGXFWV&RQVHTXHQWO\HIÀFLHQW HUQLQJWUDGHSURFHGXUHVJDLQVSHFLDOLPSRU- transparent and accessible regulations and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access can be channeled through extension EXUGHQVRPHOLFHQVLQJDQGUHJLVWUDWLRQUHTXLUH- VHUYLFHV SURYLGHG ODUJHO\ WR SURGXFHU DQG PHQWVDQGWLPHFRQVXPLQJFXVWRPVV\VWHPV IDUPHU RUJDQL]DWLRQV LQFOXGLQJ PDUNHWLQJ and procedures.11 The World Bank and World 72 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015 BOX 8.1: A tiered approach to extension services in Rwanda $QDZDUHQHVVRIPDUNHWVDQGDQXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIKRZWRLQWHUDFWZLWKWKHPSOD\DQHVVHQWLDOUROH LQ DVVLVWLQJ VPDOOKROGHU IDUPHUV WR LQFUHDVH DQG VHOO WKHLU PDUNHWDEOH VXUSOXVHV ,Q FRXQWULHV ZKHUH WKHUHLVDSXEOLFH[WHQVLRQVHUYLFHIDUPHUVDUHSURYLGHGPDLQO\ZLWKNQRZOHGJHRQLQSXWVDQGJRRG DJULFXOWXUDOSUDFWLFHV$PRQJWKHSLORWFRXQWULHVDOOH[FHSW6SDLQKDYHSXEOLFH[WHQVLRQVHUYLFHV DOWKRXJKWKHVWUHQJWKDQGLPSDFWRIWKHVHVHUYLFHVYDU\*XDWHPDODKDVUHVWDUWHGLWVH[WHQVLRQVHU- YLFHLQUHFHQW\HDUVDIWHUDKLDWXVRIDURXQGWZRGHFDGHV([WHQVLRQDJHQWVKDYHEHHQKLUHGDQG DUHEHLQJWUDLQHG7KHH[WHQVLRQDJHQWVZLOOSULPDULO\SURYLGHVHUYLFHVRQWKHLQSXWVLGHRIDJULFXOWXUH QDPHO\VHHGDQGIHUWLOL]HUDQGDJULFXOWXUDOSUDFWLFHV The case of Rwanda 7KH5ZDQGD$JULFXOWXUH%RDUG·VJRYHUQPHQWH[WHQVLRQVHUYLFHVSURJUDPLVGLIIHUHQWIURPW\SLFDOH[- WHQVLRQVHUYLFHSURJUDPVLQWKDWDWLHUHGDSSURDFKLVXVHG(DFKRIWKHYLOODJHVKDVDIDUPHU SURPRWHUWRKHOSEXLOGIDUPHUV·FDSDFLWLHV0RYLQJRQIURPWKHYLOODJHOHYHOWKHUHLVDQLQWHJUDWHG GHYHORSPHQWRIÀFHULQWKHWR´FHOOVµWRSURYLGHWHFKQLFDOVXSSRUWWRWKHIDUPHUSURPRW- HUV%H\RQGWKHFHOOOHYHOWKHUHDUHVHFWRUVLQZKLFKWKHUHLVDQDJURQRPLVWXQGHUWDNLQJGD\WR GD\FRRUGLQDWLRQRIH[WHQVLRQVHUYLFHVVXFKDVKDYLQJWKHOLVWRIFHOOIDUPHUVUHTXHVWLQJLQSXWVDQG WKHTXDQWLW\UHTXHVWHG*RLQJRQHOHYHOIXUWKHUWKHUHLVDOVRDQDJURQRPLVWFRRUGLQDWLQJDFWLYLWLHVLQ HDFKRIWKHGLVWULFWV7KH5ZDQGD$JULFXOWXUH%RDUGLWVHOISURYLGHVGHPRQVWUDWLRQSORWVFRPPXQL- W\PRELOL]DWLRQDQGWUDLQLQJ:KLOHWKLVVHUYLFHLVJHDUHGWRZDUGSURYLGLQJDPSOHVXSSRUWWRIDUPHUV LWQHFHVVDULO\UHTXLUHVDVLJQLÀFDQWDOORWPHQWRIJRYHUQPHQWUHVRXUFHV Source: Enabling the Business of Agriculture database. (FRQRPLF)RUXPHVWLPDWHWKDWUHGXFLQJVXSSO\ HIÀFLHQWLQWHJUDWLRQRILQVSHFWLRQDQGFXVWRPV FKDLQEDUULHUVWRWUDGH³PDQ\RIZKLFKFDQEH DXWKRULWLHV'HVSLWHLQWHUQDWLRQDODJUHHPHQWV WUDFHGWRODZVDQGUHJXODWLRQV³FRXOGLQFUHDVH DQGUHJLRQDOLQWHJUDWLRQSURFHVVHVSURWHFWLRQ ZRUOG*'3WLPHVPRUHWKDQWKHUHPRYDORI DQGLPSOHPHQWDWLRQPHDVXUHVVWLOOGLIIHUFRQVLG- DOOWDULIIV7KHVHEDUULHUVRIWHQKDYHDELJJHU HUDEO\DFURVVFRXQWULHVDIIHFWLQJWKHFDSDFLW\ LPSDFW RQ VPDOOHU SURGXFHUV ZKR KDYH WR RIIDUPHUVWRDFFHVVJOREDOPDUNHWV LQYHVWPRUHWLPHDQGPRQH\LQXQGHUVWDQG- LQJFRPSOH[UHJXODWLRQDQGFRPSO\LQJZLWK What selling agricultural goods paperwork.12 data measure *LYHQWKHQDWXUHRIFXUUHQWYDOXHFKDLQVVWDQG- 6HOOLQJDJULFXOWXUDOJRRGVGDWDH[DPLQHSRO- DORQH UHJXODWRU\ DQG SURPRWLRQDO QDWLRQDO icies and regulations that can facilitate (or SROLFLHV GR QRW VXIILFH WR DFKLHYH HIILFLHQW KLQGHU HIÀFLHQWOLQNVEHWZHHQSURGXFHUVDQG DFFHVVWRDJULFXOWXUDOPDUNHWV ELODWHUDODQG FRQVXPHUV 7KLV UHTXLUHV FHUWDLQ LQVWLWXWLRQDO regional collaboration is needed. The lack of DUUDQJHPHQWVDQGVXSSRUWIURPWKHSXEOLFDQG KDUPRQL]DWLRQPXWXDOUHFRJQLWLRQRUHTXLYD- SULYDWHVHFWRUVXFKDVZHOOJRYHUQHGSURGXFHU OHQFHSDUWLFXODUO\LQ636PHDVXUHVFDQUHVXOWLQ JURXSVEDODQFHG636PHDVXUHVDGHTXDWHLP- GXSOLFDWLYHWHVWLQJDQGLQFUHDVHGSURGXFWLRQ SOHPHQWDWLRQRIUHJXODWRU\SURFHGXUHVDQGWKH DQGWUDQVDFWLRQFRVWVHVSHFLDOO\IRUGHYHORS- SURYLVLRQRIDJULFXOWXUDOVHUYLFHVWKDWSURPRWH LQJFRXQWU\VXSSOLHUV13,WFDQDOVRLPSHGHDQ PDUNHWOLQNDJHV SELLING AGRICULTURAL GOODS | 2015 73 )LYHVXEWRSLFVKDYHEHHQGHVLJQHG6RPHDUH WKHLU JRRGV DW ORFDO DQG UHJLRQDO PDU- PRUH UHOHYDQW WR WKH UHJLRQDO WUDGH RI DJUL- NHWV WKURXJK DQ HVWDEOLVKHG DJULFXOWXUH FXOWXUDOSURGXFWVZKLOHRWKHUVKDYHDJUHDWHU PDUNHWLQJ GHYHORSPHQW HQWLW\ LQ WKH EHDULQJ RQ GRPHVWLF DJULFXOWXUDO PDUNHWV $ FRXQWU\ RU WKURXJK WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI VWDQGDUGL]HGFDVHVWXG\KDVEHHQFRQVLGHUHG D JRYHUQPHQW VWUDWHJ\ SDSHU IRU PDU- (see Data notes). NHWLQJRIDJULFXOWXUHFRPPRGLWLHV 1. Cross-border agricultural exports. These Collective action to supply markets. This GDWD PHDVXUH WKH UHJXODWRU\ SURFH- GDWD H[DPLQHV WKH OHJDO IUDPHZRUN IRU GXUHV UHTXLUHG SHU VKLSPHQW WR H[SRUW SURGXFHUJURXSVFRRSHUDWLYHVRUIDUP- DJULFXOWXUDO SURGXFWV WR D PDLQ QHLJK- HURUJDQL]DWLRQVLQFOXGLQJWKHH[LVWHQFH ERULQJ PDUNHW 7KH GDWD DOVR PHD- of laws and regulations. VXUH ZKHWKHU KLULQJ D FXVWRPV EURNHU FXVWRPV FOHDULQJ DJHQW LV UHTXLUHG $GGLWLRQDONH\DVSHFWVRIDJULFXOWXUDOPDUNHW when trading agricultural products DFFHVV DUH PHDVXUHG LQ RWKHU FKDSWHUV RI and whether exporter accreditation is this report. Within the transport of agricultural PDQGDWRU\ JRRGVIRULQVWDQFHWKHSURMHFWORRNVDWEHWWHU HQDEOLQJSURGXFHUVWRDFFHVVPDUNHWVHVSH- 2. SPS regulation of agricultural trade. These FLDOO\PRUHGLVWDQWPDUNHWV7KHGLVFXVVLRQRI GDWDPHDVXUHWKHWLPHDQGRIÀFLDOFRVWV FRQWUDFWIDUPLQJHQFRPSDVVHVWKHDQWLFLSDWHG RI SK\WRVDQLWDU\ SURFHGXUHV RYHUVHHQ LQFUHDVHLQWKHQHHGIRUUDZPDWHULDOVE\DJ- E\HDFKQDWLRQDOSODQWSURWHFWLRQRUJD- URSURFHVVRUVWRPDWFKWKHJURZWKLQGHPDQG QL]DWLRQ14 when trading agricultural prod- IRUSURFHVVHGIRRGSURGXFWV,QIRUPDWLRQDQG XFWV ZLWK WKH PDLQ QHLJKERULQJ WUDGLQJ FRPPXQLFDWLRQWHFKQRORJLHVUHSUHVHQWDYL- SDUWQHU ZKLFK LQFOXGH SK\WRVDQLWDU\ WDOO\LPSRUWDQWFRQGXLWIRUPDUNHWLQIRUPDWLRQ FHUWLÀFDWLRQ IRU H[SRUW DQG SK\WRVDQL- PDUNHWLQWHOOLJHQFHDQGORJLVWLFVFRRUGLQDWLRQ WDU\FOHDUDQFHDQGLQVSHFWLRQIRULPSRUW DQGDUHDFODVVRIVHUYLFHWKDWKDVDNH\UROH 7KHDYDLODELOLW\RILQWHUQDWLRQDOO\DFFUHG- LQOHYHOLQJWKHLQIRUPDWLRQLPEDODQFHZKLFK LWHGODERUDWRU\IDFLOLWLHVLVDOVRFDSWXUHG KDVHVSHFLDOO\GLVDGYDQWDJHGVPDOOHUVFDOH producers. 3. Information availability and market- ing requirements. These data focus on What the initial pilot results show whether and how the fee schedules of WKH DERYHPHQWLRQHG SK\WRVDQLWDU\ 7KHSLORWUHVXOWVVKRZWKDWWKHSURFHGXUDOUHTXLUH- SURFHGXUHV DUH SXEOLFO\ DYDLODEOH ,Q PHQWVRIFURVVERUGHUDJULFXOWXUDOH[SRUWDQG DGGLWLRQWKH\H[DPLQHWKHH[LVWHQFHRI 636UHJXODWLRQVYDU\DFURVVFRXQWULHVDQGWKH ODEHOLQJ DQG SDFNDJLQJ UHTXLUHPHQWV UHJXODWRU\SURFHVVHVKDYHEHHQIDFLOLWDWHGE\ for processed food. UHJLRQDOLQWHJUDWLRQPHFKDQLVPVDQGLQFUHDV- LQJDYDLODELOLW\RIVHUYLFHVDQGLQIRUPDWLRQ,Q 4. Government promotion of agricultur- DGGLWLRQJRYHUQPHQWVDUHSXWWLQJPRUHHIIRUWV al marketing. 7KLV GDWD VHW DWWHPSWV WR LQVKDSLQJWKHOHJDOIUDPHZRUNDQGVWUDWHJLHV PHDVXUHZKHWKHUWKHJRYHUQPHQWKDVD WRSURPRWHDJULFXOWXUDOPDUNHWLQJDQGIDUPHUV· SODQ WR VXSSRUW IDUPHUV ZKR DLP WR VHOO FROOHFWLYHDFWLRQ 74 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015 Additional procedures and WKHSUHGLFWDELOLW\RIUHJXODWRU\UHTXLUHPHQWVRI documentation required for exporting cross-border agricultural exports would help agricultural products ERRVWWUDGHYROXPHVLQFUHDVHLQFRPHVDQG FRQWULEXWH WR UHJLRQDO IRRG VHFXULW\ LQ 6XE 7LPHGHOD\VKDYHDVLJQLÀFDQWHIIHFWRQLQWHU- Saharan Africa. QDWLRQDOWUDGH$FURVVFRXQWU\VWXG\IRXQGWKDW HDFKDGGLWLRQDOGD\WKDWDSURGXFWLVGHOD\HG ([FHSWIRUWUDGLQJEHWZHHQ6SDLQDQG)UDQFH SULRU WR EHLQJ VKLSSHG UHGXFHV WUDGH E\ DW ERWK(8PHPEHUVWDWHVZKHUHWKHUHLVIUHHPRYH- OHDVWSHUFHQWDQGLVHTXLYDOHQWWRDFRXQWU\ PHQWRIDJULFXOWXUDOSURGXFWVZLWKQRUHVWULFWLRQV GLVWDQFLQJ LWVHOI IURP LWV WUDGLQJ SDUWQHUV E\ ER[ WUDGHUVIURPWKHRWKHU SLORWFRXQWULHV DERXWNPRQDYHUDJH WKHLPSDFWFRXOGEH KDYHWRJRWKURXJKRQDYHUDJHUHJXODWRU\ ODUJHURQH[SRUWVRIWLPHVHQVLWLYHJRRGVVXFK procedures when exporting staple cereals to its as perishable agricultural products. Enhancing PDLQQHLJKERULQJWUDGLQJSDUWQHU BOX 8.2: Regional integration facilitates cross-border agricultural trade $JURZLQJERG\RIUHVHDUFKVXJJHVWVWKDWUHJLRQDOLQWHJUDWLRQLVDPHFKDQLVPWRLQFUHDVHORFDOVXS- SO\FDSDFLW\DQGLPSURYHDFFHVVWRPDUNHWVa6HYHUDOSLORWFRXQWULHVDUHSDUWRIGLIIHUHQWUHJLRQDO LQWHJUDWLRQUHJLPHV 6SDLQLVDPHPEHUVWDWHRIWKH(XURSHDQ8QLRQ (8 *XDWHPDODEHORQJVWRWKH &HQWUDO$PHULFD,QWHJUDWLRQ6\VWHP 6,&$ DQG5ZDQGDDQG8JDQGDDUHERWKPHPEHUVRIWKH(DVW $IULFDQ &RPPXQLW\ ($& (IIRUWV KDYH EHHQ PDGH LQ WKH GLIIHUHQW V\VWHPV WR VWUHDPOLQH UHJLRQDO trade procedures. • ,QWKH(8QRVSHFLÀFJRYHUQPHQWGRFXPHQWVDUHUHTXLUHGZKHQPHPEHUVWDWHVWUDGHZLWKHDFK RWKHU$JULFXOWXUDOSURGXFWVFDQPRYHIUHHO\DFURVVERUGHUVZLWKLQWKH(8LQWHUQDOPDUNHW2YHU WLPHWKHIUHHPRYHPHQWRIDJULFXOWXUDOSURGXFWVKDVKDGDPDMRULPSDFWLQWKHYROXPHRIWUDGH IURP WR(8LPSRUWVRIDJULFXOWXUDOSURGXFWVLQFUHDVHGE\DQGH[SRUWVE\b also LQWUD(8WUDGHLQDJULFXOWXUH DVDVKDUHRIWRWDO(8DJULFXOWXUDOWUDGH H[SDQGHGIURPWR EHWZHHQ DQGc • ,Q6,&$WKHUHLVDFRPPRQUHJLRQDOWUDGHGRFXPHQW NQRZQDVE\LWVDFURQ\P)$8&$ WKDW VHUYHVDVFHUWLÀFDWHRIRULJLQFRPPHUFLDOLQYRLFHDQGFXVWRPVGHFODUDWLRQ-RLQWERUGHUPDQ- DJHPHQW LV EHLQJ LPSOHPHQWHG EHWZHHQ *XDWHPDOD DQG (O 6DOYDGRU ZLWK RQO\ RQH ERUGHU LQVSHFWLRQWDNLQJSODFHLQWKHLPSRUWLQJFRXQWU\ WKLVSURFHVVFDQFRQWULEXWHWRHIÀFLHQF\LP- SURYHPHQWDWWKHERUGHUSRVW • 7KH ($& UHFHQWO\ VWDUWHG SURPRWLQJ FRRUGLQDWHG ERUGHU PDQDJHPHQW WKURXJK WKH HVWDEOLVK- PHQW DQG VXSSRUW RI -RLQW %RUGHU &RPPLWWHHV DW ERUGHU SRVWV LQ WKH UHJLRQ DOWKRXJK WKLV GHYHORSPHQWLVVWLOOLQLWVHDUO\VWDJHVd3URFHVVHVRIVWDQGDUGKDUPRQL]DWLRQDQGPXWXDOUHFRJ- QLWLRQDUHDOVRXQGHUZD\)RUH[DPSOHZKHQLPSRUWLQJDJULFXOWXUDOSURGXFWVIURP.HQ\DWKH SK\WRVDQLWDU\LQVSHFWRUVRI8JDQGDZRXOGUHFRJQL]HWKHWHVWLQJUHVXOWVSURYLGHGE\.HQ\D3ODQW +HDOWK,QVSHFWRUDWH6HUYLFHVKHOSLQJWRUHGXFHWKHSURFHVVLQJWLPHRIWKHLPSRUWFOHDUDQFH Source: Enabling the Business of Agriculture database. a. World Bank 2008. E(XURSHDQ&RPPLVVLRQWUDGHGDWDVHWV F.RULQHNDQG0HODWRV G86$,' SELLING AGRICULTURAL GOODS | 2015 75 *HQHUDOWUDGHUHTXLUHPHQWVZLWKWKHODUJHVWQHLJKERULQJDJULFXOWXUDO TABLE 8.1: trading partner Use of customs broker Periodic agricultural exporter Country Export Import Periodic exporter accreditation accreditation Ethiopia Guatemala Morocco 0R]DPELTXH Nepal Philippines Rwanda Spain Uganda Ukraine Source: Enabling the Business of Agriculture database. 1RWH %ODQNV QRWUHTXLUHG $Q H[SRUW GHFODUDWLRQ LV UHTXLUHG LQ HYHU\ $SDUWIURPWKHSURFHGXUHVSHUVKLSPHQWZKHQ SLORWFRXQWU\H[FHSWIRU6SDLQDQGLWDSSOLHV H[SRUWLQJ DJULFXOWXUDO SURGXFWV LQ (WKLRSLD WRDOOW\SHVRIH[SRUWHGJRRGV,QWKHFDVHRI 0RURFFR 0R]DPELTXH WKH 3KLOLSSLQHV DQG *XDWHPDODWUDGHUVH[SRUWLQJWRRWKHUFRXQ- 8JDQGD WKHUH DUH DOVR UHJLPHV RI SHULRGLF WULHV ZLWKLQ WKH &HQWUDO $PHULFD UHJLRQ FDQ exporter licensing or accreditation (table 8.1). REWDLQWKHXQLTXHFXVWRPVIRUP´)$8&$µ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ÀFDOO\ PHGLXPVL]HG HQWHUSULVHV 60(V SRWHQWLDOO\ WRDJULFXOWXUDOSURGXFWVPD\H[LVW,Q8NUDLQH OLPLWLQJWKHLUHIIRUWVWRVHFXUHPRUHSURÀWDEOH IRULQVWDQFHDQRQ*02FHUWLÀFDWHLVVXHGE\ H[SRUWPDUNHWV WKH 8NUDLQLDQ VWDWH VWDQGDUG RUJDQL]DWLRQ LV UHTXLUHGIRUDOOH[SRUWHGDJULFXOWXUDOSURGXFWV17 Compulsory, but not burdensome, $OWKRXJKQRWPDQGDWRU\E\ODZLWLVFRPPRQ SPS processes SUDFWLFHIRUWUDGHUVWRREWDLQDFHUWLÀFDWHRI LQVSHFWLRQLQ1HSDODQGDFHUWLÀFDWHRIDQDO\VLV 6LPSOLÀHGDQGHIÀFLHQWLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRI636 LQ5ZDQGDWRSURYHWKHTXDOLW\RIWKHVWDSOH standards is crucial for curtailing the increase cereals when exporting. RIIRRGVWDSOHV·SULFHVDQGFDQKHOSIDFLOLWDWH 76 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015 agricultural trade.18+RZHYHUDFHUWDLQVHWRI 3KLOLSSLQHV,Q(WKLRSLD0RURFFR0R]DPELTXH UXOHVDUHDOVRQHFHVVDU\WRHQVXUHIRRGVDIHW\ WKH3KLOLSSLQHVDQG8NUDLQHIHHVDUHGHSHQGHQW and agricultural health. RQWKHYROXPHRISURGXFWV,Q0R]DPELTXH IHHV³EDVHGRQGLIIHUHQWUDQJHVDFFRUGLQJWR For the regional export of staple cereals or horti- YROXPH³DUHSDUWLFXODUO\KLJKIRURXUVWDQGDUG- FXOWXUDOSURGXFWVDSK\WRVDQLWDU\FHUWLÀFDWH³D L]HGFDVHVWXG\ GRFXPHQW LVVXHG WR IDFLOLWDWH WKH H[SRUWHG FRQVLJQPHQWVWRPHHWSK\WRVDQLWDU\UHTXLUH- $ODFNRILQWHUQDWLRQDOO\DFFUHGLWHGODERUDWRULHV PHQWVRIWKHLPSRUWLQJFRXQWULHV³LVPDQGDWHG DQGWKHOLPLWHGQXPEHURIWUDLQHGVSHFLDOLVWV in all the pilot countries except Spain (within FDQPDNHUHVWULFWLRQVLPSRVHGIRUKHDOWKDQG WKH (8 PDUNHW ,Q WKH RWKHU FRXQWULHV WKLV VDIHW\UHDVRQVHYHQPRUHFRQVWUDLQLQJ:HOO SURFHGXUHKDVDQDYHUDJHSURFHVVLQJWLPHRI IXQFWLRQLQJDFFUHGLWHGODERUDWRU\VHUYLFHVDUH GD\VIURPVXEPLWWLQJWKHVXSSRUWLQJPDWHULDOV LPSRUWDQWIRUVDOHVRIDJULFXOWXUDOSURGXFWVERWK DFTXLULQJLQVSHFWLRQLIQHHGHGWRREWDLQLQJ IRUGRPHVWLFFRQVXPSWLRQDQGIRUHLJQWUDGH WKHFHUWLÀFDWLRQ 7KHVHVHUYLFHVFDQKHOSHQVXUHDQGSURYHWKDW WKHWHFKQLFDOUHTXLUHPHQWVDUHPHWWKHUHE\ 6LPLODUO\ZKHQLPSRUWLQJDJULFXOWXUDOSURGXFWV FRQWULEXWLQJ WR IRRG VDIHW\ DQG DJULFXOWXUDO IURPWKHPDLQQHLJKERULQJWUDGLQJSDUWQHUWKH KHDOWK,QWHUQDWLRQDOO\DFFUHGLWHGODERUDWRULHV SK\WRVDQLWDU\ FOHDUDQFH LQFOXGLQJ UHOHYDQW DUHDYDLODEOHLQDOOFRXQWULHVH[FHSWIRU5ZDQGD VDPSOLQJWHVWLQJDQGLVVXDQFHRIWKHLPSRUW LQ*XDWHPDOD0RURFFR1HSDOWKH3KLOLSSLQHV SHUPLW LVUHTXLUHGLQ RIWKHSLORWFRXQWULHV 8JDQGDDQG8NUDLQHDFFUHGLWDWLRQKDVEHHQ WDNLQJ RQ DYHUDJH GD\V WR FRPSOHWH H[WHQGHG WR ERWK SXEOLF DQG SULYDWH VHFWRU %HVLGHV WKH FOHDUDQFH SURFHVV XSRQ DUULYDO laboratories. RIWKHVKLSPHQWPRVWJRYHUQPHQWDXWKRULWLHV DOVRLQVSHFWWKHLPSRUWHGSURGXFWV,Q(WKLRSLD Phytosanitary fee schedules are publicly WKHUHLVDULVNEDVHGV\VWHPZKHUHDJULFXOWXUDO available in most pilot countries LPSRUWFRQVLJQPHQWVDUHQRWLQVSHFWHGSK\VL- FDOO\ RQO\WKHGRFXPHQWDWLRQJHWVFKHFNHG (DVLHUDFFHVVWRUHJXODWRU\UHTXLUHPHQWVVXFK ,Q 0R]DPELTXH WKH 0LQLVWU\ RI $JULFXOWXUH DV IHH VFKHGXOHV LV DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK JUHDWHU UDQGRPO\LQVSHFWVWKHLPSRUWHGSURGXFWVDW UHJXODWRU\HIÀFLHQF\ORZHUFRPSOLDQFHFRVWV WKH FRQVLJQHH·V ZDUHKRXVH ,Q 5ZDQGD LQ- DQGEHWWHUUHJXODWRU\TXDOLW\IRUEXVLQHVVHV VSHFWLRQWDNHVSODFHDWWKHERUGHUE\DMRLQW (VSHFLDOO\LQWKHFRQWH[WRIDJULFXOWXUHSURGXFHUV WHDPFRPSRVHGRIRIÀFLDOVIURPWKH5ZDQGD DQGWKHLUPDUNHWLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQVDUHRIWHQGLV- 5HYHQXH$XWKRULW\WKH0LQLVWU\RI$JULFXOWXUH SHUVHGLQUHPRWHDUHDVGRQRWKDYHDFFHVVWR DQG$QLPDO5HVRXUFHVDQGWKH5ZDQGD%XUHDX LQIRUPDWLRQDQGPD\EHVXEMHFWWRRSSRUWXQLVWLF of Standards. LQWHUPHGLDULHV,QWKLVFRQWH[WWUDQVSDUHQWUXOHV DQGDYDLODELOLW\RILQIRUPDWLRQRQWKHQHFHVVDU\ 2IÀFLDOIHHVIRUSK\WRVDQLWDU\SURFHGXUHVDYHU- UHTXLUHPHQWVEHFRPHHVVHQWLDO DJHOHVVWKDQRILQFRPHSHUFDSLWD IRUSK\WRVDQLWDU\FHUWLÀFDWLRQZKHQH[SRUWLQJ 2IILFLDO IHH VFKHGXOHV IRU SK\WRVDQLWDU\ SUR- VWDSOHFHUHDOVDQGRILQFRPHSHUFDSLWD FHGXUHV DUH DYDLODEOH LQ WKH UHOHYDQW SODQW IRUSK\WRVDQLWDU\LPSRUWFOHDUDQFHLQ SURWHFWLRQOHJLVODWLRQRUUHJXODWLRQLQPRVWRI WKHSLORWFRXQWULHV ÀJXUH 7KHIHHVPD\YDU\ WKHSLORWFRXQWULHV0HDQZKLOHJRYHUQPHQWV E\SURGXFWDVLVWKHFDVHLQ0RURFFRDQGWKH KDYHEHHQLQFUHDVLQJO\XVLQJFKDQQHOVRWKHU SELLING AGRICULTURAL GOODS | 2015 77 2IÀFLDOIHHVRIREWDLQLQJSK\WRVDQLWDU\FHUWLÀFDWHDQGLPSRUWFOHDUDQFH FIGURE 8.1: for staple cereals by country (% income per capita) 7 6.4 5.9 6 % income per capita 5 4 3 2 1 0.9 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.05 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0 co ia a l da e s da n* e pa ne in al qu op ai oc an an ra m Ne pi Sp bi hi Uk te ilip or Ug Rw am Et ua M Ph oz G M Cost of phytosanitary certificate Cost of phytosanitary import clearance Source: Enabling the Business of Agriculture database. 1RWH 1RWDSSOLFDEOHEHFDXVH6SDLQDQGLWVODUJHVWQHLJKERULQJDJULFXOWXUDOWUDGLQJSDUWQHU )UDQFH EHORQJWRWKH(8LQWHUQDO PDUNHWDQGWKHUHLVQRH[SRUWLPSRUWSURFHVVDVVXFK WKDQOHJDOWH[WVWRGLVVHPLQDWHWKLVLQIRUPDWLRQ UHVWRIWKHUHTXLUHGWUDGHGRFXPHQWVDUHLVVXHG ,Q 1HSDO WUDGHUV FDQ HDVLO\ ÀQG SURFHGXUHV LQ.DPSDOD XVLQJWKH1HSDO%XVLQHVV/LFHQVHH3RUWDO20 In 5ZDQGDDSSOLFDWLRQUHTXLUHPHQWVDQGIHHVIRU ,Q SLORWFRXQWULHV³DOOH[FHSW*XDWHPDOD³ WKHSK\WRVDQLWDU\FHUWLÀFDWHDUHSXEOLVKHGRQ there are laws or regulations in place that WKH5ZDQGD$JULFXOWXUHDQG/LYHVWRFN,QVSHFWLRQ PDQGDWHWKHODEHOLQJDQGSDFNDJLQJRIIRRG DQG&HUWLÀFDWLRQ6HUYLFHVZHEVLWH21 Morocco SURGXFWV7KH(8KDVIXOO\KDUPRQL]HGUXOHVRQ DQG*XDWHPDODLQFOXGHLQIRUPDWLRQRQIHHVLQ IRRGODEHOLQJSDFNDJLQJDQGDGYHUWLVHPHQW WKHVHUYLFHFKDUWHUVRIWKHUHVSRQVLEOHDJHQFLHV 0HDQZKLOHLQ(WKLRSLDWKHRQO\UHODWHGUHTXLUH- PHQWLVWKDWWKHODEHOPXVWEHZULWWHQHLWKHULQ $QRWKHUIDFWRUWKDWFDQEULQJIDUPHUVFORVHU $PKDULFRU(QJOLVK,Q0R]DPELTXHWKHUHDUH WRPDUNHWVLVWKHSUR[LPLW\RIWKHUHVSRQVLEOH LWHPVWKDWDUHPDQGDWRU\IRULQFOXVLRQRQ DJHQFLHV7UDGHUVIURP0RURFFR0R]DPELTXH food product labels. WKH3KLOLSSLQHVDQG8NUDLQHFDQYLVLWUHJLRQDO RIÀFHV LQVWHDG RI WKH KHDGTXDUWHUV RI WKHLU Increasing government efforts to promote UHVSHFWLYHQDWLRQDOSODQWSURWHFWLRQRUJDQL]D- agricultural marketing WLRQVWRREWDLQUHTXLUHGFHUWLÀFDWHVDQGSHUPLWV *XDWHPDODZHQWDVWHSIXUWKHUE\PDNLQJWKLV 0LQLVWULHVRIDJULFXOWXUHDURXQGWKHZRUOGSDUWLF- SURFHVVDYDLODEOHRQOLQH,Q8JDQGDKRZHYHU XODUO\LQGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHVDUHLQFUHDVLQJO\ traders need to contact the inspectors based ORRNLQJDWWKHPDUNHWLQJRIDJULFXOWXUHFRP- LQ(QWHEEHWRH[DPLQHWKHH[SRUWHGSURGXFWV PRGLWLHVLQDGGLWLRQWRWKHLUWUDGLWLRQDOIRFXV WRJHWWKHSK\WRVDQLWDU\FHUWLÀFDWHZKLOHWKH RQDJULFXOWXUHSURGXFWLYLW\6WUDWHJLHVFUHDWHG 78 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015 E\UHOHYDQWPLQLVWULHVHVWDEOLVKREMHFWLYHVDQG IXOO RU SDUWWLPH EDVLV 7KH\ SURGXFH RI channels for reaching an intended state of WKHIRRGFRQVXPHGLQODUJHSDUWVRIWKHGH- DJULFXOWXUHFRPPHUFLDOL]DWLRQ YHORSLQJ ZRUOG SDUWLFXODUO\ LQ 6RXWKHUQ $VLD and Sub-Saharan Africa.22 3URGXFHU JURXSV 1LQH RI WKH SLORW FRXQWULHV³DOO EXW FRRSHUDWLYHVDQGIDUPHURUJDQL]DWLRQVSURYLGH *XDWHPDOD³KDYHDQDJULFXOWXUHGHYHORSPHQW DPHFKDQLVPZLWKLQDFRXQWU\WRDJJUHJDWH VWUDWHJ\SDSHUWKDWKDVDFRPSRQHQWVSHFLÀ- VPDOOKROGHUIDUPHUVDQGVHUYHDVDSUHIHUUHG FDOO\IRFXVHGRQLQFUHDVLQJDQGVWUHQJWKHQLQJ linkage point between producers and agribusi- DJULFXOWXUHFRPPRGLW\PDUNHWLQJ7KHIRFXVDQG QHVV 7KHVH JURXSV FDQ IXQFWLRQ DV DQ HQWU\ PHWKRGVDGRSWHGYDU\FRQVLGHUDEO\,Q(WKLRSLD SRLQWWRSURYLGHVHUYLFHVIRUERRVWLQJSURGXF- WKH $JULFXOWXUH *URZWK DQG 7UDQVIRUPDWLRQ WLYLW\LPSURYLQJWKHTXDOLW\RIJRRGVVXSSOLHG 3ODQKDVDVWURQJJRYHUQPHQWGULYHQ LQFUHDVLQJEDUJDLQLQJSRZHULQWKHPDUNHWDQG FRPSRQHQWRQWKHLQWHQVLÀFDWLRQRIDJULFXOWXUH lowering transaction costs. WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ ,Q 0RURFFR WKH DJJUHJD - WLRQEDVHGPRGHOLQFHQWLYL]HVWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQ 6PDOOKROGHUIDUPHUVIDFHVHYHUDOFKDOOHQJHV RIIDUPHUVDURXQGSULYDWHDFWRUVRUSURIHVVLRQDO WR IXOO\ SDUWLFLSDWH LQ DJULFXOWXUDO PDUNHWV RUJDQL]DWLRQVZKLOHWKHJRYHUQPHQWSURYLGHV VXFK DV ORZ \LHOGV ORZ TXDOLW\ SURGXFWLRQ training subsidies and preferential access to SRRUPDUNHWOLQNDJHVDQGOLPLWHGDFFHVVWR ÀQDQFH)LQDOO\LQ1HSDOWKHUHLVDQDWLRQDOSODQ ÀQDQFH6PDOOKROGHUIDUPHUVDUHGHÀQHGLQDOO WRSURPRWHWKHPDUNHWRULHQWDWLRQDQGJOREDO FRXQWULHVDVKDYLQJOHVVWKDQKHFWDUHV FRPSHWLWLYHQHVVRIDJULEXVLQHVVHVE\WDFNOLQJ RI ODQG UDQJLQJ IURP MXVW KDOI D KHFWDUH LQ WUDQVERXQGDU\GLVHDVHVDQGEDUULHUVWRWUDGH Morocco to 10 hectares in Ethiopia. The dif- IHUHQFHLQIDUPVL]HDPRQJWKHVHFRXQWULHVLV 7KH H[LVWHQFH RI D PDUNHWLQJ GHSDUWPHQW LQÁXHQFHGE\PDQ\IDFWRUVVXFKDVWKHVL]HRI ZLWKLQRUDWWDFKHGWRWKHPLQLVWU\RIDJULFXOWXUH WKHFRXQWU\DVDZKROHDQGWKHODQGV\VWHP RURWKHUUHOHYDQWPLQLVWU\LVDQLQGLFDWLRQRID 6RPHJRYHUQPHQWVKDYHJLYHQVSHFLDOIRFXV JRYHUQPHQW·V FRPPLWPHQW WR VXSSRUWLQJ D WRVPDOOIDUPHUV)RULQVWDQFHWKHVHFRQGSLOODU PRUHPDUNHWRULHQWHGDJULFXOWXUHVHFWRU0RVW RI0RURFFR·VDJULFXOWXUHGHYHORSPHQWSODQ FRXQWULHV KDYH D GHSDUWPHQW RU XQLW ZLWKLQ *UHHQ 0RURFFR IRFXVHV RQ SURYLGLQJ WKHPLQLVWU\RIDJULFXOWXUHRUDWWDFKHGWRWKH VXSSRUWWRVPDOOKROGHUIDUPHUVWRLQFUHDVHIDUP PLQLVWU\WKDWIRFXVHVRQWKHPDUNHWLQJRIDJUL- LQFRPHLQGLIÀFXOWDUHDV,Q5ZDQGDWKHJRY- FXOWXUDOFRPPRGLWLHV,Q5ZDQGDIRUH[DPSOH HUQPHQWSURYLGHVLQSXWVXEVLGLHVDQGWUDLQLQJ WKHJRYHUQPHQWKDVFUHDWHGWKH3RVW+DUYHVW WRIDUPHUVZLWKLQFRRSHUDWLYHVWRLQFUHDVHWKHLU 7DVN)RUFHPDQGDWHGZLWKDVVLVWLQJVPDOOKROGHU PDUNHWDEOH VXUSOXV DQG HIIHFWLYHO\ FRQQHFW IDUPHUVWRPD[LPL]HQHWSURÀWVDQGWRUHGXFH WKHPWRWKHPDUNHW IRRGLQVHFXULW\E\UHGXFLQJSRVWKDUYHVWORVVHV DQGVWUHQJWKHQLQJVWDSOHFURSYDOXHFKDLQV 2QHRIWKHPRVWHIÀFLHQWZD\VWRDVVLVWVPDOO- KROGHUIDUPHUVLQDFFHVVLQJPDUNHWVLVWKURXJK Legislation on farmers’ groups or WKH GHYHORSPHQW DQG VXSSRUW RI SURGXFHU organizations is available in most pilot JURXSVFRRSHUDWLYHVDQGIDUPHURUJDQL]DWLRQV countries *LYHQ WKH YROXQWDU\ QDWXUH RI WKHVH JURXSV RQHRIWKHPDLQVXSSRUWLQJUROHVWKHJRYHUQ- *OREDOO\WKHUHDUHRYHUELOOLRQSHRSOHLQ- PHQWFDQSOD\LVWRHVWDEOLVK´VPDUWµUHJXODWRU\ YROYHGLQVPDOOKROGHUDJULFXOWXUHHLWKHURQD IUDPHZRUNVWKURXJKWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIODZV SELLING AGRICULTURAL GOODS | 2015 79 DQGJXLGHOLQHV$OOSLORWFRXQWULHVKDYHDODZ WUDGHIDFLOLWDWLRQ$OVRPRUHHIIRUWZLOOEH DGGUHVVLQJSURGXFHUJURXSVDQGRUIDUPHURU- SODFHG RQ LQYHVWLJDWLQJ WKH PXWXDO UHF- JDQL]DWLRQV7KHVHODZVDQGUHJXODWLRQVHVWDEOLVK RJQLWLRQRISK\WRVDQLWDU\FHUWLÀFDWHVDQG WKHVWHSVWREHIROORZHGIRUIRUPDOUHJLVWUDWLRQ ODERUDWRU\WHVWVEHWZHHQFRXQWULHV DQGLQPRVWFDVHVHVWDEOLVKZKLFKLQVWLWXWLRQ regulates and registers these groups. 2. 7KH UHJXODWRU\ IUDPHZRUN RI FRRSHU- DWLYHV DQG IDUPHU RUJDQL]DWLRQV ZLOO EH Next steps IXUWKHUGHYHORSHG5HFRJQLWLRQRILQWHU- QDWLRQDOFRRSHUDWLYHSULQFLSOHVUHTXLUH- This chapter presented the initial results of a PHQWVWRZDUGVJRYHUQDQFHDQGWKHVWD- GDWDVHWPHDVXULQJSROLF\DQGUHJXODWRU\FRQ- WXVRIIDUPHURUJDQL]DWLRQVRUJURXSVZLOO VWUDLQWVUHODWHGWRDFFHVVWRDJULFXOWXUDOPDUNHWV EHLQYHVWLJDWHG +DYLQJDQDO\]HGUHVXOWVIURPWKLVLQLWLDOSLORWGDWD FROOHFWLRQWKHGDWDIRFXVKDVEHHQQDUURZHG 3. $Q DWWHPSW ZLOO EH PDGH WR PHDVXUH GRZQ WR DUHDV JRYHUQPHQW SURPRWLRQ RI JRYHUQPHQWH[WHQVLRQVHUYLFHV)DUPHUV DJULFXOWXUDOPDUNHWLQJ WKHOHJDOIUDPHZRUNIRU FDQ EHQHÀW IURP SXEOLF H[WHQVLRQ VHU- SURGXFHUJURXSV FRRSHUDWLYHVRUIDUPHURUJD- YLFHV SURYLGHG WKDW WKH\ DUH HIÀFLHQWO\ QL]DWLRQV FURVVERUGHUDJULFXOWXUDOH[SRUWV 636 run and accessible. In the 10 pilot coun- UHJXODWLRQRIDJULFXOWXUDOWUDGH DQGLQIRUPDWLRQ WULHV YLVLWHG WKH WHDP WULHG WR FROOHFW DYDLODELOLW\DQGPDUNHWLQJUHTXLUHPHQWV7KH LQIRUPDWLRQ RQ WKH H[LVWHQFH RI H[WHQ- GDWDVHWZLOOEHIXUWKHUUHÀQHGDQGQDUURZHG VLRQ VHUYLFHV RQ WKH QXPEHU RI IDUP- GRZQDIWHUIXUWKHUFRQVXOWDWLRQLQZLWK HUV UHDFKHG DQG WKH DYHUDJH QXPEHU DQHPSKDVLVRQDIHZNH\SRLQWVDVIROORZV RI WLPHV D IDUPHU RU IDUPLQJ DUHD ZDV YLVLWHG LQ D \HDU $OWKRXJK PRVW FRXQ- 1. Further research will be conducted WULHV KDG H[WHQVLRQ VHUYLFHV WKH ZD\V DURXQGUHJXODWLRQVRQTXDOLW\VWDQGDUGV LQ ZKLFK WKH\ ZHUH VWUXFWXUHG GLIIHUHG ZLWK D IRFXV RQ PDMRU DJULFXOWXUDO SURG- WRVXFKDQH[WHQWWKDWLWZDVGLIÀFXOWWR XFWVIRUERWKLQWHUQDWLRQDODQGGRPHVWLF GUDZ PHDQLQJIXO FRPSDULVRQV RU FRQ- PDUNHWV 0HDVXUHV RI LQWHUQDWLRQDOO\ DF- FOXVLRQV IURP WKH UHVSRQVHV UHFHLYHG cepted and science-based health ob- 0RUHHIIRUWZLOOEHVSHQWQH[W\HDUWRGH- MHFWLYHV VXSSRUWLQJ 636 UHTXLUHPHQWV ZLOO YHORSFDVHVWXGLHVRIVXFFHVVIXOPRGHOV EHH[SORUHGWREDODQFHRXWWKHREMHFWLYH RI H[WHQVLRQ VHUYLFHV IURP ZKLFK RWKHU RIVWUHDPOLQLQJSURFHGXUHVDQGIRVWHULQJ FRXQWULHVFDQGUDZLPSRUWDQWOHVVRQV 80 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015 Notes 7KHXQGHUO\LQJUHVHDUFKDQGGHVLJQRIWKHVHOOLQJ *OREDO+DUYHVW,QLWLDWLYH DJULFXOWXUDOJRRGVWRSLFEHQHÀWHGIURPYDOXDEOH :RUOG(FRQRPLF)RUXP FRPPHQWVSURYLGHGE\$OLQD$QWRFL3DXO%UHQWRQ 13 Jaffee and Henson 2004. 0LFKDHO&RRNH6WHYH&URVVOH\&DUORVGD6LOYD6SHQFHU 7KH1DWLRQDO3ODQW3URWHFWLRQ2UJDQL]DWLRQUHIHUV +HQVRQ$QNXU+XULD-RKQ&.H\VHU-RKQ'1DVK WRDQRIÀFLDOVHUYLFHHVWDEOLVKHGE\DJRYHUQPHQW 0LNLNR,PDL2OOLVRQ/RUDLQH5RQFKL.HHVYDQGHU0HHU WRGLVFKDUJHWKHIXQFWLRQVVSHFLÀHGE\WKH,33& DQG6WHYH:LJJLQV ,QWHUQDWLRQDO3ODQW3URWHFWLRQ&RQYHQWLRQ 6HH,630 ´*ORVVDU\RI3K\WRVDQLWDU\7HUPVµ,33&)$2 +DUPRQ6LPDWDDDQGYDQGHU0HUZH 5RPH :RUOG(FRQRPLF)RUXP 'MDQNRY)UHXQGDQG3KDP )$2E :RUOG%DQN :RUOG%DQND +HQVRQ +XPSKUH\DQG6FKPLW] ,Q8NUDLQHDFHUWLÀFDWHRIJUDLQTXDOLW\IURPWKH +XPSKUH\ 6WDWH$JULFXOWXUH,QVSHFWRUDWHZDVPDQGDWRU\XS -DIIHHDQG+HQVRQ WR$SULO ZKHQLWZDVDEROLVKHGE\WKH/DZ 0RwVpHWDO RI8NUDLQH ´2Q$PHQGPHQWVWR6HYHUDO 7 Wiggins and Keats 2013. /HJLVODWLRQ$FWVRI8NUDLQH5HJDUGLQJ5HGXFWLRQRI 8 World Bank 2012a. WKH1XPEHURI3HUPLVVLRQ'RFXPHQWVµ +DJJEODGH 0RwVpHWDO $JULFXOWXUDOYDOXHFKDLQUHIHUVWRWKHZKROHUDQJH :RUOG%DQNH RIJRRGVDQGVHUYLFHVQHFHVVDU\IRUDQDJULFXOWXUDO KWWS ZZZOLFHQVHSRUWDOJRYQS SURGXFWWRPRYHIURPWKHIDUPWRWKHÀQDO KWWS ZZZPLQDJULJRYUZLQGH[SKS"LG FRQVXPHU 22 IFAD 2014. SELLING AGRICULTURAL GOODS | 2015 81 Contracting agricultural production The town of Melka Awash is located in Ethiopia’s Oromia region, on the banks of the Awash River about 50 km south of Addis Ababa. Since 2005, the Melka Awash farmers have been organized in a cooperative union that now has more than 30,000 members who produce wheat, malt barley, teff and chickpea on individual plots averaging 2 to 3 hectares. In 2012, British beer producer Diageo plc acquired Ethiopia-based Meta Abo Breweries and decided to source its raw materials locally. Diageo-Meta signed pro- duction contracts with members of the Melka Awash Cooperative Union to procure 1,000 metric tons of malt barley. Using the seeds and fertilizers provided by Diageo-Meta, the farmers of Melka Awash now have a secure output for their malt barley production, and the brewer can count on a reliable supply of raw materials. 7KH)RRGDQG$JULFXOWXUH2UJDQL]DWLRQ )$2 $NH\IHDWXUHRIFRQWUDFWIDUPLQJLVWKDWLWHVWDE- RIWKH8QLWHG1DWLRQVLQLWVGuiding Principles OLVKHVEDFNZDUGOLQNDJHVZKLFKFDQLQYROYHFUHGLW for Responsible Contract Farming Operations IRU IDUPLQJ LQSXWV H[WHQVLRQ RU RWKHU VHUYLFHV GHÀQHVFRQWUDFWIDUPLQJDV´DJULFXOWXUDOSUR- WRSURGXFHUV,WDOVRIDFLOLWDWHVIRUZDUGPDUNHW GXFWLRQFDUULHGRXWDFFRUGLQJWRD IRUPDO OLQNDJHVZKHUHSURGXFHUVKDYHDJXDUDQWHHG FRQWUDFWEHWZHHQDSXUFKDVHUDQGDIDUPHU EX\HUIRUWKHLUJRRGVDQGEX\HUVVHFXUHFRQVLV- which establishes conditions for the production tent supplies at a reasonable price and desired DQGPDUNHWLQJRIDIDUPSURGXFWRUSURGXFWVµ1 TXDOLW\6XFKDUUDQJHPHQWVRIIHUPXWXDOJDLQVWR &RQWUDFWIDUPLQJKDVEHHQXVHGLQFUHDVLQJO\LQ the contracting parties and are a cornerstone of ERWKGHYHORSHGDQGGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHVDV PDUNHWOHGFRPPHUFLDODJULFXOWXUH4 JOREDOL]DWLRQSRSXODWLRQJURZWKDQGWKHGH- YHORSPHQWRIUXUDOLQIUDVWUXFWXUHKDYHRSHQHG &RQWUDFWIDUPLQJFDQEHDSDUWLFXODUO\HIIHF- QHZPDUNHWRSSRUWXQLWLHVIRUKLJKYDOXHFURSV WLYHDSSURDFKWRLQFUHDVHWKHSDUWLFLSDWLRQRI FHUWLÀHGFURSVDQGOLYHVWRFNSURGXFWLRQ2 In WKHIDUPVHFWRULQWKHPDUNHW)DUPHUVRIWHQ %UD]LOIRUH[DPSOHRISRXOWU\SURGXFWLRQ KDYHOLPLWHGFDSDFLW\WRSURGXFHKLJKTXDOLW\ LVXQGHUFRQWUDFW,Q9LHWQDP RIFRWWRQ SURGXFWVDWFRPSHWLWLYHFRVWVDQGRIWHQODFN DQGIUHVKPLONRIWHDDQGRIULFHDUH DFFHVVWRLQIRUPDWLRQVNLOOVWHFKQRORJLHVDQG SXUFKDVHGWKURXJKFRQWUDFWV*RYHUQPHQWV other infrastructure needed to reach urban DUHDOVRSURPRWLQJFRQWUDFWIDUPLQJLQ&KLQD PDUNHWV:HOOPDQDJHGFRQWUDFWIDUPLQJFDQ ,QGLD /DWLQ $PHULFD DQG VHYHUDO $IULFDQ KHOSIDUPHUVVROYHPDQ\RIWKHVHERWWOHQHFNV countries.3 ZKLOHLQFUHDVLQJWKHLUSURÀWDELOLW\ CONTRACTING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION | 2015 83 +RZHYHULPSOHPHQWLQJDQGPDQDJLQJVXVWDLQ- ZLOOSURPRWHSUHGLFWDELOLW\DQGUHGXFHXQFHU- DEOHFRQWUDFWIDUPLQJDUUDQJHPHQWVSUHVHQW WDLQWLHVLQWKHHYHQWRIQRQSHUIRUPDQFHRIWKH P\ULDGFKDOOHQJHV$PRQJWKHVHLVWKHHFRQRP- FRQWUDFWWHUPVZKLFKLVFUXFLDOWRVXVWDLQEXVL- LFSRZHUGLVSDULW\EHWZHHQFRQWUDFWLQJSDUWLHV QHVVUHODWLRQVKLSV)XUWKHUPRUHVWUHQJWKHQLQJ 7KH FRQWUDFWRU W\SLFDOO\ D ODUJH SURFHVVLQJ GLVSXWHUHVROXWLRQPHFKDQLVPVWKDWDUHTXLFN RUPDUNHWLQJFRPSDQ\PD\EHLQDSRVLWLRQ DFFHVVLEOHDQGHIÀFLHQWFDQDOVRHQFRXUDJH WRLPSRVHFRQWUDFWWHUPVWKDWIDYRUKLVRUKHU EURDGHUXSWDNHRIFRQWUDFWIDUPLQJ LQWHUHVWV0HDQZKLOHWKHSURGXFHUJHQHUDOO\D VPDOOWRPHGLXPVFDOHIDUPHUPD\QRWEHLQD What the contracting agricultural SRVLWLRQWRIXOO\XQGHUVWDQGQHJRWLDWHRUDVVHVV production data focus on WKHH[WHQWDQGLPSOLFDWLRQVRIWKHFRQWUDFWXDO obligations. The contracting agricultural production data FRYHUODZVDQGUHJXODWLRQVWKDWDSSO\WRFRQ- $QRWKHUFKDOOHQJHLVWKHSRVVLELOLW\RIYROXQWDU\ WUDFWIDUPLQJDJUHHPHQWVZKHWKHUSURGXFWLRQ EUHDFKHVRIFRQWUDFW³RSSRUWXQLVWLFDWWHPSWV FRQWUDFWVRUPDUNHWLQJFRQWUDFWV)RXUGDWDVHWV E\HLWKHUSDUW\WRREWDLQEHQHÀWVRUHVFDSH KDYHEHHQGHYHORSHGDVIROORZV OLDELOLWLHVWKDWUHVXOWLQHLWKHUIDLOLQJWRPHHWWKHLU FRQWUDFWXDOREOLJDWLRQV7KHFRQWUDFWRUPD\ 1. Regulatory framework for contract SURYLGHWKHIDUPLQJLQSXWVZLWKDGHOD\RULQ farming. 7KHVH GDWD LGHQWLI\ WKH ODZV DQLQVXIÀFLHQWTXDQWLW\ZLWKQHJDWLYHFRQVH- UHJXODWLQJ FRQWUDFW IDUPLQJ DJUHH- TXHQFHVRQ\LHOGV'LVSXWHVFDQDOVRDULVHRYHU PHQWV ,Q SDUWLFXODU WKH GDWD IRFXV RQ WKHJUDGLQJRISURGXFWVZKLFKFDQDGYHUVHO\ whether or not there is ad hoc legislation LPSDFWWKHVDOHVSULFH)RUWKHLUSDUWSURGXFHUV ZLWK WKH VSHFLÀF SXUSRVH RI UHJXODWLQJ FDQGLYHUWWKHFRQWUDFWRU·VLQSXWVWRRWKHUXVHV FRQWUDFWIDUPLQJDJUHHPHQWVDQGZKDW RUVHOOWKHSURGXFWLRQWRRWKHUEX\HUVLQYLRODWLRQ RWKHU ODZV RU VHW RI ODZV DSSO\ WR VXFK RIWKHFRQWUDFW DOVRNQRZQDV´VLGHVHOOLQJµ 7 DJUHHPHQWV &RQWUDFWIDUPLQJDUUDQJHPHQWVDUHDOVRVXE- 2. &RQWUDFW VSHFLÀFDWLRQV These data MHFWWRFRPSOLDQFHZLWKGRPHVWLFODERUODZV LGHQWLI\ZKLFKRIDVHWRIFRQWUDFWVSHF- DQGVWDQGDUGVJRYHUQLQJWKHXVHRIIHUWLOL]HUV LÀFDWLRQV DUH UHJXODWHG E\ WKH ODZV WKDW DQGSHVWLFLGHV7KHEDODQFHRUODFNWKHUHRIRI JRYHUQ FRQWUDFW IDUPLQJ DJUHHPHQWV EDUJDLQLQJSRZHUEHWZHHQODUJHEX\HUVDQG 7KHGDWDIRFXVRQVSHFLÀFDWLRQVWKDWDUH VPDOOSURGXFHUVLVDOVRFHQWUDOWRWKHFRQWUDFW FUXFLDOIRUWKHVHDJUHHPHQWV WKHTXDOLW\ IDUPLQJDQDO\VLV8 DQGTXDQWLW\RIWKHFRQWUDFWHGSURGXF- WLRQ WKH PHWKRGV IRU GHWHUPLQLQJ SULFHV *RYHUQPHQWVKDYHDQLPSRUWDQWSDUWWRSOD\LQ DQGPDNLQJSD\PHQWVDQGWKHGHOLYHU\ DGGUHVVLQJVRPHRIWKHVHFKDOOHQJHV$PRQJ of products. The data differentiate be- RWKHUVXSSRUWLYHLQWHUYHQWLRQVWKH\FDQSXWLQ WZHHQPDQGDWRU\UXOHV UXOHVWKDWWKHSDU- SODFHSROLFLHVWKDWDLPDWDWWUDFWLQJSULYDWH WLHVFDQQRWZDLYHRUDOWHUE\DJUHHPHQW VHFWRULQYHVWRUVFRRUGLQDWHYHQWXUHVZLWKORFDO DQGGHIDXOWUXOHV UXOHVWKDWDSSO\RQO\LI SURGXFHUVDQGSURPRWHFRRSHUDWLRQEHWZHHQ WKHSDUWLHVGHFLGHQRWWRDOWHUWKHP IDUPHUVDQGWKHIDUPHURUJDQL]DWLRQVWKDWOLQN WKHPWRDJULEXVLQHVVHV,QDGGLWLRQJRYHUQPHQWV 3. Procedural requirements for contract QHHGWRVKDSHDFOHDUOHJDOIUDPHZRUNWKDW farming. These data show whether the 84 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015 laws and regulations establish registra- KDYHSDUWLFXODULWLHVUHTXLULQJDVSHFLÀFVHWRI WLRQ UHTXLUHPHQWV HLWKHU IRU WKH FRQ- UHJXODWRU\SURYLVLRQV%\FRQWUDVWUHOLDQFHRQ tracting parties or for the contract itself. WKHH[LVWLQJOHJDOIUDPHZRUNRIFRQWUDFWVDQG obligations signals a perception that broader 4. Dispute resolution mechanisms. These QRUPVDUHVXIÀFLHQWWRUHJXODWHFRQWUDFWIDUPLQJ data establish whether there is a spe- DJUHHPHQWV FLDOL]HG GLVSXWH UHVROXWLRQ PHFKDQLVP IRU GLVSXWHV DULVLQJ IURP FRQWUDFW IDUP- 7ZRFRXQWULHV³0RURFFRDQG6SDLQ³KDYHDG LQJDJUHHPHQWVDQGZKHWKHUPHGLDWLRQ KRFOHJLVODWLRQRQFRQWUDFWIDUPLQJ ÀJXUH LVUHTXLUHGEHIRUHDQ\DUELWUDORUMXGLFLDO 7KHUHDUHKRZHYHUQRWLFHDEOHGLIIHUHQFHVEH- proceedings. WZHHQWKHUHJXODWRU\HQYLURQPHQWVHVWDEOLVKHG in these countries. Morocco has a new law on What the initial pilot results show IDUPLQJDJJUHJDWLRQZLWKGHWDLOHGSURYLVLRQV FRYHULQJLVVXHVIURPIRUPXODWLQJWRLPSOHPHQWLQJ 7KHDQDO\VLVRIKRZFRQWUDFWIDUPLQJLVUHJXODW- a contract.10 The Law of 2012 is a pillar of the HGUHYHDOVQRWLFHDEOHYDULDWLRQVDFURVVWKH Plan Maroc Vert (Green Morocco Plan),WDLPV SLORWFRXQWULHV7KHVHYDULDWLRQVDUHUHÁHFWHGLQ DWSURPRWLQJDJULFXOWXUDOSURMHFWVWKDWJURXS GLYHUVHUXOHVDQGUHTXLUHPHQWVUHJDUGLQJFRQ- IRUDGHÀQLWHWLPHSHULRGVHYHUDODJJUHJDWHG WUDFWVSHFLÀFDWLRQV6RPHFRXQWULHVHVWDEOLVK parties and one aggregator for the produc- VSHFLÀFLQVWLWXWLRQDOPHFKDQLVPVWRRYHUVHHDQG WLRQ WKH FRQGLWLRQLQJ WKH SURFHVVLQJ RU WKH PRQLWRUWKHSUDFWLFHRIFRQWUDFWIDUPLQJDQG FRPPHUFLDOL]DWLRQRIDJULFXOWXUDOSURGXFWV11 In DGGUHVVGLVSXWHVDULVLQJIURPFRQWUDFWEUHDFK DGGLWLRQVXFKDJULFXOWXUDOSURMHFWVPXVWVHHNDW OHDVWRQHRIWKHIROORZLQJREMHFWLYHV WHFKQLFDO Ad hoc contract farming laws are found WUDLQLQJRISURGXFHUVDQGSRROLQJRIWKHPHDQV in only 2 countries—Morocco and Spain RISURGXFWLRQRULQSXWV IDFLOLWDWHGDFFHVVWR ÀQDQFLQJDQGRULQVXUDQFH RUIDFLOLWDWHGDF- Countries tend to take 2 different approaches FHVVWRGRPHVWLFDQGH[SRUWPDUNHWVHLWKHUIRU WRUHJXODWLQJFRQWUDFWIDUPLQJUHÁHFWLQJGR- GLUHFWFRQVXPSWLRQRUWUDQVIRUPDWLRQ12 On the PHVWLFOHJDOWUDGLWLRQVDQGWKHSHULRGLQZKLFK RWKHUKDQG6SDLQLQWURGXFHGDODZRQVWDQGDUG the legislation was drafted. Ad hoc laws sug- contracts in 200013DQGDODZRQPHDVXUHVWRLP- JHVWDYLHZWKDWFRQWUDFWIDUPLQJDJUHHPHQWV SURYHWKHIXQFWLRQLQJRIWKHIRRGVXSSO\FKDLQLQ FIGURE 9.1:6SHFLÀFODZVRQFRQWUDFWIDUPLQJH[LVWLQRQO\FRXQWULHV Countries with a law on Morocco Spain 2 contract farming Countries without a law on Ethiopia Guatemala Mozambique Nepal contract farming 8 Philippines Rwanda Uganda Ukraine Source: Enabling the Business of Agriculture database. CONTRACTING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION | 2015 85 2013.147KHVHODZVWRJHWKHUZLWKWKH6SDQLVK&LYLO LQ $JUDULDQ 5HIRUP $UHDV RI HQWUHSUH- &RGHJRYHUQGLIIHUHQWDVSHFWVRIDJULFXOWXUDO QHXUV FDQ FRQWUDFW ZLWK WKH EHQHÀFLDULHV RI production contracts. The Law of 2000 focuses WKH&RPSUHKHQVLYH$JUDULDQ5HIRUP3URJUDP RQVWDQGDUGFRQWUDFWVWKDWDUHDSSURYHGE\WKH for the production of crops. JRYHUQPHQWDQGDUHDSSOLFDEOHIRUPDUNHWLQJ and production contracts in a designated sector. Different regulatory solutions exist 7KH/DZRIFRPSOHPHQWVLWE\UHJXODWLQJDOO for specifying product quality, price PDUNHWLQJDQGSURGXFWLRQFRQWUDFWVLQFOXGLQJ determination, payment and delivery in standard contracts. contracts $PRQJWKHUHPDLQLQJFRXQWULHVRQO\1HSDO &RQWUDFWVDUHE\GHÀQLWLRQLQFRPSOHWHVLPSO\ KDVGHPRQVWUDWHGDQLQWHQWLRQWRSXWLQSODFH EHFDXVHWKH\FDQQRWFRQVLGHUDOOFRQWLQJHQFLHV VSHFLÀFOHJLVODWLRQWRIDFLOLWDWHDJULFXOWXUDOSUR- 'HIDXOWUXOHVHVWDEOLVKHGE\ODZDUHDZD\WRÀOOLQ GXFWLRQXQGHUFRQWUDFWV7KH1HSDOHVH0LQLVWU\ WKHJDSVRIDQLQFRPSOHWHFRQWUDFW0DQGDWRU\ RI$JULFXOWXUHDQG&RRSHUDWLYHVUHFHQWO\SUH- UXOHVE\FRQWUDVWOLPLWWKHSDUWLHV·IUHHGRPRI SDUHGDGUDIWODZRQFRQWUDFWIDUPLQJWKDW FRQWUDFWZLWKWKHDLPRISURWHFWLQJHLWKHUWKH LI SDVVHG E\ SDUOLDPHQW FRXOG SRWHQWLDOO\ parties or third parties outside the contract. SURYLGHDFOHDUHUOHJDOIUDPHZRUNIRUSURGXF- HUV IDUPHU RUJDQL]DWLRQV DQG DJULEXVLQHVVHV ,Q0R]DPELTXHDQG8JDQGDWKHODZHVWDE- engaging in contractual relationships. In 4 OLVKHVQHLWKHUGHIDXOWUXOHVQRUPDQGDWRU\UXOHV FRXQWULHV³(WKLRSLD*XDWHPDOD0R]DPELTXH RQ ZKHWKHU WKH FRQWUDFW VKRXOG VSHFLI\ WKH DQG WKH 3KLOLSSLQHV³DJULFXOWXUDO SURGXFWLRQ TXDOLW\RIWKHSURGXFW WDEOH )RXURWKHU FRQWUDFWVDUHJRYHUQHGVROHO\E\WKHFLYLOFRGH FRXQWULHV³(WKLRSLD *XDWHPDOD 1HSDO DQG ,Q8JDQGDWKH6DOHRI*RRGV$FWRI DQG 5ZDQGD³KDYH GHIDXOW UXOHV ,Q 1HSDO IRU the Contracts Act of 2010 are the principal H[DPSOHWKH&RQWUDFW$FWVWDWHVWKDWLIWKH ODZVRQFRQWUDFWIDUPLQJZKLOHLQ1HSDODQG FRQWUDFWGRHVQRWPHQWLRQWKHTXDOLW\RIJRRGV 5ZDQGDLWLVDFRPELQDWLRQRIWKH&LYLO&RGH WKHLUTXDOLW\VKRXOGEHRIWKH´FXUUHQWVWDQGDUGµ and the Contract Act. ,Q5ZDQGDWKHGHFUHHRQFRQWUDFWVDQG FRQYHQWLRQDOREOLJDWLRQVUHTXLUHVWKDWWKHVHOOHU ,QDGGLWLRQVRPHFRXQWULHVKDYHHVWDEOLVKHG JXDUDQWHHWKDWWKHTXDOLW\RIWKHJRRGVFRQ- SURGXFWVSHFLÀFOHJLVODWLRQWKDWVHWVFRQGLWLRQV IRUPVWRWKHLULQWHQGHGXVH DQG UHTXLUHPHQWV WKDW KDYH DQ LPSDFW RQ SURGXFWLRQ DQG PDUNHWLQJ FRQWUDFWV IRU WKH ,QFRXQWULHV³0RURFFRWKH3KLOLSSLQHV6SDLQ WDUJHWHGFRPPRGLW\,Q8JDQGDIRUH[DPSOH DQG8NUDLQH³WKHODZPDNHVLWPDQGDWRU\WR SURGXFWVSHFLÀF DFWV RUJDQL]H WKH SURGXF- VSHFLI\WKHTXDOLW\UHTXLUHPHQWVRIWKHJRRGV WLRQDQGFRPPHUFLDOL]DWLRQRIFRWWRQGDLU\ ,Q8NUDLQHWKH(FRQRPLF&RGHVWDWHVWKDWD FRIIHHDQGWREDFFRVHWWLQJUHTXLUHPHQWVIRU EXVLQHVVDJUHHPHQWVKRXOGVSHFLI\WKHTXDOLW\ SURGXFHU WUDGHU DQG SURFHVVRU UHJLVWUDWLRQ UHTXLUHPHQWV IRU WKH FRQWUDFWHG SURGXFW ,Q LQSXWGLVWULEXWLRQRUSURGXFWJUDGLQJ In other 0RURFFRXQGHUWKH/DZRIRQDJULFXOWXUDO FRXQWULHVDJULFXOWXUDOGHYHORSPHQWSURJUDPV DJJUHJDWLRQDFRQWUDFWLVYDOLGRQO\LILWLQFOXGHV FDQUHJXODWHFRQWUDFWIDUPLQJIRUDWDUJHWHG WKHTXDOLW\UHTXLUHPHQWVVHWE\WKHEX\HU,Q SRSXODWLRQRISURGXFHUV)RUH[DPSOHXQGHU 6SDLQ /DZ VWLSXODWHV WKDW VWDQGDUG WKH 3KLOLSSLQHV· 5XOHV DQG 5HJXODWLRQV FRQWUDFWVDUHKRPRORJDWHGRQO\LIWKH\FOHDUO\ *RYHUQLQJ$JULEXVLQHVV9HQWXUH$UUDQJHPHQW GHÀQHWKHTXDOLW\RIWKHFRQWUDFWHGJRRGV 86 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015 TABLE 9.1:'HIDXOWDQGPDQGDWRU\UXOHVIRUFRQWUDFWVSHFLÀFDWLRQV Default or mandatory rule exists for 'HÀQLWLRQRI the product’s Price Payment Delivery Country TXDOLW\ determination Payment time place Delivery date location Ethiopia Guatemala PDQGDWRU\ Morocco PDQGDWRU\ PDQGDWRU\ PDQGDWRU\ PDQGDWRU\ PDQGDWRU\ PDQGDWRU\ 0R]DPELTXH Nepal Philippines PDQGDWRU\ PDQGDWRU\ Rwanda Spain PDQGDWRU\ PDQGDWRU\ PDQGDWRU\ PDQGDWRU\ PDQGDWRU\ PDQGDWRU\ Uganda Ukraine PDQGDWRU\ PDQGDWRU\ Source: Enabling the Business of Agriculture database. 1RWH %ODQNV QRPDQGDWRU\RUGHIDXOWUXOHV ,QDOOFRXQWULHVODZVDSSOLFDEOHWRFRQWUDFW DQGLQRIWKHPWKHODZDOVRLQFOXGHVSURYLVLRQV IDUPLQJDJUHHPHQWVDGGUHVVSULFHGHWHUPLQD- RQZKHUHWKHSD\PHQWVKRXOGWDNHSODFH8QGHU WLRQ(WKLRSLD·V&LYLO&RGHSURYLGHVIRUGHIDXOW 0RURFFR·V/DZ²DQG6SDLQ·V/DZ UXOHVZKHQWKHSULFHRIWKHJRRGVLVGHWHUPLQHG DFRQWUDFWLVYDOLGRQO\LILWFOHDUO\VWLSXODWHVWKH E\WKHLUZHLJKWWKHLUFXUUHQWSULFHRUWKHSULFH SD\PHQW GHWDLOV ,Q (WKLRSLD WKH &LYLO &RGH XVXDOO\ SDLG E\ WKH VHOOHU *XDWHPDOD·V &LYLO VWDWHVWKDWLIQRSODFHLVÀ[HGLQWKHFRQWUDFW &RGHUHTXLUHVWKHSDUWLHVWRDVDOHVFRQWUDFWWR SD\PHQWVKDOOEHPDGHDWWKHDGGUHVVRIWKH DJUHHRQDSULFHRURQDZD\WRGHWHUPLQHLW VHOOHU,Q*XDWHPDODDQGWKH3KLOLSSLQHVXQGHU 'HWHUPLQDWLRQRIWKHSULFHRUWKHSULFLQJPHWKRG WKHLUFLYLOFRGHVWKHSD\PHQWLVWREHPDGHDW LVDOVRPDQGDWRU\LQ0RURFFRWKH3KLOLSSLQHV WKHSODFHRIGHOLYHU\XQOHVVWKHSDUWLHVDJUHH 6SDLQDQG8NUDLQH,QFRQWUDVW8JDQGD·V6DOH RWKHUZLVH WKH VDPH UHTXLUHPHQW DSSOLHV LQ RI*RRGV$FWSURYLGHVWKDWLIWKHSULFHLVQRW 5ZDQGDXQGHULWVGHFUHH GHWHUPLQHGE\WKHSDUWLHVWKHEX\HUPXVWSD\ D´UHDVRQDEOHSULFHµ1HSDO·V&RQWUDFW$FWDOVR 0R]DPELTXH1HSDODQG5ZDQGDKDYHQHLWKHU UHIHUVWRSD\PHQWRID´UHDVRQDEOHSULFHµLIWKH GHIDXOWQRUPDQGDWRU\UXOHVRQWKHGHWHUPLQD- SDUWLHVIDLOWRVSHFLI\DSULFHRUDSULFLQJPHWKRG WLRQRIWKHGHOLYHU\GDWH,Q(WKLRSLDWKH&LYLO &RGHHVWDEOLVKHVWKDWZKHQQRGHOLYHU\GDWH $OOFRXQWULHVEXW8JDQGDKDYHHLWKHUDGHIDXOW FDQ EH LQIHUUHG IURP WKH ZLOO RI WKH SDUWLHV UXOHRUDPDQGDWRU\UXOHRQWKHWLPHRISD\PHQW WKHVHOOHUVKRXOGGHOLYHUWKHJRRGVDVVRRQDV CONTRACTING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION | 2015 87 UHTXLUHGE\WKHEX\HU,QWKH3KLOLSSLQHVWKH&LYLO WKH$JULFXOWXUDO'HYHORSPHQW$JHQF\EHIRUH &RGHUHTXLUHVWKHGHOLYHU\WRWDNHSODFHZLWKLQ entering into agricultural production contracts. D´UHDVRQDEOHWLPHµLIQRGDWHLVVSHFLÀHGE\ 6SDLQ KDV UHJLVWUDWLRQ UHTXLUHPHQWV IRU VWDQ- WKHSDUWLHV$VLPLODUGHIDXOWSURYLVLRQDSSOLHV dard contracts. Once a standard contract is LQ8JDQGDXQGHULWV&RQWUDFWV$FWDQG6DOH DJUHHGXSRQIRUDVSHFLÀFVHFWRULWPXVWEH of Goods Act. UHJLVWHUHGZLWKWKH0LQLVWU\RI$JULFXOWXUH)RRG DQG(QYLURQPHQW ER[ ,Q0RURFFRDQG6SDLQLQFRQWUDVWWKHFRQWUDFW PXVWVSHFLI\DGHOLYHU\GDWHWREHYDOLG7KH ,Q 8JDQGD WKHUH LV QR REOLJDWLRQ WR UHJLVWHU FRQWUDFWPXVWDOVRVSHFLI\WKHGHOLYHU\ORFD- FRQWUDFWVZLWKDQ\VWDWXWRU\ERG\+RZHYHU WLRQ7KHUHLVQRVXFKUHTXLUHPHQWLQWKHRWKHU contracts can be registered with the registrar of FRXQWULHV WKRXJK GHIDXOW UXOHV DSSO\ )RU GRFXPHQWVPDLQO\IRUSRWHQWLDOXVHLQOLWLJDWLRQ H[DPSOH5ZDQGD·VGHFUHHVWDWHVWKDW XQOHVVRWKHUZLVHDJUHHGGHOLYHU\VKRXOGWDNH 6SDLQDQG0RURFFRKDYHVSHFLÀF place where the goods were located when contract farming dispute mechanisms WKH FRQWUDFW ZDV PDGH *XDWHPDOD KDV D VLPLODUGHIDXOWUXOHXQGHULWV&LYLO&RGHZKLOH ,QVWLWXWLRQVVSHFLÀFDOO\GHVLJQHGWRUHVROYHGLV- 8JDQGD·V6DOHRI*RRGV$FWHVWDEOLVKHVWKH SXWHVDULVLQJIURPFRQWUDFWIDUPLQJDJUHHPHQWV VHOOHU·VSODFHRIEXVLQHVVRUUHVLGHQFHDVWKH FDQKHOSHQVXUHWKDWWKHQHFHVVDU\FRPSH- GHIDXOWGHOLYHU\ORFDWLRQ WHQFHDQGWHFKQLFDOH[SHUWLVHDUHDSSOLHG7KH\ can also guarantee balanced representation Few countries require contract RIWKHSDUWLHV·LQWHUHVWVE\LQFOXGLQJUHSUHVHQ- registration WDWLYHVRISURIHVVLRQDORUWUDGHDVVRFLDWLRQVRU IDUPHURUJDQL]DWLRQV7KHVHLQVWLWXWLRQVPD\DOVR 2QRQHKDQGUHTXLUHPHQWVWRUHJLVWHUDFRQ- HQFRXUDJHRUUHTXLUHPHGLDWLRQ EHIRUHDQ\ tract or the parties to a contract create addition- DGMXGLFDWLQJSURFHGXUHWDNHVSODFH0HGLDWLRQ al procedures along with associated costs and RIIHUVDTXLFNHUOHVVFRVWO\DQGOHVVIRUPDORSWLRQ GHOD\V2QWKHRWKHUKDQGWKHVHUHTXLUHPHQWV IRUUHVROYLQJGLVSXWHV$VDQDPLFDEOHPHWKRG PD\EHPRWLYDWHGE\DQLQWHQWWRRYHUVHHWKH RIGLVSXWHUHVROXWLRQLWFDQDOVRKHOSSUHVHUYH FRQWUDFWIDUPLQJSUDFWLFH WKH\FDQSURYLGH or restore the business relationship. DZD\WRPRQLWRUWKHSHUIRUPDQFHUHFRUGVRI EX\HUVDQGSURGXFHUVZLWKSDVWFRQWUDFWIDUPLQJ 0RURFFRDQG6SDLQERWKSURYLGHGLVSXWHUHV- DUUDQJHPHQWV7KH\FDQDOVRKHOSLQJDWKHULQJ ROXWLRQ PHFKDQLVPV VSHFLÀFDOO\ IRU FRQWUDFW VWDWLVWLFVRQFRQWUDFWIDUPLQJWRLPSURYHSROLFLHV IDUPLQJXQGHUWKHLUUHVSHFWLYHDGKRFOHJLV- DQGUHJXODWLRQV)LQDOO\FRQWUDFWUHJLVWUDWLRQ ODWLRQ,QDGGLWLRQWKH0RURFFDQODZUHTXLUHV SURFHGXUHVFDQLQFOXGHDFRQWUDFWUHYLHZE\ WKDWWKHSDUWLHVVHHNPHGLDWLRQEHIRUHDQ\DU- DFRPSHWHQWDXWKRULW\WRHQVXUHWKDWLWVWHUPV bitration or court proceedings can take place. FRPSO\ZLWKUHOHYDQWUHJXODWLRQV ,IWKHSDUWLHVIDLOWRGHVLJQDWHDPHGLDWRUWKH ODZVHWVGHIDXOWUXOHVIRUWKHDSSRLQWPHQWRI %RWK0RURFFRDQG6SDLQKDYHUHJXODWLRQVFRQ- D UHSUHVHQWDWLYH PHGLDWLRQ SDQHO ER[ FHUQLQJFRQWUDFWIDUPLQJ0RURFFR·VODZ ,Q6SDLQWKHODZDOVRGHWDLOVWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQ RQFRQWUDFWIDUPLQJUHTXLUHVSURGXFHUVDQGFRQ- DQGIXQFWLRQLQJRIDUHSUHVHQWDWLYHPRQLWRU- tractors to register with the Regional Directorate LQJFRPPLWWHHLQFKDUJHRIUHVROYLQJGLVSXWHV RI$JULFXOWXUHDQGUHFHLYHDFFUHGLWDWLRQIURP DULVLQJIURPVWDQGDUGFRQWUDFWLPSOHPHQWDWLRQ 88 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015 BOX 9.1: Approval of a standard contract in Spain 8QGHU6SDLQ·V/DZWKH0LQLVWU\RI$JULFXOWXUH)RRGDQG(QYLURQPHQWUHYLHZVDQGDSSURYHV VWDQGDUGFRQWUDFWVEHIRUHWKHLULPSOHPHQWDWLRQ$SSOLFDWLRQIRUVWDQGDUGFRQWUDFWDSSURYDOFDQEH VXEPLWWHGE\UHJLVWHUHGLQWHUSURIHVVLRQDORUJDQL]DWLRQVUHSUHVHQWDWLYHRUJDQL]DWLRQVRISURGXFHUV UHSUHVHQWDWLYHRUJDQL]DWLRQVRISURFHVVRUVRUWUDGHUVRULQGLYLGXDOFRPSDQLHVHQJDJHGLQSURFHVV- LQJRUWUDGLQJLIUHSUHVHQWDWLYHRUJDQL]DWLRQVGRQRWH[LVWa 7KH DSSOLFDWLRQ PXVW EH DGGUHVVHG WR WKH 0LQLVWU\ RI $JULFXOWXUH )RRG DQG (QYLURQPHQW DQG LW FDQEHGHSRVLWHGDWDQ\SXEOLFDGPLQLVWUDWLRQRIÀFHDWWKHOHYHORIWKHFHQWUDOJRYHUQPHQWWKH DXWRQRPRXVFRPPXQLW\RUWKHORFDOJRYHUQPHQWb$SSOLFDQWVPXVWSURYLGHWKHIXOOWH[WRIWKHSUR- SRVHG VWDQGDUG FRQWUDFW D VXSSRUWLQJ PHPR WKDW LQGLFDWHV WKH FRQWUDFW·V JHRJUDSKLFDO VFRSH DQGHVWLPDWHVRIWKHYROXPHRIWKHFRQWUDFWHGSURGXFWLRQDQGWKHWRWDOYDOXHRIWKHFRPPHUFLDO WUDQVDFWLRQ$OOWKHGRFXPHQWVDUHQHFHVVDU\WRHVWDEOLVKWKHDJUHHPHQWRIWKHDSSOLFDQWVWRIRUP DPRQLWRULQJFRPPLWWHHc$FFRUGLQJWR/DZDQDSSOLFDWLRQPXVWEHVXEPLWWHGDWOHDVWD PRQWKEHIRUHWKHEHJLQQLQJRIWKHDJULFXOWXUDOF\FOHd7KH0LQLVWU\DQDO\]HVWKHVWDQGDUGFRQWUDFW·V YLDELOLW\LWVLPSRUWDQFHDQGLWVLPSDFWRQWKHVHFWRU7KH0LQLVWU\DOVRHQVXUHVWKDWDQDJUHHPHQW H[LVWVEHWZHHQDWOHDVWRQHUHSUHVHQWDWLYHRIWKHEX\HUDQGRQHUHSUHVHQWDWLYHRIWKHVHOOHUe 2QFHDSSURYHGWKHVWDQGDUGFRQWUDFWLVYDOLGIRUWKHVSHFLÀHGSURGXFWDQGIRURQH\HDUDQGWKH SURFHGXUHWRH[WHQGLWVYDOLGLW\LVGHWDLOHGLQWKHODZf Source:/DZRI-DQXDU\UHJXODWLQJVWDQGDUGDJULIRRGFRQWUDFWV D5R\DO'HFUHHRI0D\DPHQGLQJ/DZRI-DQXDU\UHJXODWLQJVWDQGDUGDJULIRRGFRQWUDFWV DUWLFOH E5R\DO'HFUHHDUWLFOH F,GHPDUWLFOH G,GHPDUWLFOH H/DZDUWLFOH I5R\DO'HFUHHDUWLFOHVWR ,QDGGLWLRQWRLWVGLVSXWHUHVROXWLRQUROHHDFK EHFDXVHVXFKVHUYLFHVDUHODFNLQJLQUHPRWHUXUDO PRQLWRULQJFRPPLWWHHIXOÀOOVDGDWDFROOHFWLRQ DUHDVDQGEHFDXVHSURGXFHUVFDQQRWHDVLO\DI- UROH:LWKLQDPRQWKDIWHUWKHDJULFXOWXUDOF\FOH IRUGWKHLUFRVWV,QGLYLGXDOVDQGFRPSDQLHVWHQG HQGVWKHPRQLWRULQJFRPPLWWHHPXVWSURYLGH WRXVHRWKHUPHWKRGVWRHQVXUHFRPSOLDQFH,Q the General Directorate of Nutrition with the 5ZDQGDIRUH[DPSOHFRIIHHSURGXFWLRQFRQ- QXPEHURIFRQWUDFWVVLJQHGXQGHUWKHVWDQGDUG WUDFWVDUHVRPHWLPHVVLJQHGLQWKHSUHVHQFHRI FRQWUDFW WKH TXDQWLW\ RI JRRGV SURGXFHG WKHORFDOPD\RUZKRZLOOKHOSUHVROYHGLVSXWHV DQGWKHFRUUHVSRQGLQJYDOXH DQDVVHVVPHQW RUQRQFRPSOLDQFHLIDQGZKHQWKH\DULVH RIWKHRYHUDOOSHUIRUPDQFHDJDLQVWWKHVWDWHG REMHFWLYHV WKHLQFLGHQFHRIFRQÁLFWLQFRQWUDFW Next steps H[HFXWLRQ DQGWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIWKHVWDQGDUG contract for the larger sector.17 This chapter presented the initial results of a pilot GDWD VHW DQDO\]LQJ WKH ODZV DQG UHJXODWLRQV :KLOH PRVW RI WKH RWKHU SLORW FRXQWULHV KDYH WKDWJRYHUQFRQWUDFWIDUPLQJ7KHLQIRUPDWLRQ JHQHUDOODZVRQPHGLDWLRQRUDUELWUDWLRQWKHVH FROOHFWHGDFURVVWKHFRXQWULHVZDVUHYLHZHG DOWHUQDWLYHPHWKRGVDUHUDUHO\XVHGWRUHVROYH DQGGDWDSRLQWVZHUHLGHQWLÀHGWRVHUYHDV GLVSXWHV DERXW DJULFXOWXUDO FRQWUDFWV PDLQO\ DEDVLVIRUDUHYLVHGTXHVWLRQQDLUH$IWHUIXUWKHU CONTRACTING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION | 2015 89 BOX 9.2: Mandatory mediation in Morocco 0RURFFR·VQHZODZRQIDUPLQJDJJUHJDWLRQPDNHVPHGLDWLRQPDQGDWRU\IRUGLVSXWHVDULVLQJIURP DJULFXOWXUDOSURGXFWLRQFRQWUDFWV7KHODZVHHNVWRHQFRXUDJHWKHSUHVHUYDWLRQRIWKHEXVLQHVVUHOD- WLRQVKLS WKHSDUWLHVPXVWWU\WRUHVROYHDGLVSXWHWKURXJKPHGLDWLRQEHIRUHWXUQLQJWRDQ\DUELWUDORU MXGLFLDOSURFHHGLQJVa 7KHFRQWUDFWLWVHOIPXVWLQFOXGHDPHGLDWLRQFODXVHb,IWKHFRQWUDFWGRHVQRWVSHFLI\DPHGLDWRURU DPHWKRGRIGHVLJQDWLQJRQHDPHGLDWLRQSDQHOLVDVVHPEOHGDFFRUGLQJWRGHIDXOWUXOHVWKDWDUH FOHDUO\VWDWHGLQWKHODZ7KHSDQHOPXVWLQFOXGHWKHSUHVLGHQW RUDUHSUHVHQWDWLYHRIWKHSUHVLGHQW RIWKHUHJLRQDOFKDPEHURIDJULFXOWXUH IURPWKHUHJLRQZKHUHWKHSURGXFHUOLYHV DUHSUHVHQWDWLYH GHVLJQDWHG E\ WKH WUDGH DVVRFLDWLRQ RI WKH UHOHYDQW VHFWRU DQG WKH 'HSDUWPHQW RI $JULFXOWXUH·V UHJLRQDOUHSUHVHQWDWLYHZKRVHUYHVDVSUHVLGHQWRIWKHSDQHOc 7KHODZDOVRHVWDEOLVKHVDFOHDUWLPHIUDPHWRDYRLGOHQJWK\SURFHHGLQJV7KHPHGLDWLRQPXVWWDNH SODFHZLWKLQDPRQWKDIWHUWKHGLVSXWHLVUHIHUUHGWRWKHPHGLDWRURUWKHSUHVLGHQWRIWKHPHGLDWLRQ SDQHO$WWKHHQGRIDVXFFHVVIXOPHGLDWLRQWKHSDUWLHVUHFHLYHDFRQFLOLDWLRQUHFRUGVXPPDUL]LQJLWV FRQFOXVLRQV%XWLIWKHPHGLDWLRQIDLOVWKHSDUWLHVUHFHLYHDQRQFRQFLOLDWLRQUHFRUGJLYLQJWKHPWKH SRVVLELOLW\WRVHHNUHGUHVVWKURXJKDUELWUDWLRQRUMXGLFLDOSURFHHGLQJVd Source:'DKLU1RRI6KD·EDQ -XO\ SURPXOJDWLQJ/DZ1RRQDJULFXOWXUDODJJUHJDWLRQ D'DKLU1RRI6KD·EDQ -XO\ SURPXOJDWLQJ/DZ1R²RQDJULFXOWXUDODJJUHJDWLRQDUW b. Ibid. c. Ibid. G,GHPDUW FRQVXOWDWLRQZLWKFRQWUDFWIDUPLQJH[SHUWVDQG PDUNHWLQJ FRQWUDFW DQG DQ DJULFXOWXUDO SUDFWLWLRQHUV LQGLFDWRUV ZLOO EH GHVLJQHG WR production contract. EHWWHUFDSWXUHNH\LVVXHV 2. 7R FRPSOHPHQW WKH DOWHUQDWLYH GLVSXWH 7ZRGLPHQVLRQVZLOOEHSULRULWL]HGDVIROORZV UHVROXWLRQ $'5 GDWD WKH WHDP ZLOO FRQVWUXFWDVHWRIWLPHDQGPRWLRQLQGL- 1. 7R DFKLHYH JUHDWHU FRPSDUDELOLW\ EH- FDWRUV WR FDSWXUH WKH SURFHGXUH WLPH WZHHQ OHJDO LQGLFDWRUV D PRUH UH- DQGFRVWVRIXVLQJDYDLODEOH$'5PHWK- ÀQHG GHÀQLWLRQ RI FRQWUDFW IDUPLQJ ZLOO ods. While 2 case scenarios were test- EH XVHG LQ WKH QH[W F\FOH ,Q WKH SLORW HG GXULQJ WKH SLORW SKDVH³VLGHVHOOLQJ SKDVH D JHQHUDO GHÀQLWLRQ RI FRQWUDFW DQG D JUDGLQJ GLVSXWH³PRUH GHWDLOHG IDUPLQJFRYHUHGDUDQJHRIFRQWUDFWX- and additional case scenarios will help DO DQG RUJDQL]DWLRQDO DUUDQJHPHQWV LQ DQDO\]H GLVSXWHV DULVLQJ IURP GHOD\HG WKHQH[WSKDVHDQLQGLFDWRUZLOOFDSWXUH GHOLYHU\ RI LQSXWV GHOLYHU\ RI GHIHFWLYH LPSRUWDQWGLVWLQFWLRQVUHJDUGLQJWKHSDU- LQSXWVDQGGHOD\HGSD\PHQW WLHV· REOLJDWLRQV XQGHU DQ DJULFXOWXUDO 90 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015 Notes 7KHXQGHUO\LQJUHVHDUFKDQGGHVLJQRIWKHFRQWUDFWLQJ ,GHPDUW DJULFXOWXUDOSURGXFWLRQWRSLFEHQHÀWHGIURPYDOXDEOH ,GHPDUW FRPPHQWVSURYLGHGE\6WHYHQ'·$OHVVDQGUR'LHWHU /DZRI-DQXDU\UHJXODWLQJVWDQGDUG )LVFKHU'DPLHQ6KLHOVDQG-XVWLQ<DS agri-food contracts. /DZRI$XJXVWPHDVXUHVWRLPSURYH )$2D WKHIXQFWLRQLQJRIWKHIRRGVXSSO\FKDLQ 2 Setboonsarng 2008. &KDS&RWWRQ'HYHORSPHQW$FW FKDS 'D6LOYD 'DLU\,QGXVWU\$FW FKDS7REDFFR &RQWURO 4 Eaton and Shepherd 2001. DQG0DUNHWLQJ $FW FKDS8JDQGD&RIIHH 'D6LOYD -DEEDUHWDO 'HYHORSPHQW$XWKRULW\$FW 81,'52,76HFUHWDULDW 'HSDUWPHQWRI$JUDULDQ5HIRUP$GPLQLVWUDWLYH2UGHU 7 Ibid. 1R 5HYLVHG5XOHDQG5HJXODWLRQV*RYHUQLQJ 8 Ibid. $JULEXVLQHVV9HQWXUH$UUDQJHPHQWV $9$V LQ 3XOWURQH 81,'52,76HFUHWDULDW $JUDULDQ5HIRUP$UHDV 'DKLU1RRI6KD·EDQ -XO\ 5R\DO'HFUHHDUW SURPXOJDWLQJ/DZ1RRQDJULFXOWXUDO aggregation. CONTRACTING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION | 2015 91 Electrifying rural areas Tesfaye, a maize producer living in a small village near the southern Ethiopian town of Finchawa, still remembers the days before his farmhouse was con- nected to the national electricity grid. Every year during harvest time, the maize had to be handled very quickly, requiring cleaning, drying, shelling and grinding by hand, using traditional techniques. The price for maize was extremely low during that time due to farmers’ cash needs and risks associated with pest infestation and other storage losses. The new elec- tricity connection allows Tesfaye to process the maize quickly after drying, thanks to a new electric-motor-driven maize milling machine that he and the other farmers of their organization recently purchased. The milling ma- chine is an easy way to preserve the maize and transform the perishable commodity into a product that can be transported long distances, stored and sold later at the market. 0RUH WKDQ ELOOLRQ SHRSOH³RU RI WKH )DUPHUVUHO\RQHOHFWULFLW\IRUDQXPEHURISUR- ZRUOG·VSRSXODWLRQ³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ÀFDWLRQ UDWHV DUH VWXEERUQO\ORZZLWKRQO\DERXWRIWKHUXUDO $UHFHQWFRPSDULVRQRIDJULFXOWXUDOSURFHVV- SRSXODWLRQKDYLQJDFFHVVWRHOHFWULFLW\6XFK ing industries in Sub-Saharan Africa to those in ORZHOHFWULÀFDWLRQFRQVWUDLQVERWKDJULFXOWXUDO KLJKLQFRPHFRXQWULHVUHYHDOVWKHRSSRUWXQLWLHV SURGXFWLRQDQGSRVWKDUYHVWSURFHVVLQJDQG WKDWFDQEHGHULYHGIURPFKHDSDQGUHOLDEOH KHQFHWKHFRQVXPSWLRQRISURFHVVHGIRRGV HOHFWULFLW\DFFHVVIRUIDUPHUV$FFRUGLQJWRWKH EHFDXVH PDQ\ DJULFXOWXUDO UDZ PDWHULDOV VWXG\ OHVV WKDQ RI DJULFXOWXUDO SURGXFH need to be processed within a few hours of LV SURFHVVHG LQ $IULFD FRPSDUHG ZLWK KDUYHVWLQJ WR HQVXUH IRRG FRQVHUYDWLRQ DQG LQ KLJKLQFRPH FRXQWULHV $IULFDQ FRXQWULHV PDUNHWDELOLW\ JHQHUDWHRQO\86IRUSURFHVVLQJRIWRQRI ELECTRIFYING RURAL AREAS | 2015 93 DJULFXOWXUDOSURGXFHWKDWLVWLPHVOHVVWKDQ DOO FRQWULEXWLQJ WR UHGXFHG SURILWDELOLW\ IRU KLJKLQFRPHFRXQWULHV1 DJULEXVLQHVVHV7KHÀHOGZRUNH[SHULHQFHKDV VKRZQKRZHYHUWKHGLIÀFXOW\LQREWDLQLQJGD- $OWKRXJK UXUDO HOHFWULILFDWLRQ KDV UHFHLYHG WDRQHOHFWULFLW\RXWDJHV³SDUWLFXODUO\LQUXUDO PXFKDWWHQWLRQDVDGHYHORSPHQWSULRULW\LQ DUHDV³WKURXJK WKH UHOHYDQW DXWKRULWLHV 7KH PRVW FRXQWULHV H[WUHPHO\ ORZ HOHFWULÀFDWLRQ SHUWLQHQWHOHFWULFLW\WUDQVPLVVLRQFRPSDQLHVWKDW UDWHVFRQWLQXHWREHWKHQRUPLQUXUDODUHDV7R PRQLWRUSRZHURXWDJHVZHUHXQDEOHWRVKDUH LPSURYHHOHFWULFLW\GHOLYHU\WRWKHZRUOG·VSRRU WKLVW\SHRILQIRUPDWLRQ$VDUHVXOWWKHUHOLDELOLW\ DGHTXDWHUHJXODWLRQLVHVVHQWLDO³WRVXSSRUW VXEWRSLFDUHDZDVH[FOXGHGIURPWKLVFKDSWHU FRPSHWLWLRQDQGIDLUSULFLQJDQGHQFRXUDJH LQYHVWPHQW LQFOXGLQJ WKH VHWXS RI RIIJULG Access to electricity VWDQGDORQHV\VWHPV &RJQL]DQWRIWKHEHQHÀWVHOHFWULFLW\VHUYLFHV What electrifying rural areas data RIIHULQWDFNOLQJWKHGHYHORSPHQWFKDOOHQJHV focus on IDFLQJWKHSRRUDFURVVWKHJOREHJRYHUQPHQWV KDYHVHWHOHFWULFLW\DFFHVVDVDSULRULW\LQWKHLU 7KHHOHFWULI\LQJUXUDODUHDVWRSLFDUHDPHDVXUHV GHYHORSPHQWDJHQGDSDUWLFXODUO\LQGHYHORS- the share of population that has access to LQJFRXQWULHV$VDFRQVHTXHQFHPDQ\UXUDO HOHFWULFLW\IRUWKHFRXQWU\DVDZKROHDQGIRU HOHFWULÀFDWLRQSURJUDPVDQGQDWLRQDOHOHFWULÀ- WKHUXUDOVHFWRUVSHFLÀFDOO\ FDWLRQDJHQFLHVKDYHEHHQFUHDWHGLQWKHVH FRXQWULHVZLWKWKHPDQGDWHWRPRQLWRUPRUH 'XULQJWKHSURMHFWSLORW\HDUDWWHPSWVZHUH DFFXUDWHO\ WKH QHHGV DQG WKH OHYHO RI UXUDO DOVRPDGHWRGHYHORSGDWDVHWVWKDWDGGUHVVHG GHYHORSPHQWDQGHOHFWULÀFDWLRQ2 HOHFWULFLW\DIIRUGDELOLW\HOHFWULFLW\UHOLDELOLW\DQG RIIJULGHOHFWULFLW\V\VWHPV ,Q WKH SLORW FRXQWULHV ZLWK WKH H[FHSWLRQ RI 0RURFFR 6SDLQ DQG 8NUDLQH WKHUH LV D VLJ- What the initial pilot results show QLÀFDQW SRUWLRQ RI WKH UXUDO SRSXODWLRQ WKDW GRHVQRWKDYHDFFHVVWRHOHFWULFLW\ZLWKUDWHV The choice of data published in this report is YDU\LQJGUDVWLFDOO\DFURVVWKHVHYHQFRXQWULHV FRQVWUDLQHGE\WKHW\SHRIGDWDUHODWHGWRUXUDO 0R]DPELTXH8JDQGDDQG(WKLRSLDKDYHE\ HOHFWULFLW\WKDWLVFXUUHQWO\DYDLODEOHDQGWKDWZDV IDUWKHORZHVWUXUDOHOHFWULÀFDWLRQUDWHV,QWKH FROOHFWLEOHGXULQJWKHÀHOGZRUN7KHWHDPKDG 3KLOLSSLQHV DERXW KDOI WKH UXUDO SRSXODWLRQ HQYLVDJHGSXEOLVKLQJGDWDRQHOHFWULFLW\DIIRUG- DQGLQ*XDWHPDODDQG1HSDODERXWWZRWKLUGV DELOLW\DQGUHOLDELOLW\DVZHOODVRIIJULGSRZHUEXW KDYHDFFHVVWRHOHFWULFLW\7KHWHDPZDVXQDEOH GXHWRDODFNRIUHOLDEOHGDWDZHFDQRQO\JLYH WRREWDLQGDWDIRU5ZDQGDIURPWKHUHOHYDQW DJOLPSVHRIWKHÀQGLQJVLQWKHVHDUHDV DXWKRULW\+RZHYHUVHFRQGDU\VRXUFHVVXJJHVW WKDW5ZDQGD·VUXUDOHOHFWULÀFDWLRQUDWHFXUUHQWO\ (OHFWULFLW\UHOLDELOLW\ZDVFKRVHQDVDGDWDSRLQW VWDQGVDWDERXW ÀJXUH EHFDXVHRXWDJHVJURVVO\DIIHFWWKHFRPSHWL- WLYHQHVVRIDFRPPHUFLDOIDUP%ODFNRXWVQRW Electricity affordability RQO\LQFUHDVHRSHUDWLQJFRVWVWKH\DOVRFDXVH DGGLWLRQDO H[SHQVHV VXFK DV LQYHVWPHQWV LQ 5HOLDEOHHOHFWULFLW\DFFHVVLVDQHVVHQWLDOHQDEOHU EDFNXSJHQHUDWRUVUHSDLUVWRGDPDJHGPD- LQWKHDJULEXVLQHVVYDOXHFKDLQ7KHUHIRUHLWLV FKLQHU\DQGFRVWO\GLVUXSWLRQVWRSURGXFWLRQ LPSRUWDQWWRQRWRQO\DVVHVVWKHH[WHQWWRZKLFK 94 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015 FIGURE 10.1:5XUDOHOHFWULÀFDWLRQUDWHVE\FRXQWU\ 100 97 99.8 99.9 Percent of rural electrification 80 72 69 60 52 40 20 11 5 7 0 co da ia es a l e n e pa ai in al qu op n oc an ra Sp m Ne pi bi hi Uk te ilip or Ug am Et ua M Ph oz G M Source: Enabling the Business of Agriculture database. Note: Rwanda is excluded as no data could be obtained. IDUPHUVKDYHWKHRSSRUWXQLW\WRPDNHXVHRI DOVR GLIIHU EDVHG RQ WKH HOHFWULFLW\ VRXUFH HOHFWULFLW\EXWDOVRWRGHWHUPLQHWRZKDWGHJUHH ZLWKHOHFWULFLW\IURPUHQHZDEOHVRXUFHVEHLQJ LWLVSURYLGHGDWDUHDVRQDEOHSULFH W\SLFDOO\PRUHFRVWO\WKDQIURPFRQYHQWLRQDO power plants based on fossil fuel. $FFRUGLQJWRD:RUOG%DQNVWXG\SRZHU WDULIIVLQPRVWSDUWVRIWKHGHYHORSLQJZRUOGDUHLQ :KLOHWKHWHDPZDVDEOHWRREWDLQSULFLQJGDWD WKHUDQJHRI86WR86SHUNLORZDWWKRXU LQDQXPEHURISLORWFRXQWULHVWKHUHLVDQHHGWR N:K +RZHYHUDYHUDJHWDULIIVLQ6XE6DKDUDQ GHWHUPLQHDPHWKRGRORJ\IRUFROOHFWLQJHOHF- $IULFDDUHPXFKKLJKHUDW86SHUN:K3 WULFLW\SULFHVWKDWDUHUREXVWDQGFRPSDUDEOH across countries. A possible data point that 'XULQJWKHLQLWLDOGDWDFROOHFWLRQRQHOHFWULFLW\ ZRXOGEHHDVLO\FRPSDUDEOHDFURVVFRXQWULHVLV DIIRUGDELOLW\LQWKHSLORWFRXQWULHVUHOLDEOHDQG WKHFRVWWRREWDLQDUXUDOHOHFWULFLW\FRQQHFWLRQ FRPSDUDEOHLQIRUPDWLRQRQHOHFWULFLW\SULFLQJ VLPLODUWRWKHDoing BusinessJHWWLQJHOHFWULFLW\ DSSHDUHGWREHRXWRIUHDFKJLYHQWKDWWKHUH LQGLFDWRUWKDWPHDVXUHVWKHSURFHGXUHVWLPH DUHUHPDUNDEOHGLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQWKHWDULIIV DQGFRVWIRUDQXUEDQVPDOOWRPHGLXPVL]H WKDWDUHFKDUJHGWRGLIIHUHQWFRQVXPHUVLQHDFK EXVLQHVVWRJHWDQHZHOHFWULFLW\FRQQHFWLRQ4 It FRXQWU\0RVWFRXQWULHVKDYHHOHFWULFLW\SULFHV LVLPSRUWDQWWRQRWHKRZHYHUWKDWFRQQHFWLRQ GLVVHFWHGE\FRQVXPSWLRQOHYHOVDQGGLIIHUHQ- IHHVFRXOGGHSHQGRQWKHUHTXLUHGGLVWDQFHIRU WLDWHEHWZHHQVRFLDOWDULIIVKRXVHKROGWDULIIV WKHJULGH[WHQVLRQZKLFKLPSDFWVWKHHOHFWULFLW\ IDUPLQJWDULIIVDQGJHQHUDOWDULIIVDVZHOODVWKH XWLOLW\·VIHHFKDUJHGWRLWVFXVWRPHUV W\SHRIFRQVXPHU UHVLGHQWLDODQGFRPPHUFLDO DQGTXDOLW\RIYROWDJHVLQJOHSKDVHDQGWKUHH Off-grid electricity systems SKDVHFRQQHFWLRQV)XUWKHUPRUHVRPHFRXQWULHV DSSO\DJRYHUQPHQWVXEVLG\WRWKHLUHOHFWULFLW\ 8QWLOUHFHQWO\PDQ\JRYHUQPHQWDJHQFLHVLQWKH SULFHVWKDWIXUWKHUGLVWRUWVFRPSDUDELOLW\3ULFHV GHYHORSLQJZRUOGYLHZHGLPSURYLQJHOHFWULFLW\ ELECTRIFYING RURAL AREAS | 2015 95 DFFHVVLQUXUDODUHDVDVEHLQJV\QRQ\PRXVZLWK WKH1HSDOHVH(OHFWULFLW\$FWRI HQDEOHV extending the national grid into all corners of independent power producers to generate WKHFRXQWU\7KHH[SHULHQFHKDVVKRZQKRZ- DQGVHOOSRZHUWRWKH1HSDO(OHFWULFLW\$XWKRULW\ HYHUWKDWVPDOOGHFHQWUDOL]HGHOHFWULFLW\JULGV LQFUHDVLQJWKHFRXQWU\·VJHQHUDWLRQFDSDFLW\ RUDXWRQRPRXVJHQHUDWLRQ IRUH[DPSOHPLFUR +RZHYHUWKHFRQQHFWLRQRIK\GURSRZHUSODQWV K\GURSRZHUSODQWVDQGVRODURUZLQGV\VWHPV WRWKHQDWLRQDOJULGLVVWLOOEHLQJH[DPLQHG2WKHU DUHDQLPSRUWDQWPHDQVRIVXSSO\LQJUXUDOUH- SLORWFRXQWULHVDUHXQGHUWDNLQJVLPLODUHIIRUWV PRWHRULVRODWHGDUHDVWKDWFDQDOOHYLDWHWKH JRYHUQPHQW·VLQYHVWPHQWEXUGHQLQHOHFWULFLW\ Next steps JHQHUDWLRQDQGGLVWULEXWLRQV\VWHPV7RUHDFK WKHXQLYHUVDOHOHFWULFLW\DFFHVVWDUJHWE\ This chapter presented initial pilot results on VHWE\WKH6XVWDLQDEOH(QHUJ\)RU$OOLQLWLDWLYH WKHHOHFWULFLW\DFFHVVGDWDFROOHFWHGLQWKH RIIJULGV\VWHPVZLOOKDYHWRFRQWULEXWHDVXE- SLORWFRXQWULHV([LVWLQJGDWDFROOHFWHGE\WKH stantial proportion of the new connections. World Bank7DQGWKH:RUOG(QHUJ\2XWORRN8 was FRQVXOWHGWRFURVVFKHFNWKHÀQGLQJV 6RPHSLORWFRXQWULHVKDYHLQWURGXFHGVSHFLDO SURJUDPV DLPHG DW HOHFWULI\LQJ UXUDO FRP - )RUWKHQH[WGDWDFROOHFWLRQURXQGIXUWKHUUH- PXQLWLHV WKURXJK FRPPXQLW\ PLQLJULGV DQG search will be undertaken to focus the scope of VWDQGDORQH KRXVHKROG V\VWHPV 1HSDO IRU WKHGDWDDQGWREXLOGLQGLFDWRUVRQHOHFWULI\LQJ H[DPSOHKDVVHWXSDVSHFLDOL]HGDJHQF\WKDW UXUDODUHDV7KHWHDPZLOODWWHPSWWRDVVHVVWKH FRRUGLQDWHVDQGRYHUVHHVWKHPDMRULW\RIRII UHJXODWRU\DQGSROLF\HQYLURQPHQWWRSURPRWH JULGHOHFWULÀFDWLRQLQWKHFRXQWU\7KHDJHQF\ WKHSURYLVLRQRIUXUDOSRZHUVHUYLFHVVXFKDV FRPSOHWHG D VXFFHVVIXO SLORW SURMHFW WR V\Q- E\PHDVXULQJWKHSURFHGXUHVWRUHJLVWHUDVD FKURQL]HDSSUR[LPDWHO\PLFURK\GURSRZHU VPDOOSRZHUSURGXFHUDQGWKHDVVRFLDWHGWLPH SODQWVFRQQHFWLQJLQWRDUXUDOPLQLJULG)XUWKHU and costs. 96 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015 Notes 7KHXQGHUO\LQJUHVHDUFKDQGGHVLJQRIWKHHOHFWULI\LQJ UXUDODUHDVWRSLFEHQHÀWHGIURPYDOXDEOHFRPPHQWV SURYLGHGE\7RPR\XNL<DPDVKLWD .RUZDPD ,QWHUQDWLRQDO(QHUJ\$JHQF\ 3 World Bank 2014a. 4 World Bank 2013a. 6XVWDLQDEOH(QHUJ\IRU$OOLQLWLDWLYH %DQHUMHH 7 World Bank 2014b. ,QWHUQDWLRQDO(QHUJ\$JHQF\(OHFWULFLW\VWDWLVWLFV ELECTRIFYING RURAL AREAS | 2015 97 Connecting farmers to information ,PDJLQH IDUPHUV DURXQG WKH ZRUOG EHLQJ DEOH WR XVH WKHLU PRELOH SKRQHV WR DFTXLUHUHDOWLPHPDUNHWLQIRUPDWLRQDQGJHWDFFHVVWRYDULRXVDJULFXOWXUDOH[- WHQVLRQVHUYLFHV QuestionIURPFDVVDYDIDUPHULQ(WKLRSLD ResponseE\WKH)DUPHUV·&RQWDFW&HQWHU I will be planting cassava. Is We recommend NPK (12:24:12) there a recommended amount application at the rate of 336 of fertilizer for both dry and wet kg/ha 6 weeks after planting, seasons regardless if I conducted followed by 16:8:24 16 weeks soil analysis? after planting. QuestionE\DULFHIDUPHULQWKH3KLOLSSLQHV ResponseE\WKH)DUPHUV·&RQWDFW&HQWHU NSIC Rc222 (also known as Tubigan 18) has an average yield of 6.1 t/ Please send me information ha and the maximum yield is 10 about rice seed variety t/ha., 114 days maturity. Height NSIC RC 222. Thanks is 101 cm. Intermediate to blast, bacterial leaf blight and tungro. Moderately resistant to brown plant hopper and green leafhoppers. QuestionE\DWRPDWRSURGXFHULQ8JDQGD ResponseE\WKH)DUPHUV·&RQWDFW&HQWHU I have 50 kilograms of tomatoes We have a truck with capacity that I would like to sell at the for your produce passing by your market in Jinja. My farm is near village this Friday. We will connect Bukoyo. Can somebody pick up you with the trucker to arrange my produce? What is the current for a meeting point. The kilo price market price of tomatoes? for tomatoes in Kampala is 2,836 Ugandan Shillings this week. CONNECTING FARMERS TO INFORMATION | 2015 99 ,QIRUPDWLRQDQGFRPPXQLFDWLRQKDYHDOZD\V XS FRVWV PDNLQJ VHUYLFH OHVV DIIRUGDEOH IRU SOD\HGDFUXFLDOUROHLQDJULFXOWXUH(YHUVLQFH JHQHUDOO\ORZHULQFRPHUXUDOGZHOOHUV$WWKH SHRSOHKDYHJURZQFURSVUDLVHGOLYHVWRFNDQG VDPHWLPHDODFNRIHOHFWULFLW\PDNHVLWGLIÀFXOW FDXJKWÀVKWKH\KDYHVRXJKWLQIRUPDWLRQIURP to recharge phones. one another.1,QIRUPDWLRQDQGFRPPXQLFDWLRQ WHFKQRORJLHV ,&7V FDQRIIHUVPDOOKROGHUIDUPHUV What the ICT data focus on DZHDOWKRIRSSRUWXQLWLHVWRDFTXLUHDFFXUDWH DQGWLPHO\LQIRUPDWLRQRQPDWHULDOVXSSO\DQG ,&7LVGHÀQHGDVDQ\GHYLFHWRRORUDSSOLFD- SULFHV DV ZHOO DV NQRZOHGJH DERXW H[LVWLQJ WLRQWKDWSHUPLWVGDWDH[FKDQJHRUFROOHFWLRQ WHFKQRORJLHVEHVWSUDFWLFHVDQGLQQRYDWLRQ WKURXJKLQWHUDFWLRQRUWUDQVPLVVLRQ ICT is an :LWKWKLVLQIRUPDWLRQIDUPHUVFDQPDNHEHW- XPEUHOODWHUPWKDWLQFOXGHVGHYLFHVDQGVHU- WHULQIRUPHGSURGXFWLRQDQGPDUNHWLQJGHFL- YLFHVUDQJLQJIURPUDGLRWRVDWHOOLWHLPDJHU\WR VLRQVDQGSDUWLFLSDWHPRUHDFWLYHO\LQYDOXH PRELOH SKRQHV DQG HOHFWURQLF PRQH\ WUDQV- chains.2$VVXFK,&7VSURYLGHDQHVVHQWLDOWRRO IHUV *LYHQ WKH SRSXODULW\ RI PRELOH SKRQHV IRUIDUPHUVWRRYHUFRPHWKHFRPPHUFLDOL]DWLRQ DURXQGWKHZRUOG,&7GDWDIRFXVRQPRELOH EDUULHU E\ LPSURYLQJ WKH ORFDO LQIUDVWUXFWXUH QHWZRUNVDVZHOODVIDUPHUV·RSSRUWXQLWLHVWR VWUHQJWKHQLQJEXVLQHVVVHUYLFHVDQGLQFUHDVLQJ DFFHVVLQIRUPDWLRQWKURXJKWKHXVHRIPRELOH IDUPHUV·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·V RUZKLFKPDUNHWVSURGXFHVKRXOGEHVHQWWR LQKDELWDQWVKDGDFFHVVWRDPRELOHSKRQH3 and at what price. (QVXULQJXQLYHUVDOVHUYLFHDQGDFFHVVWR,&7 )LYHGDWDVHWVZHUHGHYHORSHGZLWKWKHREMHF- LVDWRSQDWLRQDOREMHFWLYHLQPDQ\FRXQWULHV WLYHRIPHDVXULQJDFFHVVWR,&7VHUYLFHVLQWKH +RZHYHUDUHYLHZRIWKHUHOHYDQWVWDWLVWLFVUH- SLORWFRXQWULHVDVIROORZV YHDOVDVWURQJUXUDOXUEDQGLYLGHLQ,&7VHUYLFH DFFHVV 5HDFKLQJ RXW WR IDUPHUV LQ UHPRWH 1. Number of mobile cellular subscriptions UXUDODUHDVLVDPDMRUFKDOOHQJH,QPDQ\FRXQ- per 100 inhabitants.7KHVHGDWDPHDVXUH WULHVJRYHUQPHQWVVWUXJJOHWRIRUPXODWHDQG WKHQXPEHURIVXEVFULSWLRQVWRDSXEOLF LPSOHPHQWDSSURSULDWHSROLFLHVWRFUHDWHDQ PRELOH WHOHSKRQH VHUYLFH XVLQJ FHOOXODU HQDEOLQJHQYLURQPHQWIRUIDUPHUVWRXVH,&7 WHFKQRORJ\ DVDPHDQVWRFRPPHUFLDOL]HWKHLUEXVLQHVV- es.45XUDODUHDVODJEHKLQGLQWHUPVRIDFFHVV 2. Number of active mobile broadband DIIRUGDELOLW\DQGTXDOLW\RI,&7V7KHODFNRI subscriptions per 100 inhabitants. These HOHFWULFLW\LQUXUDODUHDVLVDUJXDEO\WKHELJJHVW GDWD PHDVXUH WKH QXPEHU RI PRELOH EDUULHUWRLQFUHDVLQJDFFHVVWR,&7V(OHFWULFLW\ broadband subscriptions and dedicat- VKRUWDJHV IRUFH PDQ\ PRELOH RSHUDWRUV WR HG PRELOH EURDGEDQG VXEVFULSWLRQV WR XVHH[SHQVLYHGLHVHOJHQHUDWRUVZKLFKGULYH the public Internet. 100 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015 3. Market structure of the telecommuni- 2QHRIWKHPDLQFKDOOHQJHVHQFRXQWHUHGGXULQJ cations subsector in the 10 pilot coun- WKHSLORWZDVWKDWLQVXIÀFLHQWGDWDH[LVWVWRSUR- tries.7KHUDSLGVSUHDGRIPRELOHFHOOXODU YLGHDFRPSUHKHQVLYHSLFWXUHRQ,&7SULFLQJLQ QHWZRUNV ZRUOGZLGH ZRXOG PRVW OLNHO\ DOOSLORWFRXQWULHV0RVWFRXQWULHVQRZKDYHDW QRW KDYH EHHQ SRVVLEOH ZLWKRXW FRP- OHDVWSDUWO\SULYDWL]HGWKHWHOHFRPPXQLFDWLRQ SHWLWLRQ7KHUHIRUHWKHVHGDWDPHDVXUH VHFWRUDQGDVDFRQVHTXHQFHWKHUHLVQRWD WKH PDUNHW VWUXFWXUH RI WKH WHOHFRP- VWDQGDUGWDULII WKHUHDUHPDQ\GLIIHUHQWRIIHUV PXQLFDWLRQV VXEVHFWRU LQ WKH SLORW DYDLODEOHLQDOOFRXQWULHVUDQJLQJIURPSUHSDLG countries. WRSRVWSDLGRIIHUVELOOHGRQDSHUPLQXWHSHU 30-second or per-second basis. 4. Public sector role to support the devel- opment of ICT infrastructure. These data Another lesson learned is that penetration rate PHDVXUH JRYHUQPHQW VWUDWHJLHV DQG GDWDSURYLGHDEHWWHUSLFWXUHRIWKHXVHRIPRELOH PHFKDQLVPVLQSODFHVXFKDVVXEVLGLHV GHYLFHVWKDQGDWDFRYHUDJHDVPRELOHFHOOXODU DQG LQFHQWLYHV WKDW VXSSRUW ,&7 LQIUD- FRYHUDJHRQO\PHDVXUHVWKHWKHRUHWLFDODELOLW\ VWUXFWXUHGHYHORSPHQW RI WKH SRSXODWLRQ WR VXEVFULEH WR D QHWZRUN LUUHVSHFWLYHRIZKHWKHURUQRWWKH\DFWXDOO\GR Existing ICT-enabled market information )XUWKHUPRUHVRPHGDWDSRLQWVWKDWWKHWHDP and e-extension7 services. These data ZDVLQWHQGLQJWRFROOHFWZHUHXQDYDLODEOHIRU PHDVXUH WKH H[LVWHQFH RI PDUNHW LQIRU- H[DPSOHGDWDRQPRELOHFHOOXODUDQGEURDG- PDWLRQ DQG HH[WHQVLRQ VHUYLFHV WKDW EDQGVXEVFULSWLRQVGLVVHFWHGE\XUEDQDQGUXUDO PDNH XVH RI ,&7V DQG DUH DYDLODEOH WR ORFDOLW\DQGGLVVHFWHGE\JHQGHU IDUPHUVLQWKHFRXQWU\ Mobile cellular subscriptions versus What the initial pilot results show country population $FFHVVWRWDUJHWHG,&7VFDQKHOSIDUPHUVWR $Q ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 7HOHFRPPXQLFDWLRQV 8QLRQ JURZWKHLUEXVLQHVVHVDQGLQFUHDVHWKHLUUHYH- ,78 8 UHSRUW UHFRPPHQGHG WKDW ´FRPSOHWH QXHV+RZHYHUPDQ\FRXQWULHVVWLOOVWUXJJOHWR PRELOHFRYHUDJHRIDOOUXUDODUHDVZRUOGZLGH HVWDEOLVKDQGLPSOHPHQWDSSURSULDWHSROLFLHVWR E\RUHYHQHDUOLHUVKRXOGEHFRPHDFOHDU FUHDWHDQHQDEOLQJHQYLURQPHQWIRUWKHVHVHU- SROLF\WDUJHWDQGZRXOGDSSHDUDFKLHYDEOH YLFHVWREHGHYHORSHGDQGLPSURYHG&ROOHFWLQJ ZLWKWKHULJKWSROLF\HPSKDVLVµ+RZHYHUKLJK DQGDQDO\]LQJGDWDRQDFFHVVDQGXVDJHRI PRELOHVLJQDOFRYHUDJHGRHVQRWHTXDWHZLWK PRELOHSKRQHDQGEURDGEDQG,QWHUQHWEXVL- XVDJH:KLOHLWLVHVWLPDWHGWKDWPRUHWKDQKDOI QHVVQHHGVDQGWKHPDMRUFRQVWUDLQWVRIIDUP- RIUXUDODUHDVLQ$IULFDDUHFRYHUHGE\DPRELOH HUVDUHFUXFLDOWRIRUPXODWHHIIHFWLYHSROLFLHV VLJQDOH[LVWLQJ,78GDWDVXJJHVWWKDWIHZUXUDO 3UHOLPLQDU\ÀQGLQJVLQWKHSLORWFRXQWULHVVKRZ KRXVHKROGVLQWKHUHJLRQKDYHDPRELOHVXE- WKDW PRELOH FHOOXODU XVDJH UDWHV DQG PRELOH scription. Where there is a large gap between EURDGEDQGXVDJHUDWHVYDU\VXEVWDQWLDOO\DFURVV SRSXODWLRQFRYHUDJHDQGSHQHWUDWLRQLWVXJ- FRXQWULHVLPSDFWLQJWKHSRWHQWLDOUROHRI,&7V JHVWVWKDWERWWOHQHFNVLQDFFHVVDUHPRUHGXHWR ,QDGGLWLRQPDQ\FRXQWULHVODFNVWUDWHJLHVWR DIIRUGDELOLW\WKDQWRLQIUDVWUXFWXUHVKRUWFRPLQJV VXSSRUW WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI WDUJHWHG ,&7 *RYHUQPHQWVPXVWVWULYHWRHQVXUHWKDWVROXWLRQV HQDEOHGVHUYLFHVIRUH[DPSOHLQWKHLUSRYHUW\ DUHIRXQGWRPDNHPRELOHVHUYLFHVDIIRUGDEOH reduction strategies. IRUSHRSOHOLYLQJLQUXUDODUHDV10 CONNECTING FARMERS TO INFORMATION | 2015 101 FIGURE 11.1: Number of mobile cellular subscriptions exceeds country population in half the pilot countries 160 Mobile cellular subscriptions per 137.8 140 130.3 119.9 120 108.4 106.5 100 inhabitants 100 80 59.6 60 49.7 45 40 36.2 22.3 20 0 co a e da n s l da ia e pa ne ai in al qu op oc an an ra Sp m Ne pi bi hi Uk te ilip or Rw Ug am Et ua M Ph oz G M Source: Enabling the Business of Agriculture database. 1RWH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO7HOHFRPPXQLFDWLRQV8QLRQ ,78 GDWDZHUHFRQVXOWHGWRFURVVFKHFNÀQGLQJVIURPWKHÀHOGZRUNLQWKHSLORW countries. )LJXUHVRQQDWLRQDOPRELOHFHOOXODUVXEVFULSWLRQV WKHUH DUH DERXW DV PDQ\ VXEVFULSWLRQV WR D DUHDYDLODEOHIRUDOOSLORWFRXQWULHVHLWKHU PRELOHFHOOXODUQHWZRUNDVKDOIWKHVHFRXQWULHV· WKURXJKWKHUHJXODWRUVWKHRSHUDWRUVRUERWK SRSXODWLRQV ÀJXUH 7KHVHÀJXUHVFRXOGEHGLVDJJUHJDWHGLQWRXUEDQ DQGUXUDOXVDJHWKRXJKGDWDDUHQRWW\SLFDOO\ Highly variable mobile broadband FRPSLOHGLQWKLVPDQQHU,QIDFWLQQRQHRIWKH subscriptions SLORWFRXQWULHVZHUHDYDLODEOHGDWDGLVVHFWHG E\WKHUXUDODQGWKHXUEDQVSDFH7KH:RUOG (YLGHQFHLQGLFDWHVWKDW,QWHUQHWDFFHVVXVLQJ Bank11 DQG WKH ,78 FROOHFW DQG SXEOLVK GDWD PRELOHSKRQHVLVDJURZLQJZRUOGZLGHWUHQG RQ PRELOH FHOOXODU SHQHWUDWLRQ ILJXUHV RQ D Mobile broadband access can be an attrac- QDWLRQDOEDVLV7KHVHÀJXUHVZHUHFRQVXOWHGWR WLYHVROXWLRQLQUXUDODUHDVVLQFHLWUHTXLUHVOHVV FURVVFKHFNWKHÀQGLQJVIURPWKHÀHOGZRUNLQ LQYHVWPHQW WKDQ LQVWDOOLQJ IL[HG EURDGEDQG the pilot countries. FRQQHFWLRQV0RELOHEURDGEDQGXVHUDWHVRU the percentage of the population within reach $FFRUGLQJWRWKHVHÀQGLQJV(WKLRSLDKDVWKH RID*PRELOHFHOOXODUVLJQDOWKHUHIRUHZLOOEH ORZHVWPRELOHFHOOXODUXVDJHUDWH³RQO\RXW DQLPSRUWDQWPHWULFWRPRQLWRU12 RI(WKLRSLDQVVXEVFULEHWRDPRELOHFHOOXODU QHWZRUN7KHVHÀJXUHVDUHLQKLJKFRQWUDVWWR None of the pilot countries collect data on *XDWHPDOD0RURFFRWKH3KLOLSSLQHV6SDLQ EURDGEDQG,QWHUQHWXVHUDWHVE\UXUDODQGXUEDQ DQG 8NUDLQH ZKHUH WKH QXPEHU RI PRELOH ORFDOLW\([LVWLQJGDWDVXJJHVWKRZHYHUWKDW FHOOXODUVXEVFULSWLRQVH[FHHGVHDFKFRXQWU\·V EURDGEDQGDFFHVVLQUXUDOKRXVHKROGVUHPDLQV SRSXODWLRQ,Q1HSDO5ZDQGDDQG8JDQGD YHU\OLPLWHGLQPDQ\GHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHVRU 102 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE |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ublic sector’s role ORZLQ8NUDLQHWRPRUHWKDQLQ6SDLQ ÀJXUH $QXPEHURIJRYHUQPHQWVLQWKHSLORWFRXQ- WULHV KDYH UHFRJQL]HG ,&7V DV D YLWDO SDUW RI Telecommunications sector liberalization DJULFXOWXUDOGHYHORSPHQWDQGKDYHSXWVSH- FLDOHPSKDVLVRQLQFUHDVLQJ,&7DFFHVVUDWHV 7KHRQJRLQJVSUHDGRIPRELOHFHOOXODUQHWZRUNV in rural areas. LQFOXGLQJLQWRUXUDODUHDVKDVEHHQGULYHQE\WKH WHOHFRPPXQLFDWLRQVHFWRUOLEHUDOL]DWLRQZRUOG- 7KH JRYHUQPHQWV RI 1HSDO DQG 8JDQGD LQ ZLGHZLWKSDUWLFXODUHPSKDVLVRQGHYHORSLQJ SDUWLFXODU KDYH GHVLJQHG UXUDO WHOHFRPPX- FRPSHWLWLRQLQWKHPRELOHFHOOXODUPDUNHW13 QLFDWLRQ GHYHORSPHQW IXQGV WR EH ÀQDQFHG FIGURE 11.2: Mobile broadband usage rates across pilot countries 60 53.4 Mobile cellular subscriptions per 50 100 inhabitants 40 30 20 10.1 10 7.6 5.5 4.5 3.8 3.3 1.8 0.4 0 co da n e a s da e ia ne ai in qu al op oc an an ra Sp m pi bi hi Uk te ilip or Ug Rw am Et ua M Ph oz G M Source: Enabling the Business of Agriculture database. 1RWH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO7HOHFRPPXQLFDWLRQV8QLRQ ,78 GDWDZHUHFRQVXOWHGWRFURVVFKHFNÀQGLQJVIURPWKHÀHOGZRUNLQWKH SLORWFRXQWULHV)RU1HSDOGDWDIRUPRELOHEURDGEDQGXVDJHUDWHVDUHQRWDYDLODEOH CONNECTING FARMERS TO INFORMATION | 2015 103 IURPDFKDUJHRIDQGUHVSHFWLYHO\RQ LQIRUPDWLRQV\VWHPV *,6 are used to support RSHUDWRUV·JURVVDQQXDOUHYHQXHV7KHDXWKRULW\ IDUPHUV$PDMRUFKDOOHQJHIRUJRYHUQPHQWVLV LQYHVWVWKHGHSRVLWHGDPRXQWLQWKHGHYHORS- KRZWROLQNGLIIHUHQWW\SHVRIIDUPHUVZLWKWKHLU PHQWH[WHQVLRQDQGRSHUDWLRQRIWHOHFRPPX- GLIIHUHQWQHHGVPDUNHWDVSLUDWLRQVDQGVHWVRI nications infrastructure in those areas where VNLOOVWRGLIIHUHQWW\SHVRIPDUNHWV0RUHRYHUKRZ VHUYLFHSURYLVLRQZRXOGRWKHUZLVHQRWEHIHDVLEOH FDQWKHFRRSHUDWLRQDPRQJGLIIHUHQWSXEOLF RUXQOLNHO\WREHSURYLGHGE\RSHUDWRUVLQWKH DQGSULYDWHVHFWRUDFWRUVRQ,&7VHUYLFHVEH IROORZLQJ\HDUVZLWKRXWDVXEVLG\ VWUHQJWKHQHG"7KHGLIIHUHQWVHUYLFHVDYDLODEOH LQWKHSLORWFRXQWULHV³IRFXVLQJPDLQO\RQ ICT-enabled market information and SURYLGLQJ PDUNHW LQIRUPDWLRQ RQ SULFHV DQG e-extension services EHVWSUDFWLFHV³VKRZWKHKXJHYDULHW\RIVXFK VHUYLFHVDVWDEOHLOOXVWUDWHV $JULFXOWXUDOPRELOHDSSOLFDWLRQV ´DSSVµ DQG RWKHUSURJUDPVDUHZLGHO\DYDLODEOHLQPDQ\ Next steps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ÀQGLQJVIRUWKHFRUHGDWDSRLQWV%DVHGRQ 0DUNHW LQIRUPDWLRQ V\VWHPV DLP WR UHGXFH WKHOHVVRQVOHDUQHGIURPWKHGDWDFROOHFWLRQ LQIRUPDWLRQ DV\PPHWULHV LQ WKH DJULFXOWXUDO DQG WKH IHHGEDFN UHFHLYHG WKH WRSLF DQG YDOXHFKDLQDQGHPSRZHUIDUPHUVZLWKXSWR WKHTXHVWLRQQDLUHZLOOEHIXUWKHUUHÀQHGIRUWKH GDWHPDUNHWLQIRUPDWLRQ,QDGGLWLRQWKH\FDQ QH[WF\FOHDQGDGGLWLRQDOPHDVXUHPHQWVPD\ SURYLGHGLUHFWOLQNVWRPDUNHWV E\E\SDVVLQJ be considered. LQWHUPHGLDULHV DQGLQFUHDVHIDUPHUV·LQFRPHV WKURXJK WKHLU LQIRUPHG DELOLW\ WR QHJRWLDWH :LWKUHJDUGVWRGHYHORSLQJ,&7LQGLFDWRUVWKH WUDGHV DQG WKXV GHYHORS FRPPHUFLDOL]HG WHDPLVDQDO\]LQJWKHIROORZLQJRSWLRQV IDUPLQJDFWLYLW\140DUNHWLQIRUPDWLRQV\VWHPV JDWKHUDQGGLVWULEXWHFRPPRGLW\SULFHVWRIDUP- y The topic could continue to be an in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tinue to expand cooperation and ex- DVDSSVZLWKYLGHRGLDJQRVWLFRUJHRJUDSKLF FKDQJHZLWKLQWHUQDWLRQDORUJDQL]DWLRQV 104 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015 TABLE 11.1: ICT-enabled market information and e-extension services in the 10 pilot countries Name of Service/ Country Product Description/Summary Ethiopia Ethiopia (&;SURYLGHVDYLUWXDOPDUNHWSODFHWKDWLVDFFHVVLEOHRQOLQHDQGE\SKRQHDQG &RPPRGLW\ 606 LWLPSURYHVWUDQVSDUHQF\RQVXSSO\GHPDQGDQGSULFHV(&;UHFHLYHVPRUH ([FKDQJH (&; WKDQRQHPLOOLRQUHTXHVWVSHUPRQWKIRUPDUNHWLQIRUPDWLRQZLWKFRPLQJIURP rural areas. The producers are able to see the price difference between different JUDGHVDQGFRPPRGLWLHVVRWKH\FDQPDNHPRUHLQIRUPHGGHFLVLRQVRQZKDWWR SODQWDQGFDQVHHWKHTXDOLW\SUHPLXPDQGGLVFRXQWDVVRFLDWHGZLWKSRVWKDUYHVW production. Guatemala Distance 7KH''',V\VWHPDOORZVWH[WXUDOLQIRUPDWLRQDQGGHVFULSWLYHLPDJHVWREH Diagnostics VXEPLWWHGGLUHFWO\IURPH[WHQVLRQRIÀFHVIRUUDSLGGLDJQRVLVE\UHVRXUFH through Digital SURIHVVLRQDOVVXFKDVRQSODQWGLVHDVHV ,PDJLQJ ''', Morocco ASAAR 7KHLQIRUPDWLRQV\VWHP$6$$5LPSOHPHQWHGE\WKH0LQLVWU\RI$JULFXOWXUHDQG 0DULWLPH)LVKLQJSURYLGHVVWDNHKROGHUVZLWKLQIRUPDWLRQRQSULFHVDQGPDUNHWVRQ LWVZHEVLWHDQGYLDDQDSS 0R]DPELTXH Esoko $JURPDUNHWLQJWUDGH 7KH(VRNRSODWIRUPSURYLGHVDXWRPDWLFDQGSHUVRQDOL]HG (and several SULFHDOHUWVEX\DQGVHOORIIHUVEXON606PHVVDJLQJVWRFNFRXQWVDQG606 other African SROOLQJ0DUNHWVFRPPRGLWLHVODQJXDJHVDQGFXUUHQFLHVDUHHDVLO\FRQÀJXUHG (VRNRDOVRRIIHUVVWUDWHJ\VXSSRUWDQGWUDLQLQJVWRSURMHFWVUROOLQJRXWPDUNHW countries) LQIRUPDWLRQV\VWHPV 0R]DPELTXH 6LVWHPD'H 7KH0LQLVWU\RI$JULFXOWXUHKDVLPSOHPHQWHGDQ$JULFXOWXUDO0DUNHW,QIRUPDWLRQ ,QIRUPDomR 6\VWHP 6,0$ 6,0$SURGXFHVZHHNO\ 4XHQWH4XHQWH DQGPRQWKO\EXOOHWLQV De Mercados %ROHWtP0HQVDO 7KURXJKWKHV\VWHPIDPHUVKDYHDFFHVVWRGRPHVWLFSULFHVRI Agrícolas De DJULFXOWXUDOSURGXFWVLQSURGXFHUZKROHVDOHDQGUHWDLOPDUNHWVWKURXJKRXW 0RoDPELTXH WKHFRXQWU\SOXVUHJLRQDODQGLQWHUQDWLRQDOSULFHVRIVHOHFWHGFRPPRGLWLHV (SIMA) DQGPDUNHWFRPPHQWDU\7KHLQIRUPDWLRQLVGLVVHPLQDWHGE\UDGLRORFDOGLVWULFW DJULFXOWXUHGLUHFWRUDWHVDQGE\1*2VYLDHPDLOFLUFXODWLRQ Philippines b2bpricenow 7KHEESULFHQRZFRPLVDQLQWHJUDWHGHFRPPHUFHPFRPPHUFHSURJUDPWKDW KDVDQDJULFXOWXUHHPDUNHWSODFHWKDWSURYLGHVXSWRWKHPLQXWHSULFHXSGDWHV DQGRWKHUPDUNHWLQIRUPDWLRQDVZHOODVPRQH\PRYHPHQWV Philippines International Rice ,55,GHYHORSHGZHEVLWHVDQGDSSVRIIHUVHUYLFHVUHODWHGWRULFHLQIRUPDWLRQVXFK Research Institute DVVSHFLÀFUHFRPPHQGDWLRQVRQQXWULHQWVSHVWVZHHGVRUZDWHUPDQDJHPHQW (IRRI) GHSHQGLQJRQWKHVSHFLÀFFURSYDULHW\\LHOGIURPWKHSUHYLRXVVHDVRQDQGWKH VLWHVSHFLÀFÀHOGFRQGLWLRQV Philippines Agriculture Training 7KH$JULFXOWXUH7UDLQLQJ,QVWLWXWHLVDQDJHQF\ZLWKDPDQGDWHWRSURYLGH Institute H[WHQVLRQDQGWUDLQLQJIRUIDUPHUVDQGH[WHQVLRQVWDIIVXFKDVDFFHVVWREHVW SUDFWLFHVDQGXSGDWHGVFLHQFHDQGWHFKQRORJ\WRLPSURYHDJULFXOWXUDO PHWKRGVDQGLQFUHDVHDJULFXOWXUDOSURGXFWLYLW\:LWKLQWKHDJHQF\LVWKH)DUPHUV· &RQWDFW&HQWHUDFDOOFHQWHU YRLFHFDOOWH[WPHVVDJHVRQOLQHIRUXP WKDW FDWHUVWRTXHULHVIURPIDUPHUVUHODWHGWRDJULFXOWXUHDQGÀVKHULHVWHFKQRORJLHV DJULFXOWXUDOPDUNHWLQJSHVWVDQGGLVHDVHV7KHVHUYLFHLVEHLQJLPSOHPHQWHG E\WKH'HSDUWPHQWRI$JULFXOWXUHWKURXJKWKH$JULFXOWXUDO7UDLQLQJ,QVWLWXWHLQ FROODERUDWLRQZLWKWKHSDUWQHULQVWLWXWLRQVLQWKH'HSDUWPHQWRI6FLHQFHDQG 7HFKQRORJ\ORFDOJRYHUQPHQWXQLWVVWDWHFROOHJHVDQGXQLYHUVLWLHVDQGRWKHU VWDNHKROGHUVLQDJULFXOWXUHDQGÀVKHULHVH[WHQVLRQ (Continued next page) CONNECTING FARMERS TO INFORMATION | 2015 105 Name of Service/ Country Product Description/Summary Uganda Application $SS/DELVDQDQWLSRYHUW\WHFKQRORJ\SURJUDPWKDWWKH*UDPHHQ)RXQGDWLRQ /DERUDWRULHV PDQDJHV$SS/DEDLPVWRKHOSVPDOOKROGHUIDUPHUVREWDLQDFFXUDWHWLPHO\DQG ´$SS/DEµ DFWLRQDEOHDJULFXOWXUDOLQIRUPDWLRQWKURXJKDQHWZRUNRIFRPPXQLW\NQRZOHGJH ZRUNHUV &.:V FRPSULVLQJUXUDOFRPPXQLW\PHPEHUV7KHSURJUDPXVHVPRELOH WHFKQRORJ\WRGHOLYHUDJULFXOWXUDOLQIRUPDWLRQERWKWRDQGIURPVPDOOKROGHU IDUPHUV7KURXJKWKHQHWZRUNRI&.:VWKURXJKRXW8JDQGDWKH*UDPHHQ )RXQGDWLRQDLPVWRUHYROXWLRQL]HDJULFXOWXUDONQRZOHGJHVKDULQJDQGLQWXUQ LPSURYH\LHOGVUHGXFHORVVHVDQGLQFUHDVHLQFRPHVRISRRUVPDOOKROGHUIDUPHUV WKURXJKRXWWKHFRXQWU\ Uganda )DUPHU·V)ULHQG )DUPHU·V)ULHQG SRZHUHGE\*RRJOH606DQGWKH*UDPHHQ)RXQGDWLRQ RIIHUV IDUPHUVDQDIIRUGDEOHDQGWDUJHWHGPHDQVE\ZKLFKWRVHDUFKIRUDJULFXOWXUDO WLSVWKURXJKDQ606EDVHGGDWDEDVH.H\ZRUGVLQWKHUHTXHVWIRUDVVLVWDQFH DUHPDWFKHGDJDLQVWWKHGDWDEDVHDQGWKHIDUPHUUHFHLYHVDUHSO\ZLWKDWLS UHODWHGWRWKHUHOHYDQWTXHU\WHUPV Uganda Foodnet and 'DWDRQSULFHVWUDGHGYROXPHVPDUNHWÁRZJURZLQJFRQGLWLRQVDQGRWKHU )DUPJDLQ UHOHYDQWLQIRUPDWLRQDUHFROOHFWHGIURPYLOODJHVDQGPDUNHWFHQWHUVDQG WRJHWKHUZLWKUHOHYDQWQDWLRQDODQGUHJLRQDOLQIRUPDWLRQDUHGLVVHPLQDWHGLQ ORFDOODQJXDJHVE\ORFDO)0UDGLRVWDWLRQV7KHSURMHFWUHFHLYHVDQGGLVVHPLQDWHV LQVWDQWUHSRUWVWKURXJK606RQFKDQJLQJPDUNHWSULFHV%RWKWKHQDWLRQDO DQGORFDOL]HGPDUNHWLQIRUPDWLRQSURMHFWVDUHIXOO\LQWHJUDWHGXVLQJDFHQWUDO LQIRUPDWLRQSURFHVVLQJIDFLOLW\WKHUHE\UHGXFLQJFRVWDQGDXJPHQWLQJORFDO LQIRUPDWLRQZLWKQDWLRQDODQGUHJLRQDOPDUNHWLQIRUPDWLRQRIUHOHYDQFHWRWKH local target area. Uganda Google Trader $JURPDUNHWLQJWUDGHWRROE\*RRJOH*UDPHHQ)RXQGDWLRQDQG0718JDQGD *RRJOH7UDGHUKHOSVEX\HUVDQGVHOOHUVÀQGHDFKRWKHU8VHUVFDQEURDGFDVWD PHVVDJHE\VHQGLQJDQ606DOORZLQJWKHPIRUH[DPSOHWROLVWWKHSURGXFWVWKDW WKH\DUHVHOOLQJRUWRÀQGVSDFHRQDWUXFNWRWDNHWKHLUJRRGVWRPDUNHW Uganda Infotrade ,QIRWUDGHSURYLGHVFULWLFDOO\DQDO\]HGLQIRUPDWLRQFROOHFWHGIURPGLVWULFW PDUNHWVLQ8JDQGDWKDWFRYHUDWRWDORIFRPPRGLWLHV'DWDLVFROOHFWHG WKUHHWLPHVDZHHNYHULÀHGDQGWKHQSRVWHGRQDZHEVLWH,QIRUPDWLRQFDQEH DFFHVVHGE\HPDLORUGLUHFWO\RQDPRELOHSKRQH Rwanda Agricultural &,&$LVDQDJULFXOWXUDOPDQDJHPHQWLQIRUPDWLRQV\VWHP ZHEVLWH FUHDWHGE\ ,QIRUPDWLRQDQG WKH5ZDQGDQ0LQLVWU\RI$JULFXOWXUHWRFROOHFWVKDUHDQGGLVVHPLQDWHDJULFXOWXUDO &RPPXQLFDWLRQ LQIRUPDWLRQDQGNQRZOHGJH Centre (CICA) Rwanda, East Africa ($;LVDUHJLRQDOFRPPRGLW\H[FKDQJHWKDWZDVHVWDEOLVKHGWROLQNVPDOOKROGHU Uganda ([FKDQJH ($; IDUPHUVWRDJULFXOWXUDODQGÀQDQFLDOPDUNHWVVHFXUHFRPSHWLWLYHSULFHVIRUWKHLU (and several SURGXFWVDQGIDFLOLWDWHDFFHVVWRÀQDQFLQJRSSRUWXQLWLHV($;LVUHJLVWHUHG WKURXJKRXW(DVW$IULFD&RPPXQLW\SDUWQHUVWDWHV other African countries) Sources:4=KHQZHLHWDO Enabling the Business of Agriculture database. DQGLQVWLWXWLRQVVXFKDVWKH,78WRIXUWKHU VXVWDLQDELOLW\ WRSLF DUHDV 3RVVLEOH DUHDV UHÀQHWKHPHWKRGRORJ\ WKDW DUH DOUHDG\ SDUWO\ LQFOXGHG LQ WKH WRSLFV DUH ,&7HQDEOHG PDUNHW LQIRUPD- y $QRWKHURSWLRQZRXOGEHWRHPEHG,&7 WLRQVHUYLFHV DFFHVVWRPDUNHWV PRELOH as a cross-cutting topic into other pro- EDQNLQJ DFFHVVWRÀQDQFH RUHH[WHQ- JUDPWRSLFDUHDVVLPLODUWRZKDWZLOOEH VLRQV IHUWLOL]HUDQGVHHG GRQHZLWKWKHJHQGHUDQGHQYLURQPHQWDO 106 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015 Notes 7KHXQGHUO\LQJUHVHDUFKDQGGHVLJQRIWKHFRQQHFWLQJ ,78 IDUPHUVWRLQIRUPDWLRQWRSLFEHQHÀWHGIURPYDOXDEOH 813DUWQHUVKLSRQ0HDVXULQJ,&7IRU'HYHORSPHQW FRPPHQWVSURYLGHGE\6DUD%RHWWLJHU$SDUDMLWD*R\DO DQG(LMD3HKX ,78 11 World Bank 2014b. 1 World Bank 2011b. ,78 2 Shenggen et al. 2013. 13 Ibid. :RUOG%DQNSUHVVUHOHDVH-XO\ KWWS ZZZ 14 Karugu 2010. worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2012/07/17/ $JHRJUDSKLFLQIRUPDWLRQV\VWHP *,6 LVD PRELOHSKRQHDFFHVVUHDFKHVWKUHHTXDUWHUV FRPSXWHUV\VWHPIRUFDSWXULQJVWRULQJFKHFNLQJ planets-population. DQGGLVSOD\LQJGDWDUHODWHGWRSRVLWLRQVRQ(DUWK·V 4 ICT4Ag 2014. VXUIDFH*,6FDQVKRZPDQ\GLIIHUHQWNLQGVRIGDWD ,78 RQRQHPDSDQGHQDEOHVSHRSOHWRPRUHHDVLO\VHH :RUOG%DQNE DQDO\]HDQGXQGHUVWDQGSDWWHUQVDQGUHODWLRQVKLSV 7KHWHUP´HH[WHQVLRQµUHIHUVWRWKHSURYLVLRQRI H[WHQVLRQVHUYLFHVWKURXJKWKHXVHRIPRGHVRI LQIRUPDWLRQDQGFRPPXQLFDWLRQWHFKQRORJLHV ,&7V VXFKDVDPRELOHSKRQHWKDWLVXVHGDVDSODWIRUPIRU H[FKDQJLQJLQIRUPDWLRQIRUH[DPSOHWKURXJKVKRUW PHVVDJLQJVHUYLFHV CONNECTING FARMERS TO INFORMATION | 2015 107 References $EERWW-& ´0DUNHWLQJ,PSURYHPHQW $PPDU$DQG(0$KPHG LQWKH'HYHORSLQJ:RUOGµ(FRQRPLF ´0LFURÀQDQFHDQG0RELOH%DQNLQJ DQG6RFLDO'HYHORSPHQW6HULHV 5HJXODWRU\DQG6XSHUYLVLRQ,VVXHVµ 5RPH)$2 0XOWLPHGLD8QLYHUVLW\0HODND 0DOD\VLD $IULFDQ'HYHORSPHQW%DQN Morocco. “Second National Rural $UH]NL5.'HLQLQJHUDQG+6HORG 5RDGV3URJUDPPH 3155 µ3URMHFW ´7KH*OREDO/DQG5XVKµFinance & &RPSOHWLRQ5HSRUW 3&5 Development ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 0RQHWDU\)XQG:DVKLQJWRQ'& $IULFDQ8QLRQ´$EXMD'HFODUDWLRQ KWWSV ZZZLPIRUJH[WHUQDOSXEVIW RQ)HUWLOL]HUIRUDQ$IULFDQ*UHHQ IDQGGSGIDUH]NLSGI 5HYROXWLRQµ$IULFDQ8QLRQ$EXMD Nigeria. $UQROG-´7UDGHDQG7UDQVSRUW )DFLOLWDWLRQLQ/DRVµ:RUOG%DQN $OH[DQGUDWRV1DQG-%UXLQVPD :DVKLQJWRQ'& ´:RUOG$JULFXOWXUHWRZDUGV 7KH5HYLVLRQµ(6$:RUNLQJ $UUXxDGD%Institutional Foundations 3DSHU)RRGDQG$JULFXOWXUH of Impersonal Exchange. Theory 2UJDQL]DWLRQRIWKH8QLWHG1DWLRQV and Policy of Contractual Registries. )$2 5RPHKWWS ZZZIDRRUJ &KLFDJRDQG/RQGRQ 7KH8QLYHUVLW\RI GRFUHSDSHDSHSGI &KLFDJR3UHVV $OH[DQGUH&,0DVDQG'5DGFOLIIH %DQHUMHH6*´3RZHUDQG “Regulating New Banking Models that $JULFXOWXUHLQ6XE6DKDUDQ$IULFDµ &DQ%ULQJ)LQDQFLDO6HUYLFHVWR$OOµ 3URMHFW&RQFHSW1RWH:RUOG%DQN Challenge Magazine ² :DVKLQJWRQ'& 0D\-XQH %HUHQEDFK6DQG&&KXUFKLOO $OWHQEXUJ7´'RQRU$SSURDFKHVWR ´5HJXODWLRQDQG6XSHUYLVLRQRI 6XSSRUWLQJ3UR3RRU9DOXH&KDLQVµ 0LFURÀQDQFH,QVWLWXWLRQV ([SHULHQFH Report prepared for the Donor IURP/DWLQ$PHULFD$VLDDQG$IULFDµ &RPPLWWHHIRU(QWHUSULVH'HYHORSPHQW The MicroFinance Network Occasional Working Group on Linkages and Value 3DSHU1R0LFUR)LQDQFH1HWZRUN &KDLQV*HUPDQ'HYHORSPHQW,QVWLWXWH :DVKLQJWRQ'& Bonn. %XVHQEHUJ*-´/HDUQLQJLQ $OYDUH]GHOD&DPSD$´,QFUHDVLQJ 2UJDQL]DWLRQVDQG3XEOLF3ROLF\µ $FFHVVWR&UHGLWWKURXJK5HIRUPLQJ Journal of Public Policy ² Secured Transactions in the MENA 5HJLRQµ3ROLF\5HVHDUFK:RUNLQJ &DVDYDQW.HWDO´6WXG\RI5XUDO 3DSHU:RUOG%DQN:DVKLQJWRQ 7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ,VVXHVµ86'HSDUWPHQW DC. RI$JULFXOWXUH$JULFXOWXUDO0DUNHWLQJ 6HUYLFH$SULOKWWS G[GRLRUJ TS041.04-2010. REFERENCES | 2015 109 &*$3 &RQVXOWDWLYH*URXSWR$VVLVWWKH &XOO5$'HPLUJo.XQWDQG-0RUGXFK 3RRU DQG,)$' ,QWHUQDWLRQDO)XQG ´'RHV5HJXODWRU\6XSHUYLVLRQ IRU$JULFXOWXUDO'HYHORSPHQW &XUWDLO0LFURÀQDQFH3URÀWDELOLW\DQG ´(PHUJLQJ/HVVRQVLQ$JULFXOWXUDO 2XWUHDFKµ3ROLF\5HVHDUFK:RUNLQJ 0LFURÀQDQFH 6HOHFWHG&DVH6WXGLHVµ 3DSHU6HULHV:RUOG%DQN &*$3DQG,)$':DVKLQJWRQ'& :DVKLQJWRQ'& &*$3´%UDQFKOHVV%DQNLQJ'LDJQRVWLF 'D6LOYD&$´7KH*URZLQJ5ROHRI 7HPSODWHµ&*$3:DVKLQJWRQ'& &RQWUDFW)DUPLQJLQ$JULIRRG6\VWHPV 'HYHORSPHQW 'ULYHUV7KHRU\DQG ³³´5HJXODWLQJ%DQNLQJ$JHQWVµ 3UDFWLFHµ)$25RPH &*$3:DVKLQJWRQ'& 'DOEHUJ&LWL)RXQGDWLRQDQG6NROO &KULVWLDHQVHQ'HPHU\DQG.XKO´7KH )RXQGDWLRQ´&DWDO\]LQJ (YROYLQJ 5ROHRI$JULFXOWXUHLQ3RYHUW\ 6PDOOKROGHU$JULFXOWXUDO)LQDQFHµ 5HGXFWLRQ$Q(PSLULFDO3HUVSHFWLYHµ 'DOEHUJ1HZ<RUN Journal of Development Economics GH-DQYU\$DQG(6DGRXOHW ´$JULFXOWXUHIRU'HYHORSPHQW /HVVRQV &RIIH\( Agricultural Finance: IURPWKH:RUOG'HYHORSPHQW5HSRUW Getting the Policies Right.5RPH )$2 µ4$5LYLVWDGHOO·$VVRFLD]RQH )RRGDQG$JULFXOWXUH2UJDQL]DWLRQ 5RVVL'RULD ²KWWS DUH RIWKH8QLWHG1DWLRQV DQG*7= EHUNHOH\HGXaHVDGRXOHWSDSHUV 'HXWVFKH*HVHOOVFKDIWIU7HFKQLVFKH RossiDoriaWDR.pdf. =XVDPPHQDUEHLW 'H6RWR+The Mystery of Capital. New &RQGRQ0 ´(DVLQJ%DUULHUVWR York: Basic Books. 0RYHPHQWRI3ODQW9DULHWLHVIRU $JULFXOWXUDO'HYHORSPHQWµ:RUOG%DQN ³³´7KH)DFWV$UH,Q 7KH$UDE6SULQJ :DVKLQJWRQ'& LVD0DVVLYH(FRQRPLF5HYROXWLRQµ &HUHVHGLWLRQV7XQLV &RWXOD/69HUPHXOHQ5/HRQDUGDQG -.HHOH\ ´/DQG*UDERU 'HLQLQJHU.Land Policies for Growth 'HYHORSPHQW2SSRUWXQLW\ $JULFXOWXUDO and Poverty Reduction:DVKLQJWRQ ,QYHVWPHQWDQG,QWHUQDWLRQDO/DQG '& :RUOG%DQNDQG2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\ 'HDOVLQ$IULFDµ,QWHUQDWLRQDO)XQGIRU 3UHVV $JULFXOWXUDO'HYHORSPHQW:DVKLQJWRQ DC. http://www.ifad.org/pub/land/ 'HLQLQJHU.'%\HUOHH-/LQGVD\$1RUWRQ ODQGBJUDESGI and M. Stickler. 2011. “Rising Global ,QWHUHVWLQ)DUPODQG &DQLW<LHOG &RXOWHU-DQG*2QXPDK´7KH 6XVWDLQDEOHDQG(TXLWDEOH%HQHÀWV"µ 5ROHRI:DUHKRXVH5HFHLSW6\VWHPVLQ :RUOG%DQN:DVKLQJWRQ'&KWWS (QKDQFHG&RPPRGLW\0DUNHWLQJDQG siteresources.worldbank.org/DEC/ 5XUDO/LYHOLKRRGVLQ$IULFDµFood Policy. Resources/Rising-Global-Interest-in- 1DWXUDO5HVRXUFHV,QVWLWXWH8. )DUPODQGSGI &3% 1HWKHUODQGV%XUHDXIRU(FRQRPLF 'HLQLQJHU.+6HORGDQG$%XUQV 3ROLF\$QDO\VLV ´&KDOOHQJLQJ The Land Governance Assessment 1HLJKERXUV 5HWKLQNLQJ*HUPDQDQG Framework. Identifying and Monitoring 'XWFK(FRQRPLF,QVWLWXWLRQVµ&3%7KH Good Practice in the Land Sector. Hague. :DVKLQJWRQ'& :RUOG%DQN 110 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015 'HUFRQ659DUJDV+LOODQG$=HLWLQ (DVWHUOLQJ:(HWDO´)RRG)LEUHDQG ´,Q6HDUFKRID6WUDWHJ\ 5HYLVLWLQJ )RUHVW3URGXFWV&OLPDWH&KDQJH $JULFXOWXUHOHG*URZWKLQ(WKLRSLDµ ,PSDFWV$GDSWDWLRQDQG9XOQHUDELOLW\µ 8QLYHUVLW\RI2[IRUG2[IRUG0DUFK Contribution of Working Group II to KWWS XVHUVR[DFXNaHFRQVWG,Q WKH)RXUWK$VVHVVPHQW5HSRUWRIWKH 6HDUFKRID6WUDWHJ\BYSGI ,QWHUJRYHUQPHQWDO3DQHORQ&OLPDWH &KDQJHHGLWHGE\0/3DUU\2) 'LDR;-7KXUORZ6%HQLQDQG6)DQ &DQ]LDQL-33DOXWLNRI3-YDQGHU HGV´6WUDWHJLHVDQG3ULRULWLHVIRU /LQGHQDQG&(+DQVRQ&DPEULGJH $IULFDQ$JULFXOWXUH (FRQRP\:LGH 8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV&DPEULGJH8.² 3HUVSHFWLYHVIURP&RXQWU\6WXGLHVµ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO)RRG3ROLF\5HVHDUFK (DWRQ&DQG$:6KHSKHUG ,QVWLWXWH:DVKLQJWRQ'& ´&RQWUDFW)DUPLQJ 3DUWQHUVKLSVIRU *URZWKµ)$25RPH 'MDQNRY6&)UHXQGDQG&63KDP ´7UDGLQJRQ7LPHµThe Review of European Bank for Reconstruction and Economics and Statistics ² 'HYHORSPHQW´*UDLQ5HFHLSWV 3URJUDP5HJLRQDOµ3URMHFW(YDOXDWLRQ 'RQDYDQ*´)HUWLOL]HU6XEVLGLHVLQ6XE 'HSDUWPHQW(%5'/RQGRQ 6DKDUDQ$IULFD$3ROLF\1RWHµ:RUOG %DQN:DVKLQJWRQ'& )$2 )RRGDQG$JULFXOWXUH2UJDQL]DWLRQ How to Feed the World by 2050. 'RURVK3+*:DQJDQG/<RX 5RPH )$2 ´&URS3URGXFWLRQDQG5RDG &RQQHFWLYLW\LQ6XE6DKDUDQ$IULFD ³³DGuiding Principles for $6SDWLDO$QDO\VLVµ:RUOG%DQN Responsible Contract Farming :DVKLQJWRQ'& Operations. 5RPH )$2 'UHZ(´(OHFWURQLF:DUHKRXVH ³³EThe State of Food and 5HFHLSWV (IIHFWLYH7RROIRU9RODWLOH Agriculture 2012: Investing in Agriculture 0DUNHWVµAg Banking 1 (1): 10. for a Better Future.5RPH )$2 'UXLOKH=DQG-%DUUHLUR+XUOp ³³FStatistical Yearbook 2013: World ´)HUWLOL]HU6XEVLGLHVLQ6XE6DKDUDQ Food and Agriculture. 5RPH )$2 $IULFDµ(6$:RUNLQJ3DSHU1R 5RPH)$2 ³³DEnabling Environments for Agribusiness and Agro-industries 'XUDQG/DVVHUYH$DQG+6HORG´7KH Development: Regional and Country )RUPDOL]DWLRQRI8UEDQ/DQG7HQXUHLQ Perspectives.5RPH )$2 'HYHORSLQJ&RXQWULHVµ:RUOG%DQN :DVKLQJWRQ'& ³³E´5HIRU]DPLHQWRGHODVSROtWLFDV GHSURGXFFLyQGHVHPLOODGHJUDQRV East African Trade and Transport EiVLFDVHQDSR\RDODDJULFXOWXUD )DFLOLWDWLRQ3URMHFW ($77)3 DQG FDPSHVLQDSDUDODVHJXULGDG Japan International Cooperation DOLPHQWDULDHQSDtVHVPLHPEURV $JHQF\ -,&$ ´6WXG\IRUWKH GHO&$&µ)$2*XDWHPDOD&LW\ +DUPRQL]DWLRQRI9HKLFOH2YHUORDG *XDWHPDOD &RQWUROLQWKH(DVW$IULFDQ&RPPXQLW\µ GUDIW($77)3DQG-,&$KWWS ³³FVoluntary Guidelines on the www.eac.int/infrastructure/index. Responsible Governance of Tenure SKS"RSWLRQ FRPBGRFPDQ WDVN FDWB of Land, Fisheries, and Forests in the YLHZ JLG ,WHPLG context of National Food Security. 5RPH )$2 REFERENCES | 2015 111 ³³G´7KH'UDIW*XLGHIRU1DWLRQDO *LUDEL)DQG$(*RGIUH\0ZDNDMH 6HHG3ROLF\)RUPXODWLRQµ&RPPLVVLRQ ´,PSDFWRI0LFURÀQDQFHRQ6PDOOKROGHU on Genetic Resources for Food and )DUP3URGXFWLYLW\LQ7DQ]DQLD 7KH&DVH $JULFXOWXUH)$25RPHKWWS ZZZ RI,UDPED'LVWULFWµAsian Economic and IDRRUJGRFUHSPHHWLQJPJ H Financial Review ² pdf. *OREDO+DUYHVW,QLWLDWLYH´,QWHUQDWLRQDO ³³´3ULQFLSOHVIRU5HVSRQVLEOH Trade and Agriculture: Supporting ,QYHVWPHQWLQ$JULFXOWXUHDQG)RRG 9DOXH&KDLQVWR'HOLYHU'HYHORSPHQW 6\VWHPVµ&RPPLWWHHRQ:RUOG)RRG DQG)RRG6HFXULW\µ*OREDO+DUYHVW 6HFXULW\)$25RPHKWWS ZZZIDR ,QLWLDWLYH:DVKLQJWRQ'& RUJÀOHDGPLQWHPSODWHVFIV'RFV UDL(QGRUVHPHQW&)6B5$,B3ULQFLSOHVB *UHJRU\',DQG%/%XPE´)DFWRUV )RUB(QGRUVHPHQWB9HUBB$XJB(1SGI $IIHFWLQJ6XSSO\RI)HUWLOL]HULQ6XE Saharan Africa. Agriculture and Rural Feed the Future. 2012. “Cooperation 'HYHORSPHQWµ'LVFXVVLRQ3DSHU )UDPHZRUNWR6XSSRUWWKH1HZ :RUOG%DQN:DVKLQJWRQ'& $OOLDQFHIRU)RRG6HFXULW\ 1XWULWLRQLQ 0R]DPELTXHµ)HHGWKH)XWXUHKWWS *UHXQLQJ+9-6*DOODUGRDQG%. IHHGWKHIXWXUHJRYOSQHZDOOLDQFH 5DQGKDZD ´$)UDPHZRUNIRU IRRGVHFXULW\DQGQXWULWLRQ 5HJXODWLQJ0LFURÀQDQFH,QVWLWXWLRQVµ :RUOG%DQN:DVKLQJWRQ'& )OHLVLJ+06DIDYLDQDQG1GHOD3HxD ´5HIRUPLQJ&ROODWHUDO/DZVWR *XLVVHOTXLVW ´(DVLQJ%DUULHUVWR ([SDQG$FFHVVWR)LQDQFHµ:RUOG 0RYHPHQWRI3ODQW9DULHWLHVIRU %DQN:DVKLQJWRQ'& $JULFXOWXUDO'HYHORSPHQWµ:RUOG%DQN :DVKLQJWRQ'& *DQHVK.XPDU$DQG+3XOODEKRWOD ´5HYLHZRI,QSXWDQG2XWSXW3ROLFLHV +DJJEODGH6´8QVFUDPEOLQJ$IULFD IRU&HUHDO3URGXFWLRQLQ%DQJODGHVKµ 5HJLRQDO5HTXLUHPHQWVIRU$FKLHYLQJ ,)35,'LVFXVVLRQ3DSHU ,)35, )RRG6HFXULW\µDevelopment Policy :DVKLQJWRQ'&KWWS ZZZLISULRUJ Review ² SXEOLFDWLRQUHYLHZLQSXWDQGRXWSXW policies-cereal-production-bangladesh. +DUPRQ/0%6LPDWDDDQG$YDQ GHU0HUZH ´,PSOHPHQWLQJ *HRUJH57DQG07XUQHU´4XDOLW\ Facilitation on Trade and Transport 'HFODUHG6HHG6\VWHPµ)$23ODQW &RUULGRUVµ3URFHHGLQJVRIWKHWK 3URGXFWLRQDQG3URWHFWLRQ3DSHU 6RXWKHUQ$IULFDQ7UDQVSRUW&RQIHUHQFH )$25RPH 3UHWRULD-XO\ SS² *LEVRQ-DQG65R]HOOH´3RYHUW\ +HQVRQ6-´7KH5ROHRI3XEOLF DQG$FFHVVWR,QIUDVWUXFWXUHLQ3DSXD DQG3ULYDWH6WDQGDUGVLQ5HJXODWLQJ 1HZ*XLQHDµ:RUNLQJ3DSHU ,QWHUQDWLRQDO)RRG0DUNHWVµJournal 'HSDUWPHQWRI$JULFXOWXUDODQG of International Agricultural Trade and 5HVRXUFH(FRQRPLFV8QLYHUVLW\RI Development ² &DOLIRUQLD'DYLV'DYLV +HUQDQGH]--%HUQVWHLQDQG$=LUNOH *LRYDQQXFFL'39DUDQJLVDQG')/DUVRQ ´5HJXODWRU\/DQGVFDSHIRU0RELOH 2000. “Warehouse Receipts: Facilitating %DQNLQJµ,78*65'LVFXVVLRQ3DSHU &UHGLWDQG&RPPRGLW\0DUNHWVµ *HQHYD KWWS VVUQFRPDEVWUDFW RU KWWS G[GRLRUJ VVUQ 112 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015 +RHOOLQJHU)´5XUDODQG$JULFXOWXUDO ³³Innovative Agricultural SME )LQDQFH7UHQGV,VVXHVDQG Finance Models. :DVKLQJWRQ'& &KDOOHQJHVµ*HUPDQ\$JHQF\IRU World Bank. ,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RRSHUDWLRQ *,= Eschborn. ,)'& ,QWHUQDWLRQDO)HUWLOL]HU'HYHORSPHQW &HQWHU ´:RUOGZLGH&DSDFLW\ +R\XP5´1HSDO)HUWLOL]HUDQG1XWULHQW /LVWLQJVE\3ODQW6HYHUDO)HUWLOL]HU $VVHVVPHQW6XPPDU\5HSRUW 1HSDO 3URGXFWVµ,)'&$ODEDPD6HSWHPEHU (FRQRPLF$JULFXOWXUHDQG7UDGH $FWLYLW\µ8QLWHG6WDWHV$JHQF\IRU ,QWHUQDWLRQDO(QHUJ\$JHQF\World ,QWHUQDWLRQDO'HYHORSPHQW 86$,' Energy Outlook 2011.3DULV ,QWHUQDWLRQDO :DVKLQJWRQ'& (QHUJ\$JHQF\ +XPSKUH\-DQG+6FKPLW] ³³(OHFWULFLW\VWDWLVWLFVKWWS ZZZLHDRUJ ´*RYHUQDQFHLQ*OREDO9DOXH&KDLQVµ VWDWLVWLFVWRSLFV(OHFWULFLW\ In Local Enterprises in the Global Economy: Issues of Governance and ,78 ,QWHUQDWLRQDO7HOHFRPPXQLFDWLRQ8QLRQ Upgrading,HGLWHGE\+XEHUW6FKPLW] 2010. World Telecommunication/ICT &KHOWHQKDP (GZDUG(OJDU Development Report (WTDR) 2010: Monitoring the WSIS Targets.*HQHYD +XPSKUH\-´3ULYDWH6WDQGDUGV6PDOO ,78KWWS ZZZLWXLQWGPVBSXELWXG )DUPHUVDQG'RQRU3ROLF\ (XUHS*$3 RSELQG',1':7'56803')( LQ.HQ\Dµ,QVWLWXWHRI'HYHORSPHQW pdf. 6WXGLHV%ULJKWRQ ³³´7KH:RUOGLQ ,&7)DFWVDQG ,&7$J´/LQNLQJ)DUPHUVWR0DUNHWVµ )LJXUHVµ,78*HQHYD ,VVXH$SULOKWWS LFWXSGDWHFWDLQW (issue)/77. -DEEDU005DKPDQ57DOXNGHUDQG6 5DKD´$OWHUQDWLYH,QVWLWXWLRQDO IFAD (International Fund for Agricultural $UUDQJHPHQWVIRU&RQWUDFW)DUPLQJLQ 'HYHORSPHQW The Future of 3RXOWU\3URGXFWLRQLQ%DQJODGHVKDQG World Food and Nutrition Security 7KHLU,PSDFWVRQ(TXLW\µ,QWHUQDWLRQDO Investing in Smallholder Agriculture - An /LYHVWRFN5HVHDUFK,QVWLWXWH$GGLV International Priority. 5RPH ,)$' Ababa. ³³´6PDOOKROGHU)DUPHUV .H\WR -DIIHH6DQG-6ULYDVWDYD ´6HHG /LIWLQJ2YHU2QH%LOOLRQ3HRSOH2XWRI 6\VWHP'HYHORSPHQW 7KH$SSURSULDWH 3RYHUW\µ,)$'5RPHKWWS ZZZLIDG 5ROHVRIWKH3ULYDWHDQG3XEOLF6HFWRUVµ RUJPHGLDSUHVVKWP :RUOG%DQN:DVKLQJWRQ'& IFC (International Finance Corporation). 2013. -DIIHH6DQG6-+HQVRQ´6WDQGDUGV “Warehouse Finance and Warehouse DQG$JUR)RRG([SRUWVIURP 5HFHLSW6\VWHP $*XLGHIRU)LQDQFLDO 'HYHORSLQJ&RXQWULHV 5HEDODQFLQJWKH ,QVWLWXWLRQVLQ(PHUJLQJ(FRQRPLHVµ,)& 'HEDWHµ:RUOG%DQN3ROLF\5HVHDUFK :DVKLQJWRQ'& :RUNLQJ3DSHU:RUOG%DQN :DVKLQJWRQ'& IFC (International Finance Corporation) and *3), *OREDO3DUWQHUVKLSIRU)LQDQFLDO -DQVVRQ7DQG0:HQQHU ´)LQDQFLDO Inclusion). 2011. Scaling up Finance 5HJXODWLRQDQGLWV6LJQLÀFDQFHIRU for Agricultural SMEs.:DVKLQJWRQ'& 0LFURÀQDQFHLQ/DWLQ$PHULFDDQG World Bank. WKH&DULEEHDQµ,QWHU$PHULFDQ 'HYHORSPHQW%DQN:DVKLQJWRQ'& REFERENCES | 2015 113 -D\DQW\6.´$JHQF\%DQNLQJ 1HZ /DQGHVD5XUDO'HYHORSPHQW,QVWLWXWH )URQWLHUVLQ)LQDQFLDO,QFOXVLRQµ)LQDFOH ´/DQG3RVW²:K\,V,W,PSRUWDQW ,QIRV\V%DQJDORUH That We Talk about Secure Land 7HQXUH"µ/DQGHVD6HDWWOHKWWSV JICA (Japan International Cooperation ZZZGRQRUSODWIRUPRUJLQGH[SKS"RS- $JHQF\ ´6WXG\IRUWKH WLRQ FRPBFREDOW WDVN ÀOHVGRZQ- +DUPRQL]DWLRQRI9HKLFOH2YHUORDG ORDG WPSO FRPSRQHQW LG - &RQWUROLQWKH(DVW$IULFDQ&RPPXQLW\µ ÀG ÀG[ ULG UH- The East African Trade and Transport WXUQ D+5F+0/\ GFX=* XE-ZE*- )DFLOLWDWLRQ3URMHFW-,&$ )=P \E6YFPFY< L<:[ .DUXJX:1´*URZLQJ,QFOXVLYH /DZU\HWDO´7KH,PSDFWRI/DQG 0DUNHWV.HQ\D$JULFXOWXUDO&RPPRGLW\ 3URSHUW\5LJKWV,QWHUYHQWLRQVRQ ([FKDQJH .$&( /LQNLQJ6PDOOVFDOH $JULFXOWXUDO3URGXFWLYLW\LQ'HYHORSLQJ )DUPHUVWR1DWLRQDODQG5HJLRQDO &RXQWULHV $6\VWHPDWLF5HYLHZµ 0DUNHWVµ81'31HZ<RUNKWWS ZZZ &DPSEHOO6\VWHPDWLF5HYLHZV2VOR JURZLQJLQFOXVLYHPDUNHWVRUJPHGLD DQG%U\Q0DZU3HQQV\OYDQLDKWWS FDVHV.HQ\DB.$&(BSGI ZZZFDPSEHOOFROODERUDWLRQRUJOLE SURMHFW .HOLDQJ=DQG53URVWHUPDQ´6HFXULQJ /DQG5LJKWVIRU&KLQHVH)DUPHUV$/HDS /HGJHUZRRG-DQG9:KLWH )RUZDUGIRU6WDELOLW\DQG*URZWKµ7KH ´7UDQVIRUPLQJ0LFURÀQDQFH,QVWLWXWLRQV &DWR,QVWLWXWH:DVKLQJWRQ'& 3URYLGLQJ)XOO)LQDQFLDO6HUYLFHVWRWKH 3RRUµ:RUOG%DQN:DVKLQJWRQ'& .RULQHN-DQG00HODWRV ´7UDGH ,PSDFWVRI6HOHFWHG5HJLRQDO7UDGH /HPLHX[&DQG.6SRQJ ´7KH $JUHHPHQWVLQ$JULFXOWXUHµ2(&' Relationship between Loan 7UDGH3ROLF\:RUNLQJ3DSHUV1R &ODVVLÀFDWLRQVDQG/RVVHV 7KH(IIHFWV 2(&'3XEOLVKLQJ RID&KDQJLQJ(FRQRP\µFinancial Industry Perspectives, 'HFHPEHU .RUZDPD3´$JULEXVLQHVV $IULFD·V ² :D\2XWRI3RYHUW\0DNLQJ,Wµ,ndustry for Development,QGTXDUWHUSS /RXZDDUV1Biases and Bottlenecks: KWWS ZZZPDNLQJLWPDJD]LQH Time to Reform the South’s Inherited QHW"S Seed Laws? 6HHGOLQJ%DUFHORQD .XPDU$$1DLU$3DUVRQVDQG( /RYH,06ROHGDG03HULDDQG66LQJK 8UGDSLOOHWD´([SDQGLQJ%DQN ´&ROODWHUDO5HJLVWULHVIRU0RYDEOH 2XWUHDFKWKURXJK5HWDLO3DUWQHUVKLSV Assets: Does their Introduction Spur &RUUHVSRQGHQW%DQNLQJLQ%UD]LOµ )LUPV·$FFHVVWR%DQN)LQDQFH"µ:RUOG :RUNLQJ3DSHU1R:RUOG%DQN %DQN:DVKLQJWRQ'& :DVKLQJWRQ'& /XHFN'DQG7-0LFHOL´3URSHUW\ .XQDND&97DQDVH3/DWULOOHDQG3 /DZµLQHandbook of Law and .UDXV]´4XDQWLWDWLYH$QDO\VLVRI Economics, HGLWHGE\$03ROLQVN\ 5RDG7UDQVSRUW$JUHHPHQWV 4X$57$ µ DQG66KDYHOOYROXPHFKDS :RUOG%DQN:DVKLQJWRQ'& 8QLWHG.LQJGRP 1RUWK+ROODQG /DFURL[5DQG39DUDQJLV ´8VLQJ /\PDQ7*,YDWXU\DQG66WDVFKHQ :DUHKRXVH5HFHLSWVLQ'HYHORSLQJ ´8VHRI$JHQWVLQ%UDQFKOHVV%DQNLQJ DQG7UDQVLWLRQ(FRQRPLHVµFinance & IRUWKH3RRU 5HZDUGV5LVNVDQG Development,6HSWHPEHU 5HJXODWLRQµ&*$3:DVKLQJWRQ'& 114 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015 0DUHGLD0DQG-+RZDUG 0LQLVWU\RI(TXLSPHQW7UDQVSRUWDQG/RJLVWLFV ´)DFLOLWDWLQJ6HHG6HFWRU7UDQVIRUPDWLRQ 0LQLVWqUHGHO·(TXLSHPHQWGX LQ$IULFD .H\)LQGLQJVIURPWKH 7UDQVSRUWHWGHOD/RJLVWLTXH ´3URMHWV /LWHUDWXUHµ3ROLF\6\QWKHVLVIRU 3KDUHVµ0RURFFRKWWS ZZZPWSQHW 86$,' E\)RRG6HFXULW\,, 86$,' JRYPDURXWLHU3DJHV7RXVOHV3URMHWV :DVKLQJWRQ'& DVS[",G1HZV " 0F&DUWK\-2&DQ]LDQL1/HDU\' 0LQRW´3URPRWLQJD6WURQJ6HHG6HFWRU 'RNNHQDQG.:KLWHHGV LQ6XE6DKDUDQ$IULFDµ,)35,3ROLF\%ULHI Climate Change 2001: Impacts, ,)35,:DVKLQJWRQ'& Adaptation, and Vulnerability. New <RUN &DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV 0RwVp(&'HOSHXFK66RUHVFX1%RWWLQL DQG$)RFK´(VWLPDWLQJWKH 0HUULWW&´0RELOH0RQH\7UDQVIHU Constraints to Agricultural Trade of 6HUYLFHV 7KH1H[W3KDVHLQWKH(YROXWLRQ 'HYHORSLQJ&RXQWULHVµ2(&'7UDGH LQ3HUVRQWR3HUVRQ3D\PHQWVµ)HGHUDO 3ROLF\3DSHUV1R2(&'3XEOLVKLQJ 5HVHUYH%DQNRI$WODQWD$WODQWD 3DULV 0HVHJXHU&´:KDW5ROHIRU/HDUQLQJ" 1DLU$DQG5.ORHSSLQJHU7RGG 7KH'LIIXVLRQRI3ULYDWL]DWLRQLQ2(&' ´/HDVLQJDQ8QGHUXWLOL]HG7RROLQ DQG/DWLQ$PHULFDQ&RXQWULHVµJournal 5XUDO)LQDQFHµ$JULFXOWXUHDQG5XUDO of Public Policy ² 'HYHORSPHQW'LVFXVVLRQ3DSHU:RUOG %DQN:DVKLQJWRQ'& 0LQGHDQG:DLWKDND´5DWLRQDOL]DWLRQ DQG+DUPRQL]DWLRQRI6HHG3ROLFLHV 1DWKDQ$VVRFLDWHV´,PSDFW and Regulations in Eastern and Central $VVHVVPHQWRIWKH5RDG7UDQVSRUW $IULFD (IIHFWLQJ3ROLF\&KDQJHWKURXJK ,QGXVWU\/LEHUDOL]DWLRQLQ:HVW$IULFD 3ULYDWH3XEOLF3DUWQHUVKLSVµ3RVWHU 'UDIW)LQDO5HSRUWµ1DWKDQ$VVRFLDWHV paper prepared the International ZLWKWKH:RUOG%DQNIRU86$,' $VVRFLDWLRQRI$JULFXOWXUDO(FRQRPLVWV $UOLQJWRQ9LUJLQLDKWWS ZZZQD- &RQIHUHQFH*ROG&RDVW$XVWUDOLD WKDQLQFFRPVLWHVGHIDXOWÀOHV3XE $XJXVW² 3')V:HVWB$IULFDBWUDQVSRUWBOLEHUDOL]D- tion.pdf. 0LQGH,-DQG31GORYX´+RZWR 0DNH$JULFXOWXUDO6XEVLGLHV6PDUWµ 1D\2´+RZ'R3ROLF\,GHDV6SUHDG 3DSHUSUHSDUHGIRUWKH0LQLVWHULDO DPRQJ,QWHUQDWLRQDO$GPLQLVWUDWLRQV" 6HPLQDU5HJLRQDO6WUDWHJLF$QDO\VLV 3ROLF\(QWUHSUHQHXUVDQG%XUHDXFUDWLF DQG.QRZOHGJH6XSSRUW6\VWHPIRU ,QÁXHQFHLQWKH815HVSRQVHWR$,'6µ 6RXWKHUQ$IULFD 5H6$.666$ 0DSXWR Journal of Public Policy ² June 8. 1HOVRQ*HWDO´&OLPDWH&KDQJH 0LQGH,76-D\QH(&UDZIRUG-$ULJD (IIHFWVRQ$JULFXOWXUH (FRQRPLF DQG-*DYHUHK´3URPRWLQJ 5HVSRQVHVWR%LRSK\VLFDO6KRFNVµ )HUWLOL]HU8VHLQ$IULFD &XUUHQW,VVXHV 3URFHHGLQJVRIWKH1DWLRQDO$FDGHP\ DQG(PSLULFDO(YLGHQFHIURP0DODZL RI6FLHQFHVRIWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVRI =DPELDDQG.HQ\Dµ5H6$.66:RUNLQJ $PHULFDKWWS G[GRLRUJ 3DSHU1R3UHWRULDKWWS ZZZDHF SQDV PVXHGXIVSROV\QQXPEHUSGI REFERENCES | 2015 115 1RJXHUROHV1 ´3XEOLF,QWHUYHQWLRQLQ 3XOWURQH&´$Q2YHUYLHZRI&RQWUDFW WKH&UHDWLRQDQG'HVLJQRI3URSHUW\ )DUPLQJ /HJDO,VVXHVDQG&KDOOHQJHVµ 5LJKWV 7KH/DQG5HJLVWU\µ,QTheory In Uniform Law Review16²9RO;9,, and Law. Free Will and Land Registry 5RPH 81,'52,7 Controls,HGLWHGE\7LUDQWOR%ODQFK Valencia: Tirant lo Blanch. 5DEDOODQG*&.XQDNDDQG%*LHUVLQJ ´7KH,PSDFWRI5HJLRQDO 2VERUQH70&3DFKRQDQG*($UD\D /LEHUDOL]DWLRQDQG+DUPRQL]DWLRQLQ ´:KDW'ULYHVWKH+LJK3ULFH 5RDG7UDQVSRUW6HUYLFHV $)RFXVRQ of Road Freight Transport in Central =DPELDDQG/HVVRQVIRU/DQGORFNHG $PHULFD"µ3ROLF\5HVHDUFK:RUNLQJ &RXQWULHVµ:RUOG%DQN3ROLF\5HVHDUFK 3DSHU1R:36:RUOG%DQN :RUNLQJ3DSHU:RUOG%DQN :DVKLQJWRQ'& :DVKLQJWRQ'& 2VWURP( Governing the Commons: 5HDUGRQ7.&KHQ%0LQWHQDQG/ The Evolution of Institutions for Adriano. 2012. “The Quiet Revolution Collective Action&DPEULGJH in Staple Food Value Chains in Asia: &DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV Enter the Dragon, the Elephant, and the Tigerµ0HWUR0DQLOD $VLDQ 3HDUFH'DQG3.RXQGRXUL´)HUWLOL]HU 'HYHORSPHQW%DQNDQG,)35, DQG3HVWLFLGH7D[HVIRU&RQWUROOLQJ 1RQSRLQW$JULFXOWXUDO3ROOXWLRQµ:RUOG 5LJKWVDQG5HVRXUFHV,QLWLDWLYH´$QQXDO %DQN:DVKLQJWRQ'&KWWS VLWHUH- 1DUUDWLYH5HSRUWµ5LJKWVDQG VRXUFHVZRUOGEDQNRUJ,17:5' 5HVRXUFHV,QLWLDWLYH:DVKLQJWRQ'& $5'HQR http://www.rightsandresources.org/ WH:50(,3HDUFH.RXQGRXULSGI wp-content/uploads/2013-Annual- 1DUUDWLYH5HSRUWSGI 3UD\&(DQG%5DPDVZDPL ´$ )UDPHZRUNIRU6HHG3ROLF\$QDO\VLVLQ 5LYHUD0HQHQGH]-´&RORQL]DWLRQ 'HYHORSLQJ&RXQWULHVµ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 3ROLF\RIWKH'DOLDV)LHOGV µ )RRG3ROLF\5HVHDUFK&HQWHU &DMD5XUDORI$OPHULDDQG0DODJD :DVKLQJWRQ'& 5RVHQ]ZHLJ&HWDO´$VVHVVLQJ 3URSHUW\5LJKWV$OOLDQFH´,QWHUQDWLRQDO $JULFXOWXUDO5LVNVRI&OLPDWH&KDQJHLQ 3URSHUW\5LJKWV,QGH[5HSRUWµ WKHVW&HQWXU\LQD*OREDO*ULGGHG 6WXG\E\)UDQFHVFR'L/RUHQ]RDQG &URS0RGHO,QWHUFRPSDULVRQµ1DWLRQDO +HUQDQGRGH6RWRIHOORZ$PHULFDQV $FDGHP\RI6FLHQFHVRIWKH8QLWHG IRU7D[5HIRUP)RXQGDWLRQ3URSHUW\ 6WDWHVRI$PHULFD:DVKLQJWRQ'& 5LJKWV$OOLDQFH:DVKLQJWRQ'& KWWS ZZZSURSHUW\ULJKWVDOOLDQFH 5XE\RJR-&/6SHUOLQJ/1DVLUXPELDQG RUJXVHUÀOHV,QWHUQDWLRQDO 6.DVDPEDOD´'HYHORSLQJ6HHG 3URSHUW\5LJKWV,QGH[35$SGI? 6\VWHPVZLWKDQGIRUWKH0DUJLQDOL]HG &DVHRI&RPPRQ%HDQV 3KDVHROXV 3URVWHUPDQ5HWDO One Billion Rising: YXOJDULV/ LQ(DVW&HQWUDODQG6RXWKHUQ Law, Land and the Alleviation of Global $IULFDµ3UDFWLFDO3XEOLVKLQJ5XJE\ Poverty. The Netherlands: Lieden 8.KWWS ZZZIXWXUHDJULFXOWXUHVRUJ 8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV IDUPHUÀUVWÀOHV7DB5XE\RJRSGI 3U\RU6DQG7+ROW ´$JULEXVLQHVVDV 6DIDYLDQ0+)OHLVLJDQG-6WHLQEXNV DQ(QJLQHRI*URZWKLQ'HYHORSLQJ ´8QORFNLQJ'HDG&DSLWDO +RZ &RXQWULHVµ86$JHQF\IRU,QWHUQDWLRQDO 5HIRUPLQJ&ROODWHUDO/DZV,PSURYHV 'HYHORSPHQW:DVKLQJWRQ'& $FFHVVWR)LQDQFHµPrivate Sector Development Viewpoint, No. 307. World %DQN:DVKLQJWRQ'& 116 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015 6FKOXGL0´&KDQFHVDQG/LPLWDWLRQV 7KLUWOH&//LQDQG-3LHVVH´7KH RI¶%HQFKPDUNLQJ·LQWKH5HIRUPRI ,PSDFWRI5HVHDUFK/HG$JULFXOWXUDO Welfare State Structures: The Case 3URGXFWLYLW\*URZWKRQ3RYHUW\ RI3HQVLRQ3ROLF\µ:RUNLQJ3DSHU 5HGXFWLRQLQ$IULFD$VLDDQG/DWLQ $PVWHUGDP,QVWLWXWHIRU$GYDQFHG $PHULFDµWorld Development 31.12 /DERXU6WXGLHV8QLYHUVLW\RI ² $PVWHUGDP 7REELQ3´8QGHUVWDQGLQJWKH0RELOH 6HWERRQVDUQJ6´*OREDO3DUWQHUVKLS 0RQH\(FRV\VWHP 5ROHV6WUXFWXUHDQG LQ3RYHUW\5HGXFWLRQ &RQWUDFW 6WUDWHJLHVµ,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFH )DUPLQJDQG5HJLRQDO&RRSHUDWLRQµ RQ0RELOH%XVLQHVV,WDO\ $'%,'LVFXVVLRQ3DSHU $VLDQ 'HYHORSPHQW%DQN,QVWLWXWH7RN\R 7ULSS5'-:DONHU)0LWL60XNXPEXWD DQG06=XOX ´6HHG 6KHQJJHQ)-%U]HVND0.H\]HUDQG$ 0DQDJHPHQWE\6PDOO6FDOH)DUPHUV +DOVHPD´)URP6XEVLVWHQFH LQ=DPELD$6WXG\RI&RZSHD WR3URÀW7UDQVIRUPLQJ6PDOOKROGHU *URXQGQXWDQG6RUJKXP6HHGLQWKH )DUPVµ,)35, ,QWHUQDWLRQDO)RRG3ROLF\ 6RXWKHUQDQG:HVWHUQ3URYLQFHVµNRI 5HVHDUFK,QVWLWXWH :DVKLQJWRQ'& Bulletin1DWXUDO5HVRXUFHV,QVWLWXWH KWWS ZZZLISULRUJVLWHVGHIDXOWÀOHV &KDWKDP8. SXEOLFDWLRQVSUSGI 7XUQHU0´7KH5ROHRI1DWLRQDO6HHG Stifel and Minten. 2007. “Isolation and 3ROLFLHVLQ5HVWUXFWXULQJWKH6HHG6HFWRU $JULFXOWXUDO3URGXFWLYLW\µAgricultural LQ&((&&,6DQG2WKHU&RXQWULHVLQ Economics ² 7UDQVLWLRQµ)$2&RUSRUDWH'RFXPHQW 5HSRVLWRU\5RPH 6XVWDLQDEOH(QHUJ\IRU$OOLQLWLDWLYHKWWS www.se4all.org/. 81'3´*URZLQJ,QFOXVLYH0DUNHWVµ 81'3KWWS ZZZJURZLQJLQFOXVLYH- 6YHQVVRQ-'<DQDJL]DZD'URWWDQG7 PDUNHWVRUJPHGLDFDVHV.HQ\DB Bold. 2013. “The Market for (Fake) .$&(BSGI $JULFXOWXUDO,QSXWV 6KRUW6XPPDU\RI 5HVHDUFK3URMHFWµ&HQWUHIRU(FRQRPLF 81,'52,76HFUHWDULDW´3UHSDUDWLRQRI 3ROLF\5HVHDUFK/RQGRQ D/HJDO*XLGHRQ&RQWUDFW)DUPLQJ$ 3UHOLPLQDU\2XWOLQHRI,VVXHVµ81,'52,7 7HUDYDQLQWKRUQ6DQG*5DEDOODQG 6HFUHWDULDW5RPH ´7UDQVSRUW3ULFHVDQG&RVWVLQ$IULFD $5HYLHZRIWKH0DLQ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 8QLWHG1DWLRQV ´:RUOG3RSXODWLRQ &RUULGRUVµ:RUOG%DQN:DVKLQJWRQ 3URVSHFWV 7KH5HYLVLRQ DC. +LJKOLJKWVµ:RUNLQJ3DSHU1R(6$3 :3'HSDUWPHQWRI(FRQRPLF 7KH0XQGHQ3URMHFW´7KH)LQDQFLDO DQG6RFLDO$IIDLUV3RSXODWLRQ'LYLVLRQ Risks of Insecure Land Tenure. 8QLWHG1DWLRQV1HZ<RUN $Q,QYHVWPHQW9LHZµ5LJKWVDQG 5HVRXUFHV,QLWLDWLYHKWWS ZZZ 813DUWQHUVKLSRQ0HDVXULQJ,&7IRU ULJKWVDQGUHVRXUFHVRUJGRFXPHQWV 'HYHORSPHQW´&RUH,&7 ÀOHVGRFBSGI ,QGLFDWRUVµKWWS XQVWDWVXQRUJXQVG VWDWFRPGRF%*,&7SGI The New Times. 2012. “KCB Rwanda /DXQFKHV$JHQF\%DQNLQJµ0DUFK 8329 ,QWHUQDWLRQDO8QLRQIRUWKH3URWHFWLRQ KWWS ZZZQHZWLPHVFRUZQHZV RI1HZ9DULHWLHVRI3ODQWV ´7KH LQGH[SKS"L D 83295HSRUWRQWKH,PSDFWRI3ODQW 9DULHW\3URWHFWLRQµ8329*HQHYD REFERENCES | 2015 117 86$,' 8QLWHG6WDWHV$JHQF\IRU,QWHUQDWLRQDO :RUOG%DQN´'RFXPHQWG·(YDOXDWLRQ 'HYHORSPHQW ($7 (QDEOLQJ GX3URMHW3RXUXQH3URSRVLWLRQGH3UHW $JULFXOWXUDO7UDGH 3URMHFWDQG,RZD G·XQ0RQWDQW'H0LOOLRQVG·(XURV 6WDWH8QLYHUVLW\6HHG6FLHQFH&HQWHU PLOOLRQVGHGROODUV $/D&DLVVH3RXU/H ´%XLOGLQJDQ(QDEOLQJ(QYLURQPHQW )LQDQFHPHQW5RXWLHU$YHF/D*DUDQWLH IRU6HHG6HFWRU*URZWKµ3ROLF\%ULHI 'X5R\DXPH'X0DURF3RXU8Q 86$,'($7DQG,RZD6WDWH8QLYHUVLW\ 6HFRQG3URMHW'H5RXWHV5XUDOHVDYULO :DVKLQJWRQ'& µ:RUOG%DQN:DVKLQJWRQ'& 86$,'´8VLQJ0RELOH)LQDQFHWR ³³World Development Report (QKDQFH$JULFXOWXUHLQ$IULFDµ86$,' 2008: Agriculture for Development. :DVKLQJWRQ'& :DVKLQJWRQ'& :RUOG%DQN ³³´-RLQW%RUGHU&RPPLWWHHV $/RRN ³³World Development Report 2009: DW0DODED%RUGHU.HQ\Dµ86$,' Reshaping Economic Geography. KWWS ZZZFRPSHWHDIULFDRUJ)LOHV :DVKLQJWRQ'& :RUOG%DQN 0DODEDB&DVHB6WXG\B$SULOBB)LQDO pdf. ³³Trade and Transport Facilitation Assessment: A Practical Toolkit for :DQ]DOD%OREHOD03)XHQWHDQG6 Country Implementation. :DVKLQJWRQ 0NXPEZD´3UDFWLFHVDQG3ROLF\ DC: World Bank. 2SWLRQVIRUWKH,PSURYHG'HVLJQDQG ,PSOHPHQWDWLRQRI)HUWLOLVHU6XEVLG\ ³³D´'RLQJ%XVLQHVV 'RLQJ 3URJUDPVLQ6XE6DKDUDQ$IULFDµ %XVLQHVVLQD0RUH7UDQVSDUHQW:RUOGµ 1(3$'3ODQQLQJDQG&RRUGLQDWLRQ 5HJLVWHULQJ3URSHUW\,QGLFDWRU:RUOG $JHQF\3ROLF\6WXG\1(3$',)'&)$2 %DQN:DVKLQJWRQ'&KWWS ZZZ $*5$$ODEDPD doingbusiness.org/reports/global-re- SRUWVaPHGLD*,$:%'RLQJ :HDYHU.´3DWKVDQG)RUNVRU&KXWHV %XVLQHVV'RFXPHQWV$QQXDO5HSRUWV DQG/DGGHUV"1HJDWLYH)HHGEDFNV English/DB12-Chapters/Registering- DQG3ROLF\5HJLPH&KDQJHµJournal of 3URSHUW\SGI Public Policy ² ³³EICT in Agriculture - Connecting :HEE5´&RQH[LyQ\'HVSHJXH Smallholders to Knowledge, Networks, 5XUDOµ,QVWLWXWRGHO3HU~GHOD and Institutions, eSourcebook, 8QLYHUVLGDGGH6DQ0DUWtQGH3RUUHV :DVKLQJWRQ'& :RUOG%DQNKWWS www.ictinagriculture.org/ictinag/ :LJJLQV6DQG6.HDWV´/HDSLQJ content/ict-agriculture-sourcebook. DQG/HDUQLQJ /LQNLQJ6PDOOKROGHUV WR0DUNHWVLQ$IULFDµ$JULFXOWXUHIRU ³³DAfrica Can Help Feed Africa - ,PSDFW,PSHULDO&ROOHJHDQG2YHUVHDV Removing Barriers to Regional Trade in 'HYHORSPHQW,QVWLWXWH/RQGRQ Food Staples. :DVKLQJWRQ'& :RUOG Bank. :LOXV]'´4XDQWLWDWLYH,QGLFDWRUVIRU &RPPRQ3URSHUW\7HQXUH6HFXULW\µ ³³EAgribusiness Indicators: Ethiopia. International Land Coalition. http:// :DVKLQJWRQ'& :RUOG%DQN www.landcoalition.org/en/publica- WLRQVTXDQWLWDWLYHLQGLFDWRUVFRP- ³³FAgribusiness Indicators: 7DQ]DQLD PRQSURSHUW\WHQXUHVHFXULW\ Washington DC: World Bank. 118 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015 ³³GAgro-Logistics in Central ³³I0LFURÀQDQFHDQG0RQH\OHQGHUV America: A Supply Chain Approach. Long-run Effects of MFIs on Informal :DVKLQJWRQ'& :RUOG%DQN Credit Market in Bangladesh. :DVKLQJWRQ'& :RUOG%DQN ³³HDoing Business 2013: Smarter Regulations for Small and Medium-Size ³³D´(QHUJ\LQ$IULFD)DFWVKHHWµ Enterprises. :DVKLQJWRQ'& :RUOG :RUOG%DQN:DVKLQJWRQ'&KWWS Bank. JRZRUOGEDQNRUJ9,(058 ³³D´'RLQJ%XVLQHVV ³³EWorld Development Indicators 8QGHUVWDQGLQJ5HJXODWLRQVIRU :DVKLQJWRQ'& :RUOG%DQN 6PDOODQG0HGLXP6L]H(QWHUSULVHVµ *HWWLQJ(OHFWULFLW\,QGLFDWRU:RUOG :RUOG%DQNDQG8QLWHG1DWLRQV&RQIHUHQFH %DQN:DVKLQJWRQ'&KWWS ZZZ RQ7UDGHDQG'HYHORSPHQW 81&7$' doingbusiness.org/data/exploretopics/ ´7KH3UDFWLFHRI5HVSRQVLEOH JHWWLQJHOHFWULFLW\ ,QYHVWPHQW3ULQFLSOHVDQG/DUJHU6FDOH $JULFXOWXUDO,QYHVWPHQWV,PSOLFDWLRQV ³³E´'RLQJ%XVLQHVV IRU&RUSRUDWH3HUIRUPDQFHDQG 8QGHUVWDQGLQJ5HJXODWLRQVIRU ,PSDFWRQ/RFDO&RPPXQLWLHVµ 6PDOODQG0HGLXP6L]H(QWHUSULVHVµ 81&7$':DVKLQJWRQ'&KWWS 5HJLVWHULQJ3URSHUW\,QGLFDWRU:RUOG XQFWDGRUJHQ3XEOLFDWLRQV/LEUDU\ %DQN:DVKLQJWRQ'&KWWS ZZZ ZEBXQFWDGBBHQSGI doingbusiness.org/data/exploretopics/ UHJLVWHULQJSURSHUW\ :RUOG(FRQRPLF)RUXPEnabling Trade Valuing Growth Opportunities.*HQHYD ³³F´'RLQJ%XVLQHVV :RUOG(FRQRPLF)RUXP 8QGHUVWDQGLQJ5HJXODWLRQVIRU6PDOO DQG0HGLXP6L]H(QWHUSULVHVµ(QIRUFLQJ :UREOHZVNL7DQG5'DYLHV &RQWUDFWV,QGLFDWRU:RUOG%DQN ´'HYHORSPHQWRID*OREDO7UDYHO7LPH :DVKLQJWRQ'&KWWS ZZZGRLQJ- 'DWDVHWDQG5XUDO$FFHVV,QGLFDWRUVµ business.org/data/exploretopics/ KDELWDW,1)28QLWHG.LQJGRP enforcing-contracts. <RR'DQG56WHFNHO´3URSHUW\ ³³G´:RPHQ%XVLQHVVDQGWKH/DZ 5LJKWVDQG)LQDQFLDO'HYHORSPHQW 5HPRYLQJ5HVWULFWLRQVWR(QKDQFH 7KH/HJDF\RI-DSDQHVH&RORQLDO *HQGHU(TXDOLW\µ8VLQJ3URSHUW\ ,QVWLWXWLRQVµ1DWLRQDO%XUHDXRI ,QGLFDWRU:RUOG%DQN:DVKLQJWRQ (FRQRPLF5HVHDUFK&DPEULGJH DC. http://wbl.worldbank.org/ Massachusetts. PHWKRGRORJ\XVLQJSURSHUW\ =KHQZHL4LDQJ&6&.XHN$'\PRQG ³³HGrowing Africa: Unlocking the and S. Esselaar. 2012. “Mobile Potential of Agribusiness. :DVKLQJWRQ Applications for Agriculture and Rural DC: World Bank. 'HYHORSPHQWµ,&76HFWRU8QLW:RUOG %DQN:DVKLQJWRQ'& REFERENCES | 2015 119 Data notes Enabling the Business of Agriculture DLPV WR RSHUDWLRQDO DQG HFRQRPLF FRQVWUDLQWV LGHQWLI\DQGPRQLWRUSROLFLHVDQGUHJXODWLRQV DVZHOODVWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIOHJLVOD- WKDWLPSDFWWKHIXQFWLRQLQJRIPDUNHWVZLWKLQ WLRQDIIHFWLQJWKHIHUWLOL]HULQGXVWU\ WKHVHFWRUDOORZLQJSROLF\PDNHUVWRFRPSDUH y Transporting agricultural goods identi- WKHLUFRXQWU\·VDJULEXVLQHVVFOLPDWHZLWKWKDW ÀHV SROLF\ DQG UHJXODWRU\ FRQVWUDLQWV LQ RIRWKHUV,QWKHSLORW\HDUWKHWHDPFROOHFWHG WUXFNLQJ VHUYLFHV DQG LQIUDVWUXFWXUH OLP- GDWD LQ FRXQWULHV RQ WRSLFV UHJLVWHULQJ LWDWLRQVWKDWFDQSRWHQWLDOO\DIIHFWFRP- DJULFXOWXUDOODQGDFFHVVLQJÀQDQFLDOVHUYLFHV PHUFLDODJULFXOWXUHGHYHORSPHQW VWUHQJWKHQLQJVHHGV\VWHPVLPSURYLQJIHUWLOL]HU VXSSO\ WUDQVSRUWLQJ DJULFXOWXUDO JRRGV DQG y Selling agricultural goods LQYHVWLJDWHV selling agricultural goods. Three other topics policies and regulations that can facil- ZHUHLGHQWLÀHGIRULQLWLDOWHVWLQJ FRQWUDFWLQJ LWDWH RU KLQGHU HIÀFLHQW OLQNV EHWZHHQ DJULFXOWXUDOSURGXFWLRQHOHFWULI\LQJUXUDODUHDV SURGXFHUVDQGFRQVXPHUV DQGFRQQHFWLQJIDUPHUVWRLQIRUPDWLRQ6HYHUDO y Contracting agricultural production in- RWKHUVZLOOEHWDFNOHGLQ\HDURIWKHSURMHFW·V YHVWLJDWHV ODZV DQG UHJXODWLRQV WKDW LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ PHFKDQL]DWLRQ ZDWHU OLYH- DSSO\WRFRQWUDFWIDUPLQJDJUHHPHQWV VWRFNJHQGHUDQGHQYLURQPHQWDOVXVWDLQDELOLW\ ZKHWKHU SURGXFWLRQ FRQWUDFWV RU PDU- y Registering agricultural land explores keting contracts. WKH HIÀFLHQF\ RI ÀUVWWLPH UHJLVWUDWLRQ y Electrifying rural areas PHDVXUHV WKH SURFHVVHVDQGDQDO\]HVWKHVDIHJXDUGV share of population that has access to SURYLGHGE\WKHUHJLVWUDWLRQSURFHVVDQG HOHFWULFLW\ IRU WKH FRXQWU\ DV D ZKROH WKHOHJDOVWUXFWXUHRIWKHODQGUHJLVWU\ DQGIRUWKHUXUDOVHFWRUVSHFLÀFDOO\ y $FFHVVLQJ ÀQDQFLDO VHUYLFHV PHDVXUHV y Connecting farmers to information focus- constraints in the regulation of a set of HVRQPRELOHQHWZRUNVDVZHOODVIDUP- ÀQDQFLDO VHUYLFHV WKDW FDQ IRVWHU ÀQDQ- HUV·RSSRUWXQLWLHVWRDFFHVVLQIRUPDWLRQ FLDO LQFOXVLRQ DQG WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI WKURXJKWKHXVHRIPRELOHSKRQHV agricultural enterprises and households. 7KHGDWDSUHVHQWHGDQGDQDO\]HGLQWKLVUHSRUW y Strengthening seed systems seeks to SULPDULO\ UHSUHVHQW measurements YDULDEOHV LGHQWLI\ WKH REVWDFOHV DIIHFWLQJ WKH WKDW DUH TXDQWLWDWLYH QXPEHUV RU FDQ EH WLPHO\ LQWURGXFWLRQ DQG SURGXFWLRQ RI H[SUHVVHGTXDQWLWDWLYHO\ E\EHLQJVFRUHGRU KLJKTXDOLW\VHHGIURPIRUPDOVRXUFHV DVVLJQHGDYDOXH DQGDUHVWDWLVWLFDOO\UREXVW y Improving fertilizer supply H[DPLQHV DQGFRPSDUDEOHDFURVVFRXQWULHV7KHGDWDZLOO UHJXODWRU\ ERWWOHQHFNV WKDW OLPLW IHUWLOL]- EHXVHGDVWKHEDVLVIRUGHYHORSLQJDJJUHJDWH HUDYDLODELOLW\7KLVWRSLFDOVRIRFXVHVRQ indicators in the future. DATA NOTES | 2015 121 'LIIHUHQW W\SHV RI GDWD DUH LQFOXGHG 6RPH 2. 3URFHGXUHVWLPHDQGFRVWIRUÀUVW HPHUJHIURPDUHDGLQJRIWKHODZVDQGUHJXOD- WLPHUHJLVWUDWLRQVRISULYDWHODQGIRU WLRQV2WKHUVPHDVXUHPDUNHWSULFHVDYDLODEOH LQGLYLGXDOV LQIUDVWUXFWXUHRUWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIVHUYLFHV 3. )LUVWWLPHUHJLVWUDWLRQVRIOHDVHVRISXEOLF UHODWHGWRWKHWRSLFDUHD6WLOORWKHUVUHÁHFWWKH ODQGIRULQGLYLGXDOV UHJXODWRU\V\VWHPHIÀFLHQF\³IRUH[DPSOHWKH QXPEHURISURFHGXUHVDQGWKHWLPHDQGFRVW 4. )LUVWWLPHUHJLVWUDWLRQVRIODQGIRU WRFRPSOHWHDSURFHVVVXFKDVFHUWLI\LQJVHHG FRPPXQLWLHV IRUVDOHLQWKHGRPHVWLFPDUNHW'DWDRIWKLV /DQGUHJLVWU\DQGUHJLVWHUHGODQGULJKWV NLQGFULWLFDOWRXQGHUVWDQGLQJNH\SURFHVVHV LQ WKH DJULEXVLQHVV VHFWRU DUH EXLOW RQ OHJDO 7KHGDWDZHUHJDWKHUHGWKURXJKTXHVWLRQQDLUHV UHTXLUHPHQWVDQGFRVWPHDVXUHVDUHEDFNHG WKDWZHUHVHQWWRPDLQW\SHVRIUHVSRQGHQWV E\RIÀ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ÀHGWRUHVSRQGWRFHUWDLQVHFWLRQVRIWKH FRPSOHWHWKHVHVWHSVLVYHULÀHGZLWKH[SHUWUH- TXHVWLRQQDLUH VSRQGHQWV³WKURXJKFRQIHUHQFHFDOOVZULWWHQ 'DWDFROOHFWLRQKDVVKRZQWKDWWKHTXHVWLRQRI FRUUHVSRQGHQFHDQGYLVLWVE\WKHWHDP³XQWLO ZKLFKUHVSRQGHQWVFDQSURYLGHWKHEHVWVRXUFH WKHUHLVFRQYHUJHQFHRQDÀQDODQVZHU RILQIRUPDWLRQLQDQLQGHSHQGHQWDQGUHOLDEOH 7KHGDWDDUHFXUUHQWDVRI0DUFK PDQQHUGHSHQGVRQWKHFRXQWU\FRQWH[W)RU VRPHTXHVWLRQVUHJLVWUDUVDUHWKHEHVWVRXUFH 7KHUHSRUWWHDPZHOFRPHVIHHGEDFNRQWKH RILQIRUPDWLRQ IRUH[DPSOHIRULQIRUPDWLRQRQ PHWKRGRORJ\RIWKLVSLORWGDWDVHWDQGORRNV FRPSHQVDWLRQFDVHVLQWKHHYHQWRIGDPDJHV IRUZDUGWRUHÀQLQJERWKLWVFRYHUDJHDQGVFRSH GXHWRHUURQHRXVLQIRUPDWLRQFHUWLÀHGE\WKH LQWKHQH[W\HDU$OOWKHGDWDDQGVRXUFHVDUH UHJLVWU\ +RZHYHUGHSHQGLQJRQWKHFRXQWU\ SXEOLFDOO\DYDLODEOHDWKWWS HEDZRUOGEDQNRUJ FRQWH[WWKHUHDUHVSHFLÀFSDUWVRIWKHTXHV- 7KHIROORZLQJDVVXPSWLRQVDQGGHÀQLWLRQVZHUH WLRQQDLUHVWKDWFDQRQO\EHÀOOHGE\FLYLOVRFLHW\ XVHG WR PDNH WKH GDWD FRPSDUDEOH DFURVV RUJDQL]DWLRQVMXGJHVRUJRYHUQPHQWRIÀFLDOV countries. 7RPDNHWKHGDWDFRPSDUDEOHDFURVVFRXQWULHV Registering agricultural land VHYHUDODVVXPSWLRQVDERXWWKHDSSOLFDQWWKH SURSHUW\DQGWKHSURFHGXUHVDUHXVHG )LYHGDWDVHWVZHUHGHVLJQHGWRPHDVXUHWKH HIÀFLHQF\RIÀUVWWLPHUHJLVWUDWLRQSURFHVVHVDQG $VVXPSWLRQVDERXWWKHÀUVWWLPHUHJLVWUDWLRQ WKHVDIHJXDUGVSURYLGHGE\WKHUHJLVWUDWLRQSUR- process FHVVDQGWKHOHJDOVWUXFWXUHRIWKHODQGUHJLVWU\ 8QGHUVWDQGLQJ WKH FRPSOH[LW\ RI GLIIHUHQW 1. )LUVWWLPHUHJLVWUDWLRQVRISULYDWHODQGIRU RZQHUVKLS VWUXFWXUHV DURXQG WKH ZRUOG LQGLYLGXDOV different scenarios are explored in which a 122 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015 IDUPHURUIDUPLQJFRPPXQLW\FRXOGUHTXHVW LPSOLHV WKDW WKH ODQG UHJLVWUDWLRQ SURFHVV LV the registration of rights to a plot of land for FRQGXFWHG LQ D IRUPDO DQG RIILFLDO FRXUW which there has been no prior registration of DQG DGPLQLVWUDWLYH UHJLVWUDWLRQ LPSOLHV WKDW land rights. the land registration process is initiated in a JRYHUQPHQWDORIÀFH Assumptions about the applicant Procedures The applicant: $SURFHGXUHLVGHÀQHGDVDQ\LQWHUDFWLRQRI Scenario 1: WKHDSSOLFDQWKLVKHUDJHQWVRUWKHSURSHUW\ y ,VDGRPHVWLFIDUPHU ZLWK H[WHUQDO SDUWLHV LQFOXGLQJ JRYHUQPHQW y Has been in possession of a plot of DJHQFLHVLQVSHFWRUVVXUYH\RUVQRWDULHVDQG agricultural land. ODZ\HUV$OOSURFHGXUHVDUHLQFOXGHGWKDWDUH OHJDOO\RULQSUDFWLFHUHTXLUHGWRKDYHWKHSORW y Has used the plot without interruption UHJLVWHUHGIRUWKHÀUVWWLPHDWWKHODQGUHJLVWU\ IRUWKHODVW\HDUV 2WKHUSURFHGXUDOVWHSVLQWHUQDOWRWKHFRXUW Scenario 2: WKHDGPLQLVWUDWLYHRIÀFHRUEHWZHHQWKHSDU- y ,VDGRPHVWLFIDUPHU WLHVDQGWKHLUFRXQVHOPD\EHFRXQWHGDVZHOO y Seeks to obtain the right to use a plot Time of agricultural land that belongs to the 7LPHLVUHFRUGHGLQFDOHQGDUGD\VDQGFDSWXUHV public sector. WKHPHGLDQGXUDWLRQRIHDFKSURFHGXUH,WLV Scenario 3: DVVXPHGWKDWWKHDSSOLFDQWGRHVQRWZDVWHWLPH DQGFRPPLWVWRFRPSOHWLQJHDFKUHPDLQLQJ y ,VDIDUPLQJFRPPXQLW\ SURFHGXUHZLWKRXWGHOD\,IDSURFHGXUHFDQ y 6HHNVWRUHJLVWHUFROOHFWLYHULJKWVWRD EH DFFHOHUDWHG IRU DQ DGGLWLRQDO FRVW WKH SORWRIODQGWKDWKDVEHHQFROOHFWLYHO\ IDVWHVW OHJDO SURFHGXUH DYDLODEOH DQG XVHG XVHGE\WKHFRPPXQLW\DFFRUGLQJWR E\WKHPDMRULW\LVFKRVHQ,ISURFHGXUHVFDQ FXVWRPDU\SUDFWLFHV EH XQGHUWDNHQ VLPXOWDQHRXVO\ LW LV DVVXPHG WKDW WKH\ DUH ,W LV DVVXPHG WKDW WKH SDUWLHV Assumptions about the property LQYROYHG DUH DZDUH RI DOO UHTXLUHPHQWV DQG 7KHSURSHUW\ WKHLUVHTXHQFHIURPWKHEHJLQQLQJ7LPHVSHQW RQJDWKHULQJLQIRUPDWLRQLVQRWFRQVLGHUHG,I y +DVDYDOXHRIWLPHVLQFRPHSHU WKHWLPHHVWLPDWHVGLIIHUDPRQJVRXUFHVWKH capita. PHGLDQUHSRUWHGYDOXHLVXVHG y Is 1 hectare of agricultural land. Cost y +DVQHYHUEHHQUHJLVWHUHG 2QO\RIÀFLDOFRVWVUHTXLUHGE\ODZDUHUHFRUGHG y ,VORFDWHGLQRQHRIWKHFRXQWU\·VPDLQ LQFOXGLQJIHHVWUDQVIHUWD[HVVWDPSGXWLHVDQG agricultural production regions. DQ\RWKHUSD\PHQWWRWKHSURSHUW\UHJLVWU\QR- WDULHVSXEOLFDJHQFLHVRUODZ\HUV2WKHUWD[HV Type of registration process VXFKDVFDSLWDOJDLQVWD[RUYDOXHDGGHGWD[ -XGLFLDODQGDGPLQLVWUDWLYHUHJLVWUDWLRQVDUH DUHDOVRLQFOXGHGLQWKHFRVWPHDVXUH,IWKH WKH WZR SURFHVVHV WKDW DOORZ IRU ILUVWWLPH WRWDOFRVWHVWLPDWHVGLIIHUDPRQJVRXUFHVWKH registrations of land rights. Judicial registration PHGLDQUHSRUWHGYDOXHLVXVHG DATA NOTES | 2015 123 6SHFLÀFWHUPV UHJLVWHUHGDUHDOORZHGLQWKHUHJLVWU\·VERRNV )RUH[DPSOHLIDSHUVRQLVWU\LQJWRVHOODSORWRI Customary rightsLVGHÀQHGDVODQGWHQXUHQRUPV ODQGZKLFKLVUHJLVWHUHGXQGHUVRPHRQHHOVH·V XVHGE\DJLYHQFRPPXQLW\ZKLFKDUHEDVHG QDPHWKHUHJLVWU\ZRXOGDXWRPDWLFDOO\SLFNXS RQWKHLUKLVWRU\DQGFXVWRPVWKDWPD\RUPD\ RQWKLVDVWKHVHOOHULVQRWWKHUHJLVWHUHGRZQHU QRWEHUHFRJQL]HGE\ZULWWHQDQGRIÀFLDOOHJDO LQVWUXPHQW $FFHVVLQJÀQDQFLDOVHUYLFHV Freehold LVGHÀQHGDVRZQHUVKLSRISURSHUW\ )RXU GDWD VHWV ZHUH GHVLJQHG WR PHDVXUH for life with the right to pass it on through inher- UHJXODWRU\IUDPHZRUNVFRYHULQJWKHIROORZLQJ LWDQFH7KLVULJKWFDQEHJLYHQWRDQLQGLYLGXDO 1. 3URYLVLRQRIÀQDQFLDOVHUYLFHVWKURXJK RUWRDFRPPXQLW\LQZKLFKFDVHWKHIUHHKROG EUDQFKOHVVEDQNLQJ ULJKW ZRXOG EH RI DQ LQGLYLGXDO RU FROOHFWLYH QDWXUHUHVSHFWLYHO\ 2. 8VDJHRIQRQWUDGLWLRQDOFROODWHUDO HVSHFLDOO\WKHFDWHJRULHVWKDWDUH Indefeasibility is a characteristic that registra- UHOHYDQWIRUDJULFXOWXUDOHQWHUSULVHVDQG WLRQV\VWHPVPD\KDYH,WSURYLGHVIRUDPRUH VPDOOKROGHUV VHFXUHODQGUHJLVWU\DVWKHODQGUHJLVWU\FDQ JLYH FRQFOXVLYH LQIRUPDWLRQ ZLWK UHVSHFW WR 3. Warehouse receipt operation and UHJLVWHUHGULJKWV6SHFLÀFDOO\LWPHDQVWKDWLQ ÀQDQFLQJ DQG WKHHYHQWRIFRQÁLFWUHJLVWHUHGULJKWVFDQQRW 4. General prudential regulation and EHGHIHDWHGE\RWKHUULJKWVWKDWLVUHJLVWHUHG VXSHUYLVLRQLPSRVHGRQÀQDQFLDO ULJKWVSUHYDLORYHUDQ\RWKHUULJKWV6RPHUHJLV- institutions. WUDWLRQV\VWHPVDOORZIRUVRPHH[FHSWLRQVWRWKLV UXOHIRUH[DPSOHLQFHUWDLQIUDXGFDVHV DQG 7KHGDWDZHUHJDWKHUHGWKURXJKWDLORUHGTXHV- RWKHUVSURYLGHWKDWUHJLVWHUHGULJKWVFDQXQGHU WLRQQDLUHVWRW\SHVRIUHVSRQGHQWV ÀQDQFLDO QRFLUFXPVWDQFHEHGHIHDWHG7KHODWWHUDUH VHFWRUVXSHUYLVRU\DXWKRULWLHVÀQDQFLDOODZ\HUV FDOOHGDEVROXWHO\LQGHIHDVLEOH DQGOHJDORIÀFHUVRIÀQDQFLDOLQVWLWXWLRQV'DWD FROOHFWLRQVLQFOXGHLQWHUYLHZVFRQGXFWHGGXULQJ Lease LV GHÀQHG DV D FRQWUDFW ZKHUHE\ WKH FRXQWU\YLVLWVGLUHFWO\ZLWKUHVSRQGHQWVIROORZHG owner of a plot of land cedes the right to use E\ URXQGV RI IROORZXS FRPPXQLFDWLRQ YLD WKHODQGDQGEHQHÀWRILWVSURFHHGVWRDQRWKHU HPDLODQGFRQIHUHQFHFDOOVZLWKUHVSRQGHQWV SDUW\LQH[FKDQJHIRUDSD\PHQW7KHIROORZLQJ as well as with third parties. The data were also GHÀQLWLRQVDUHXVHG YHULÀHGWKURXJKDQDO\VHVRIODZVDQGUHJXOD- y Short-term leaseLVGHÀQHGDVEHLQJWR WLRQVLQFOXGLQJDUHYLHZRISXEOLFVRXUFHVRI \HDUV LQIRUPDWLRQ RQ EDQNLQJ ODZ FROODWHUDO ODZ ZDUHKRXVH UHFHLSW ODZ ÀQDQFLDO LQVWLWXWLRQV y Medium-term leaseLVGHÀQHGDVEHLQJ ODZDQGVRRQ WR \HDUV ,QWKHFKDSWHUWKHGDWDDUHFODVVLÀHGDV L \HV y Long-term leaseLVGHÀQHGDVEHLQJ LL QR DQG LLL QD´<HVµUHIHUVWRH[LVWHQFHRI RYHU\HDUV FHUWDLQIHDWXUHVLQWKHOHJLVODWLRQ´QRµPHDQV 6HTXHQFLQJ is a characteristic that registration that the legislation lacks certain features or V\VWHPVPD\KDYH,WSURYLGHVIRUDPRUHVHFXUH VSHFLÀFSURYLVLRQVDQG´QDµPHDQVQRWDS- ODQGUHJLVWU\DVRQO\WUDQVDFWLRQVZKLFKIROORZ SOLFDEOHLQPRVWFDVHVGXHWRQRQH[LVWHQFH VXLWRIWUDQVDFWLRQVDQGSDUWLHVWKDWDUHDOUHDG\ RI D OHJDO DQG UHJXODWRU\ IUDPHZRUN LQ WKH 124 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015 DUHDWKDWLVPHDVXUHGE\WKHGDWDSRLQW'DWD GHSRVLWRUV·IXQGVDQGPDLQWDLQLQJWKHVWDELOLW\ on nontraditional collateral are based on “in RIWKHÀQDQFLDOV\VWHP5XOHVRQFDSLWDODGH- SUDFWLFHµXVDJHLQOLQHZLWKWKHDoing Business TXDF\UDWLRULVNZHLJKWLQJDQGSURYLVLRQLQJDUH GDWDEDVH0LQLPXPFDSLWDOUHTXLUHPHQWVIRU H[DPSOHVRISUXGHQWLDOUHJXODWLRQ ÀQDQFLDOLQVWLWXWLRQVDUHFRQYHUWHGLQWR86GROODUV Security interestLVGHÀQHGDVDSURSHUW\LQWHU- XVLQJWKHFRQYHUVLRQUDWHIURPWKH:RUOG HVWFUHDWHGE\DJUHHPHQWRUE\RSHUDWLRQRI %DQN'HYHORSPHQW,QGLFDWRUVGDWDEDVH ODZRYHUDVVHWVWRVHFXUHWKHSHUIRUPDQFHRI 6SHFLÀFWHUPV DQREOLJDWLRQXVXDOO\WKHSD\PHQWRIDGHEW ,WJLYHVWKHEHQHÀFLDU\RIWKHVHFXULW\LQWHUHVW Branchless banking LVWKHGHOLYHU\RIÀQDQFLDO certain preferential rights in the disposition of VHUYLFHVRXWVLGHRIFRQYHQWLRQDOEDQNEUDQFKHV secured assets. 7KHGHOLYHU\LVPDGHWKURXJKUHWDLODJHQWVRU LQIRUPDWLRQDQGFRPPXQLFDWLRQWHFKQRORJ\ Warehouse receipts DUHLVVXHGE\ZDUHKRXVH RSHUDWRUVDVHYLGHQFHWKDWWKHSHUVRQRUÀUP &DSLWDO DGHTXDF\ UDWLR LV D PHDVXUH RI WKH WKH\ QDPH KDV GHSRVLWHG FRPPRGLWLHV RI D DPRXQWRIDEDQN·VFRUHFDSLWDOH[SUHVVHGDV VSHFLÀHGTXDQWLW\DQGTXDOLW\DWDSDUWLFXODU a percentage of its risk-weighted asset. Where ORFDWLRQ7KH\FDQEHSDSHUEDVHGHOHFWURQLF ULVNZHLJKWVDUHQRWXVHGWKHQDWLRQDOUHJXODWRU·V or both. PLQLPXPWRWDOFDSLWDOUHTXLUHPHQWLVXVHGDV WKHUDWLRGHQRPLQDWRU Strengthening seed systems Electronic signature LV GHÀQHG DV V\PEROV RU )LYHGDWDVHWVZHUHGHVLJQHGDVIROORZV RWKHUGDWDLQGLJLWDOIRUPDWWDFKHGWRDQHOHF- 1. 7KHUHJXODWRU\IUDPHZRUNIRUVHHG WURQLFDOO\WUDQVPLWWHGGRFXPHQWDVYHULÀFDWLRQ RIWKHVHQGHU·VLQWHQWWRVLJQWKHGRFXPHQW 2. 5HTXLUHPHQWVIRUWKHHYDOXDWLRQDQG UHJLVWUDWLRQRIQHZYDULHWLHV 0LFURÀQDQFH LQVWLWXWLRQV 0),V DUH ÀQDQFLDO LQVWLWXWLRQV WKDW VSHFLDOL]H LQ WKH SURYLVLRQ RI 3. $YDLODELOLW\RILQLWLDOVHHGFODVVHV VPDOOYROXPHÀQDQFLDOVHUYLFHV IRUH[DPSOH 4. 6HHGTXDOLW\FRQWUROUHTXLUHPHQWV FUHGLWGHSRVLWVORDQV WRORZLQFRPHFOLHQWV International and regional seed trade. Nontraditional collateral is a pledge that is not WUDGLWLRQDOO\DFFHSWHGWRVHFXUHUHSD\PHQWRI 'DWDZHUHFROOHFWHGWKURXJKLQWHUYLHZVFRQ- DORDQ0RYDEOHFROODWHUDOIXWXUHDVVHWVDQG GXFWHGGXULQJFRXQWU\YLVLWVGLUHFWO\ZLWKUHVSRQ- OHDVHGDVVHWVDUHH[DPSOHVRIQRQWUDGLWLRQDO GHQWVDQGDOVRE\HPDLODQGWHOHFRQIHUHQFH collateral. FDOOVIURP:DVKLQJWRQ'&7KHVWUHQJWKHQLQJ VHHGV\VWHPVWRSLFDUHDKDVPDLQW\SHVRI Provisioning rulesGHWHUPLQHKRZPXFKPRQH\ UHVSRQGHQWV VHHGSURGXFHUVDQGFRPSDQLHV EDQNVPXVWVHWDVLGHDVDQDOORZDQFHIRUEDG VHHG DVVRFLDWLRQV UHOHYDQW JRYHUQPHQW DX- loans in their portfolios. The share of a loan that WKRULWLHV IRUH[DPSOHD0LQLVWU\RI$JULFXOWXUH PXVW EH FRYHUHG E\ SURYLVLRQLQJ FDQ HLWKHU VHHG DXWKRULW\ DQG DFDGHPLD ,Q DGGLWLRQ EHWKHIXOOORDQDPRXQWRUWKHSDUWWKDWLVQRW ZKHQSRVVLEOHORFDODQGLQWHUQDWLRQDOWHFKQLFDO VHFXUHGE\FROODWHUDO XQVHFXUHGVKDUH H[SHUWVIURPGRQRUIXQGHGVHHGSURJUDPVDQG Prudential regulations DUHUXOHVWKDWOLPLWULVN QRQJRYHUQPHQWDORUJDQL]DWLRQV 1*2V ZHUH WDNLQJDFWLYLWLHVRIGHSRVLWWDNLQJÀQDQFLDOLQ- also consulted. Questionnaires are tailored to VWLWXWLRQVZLWKWKHDLPRIHQVXULQJWKHVDIHW\RI WKHW\SHVRIUHVSRQGHQWV RQHTXHVWLRQQDLUH DATA NOTES | 2015 125 IRUSXEOLFVHFWRURQHIRUSULYDWHVHFWRU VHHG y 7KHFRPSDQ\DOUHDG\KDVFHUWLÀHG FRPSDQLHVVHHGDVVRFLDWLRQVDQG1*2V DQG foundation seed. RQHIRUDFDGHPLD Procedures 5HVSRQVHV IURP UHVSRQGHQWV ZHUH FURVV 3URFHGXUHV DUH GHILQHG DV DQ\ LQWHUDFWLRQ FKHFNHGE\UHDGLQJWKHDSSOLFDEOHODZVDQG RIWKHVHHGFRPSDQ\·VRZQHUPDQDJHURU regulations to the extent that these were ob- HPSOR\HHVZLWKH[WHUQDOSDUWLHVLQFOXGLQJDQ\ WDLQHG6HFRQGDU\UHVHDUFKZDVDOVRSHUIRUPHG UHOHYDQWJRYHUQPHQWDJHQFLHVEDQNVODZ\HUV ZKHQ QHFHVVDU\ VXFK DV WKH YHULÀFDWLRQ RI DXGLWRUVQRWDULHVSXEOLFDQGSULYDWHLQVSHFWRUV LQIRUPDWLRQYLDUHFHQWO\SXEOLVKHGOLWHUDWXUHDQG and technical experts. All procedures that are online searches. In addition to the initial con- OHJDOO\RULQSUDFWLFHUHTXLUHGIRUWKHVHHGFRP- VXOWDWLRQVZLWKVHHGH[SHUWVWKHWHDPUHFHLYHG SDQ\WRRSHUDWHZLWKLQLWVUHVSHFWLYHQRUPDO technical contributions on data selection and business functions are counted. WKHLQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIWKHUHJXODWLRQVIURP-RH &RUWHVDQG$GHODLGD+DUULHVVSHFLDOLVWVZLWKLQ Cost WKH*OREDO6HHG3URJUDP6HHG6FLHQFH&HQWHU 2QO\RIÀFLDOFRVWVUHTXLUHGE\ODZDUHUHFRUGHG RI,RZD6WDWH8QLYHUVLW\ LQFOXGLQJIHHVDQGWD[HV3URIHVVLRQDOIHHV QRWD- Evaluation and registration of new ULHVODZ\HUVRUDFFRXQWDQWV DUHRQO\LQFOXGHG varieties LIWKHFRPSDQ\LVUHTXLUHGWRXVHVXFKVHUYLFHV 7RPDNHWKHGDWDFRPSDUDEOHDFURVVFRXQWULHV 6SHFLÀFWHUPV VHYHUDODVVXPSWLRQVDERXWWKHUHJLVWUDWLRQDQG Basic/foundation seed has been produced FHUWLÀFDWLRQSURFHVVDUHPDGH XQGHUWKHUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKHPDLQWDLQHUDF- Assumptions for evaluation and registration of FRUGLQJWRWKHJHQHUDOO\DFFHSWHGSUDFWLFHV new varieties IRU WKH PDLQWHQDQFH RI WKH YDULHW\ DQG LV LQWHQGHGIRUWKHSURGXFWLRQRIFHUWLÀHGVHHG 7KHYDULHW\ %DVLFRUIRXQGDWLRQVHHGPXVWFRQIRUPWRWKH y ,VWKHPDLQOLVWHGFHUHDO DSSURSULDWHFRQGLWLRQVLQWKHUHJXODWLRQVDQG y ,VEHLQJUHJLVWHUHGIRUWKHÀUVWWLPHLQ WKHIXOÀOOPHQWRIWKHVHFRQGLWLRQVPXVWEHFRQ- WKHFRXQWU\ ÀUPHGE\DQRIÀFLDOH[DPLQDWLRQ y +DVQRWEHHQUHJLVWHUHGLQDQ\RWKHU Breeder/pre-basic seedLVGLUHFWO\FRQWUROOHGE\ FRXQWU\ the originating or sponsor plant breeding insti- WXWLRQÀUPRULQGLYLGXDODQGLWLVWKHVRXUFHIRU Seed quality control WKHSURGXFWLRQRIVHHGRIWKHFHUWLÀHGFODVVHV $VVXPSWLRQVIRUFHUWLÀFDWLRQRIVHHG Distinctiveness, Uniformity and Stability (DUS) The seed: testingLVDWHVWSHUIRUPHGWRFRPSDUHFDQ- GLGDWH YDULHWLHV IRU UHJLVWUDWLRQ ZLWK YDULHWLHV y ,VDPXOWLSOHRIWKHPDLQOLVWHGFHUHDO DOUHDG\OLVWHGLQVHHGUHJLVWHURQWKHVHTXDOLWLHV y ,VLQWHQGHGIRUVDOHRQWKHGRPHVWLF y Distinctness 8329 $YDULHW\VKDOOEH PDUNHW GHHPHGWREHGLVWLQFWLILWLVFOHDUO\ y +DVQRWEHHQFHUWLÀHGLQDQ\RWKHU distinguishable in at least one character FRXQWU\ IURPDQ\RWKHUYDULHW\ZKRVHH[LVWHQFH 126 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015 LVDPDWWHURIFRPPRQNQRZOHGJHDW 7RGDWHFRXQWULHVKDYHDFKLHYHGPHPEHU WKHWLPHRIÀOLQJWKHDSSOLFDWLRQIRU VWDWXVDQGREVHUYHUVWDWXV registration. Value for Cultivation and Use (UPOV)LVDYDUL- y Uniformity 8329 $YDULHW\VKDOOEH HW\UHJLVWUDWLRQUHTXLUHPHQWWRDVVHVVZKHWKHU GHHPHGWREHXQLIRUPLIVXEMHFWWR D YDULHW\ KDV FKDUDFWHULVWLFV DQG SURSHUWLHV WKHYDULDWLRQWKDWPD\EHH[SHFWHG WKDW DIIHFW LPSURYHPHQW LQ FXOWLYDWLRQ RU LQ IURPWKHSDUWLFXODUIHDWXUHVRILWV WKHXWLOL]DWLRQRIWKHKDUYHVWRULWVSURGXFWVLQ SURSDJDWLRQLWLVVXIÀFLHQWO\XQLIRUPLQ FRPSDULVRQWRWKHH[LVWLQJOLVWHGYDULHWLHV LWVUHOHYDQWFKDUDFWHULVWLFV Variety (UPOV) is a plant grouping within a sin- y Stability 8329 $YDULHW\VKDOOEH JOHERWDQLFDOWD[RQRIWKHORZHVWNQRZQUDQN GHHPHGWREHVWDEOHLILWVUHOHYDQW ZKLFKLUUHVSHFWLYHRIZKHWKHUWKHFRQGLWLRQV FKDUDFWHULVWLFVUHPDLQXQFKDQJHGDIWHU IRUWKHJUDQWRIDEUHHGHU·VULJKWDUHIXOO\PHW UHSHDWHGSURSDJDWLRQE\WKHPHWKRG can be: ZKLFKLVQRUPDOO\XVHGIRUWKHSDUWLFXODU YDULHW\ y 'HÀQHGE\WKHH[SUHVVLRQRIWKH FKDUDFWHULVWLFVUHVXOWLQJIURPD 6HHGFHUWLÀFDWLRQ 2(&' LVWKHTXDOLW\DVVXU- JLYHQJHQRW\SHRUFRPELQDWLRQRI ance process during which seed intended for JHQRW\SHV GRPHVWLFRULQWHUQDWLRQDOPDUNHWVLVFRQWUROOHG DQGLQVSHFWHGE\RIÀFLDOVRXUFHVWRJXDUDQWHH y 'LVWLQJXLVKHGIURPDQ\RWKHUSODQW FRQVLVWHQWKLJKTXDOLW\IRUFRQVXPHUV7KLVSURFHVV JURXSLQJE\WKHH[SUHVVLRQRIDWOHDVW LVGRQHE\WKHIROORZLQJ L FRQWUROOLQJWKHVHHGLQ RQHRIWKHVDLGFKDUDFWHULVWLFV DQG SUHYLRXVJHQHUDWLRQV LL FRQGXFWLQJÀHOGLQVSHF- y Considered as a unit with regard to WLRQVGXULQJWKHPXOWLSOLFDWLRQSURFHVVWRHQVXUH LWVVXLWDELOLW\IRUEHLQJSURSDJDWHG WKHUHLVOLWWOHFRQWDPLQDWLRQDQGWKDWWKHYDULHW\ unchanged. LVWUXHWRW\SH LLL JURZLQJVDPSOHVRIWKHNQRZQ VHHGLQFRQWUROSORWVWRHQVXUHWKDWWKHSURJHQ\ Variety catalogLVDOLVWRIYDULHWLHVWKDWKDYH FRQIRUPWRWKHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIWKHYDULHW\ DQG EHHQUHJLVWHUHGDQGUHOHDVHGE\DQDWLRQDO LY VHHGTXDOLW\WHVWLQJLQODERUDWRULHV DXWKRULW\DQGFDQEHSURGXFHGDQGPDUNHWHG UPOVLVWKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO8QLRQIRUWKH3URWHFWLRQ LQDFRXQWU\RUUHJLRQDVFHUWLÀHGVHHG RI1HZ9DULHWLHVRI3ODQWVDQLQWHUJRYHUQPHQWDO Variety release committee LV WKH FRPPLWWHH RUJDQL]DWLRQEDVHGLQ*HQHYD6ZLW]HUODQG LWV WKDWGHFLGHVZKHWKHURUQRWDQHZYDULHW\FDQ PLVVLRQLVWRSURYLGHDQGSURPRWHDQHIIHFWLYH be registered and should be introduced on the V\VWHP RI SODQW YDULHW\ SURWHFWLRQ ZLWK WKH GRPHVWLFPDUNHW DLPRIHQFRXUDJLQJWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIQHZ YDULHWLHVRISODQWVIRUWKHEHQHÀWRIVRFLHW\7R Improving fertilizer supply EHDPHPEHUWKHODZRIDFRXQWU\PXVWFRQ- IRUPWRWKHVWDQGDUGVRIWKH $FWRIWKH 6HYHQGDWDVHWVZHUHGHYHORSHGDVIROORZV 8329&RQYHQWLRQ7KHFRXQWU\FDQDOVRKDYH 1. 'RPHVWLFSURGXFWLRQDQGEOHQGLQJRI REVHUYHUVWDWXVDIWHUKDYLQJRIÀFLDOO\H[SUHVVHG IHUWLOL]HU DQLQWHUHVWLQEHFRPLQJDPHPEHURI8329DQG in participating in the sessions of the Council. 2. 5HJXODWRU\IUDPHZRUNIRUIHUWLOL]HU DATA NOTES | 2015 127 3. 5HJLVWUDWLRQRIIHUWLOL]HU Procedures 4. ,PSRUWLQJRIIHUWLOL]HU $SURFHGXUHLVGHÀQHGDVDQ\LQWHUDFWLRQRIWKH FRPSDQ\·VRZQHUVPDQDJHUVRUHPSOR\HHV 6XEVLGLHVWD[HVDQGWDULIIVRQIHUWLOL]HU ZLWKH[WHUQDOSDUWLHVIRUH[DPSOHJRYHUQPHQW 4XDOLW\FRQWURORIIHUWLOL]HU DJHQFLHVODZ\HUVDXGLWRUVQRWDULHVDQGFXV- WRPVRUERUGHUDXWKRULWLHV,WLQFOXGHVDOOSURFH- 7. )HUWLOL]HUXVHDQGVRLOKHDOWK GXUHVWKDWDUHRIÀFLDOO\UHTXLUHGIRUWKHEXVLQHVV 7KH IHUWLOL]HU WRSLF DUHD KDV PDLQ W\SHV RI WROHJDOO\SHUIRUPLWVGHVFULEHGDFWLYLWLHVVXFKDV UHVSRQGHQWV IHUWLOL]HUFRPSDQLHVUHOHYDQWJRY- UHJLVWHULQJDQGLPSRUWLQJIHUWLOL]HU,QWHUDFWLRQV HUQPHQWDXWKRULWLHV IRUH[DPSOHWKHPLQLVWU\ DPRQJRZQHUVPDQDJHUVDQGHPSOR\HHVDUH of agriculture) and agricultural input dealer not counted as procedures. DVVRFLDWLRQV5HVHDUFKHUVDQGDFDGHPLDDOVR contribute to the topic area. Questionnaires Time DUHWDLORUHGWRWKHVHGLIIHUHQWW\SHVRIUHVSRQ- 7LPHLVUHFRUGHGLQFDOHQGDUGD\VDQGFDSWXUHV GHQWV WKHUHLVRQHTXHVWLRQQDLUHWDUJHWHGWR WKHPHGLDQGXUDWLRQRIHDFKSURFHGXUH7KH SULYDWHVHFWRUUHVSRQGHQWVRQHIRUWKHSXEOLF WLPHVSDQIRUHDFKSURFHGXUHVWDUWVZLWKWKH VHFWRUDQGRQHIRUIHUWLOL]HUDVVRFLDWLRQVDQG ÀUVWÀOLQJRIWKHDSSOLFDWLRQRUGHPDQGDQG researchers. HQGVRQFHWKHFRPSDQ\KDVUHFHLYHGWKHÀQDO GRFXPHQWVXFKDVWKHFRPSDQ\UHJLVWUDWLRQ 7RPDNHWKHGDWDFRPSDUDEOHDFURVVFRXQWULHV FHUWLÀFDWHRUWD[QXPEHU IRUH[DPSOHLWZRXOG VHYHUDODVVXPSWLRQVDERXWWKHIHUWLOL]HUFRPSDQ\ LQFOXGHWKHWLPHWRPDNHDQDSSRLQWPHQWZLWK DUHXVHGDVGHWDLOHGEHORZ WKHQRWDU\RUDQ\ZDLWLQJWLPHRQFHWKHGRF- Assumptions about the business XPHQWVDUHÀOHG ,WLVDVVXPHGWKDWWKHFRP- SDQ\·VRZQHUVPDQDJHUVRUHPSOR\HHVKDYH The business: KDGQRSULRUFRQWDFWZLWKDQ\RIWKHRIÀFLDOV y ,VDIHUWLOL]HULPSRUWHU Cost y Does not operate in an export SURFHVVLQJ]RQHRUDQLQGXVWULDOHVWDWH 2QO\RIÀFLDOFRVWVUHTXLUHGE\ODZDUHUHFRUG- ZLWKVSHFLDOLPSRUWRUH[SRUWSULYLOHJHV HGLQFOXGLQJIHHVDQGWD[HV,ISRVVLEOHWKH UHOHYDQWIHHVFKHGXOHRUFDOFXODWLRQIRUPXOD 7KHGHVWLQDWLRQSRUWIRULPSRUWDWLRQRIIHUWLOL]HUVLV VKRXOGEHLQGLFDWHG IRUH[DPSOHDVDSHUFHQW- WKHPRVWXVHGSRUWLQWKHFRXQWU\,IWKHFRXQWU\ DJHRIWKHFRPSDQ\·VFDSLWDO 3URIHVVLRQDO LVODQGORFNHGLWLVDVVXPHGWKDWWKHPRVWXVHG IHHV QRWDULHV ODZ\HUV RU DFFRXQWDQWV DUH ERUGHUSRVWVDUHHPSOR\HG RQO\LQFOXGHGLIWKHFRPSDQ\LVUHTXLUHGWR Assumptions about the imported fertilizer XVHVXFKVHUYLFHV 7KHIHUWLOL]HU 6SHFLÀFWHUPV y ,VDIHUWLOL]HUSURGXFWLQVROLGIRUP BlendLVDQ\FRPELQDWLRQRUPL[WXUHRIIHUWLOL]HU products. y :HLJKVPHWULFWRQV Fertilizer formLVWKHIRUPLQZKLFKWKHIHUWLOL]HULV y ,VWUDQVSRUWHGE\RFHDQWUDQVSRUWWKHQ SUHVHQWHGIRUH[DPSOHOLTXLGJUDQXOHVSRZ- WUDQVSRUWHGLQODQGLQPHWULFWRQV GHUVSLNHVWDEOHWVRUSHOOHWV trucks. 128 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015 Fertilizer product LV DQ\ SURGXFW FRQWDLQLQJ 7KHWUDQVSRUWWRSLFDUHDKDVPDLQW\SHVRI QLWURJHQSKRVSKRUXVSRWDVVLXPRUDQ\UHF- UHVSRQGHQWV WUXFNLQJFRPSDQLHVWUXFNLQJDV- RJQL]HGSODQWQXWULHQWHOHPHQWRUFRPSRXQG VRFLDWLRQVDQGUHOHYDQWJRYHUQPHQWDXWKRULWLHV that is used for its plant nutrient content. IRUH[DPSOHPLQLVWU\RIWUDQVSRUWURDGWUDQV- SRUWDXWKRULWLHVFXVWRPV 7RDOHVVHUGHJUHH Fertilizer types are as follows: ODZ\HUVIUHLJKWIRUZDUGHUVDQGDFDGHPLDDOVR y 13.LVFRPSRVHGRIWKUHHPDLQ UHVSRQGHGWRWKHTXHVWLRQQDLUH4XHVWLRQQDLUHV HOHPHQWV QLWURJHQ 1 SKRVSKRUXV 3 DUHWDLORUHGWRWKHW\SHVRIUHVSRQGHQWV RQH DQGSRWDVVLXP . HDFKRIWKHVHEHLQJ TXHVWLRQQDLUHIRUSXEOLFVHFWRURQHIRUWUXFNLQJ essential in plant nutrition. DVVRFLDWLRQVDQGRQHIRUWUXFNLQJFRPSDQLHV IUHLJKWIRUZDUGHUVDQGODZ\HUV y 8UHDLVDIRUPRIQLWURJHQIHUWLOL]HU ZLWKDQ13. QLWURJHQSKRVSKRUXV Assumptions about the business SRWDVVLXP UDWLRRI 7RPDNHWKHGDWDFRPSDUDEOHDFURVVFRXQWULHV y '$3GLDPPRQLXPSKRVSKDWHLVWKH VHYHUDODVVXPSWLRQVDERXWWKHEXVLQHVVDQGLWV ZRUOG·VPRVWZLGHO\XVHGSKRVSKRUXV DFWLYLWLHVDUHXVHGDVGHWDLOHGEHORZ 3 IHUWLOL]HU The business: y 0$3 PRQRDPPRQLXPSKRVSKDWH y ,VDOLPLWHGOLDELOLW\FRPSDQ\ y 023PXULDWHRISRWDVKLVWKHPRVW FRPPRQIRUPRISRWDVK y Operates in the largest town in the PDLQDJULFXOWXUDOSURGXFWLRQUHJLRQRI y 3RWDVKRUIHUWLOL]HUSRWDVVLXP . WKHFRXQWU\ VRPHWLPHVFDOOHG´SRWDVKµ y ,VGRPHVWLFDOO\RZQHGDQGKDV y $PPRQLXPQLWUDWHLVDVDOWRIDPPRQLD RZQHUVQHLWKHUEHLQJDOHJDOHQWLW\ DQGQLWULFDFLGWKDWLVZLGHO\XVHGLQ IHUWLOL]HUV7KHVXEVWDQFHFDQEHXVHG y +DVVWDUWXSFDSLWDOHTXLYDOHQWWR LQH[SORVLYHFRPSRXQGVZKLFKLVZK\ WLPHVLQFRPHSHUFDSLWD PDQ\FRXQWULHVKDYHLPSRVHGVSHFLÀF y +DVEHWZHHQDQGHPSOR\HHV UHJXODWLRQVIRULWVWUDQVSRUWVWRUDJHDQG PRQWKDIWHUWKHFRPPHQFHPHQWRI handling. operations. Transporting agricultural goods y 7UDQVSRUWVDJULFXOWXUDOSURGXFWV )LYHGDWDVHWVZHUHGHVLJQHGDVIROORZV LQFOXGLQJSHULVKDEOHIUXLWVYHJHWDEOHV DQGJUDLQVZLWKDQ\UHTXLUHGOLFHQVLQJ 1. /LFHQVLQJUHTXLUHPHQWVWRRSHUDWHD or registration to transport such WUXFNLQJFRPSDQ\ products. 2. 3ULFLQJDQGIUHLJKWDOORFDWLRQ y $OVRWUDQVSRUWVRWKHUUXUDOJRRGVVXFK 3. Axle-load regulation. DVFRQVWUXFWLRQPDWHULDOVRUHTXLSPHQW GXULQJSHULRGVRIORZGHPDQGIRU 4. Mutual recognition of standards and DJULFXOWXUDOWUDQVSRUWDWLRQVHUYLFHV IRUHLJQWUXFNLQJFRPSHWLWLRQ y 'RHVQRWWUDQVSRUWIHUWLOL]HUVRU 0RQLWRULQJRIURDGDFFHVVGHQVLW\DQG pesticides. TXDOLW\ DATA NOTES | 2015 129 y (QJDJHVLQIRUHLJQWUDGHLQWHUPVRI 6SHFLÀFWHUPV WUDQVSRUWLQJGRPHVWLFDJULFXOWXUDO Transport rights granted to foreign goods across the border into the trucking companies FRXQWU\·VODUJHVWQHLJKERULQJ DJULFXOWXUDOWUDGLQJSDUWQHU LIWKH Backhauling rights $WUXFNUHJLVWHUHGLQ&RXQWU\ FRXQWU\LVDQLVODQGLWLVDVVXPHGWKDW A is able to transport agricultural goods into WKHWUXFNLVVKLSSHGLQDIHUU\WRWKH &RXQWU\%IRUVDOHORDGRWKHUJRRGVLQ&RXQWU\ closest agricultural trading partner. %DQGFDUU\WKHPEDFNWR&RXQWU\$ y 'RHVQRWTXDOLI\IRUDQ\LQYHVWPHQW Cabotage rights $WUXFNUHJLVWHUHGLQ&RXQWU\$ LQFHQWLYHVRUVSHFLDOWD[UHJLPH LVDEOHWRSLFNXSDJULFXOWXUDOJRRGVLQ&RXQWU\% DQGGHOLYHUWKHPWRDGLIIHUHQWSRLQWLQ&RXQWU\% y 2ZQVWUXFNV HDFKWUXFNKDVD[OHV DQGPHWULFWRQVZHLJKWFDSDFLW\ Transit rights $WUXFNUHJLVWHUHGLQ&RXQWU\$ LVDEOHWRWUDYHOWKURXJK&RXQWU\%WRGHOLYHU y 'RHVQRWRZQDQ\UHDOHVWDWH OHDVHVRU DJULFXOWXUDOJRRGVLQWR&RXQWU\& UHQWVDFRPPHUFLDORIÀFH Triangular rights $WUXFNUHJLVWHUHGLQ&RXQWU\$ y +DVDFRPSDQ\GHHGSDJHVORQJ LVDEOHWRSLFNXSDJULFXOWXUDOJRRGVLQ&RXQWU\ Procedures % DQG WUDQVSRUW WKHP WR EH GHOLYHUHG LQWR &RXQWU\& $SURFHGXUHLVGHÀQHGDVDQ\LQWHUDFWLRQRIWKH FRPSDQ\·VRZQHUVPDQDJHUVRUHPSOR\HHV Transport/import rights: A truck registered in ZLWKH[WHUQDOSDUWLHV IRUH[DPSOHWUDQVSRUWUHJ- &RXQWU\$LVDEOHWRWUDQVSRUWDJULFXOWXUDOJRRGV XODWRUVLQVSHFWRUVRWKHUJRYHUQPHQWDJHQFLHV SURGXFHGLQLWVFRXQWU\LQWR&RXQWU\%IRUVDOH RUSULYDWHVHUYLFHSURYLGHUVVXFKDVODZ\HUV $OO Freight allocation SURFHGXUHVWKDWDUHRIÀFLDOO\UHTXLUHGWROHJDOO\ RSHUDWHDWUXFNLQJFRPSDQ\DUHUHFRUGHG Intermediary system (“bourse de fret”) allows IUHLJKW IRUZDUGHUVORJLVWLFV SURYLGHUV WR RIIHU Time IUHLJKWWREHWUDQVSRUWHGWKURXJKWUXFNLQJFRP- 7LPHLVUHFRUGHGLQFDOHQGDUGD\VDQGFDSWXUHV SDQLHVZKLFKRIIHUYHKLFOHVSDFH WKHPHGLDQGXUDWLRQRIHDFKSURFHGXUH7KH Queuing system (“tour de rôle”) LV D ZD\ RI WLPHVSDQIRUHDFKSURFHGXUHVWDUWVZLWKWKH DOORFDWLQJ IUHLJKW WR WUDQVSRUW FRPSDQLHV ,W ÀUVWÀOLQJRIWKHDSSOLFDWLRQRUGHPDQGDQG JHQHUDOO\UHTXLUHVWKHRSHUDWRUWREHDIÀOLDW- HQGVRQFHWKHFRPSDQ\KDVUHFHLYHGWKHÀQDO ed with a transport association. Each carrier GRFXPHQWVXFKDVWKHFRPSDQ\UHJLVWUDWLRQ QHHGVWREHUHJLVWHUHGRQDUULYDODWWKHORFDO FHUWLÀFDWHRUWUDQVSRUWOLFHQVH RUUHJLRQDOIUHLJKWEXUHDXVDQGWKHQUHFHLYHV Cost DSULRULW\RUGHUWRORDGIUHLJKW 2QO\RIÀFLDOFRVWVUHTXLUHGE\ODZDUHUHFRUGHG Axle-load regulation LQFOXGLQJIHHVDQGWD[HV,ISRVVLEOHWKHUHOHYDQW Axle is a central shaft for a rotating wheel or IHHVFKHGXOHRUFDOFXODWLRQIRUPXODVKRXOGEH JHDURQZKHHOHGYHKLFOHV,WPD\EHÀ[HGWR LQGLFDWHG3URIHVVLRQDOIHHV FKDUJHGE\ODZ\HUV WKHZKHHOVURWDWLQJZLWKWKHPRUÀ[HGWRLWV RUQRWDULHV DUHRQO\LQFOXGHGLIWKHFRPSDQ\ surroundings. LVUHTXLUHGWRXVHVXFKVHUYLFHV 130 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015 Axle-loadLVWKHWRWDOZHLJKWIHOWE\WKHURDGZD\ y Has obtained exporter accreditation or IRUDOOZKHHOVFRQQHFWHGWRDJLYHQD[OHWKDW OLFHQVHIURPWKHUHOHYDQWJRYHUQPHQW LVWKHIUDFWLRQRIWRWDOYHKLFOHZHLJKWUHVWLQJRQ DJHQFLHVIRUH[DPSOHFXVWRPV DJLYHQD[OH DXWKRULW\PLQLVWU\RIWUDGHRUPLQLVWU\RI agriculture. Gross vehicle massLVWKHPD[LPXPWRWDOPDVV DOORZHG IRU D IXOO\ ORDGHG RSHUDWLQJ PRWRU y Does not operate in a special export YHKLFOH,WFRQVLVWVRIWKHWDUHPDVVRIWKHYH- SURFHVVLQJ]RQH KLFOHSOXVWKHORDGEXWH[FOXGLQJWKHZHLJKW y ,VGRPHVWLFDOO\RZQHGDQGKDV RIDQ\WUDLOHUV RZQHUVQHLWKHUEHLQJDOHJDOHQWLW\ Selling agricultural goods y +DVHPSOR\HHV LQFOXGLQJ )LYHGDWDVHWVZHUHGHVLJQHGDVIROORZV VHDVRQDOZRUNHUVZKRDUHWHPSRUDULO\ KLUHG DOORIWKHPQDWLRQDOV 1. Cross-border agricultural exports. y +DVDWOHDVWRQHHPSOR\HHZKRLVD 2. 636UHJXODWLRQRIDJULFXOWXUDOWUDGH OLFHQVHGFXVWRPVEURNHU 3. ,QIRUPDWLRQDYDLODELOLW\DQGPDUNHWLQJ Assumptions about the traded goods UHTXLUHPHQWV The traded agricultural goods: 4. *RYHUQPHQWSURPRWLRQRIDJULFXOWXUDO PDUNHWLQJ y $UHWKHFRXQWU\·VPRVWUHJLRQDOO\ traded staple cereal/horticultural &ROOHFWLYHDFWLRQWRVXSSO\PDUNHWV product. /RFDO IUHLJKW IRUZDUGHUV WUDQVSRUW ORJLVWLFV y Are traded with the largest neighboring FRPSDQLHVFXVWRPVEURNHUVDQGSXEOLFRIÀ- agricultural trading partner. FLDOVDWWKHFXVWRPVVHUYLFHDQGWKHPLQLVWULHV RIDJULFXOWXUHSURYLGHLQIRUPDWLRQRQUHTXLUHG y $UHWUDQVSRUWHGE\DWUXFNZLWKD SURFHGXUHV DQG FRVW DV ZHOO DV WKH WLPH WR FDUU\LQJFDSDFLW\RIPHWULFWRQV FRPSOHWH HDFK SURFHGXUH ,Q DGGLWLRQ WKH y Are transported as a 20-foot container if WHDPFROOHFWVLQIRUPDWLRQRQGRPHVWLFPDUNHWV there is no land border with the regional IURPPLQLVWULHVRIDJULFXOWXUHPLQLVWULHVRIWUDGH trading partner. DQG FRPPHUFH IDUPHU RUJDQL]DWLRQV DQG DJURSURFHVVRUV DORQJ ZLWK ZKROHVDOHUV DQG y :HLJKPHWULFWRQV retailers of agricultural products. y $UHYDOXHGDW 6HYHUDODVVXPSWLRQVDERXWWKHEXVLQHVVDQGWKH Procedures WUDGHGJRRGVDUHDSSOLHGWRPDNHWKHGDWD FRPSDUDEOHDFURVVFRXQWULHV $SURFHGXUHLVDQ\LQWHUDFWLRQRIWKHFRPSDQ\·V HPSOR\HHVRUPDQDJHUVZLWKH[WHUQDOSDUWLHV Assumptions about the business LQFOXGLQJJRYHUQPHQWDJHQFLHVRULQVSHFWRUV The business: FKDPEHURIFRPPHUFHRURWKHUUHOHYDQWDVVRFL- DWLRQVDVZHOODVSXEOLFRUSULYDWHODERUDWRULHV y ,VDOLPLWHGOLDELOLW\FRPSDQ\ $OOSURFHGXUHVWKDWDUHUHTXLUHGOHJDOO\RULQ y 3HUIRUPVJHQHUDODJULFXOWXUDOWUDGLQJ SUDFWLFH IRU H[SRUWLQJLPSRUWLQJ DJULFXOWXUDO DFWLYLWLHV SURGXFWVSHUVKLSPHQWDUHWDNHQLQWRDFFRXQW DATA NOTES | 2015 131 HYHQLIWKH\PD\EHDYRLGHGLQH[FHSWLRQDO IURP DGGLWLYHV FRQWDPLQDQWV WR[LQV RU GLV- FDVHV$Q\SURFHGXUHUHODWHGWRREWDLQLQJD HDVHFDXVLQJRUJDQLVPVLQWKHLUIRRG LL SUR- letter of credit is not recorded. WHFWKXPDQOLIHIURPSODQWRUDQLPDOFDUULHG GLVHDVHV LLL SURWHFWDQLPDORUSODQWOLIHIURP Time SHVWV GLVHDVHV RU GLVHDVHFDXVLQJ RUJDQ- 7LPH LV UHFRUGHG LQ FDOHQGDU GD\V 7KH WLPH LVPV DQG LY SUHYHQWRUOLPLWRWKHUGDPDJH FDOFXODWLRQ IRU D SURFHGXUH VWDUWV IURP WKH WRDFRXQWU\IURPWKHHQWU\HVWDEOLVKPHQWRU PRPHQWLWLVLQLWLDWHGDQGUXQVXQWLOLWLVFRP- spread of pests.1 pleted. If a procedure can be accelerated Contracting agricultural IRU DQDGGLWLRQDO FRVWDQG LV DYDLODEOH WRDOO production WUDGLQJ FRPSDQLHV WKH IDVWHVW OHJDO SURFH- GXUHLVFKRVHQ)DVWWUDFNSURFHGXUHVDSSO\LQJ Four data sets were designed as follows: RQO\WRÀUPVORFDWHGLQDQH[SRUWSURFHVVLQJ 1. 5HJXODWRU\IUDPHZRUNIRUFRQWUDFW ]RQHRURQO\WRFHUWDLQDFFUHGLWHGÀUPVXQGHU IDUPLQJ DXWKRUL]HGHFRQRPLFRSHUDWRUSURJUDPVDUH QRWWDNHQLQWRDFFRXQW,WLVDVVXPHGWKDWWKH 2. &RQWUDFWVSHFLÀFDWLRQV H[SRUWHULPSRUWHUZDVWHVQRWLPHDQGWKDWWKH 3. 3URFHGXUDOUHTXLUHPHQWVIRUFRQWUDFW H[SRUWHULPSRUWHUFRPPLWVWRFRPSOHWLQJHDFK IDUPLQJ UHPDLQLQJSURFHGXUHZLWKRXWGHOD\ 4. 'LVSXWHUHVROXWLRQPHFKDQLVPV Cost 7KHGDWDDUHJDWKHUHGWKURXJKWDLORUHGTXHV- &RVWVPHDVXUHDOOWKHDGPLQLVWUDWLYHIHHVDVVRFL- WLRQQDLUHVWRW\SHVRIFRQWULEXWRUV FRQWUDFW DWHGZLWKFRPSOHWLQJWKHUHTXLUHGSURFHGXUHV ODZ\HUVIDUPHUV·RUJDQL]DWLRQVDQGDJURSUR- WRH[SRUWRULPSRUWDJULFXOWXUDOJRRGVLQFOXGLQJ FHVVRUV 'DWD FROOHFWLRQ LQFOXGHV LQWHUYLHZV REWDLQLQJDSK\WRVDQLWDU\FHUWLÀFDWHDQGLPSRUW FRQGXFWHGGXULQJFRXQWU\YLVLWVGLUHFWO\ZLWK FOHDUDQFH7KHFRVWGRHVQRWLQFOXGHFXVWRPV UHVSRQGHQWVIROORZHGE\URXQGVRIIROORZXS WDULIIVGXWLHVRUFRVWVUHODWHGWRWUDQVSRUW2QO\ FRPPXQLFDWLRQYLDHPDLODQGFRQIHUHQFHFDOOV RIÀFLDOFRVWVDUHUHFRUGHG with respondents as well as with third parties. The 6SHFLÀFWHUPV1 GDWDDUHDOVRYHULÀHGWKURXJKDQDO\VHVRIODZV DQGUHJXODWLRQVLQFOXGLQJDUHYLHZRISXEOLF 3K\WRVDQLWDU\ FHUWLÀFDWH LV DQ RIÀFLDO SDSHU VRXUFHVRILQIRUPDWLRQRQFLYLOFRGHVFRQWUDFW GRFXPHQWRULWVRIÀFLDOHOHFWURQLFHTXLYDOHQW ODZVDQGODZVRQFRQWUDFWIDUPLQJ issued for exported or re-exported consign- PHQWV WR SURYLGH DVVXUDQFH WR DQ 1332 7KHGDWDDUHFODVVLÀHGDV L \HV LL \HV P LLL 1DWLRQDO3ODQW3URWHFWLRQ2UJDQL]DWLRQ WKDW QR DQG LY ´QDµ´<HVµUHIHUVWRWKHH[LVWHQFH WKH FRQVLJQPHQWV PHHW WKH SK\WRVDQLWDU\ of certain features in the legislation and the LPSRUWUHTXLUHPHQWV existence of default contractual rules estab- OLVKHGE\ODZ ´\HV P µUHIHUVWRWKHH[LVWHQFH Phytosanitary import permitLVDQRIÀFLDOGRFX- RIPDQGDWRU\FRQWUDFWXDOUXOHVHVWDEOLVKHGE\ PHQWDXWKRUL]LQJWKHLPSRUWDWLRQRIDFRPPRG- ODZ ´QRµPHDQVWKDWWKHOHJLVODWLRQODFNVFHU- LW\LQDFFRUGDQFHZLWKVSHFLÀHGSK\WRVDQLWDU\ WDLQIHDWXUHVRUVSHFLÀFSURYLVLRQV DQG´QDµ LPSRUWUHTXLUHPHQWV PHDQVWKHQRQH[LVWHQFHRIDOHJDODQGUHJX- SPS measure LV DQ\ PHDVXUH DSSOLHG WR L ODWRU\IUDPHZRUNLQWKHDUHDWKDWLVPHDVXUHG SURWHFWKXPDQRUDQLPDOOLIHIURPULVNVDULVLQJ E\WKHGDWDSRLQW 132 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015 Electrifying rural areas 2. 1XPEHURIDFWLYHPRELOHEURDGEDQG subscriptions per 100 inhabitants. 7KHHOHFWULI\LQJUXUDODUHDVGDWDPHDVXUHWKH share of population that has access to electric- 7KHWHDPFROOHFWHGVRPHSUHOLPLQDU\LQIRUPD- LW\IRUWKHFRXQWU\DVDZKROHDQGIRUWKHUXUDO WLRQRQWKHPDUNHWVWUXFWXUHRIWKHWHOHFRPPX- VHFWRUVSHFLÀ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ÀQGLQJVIURPWKHÀHOGZRUN WKH UHOHYDQW DJULFXOWXUDO DGYLVRU\ VHUYLFH Connecting farmers information DJHQFLHVDVZHOODVVHHGDQGIHUWLOL]HUFRP- SDQLHVFRQWULEXWHGWRWKHPDUNHWLQIRUPDWLRQ 7ZRGDWDVHWVZHUHFROOHFWHGZLWKWKHREMHFWLYH DQG HH[WHQVLRQ VHUYLFHV GDWD VHW ([LVWLQJ RIPHDVXULQJDFFHVVWR,&7VHUYLFHVLQWKH GDWDFROOHFWHGE\WKH:RUOG%DQNDQGWKH SLORWFRXQWULHVDVIROORZV ,QWHUQDWLRQDO7HOHFRPPXQLFDWLRQV8QLRQ ,78 1. 1XPEHURIPRELOHFHOOXODUVXEVFULSWLRQV ZHUH FRQVXOWHG WR FURVVFKHFN WKH ÀQGLQJV per 100 inhabitants. IURPWKHÀHOGZRUNLQWKHSLORWFRXQWULHV Country characteristics Gross national income per capita Enabling the Business of Agriculture 2015UHSRUWVLQFRPHSHUFDSLWDDVSXEOLVKHGLQWKH:RUOG %DQN *URXS·V World Development Indicators 2014 ,QFRPH LV FDOFXODWHG XVLQJ WKH $WODV PHWKRG FXUUHQW86GROODUV )RUFRVWGDWDSRLQWVH[SUHVVHGDVSHUFHQWDJHRILQFRPHSHUFDSLWDJURVV QDWLRQDOLQFRPH *1, LQ86GROODUVLVXVHGDVWKHGHQRPLQDWRU*1,GDWDZHUHQRWDYDLODEOHIURP WKH:RUOG%DQNIRU(WKLRSLDRU6SDLQ,QWKHVHFDVHVWKH*'3RU*13SHUFDSLWDGDWDDQGJURZWK UDWHV IURP RWKHU VRXUFHV ZHUH XVHG VXFK DV WKH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 0RQHWDU\ )XQG·V :RUOG (FRQRPLF 2XWORRNGDWDEDVHDQGWKH(FRQRPLVW,QWHOOLJHQFH8QLW Exchange rate 0RVWFRVWGDWDZDVFROOHFWHGLQORFDOFXUUHQF\XQLWV /&8 )RUEHWWHUFRPSDULVRQWKHVHFRVWVZHUH FRQYHUWHG WR 86 GROODUV XVLQJ WKH H[FKDQJH UDWH DV SXEOLVKHG LQ WKH :RUOG %DQN *URXS·V World Development Indicators 20146RPHWRSLFVWKHQXVHGWKH86GROODUDPRXQWVWRFRQYHUWWRFRVWVLQ SHUFHQWDJHRILQFRPHSHUFDSLWD DATA NOTES | 2015 133 Note 'HÀQLWLRQVZHUHDGRSWHGIURPWKH)$2,QWHUQDWLRQDO 3ODQW3URWHFWLRQ&RQYHQWLRQGRFXPHQW ´,QWHUQDWLRQDO6WDQGDUGVIRU3K\WRVDQLWDU\0HDVXUHV ,630 *ORVVDU\RI3K\VWRVDQLWDU\7HUPV µ DYDLODEOHDW KWWSV ZZZLSSFLQWSXEOLFDWLRQV JORVVDU\SK\WRVDQLWDU\WHUPVDQGKWWS ZZZZWR RUJHQJOLVKWUDWRSBHVSVBHVSVXQGBHKWP 134 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015 Pilot data tables PILOT DATA TABLES | 2015 135 Ethiopia Guatemala Morocco 0R]DPELTXH Nepal REGISTERING AGRICULTURAL LAND First-time registrations of private land for individuals 'RHVWKHODZSURYLGHIRUÀUVWWLPH Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes UHJLVWUDWLRQVRILQGLYLGXDOSULYDWHODQG" ,IVRDUHWKHUHUHJXODWLRQVDQGLQVWLWXWLRQVLQ Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes SODFHWRSURFHVVDSSOLFDWLRQVIRUÀUVWWLPH UHJLVWUDWLRQVRISULYDWHODQG" ,VDQDSSOLFDWLRQIRUSULYDWHODQGUHJLVWUDWLRQ Yes Yes Yes Yes No PDGHSXEOLFE\WKHUHOHYDQWDXWKRULWLHV" Is a public hearing held to consult neighbors Yes Yes Yes No No DQGRWKHULQWHUHVWHGSDUWLHVRQWKHSURSHUW\ FODLPRIDQDSSOLFDQWIRUSULYDWHODQG UHJLVWUDWLRQ" ,VWKHGHFLVLRQRQDÀUVWWLPHSULYDWHODQG Yes Yes Yes Yes No UHJLVWUDWLRQPDGHSXEOLFXQGHUWKHQDPH of the applicant and can affected parties DSSHDOWKHGHFLVLRQ" 3URFHGXUHVWLPHDQGFRVWIRUÀUVWWLPHUHJLVWUDWLRQVRISULYDWHODQGIRULQGLYLGXDOV :KDWW\SHRISURFHVVLVXVHGWRUHJLVWHU $GPLQLVWUDWLYH Judicial $GPLQLVWUDWLYH $GPLQLVWUDWLYH $GPLQLVWUDWLYH SULYDWHODQG" +RZPDQ\SURFHGXUHVGRHVLWWDNHWR ³ 12 10 10 ³ UHJLVWHUSULYDWHODQGIRUWKHÀUVWWLPH" +RZPXFKWLPHGRHVLWWDNHWRUHJLVWHU 208 341 ³ SULYDWHODQGIRUWKHÀUVWWLPH LQFDOHQGDU GD\V " :KDWLVWKHFRVWWRUHJLVWHUSULYDWHODQGIRU 0.2 2.1 ³ WKHÀUVWWLPH DVRISURSHUW\YDOXH " First-time registrations of leases of public land for individuals 'RHVWKHODZSURYLGHIRUOHDVHKROG Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes applications of state-owned land for DJULFXOWXUDOSXUSRVHV" ,IVRDUHWKHUHUHJXODWLRQVDQGLQVWLWXWLRQVLQ Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes place to process applications for leases of VWDWHRZQHGODQG" Is an application for public land registration Yes Yes Yes No No PDGHSXEOLFE\WKHUHOHYDQWDXWKRULWLHV" Is a public hearing held to consult neighbors Yes No No No ³ and other interested parties on an DSSOLFDQW VSURSHUW\FODLPIRUSXEOLFODQG UHJLVWUDWLRQ" ,VWKHGHFLVLRQRQDÀUVWWLPHSXEOLFODQG Yes Yes Yes Yes ³ UHJLVWUDWLRQPDGHSXEOLFXQGHUWKHQDPH of the applicant and can affected parties DSSHDOWKHGHFLVLRQ" First-time registrations of land for communities 'RHVWKHODZSURYLGHIRUÀUVWWLPHUHJLVWUDWLRQV Yes Yes Yes Yes No RIFXVWRPDU\ODQGWKDWLVXVHGIRUIDUPLQJ" ,IVRDUHWKHUHUHJXODWLRQVDQGLQVWLWXWLRQVLQ No Yes Yes Yes n.a. SODFHWRSURFHVVDSSOLFDWLRQVIRUÀUVWWLPH UHJLVWUDWLRQVRIODQGIRUFRPPXQLWLHV" $FFRUGLQJWRWKHODZFDQPHQDQG Yes Yes No Yes n.a. ZRPHQSDUWLFLSDWHHTXDOO\LQWKHGHFLVLRQ PDNLQJVWUXFWXUHRIWKHFRPPXQLW\" Is an application for registration of land for No Yes n.a. Yes n.a. DFRPPXQLW\PDGHSXEOLFE\WKHUHOHYDQW DXWKRULWLHV" Is a public hearing held to consult neighbors No Yes No No n.a. DQGRWKHULQWHUHVWHGSDUWLHVRQWKHSURSHUW\ FODLPRIDQDSSOLFDQWIRUUHJLVWUDWLRQRIODQG IRUDFRPPXQLW\" n.a. = not applicable; — = not available; (m) = mandatory. For more details, see the Data notes. (continued on page 138) 136 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015 Philippines Rwanda Spain Uganda Ukraine REGISTERING AGRICULTURAL LAND First-time registrations of private land for individuals 'RHVWKHODZSURYLGHIRUÀUVWWLPH Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes UHJLVWUDWLRQVRILQGLYLGXDOSULYDWHODQG" ,IVRDUHWKHUHUHJXODWLRQVDQGLQVWLWXWLRQVLQ Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes SODFHWRSURFHVVDSSOLFDWLRQVIRUÀUVWWLPH UHJLVWUDWLRQVRISULYDWHODQG" ,VDQDSSOLFDWLRQIRUSULYDWHODQGUHJLVWUDWLRQ Yes Yes Yes Yes No PDGHSXEOLFE\WKHUHOHYDQWDXWKRULWLHV" Is a public hearing held to consult neighbors Yes Yes Yes Yes No DQGRWKHULQWHUHVWHGSDUWLHVRQWKHSURSHUW\ FODLPRIDQDSSOLFDQWIRUSULYDWHODQG UHJLVWUDWLRQ" ,VWKHGHFLVLRQRQDÀUVWWLPHSULYDWHODQG Yes Yes Yes No No UHJLVWUDWLRQPDGHSXEOLFXQGHUWKHQDPH of the applicant and can affected parties DSSHDOWKHGHFLVLRQ" 3URFHGXUHVWLPHDQGFRVWIRUÀUVWWLPHUHJLVWUDWLRQVRISULYDWHODQGIRULQGLYLGXDOV :KDWW\SHRISURFHVVLVXVHGWRUHJLVWHU Judicial $GPLQLVWUDWLYH Judicial $GPLQLVWUDWLYH $GPLQLVWUDWLYH SULYDWHODQG" +RZPDQ\SURFHGXUHVGRHVLWWDNHWR 12 12 7 UHJLVWHUSULYDWHODQGIRUWKHÀUVWWLPH" +RZPXFKWLPHGRHVLWWDNHWRUHJLVWHU 48 180 SULYDWHODQGIRUWKHÀUVWWLPH LQFDOHQGDU GD\V " :KDWLVWKHFRVWWRUHJLVWHUSULYDWHODQGIRU 0.7 0.4 0.1 1.7 0.1 WKHÀUVWWLPH DVRISURSHUW\YDOXH " First-time registrations of leases of public land for individuals 'RHVWKHODZSURYLGHIRUOHDVHKROG Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes applications of state-owned land for DJULFXOWXUDOSXUSRVHV" ,IVRDUHWKHUHUHJXODWLRQVDQGLQVWLWXWLRQVLQ Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes place to process applications for leases of VWDWHRZQHGODQG" Is an application for public land registration Yes Yes Yes No No PDGHSXEOLFE\WKHUHOHYDQWDXWKRULWLHV" Is a public hearing held to consult neighbors No Yes No No No and other interested parties on an DSSOLFDQW VSURSHUW\FODLPIRUSXEOLFODQG UHJLVWUDWLRQ" ,VWKHGHFLVLRQRQDÀUVWWLPHSXEOLFODQG No Yes Yes No No UHJLVWUDWLRQPDGHSXEOLFXQGHUWKHQDPH of the applicant and can affected parties DSSHDOWKHGHFLVLRQ" First-time registrations of land for communities 'RHVWKHODZSURYLGHIRUÀUVWWLPHUHJLVWUDWLRQV Yes No Yes Yes No RIFXVWRPDU\ODQGWKDWLVXVHGIRUIDUPLQJ" ,IVRDUHWKHUHUHJXODWLRQVDQGLQVWLWXWLRQVLQ Yes n.a. Yes Yes n.a. SODFHWRSURFHVVDSSOLFDWLRQVIRUÀUVWWLPH UHJLVWUDWLRQVRIODQGIRUFRPPXQLWLHV" $FFRUGLQJWRWKHODZFDQPHQDQG Yes n.a. Yes Yes n.a. ZRPHQSDUWLFLSDWHHTXDOO\LQWKHGHFLVLRQ PDNLQJVWUXFWXUHRIWKHFRPPXQLW\" Is an application for registration of land for Yes n.a. Yes Yes n.a. DFRPPXQLW\PDGHSXEOLFE\WKHUHOHYDQW DXWKRULWLHV" Is a public hearing held to consult neighbors Yes n.a. Yes No n.a. DQGRWKHULQWHUHVWHGSDUWLHVRQWKHSURSHUW\ FODLPRIDQDSSOLFDQWIRUUHJLVWUDWLRQRIODQG IRUDFRPPXQLW\" n.a. = not applicable; — = not available; (m) = mandatory. For more details, see the Data notes. (continued on page 139) PILOT DATA TABLES | 2015 137 Ethiopia Guatemala Morocco 0R]DPELTXH Nepal ,VWKHGHFLVLRQRQDÀUVWWLPHUHJLVWUDWLRQ No Yes Yes Yes n.a. RIODQGIRUDFRPPXQLW\PDGHSXEOLF XQGHUWKHQDPHRIWKHDSSOLFDQWDQGFDQ DIIHFWHGSDUWLHVDSSHDOWKHGHFLVLRQ" Land registry and registered land rights 'RUXUDODQGXUEDQDUHDVXVHWKHVDPHODQG Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes UHJLVWU\" &DQDOOFLWL]HQVUHJLVWHUULJKWVWRODQG" Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes &DQUHJLVWHUHGULJKWVEHLQKHULWHG" Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 'RUHJLVWHUHGULJKWVLQFOXGHWKHVXEVRLO" <HVXQOHVVWKHUH No Yes <HVXQOHVVWKHUH No LVDPLQHRU LVDPLQHRU water. water. 6HTXHQFLQJ 'RODQGDXWKRULWLHVUHJLVWHU Yes Yes No Yes Yes RQO\WUDQVDFWLRQVWKDWIROORZVXLWWR UHJLVWHUHGRQHV" ,QGHIHDVLELOLW\ 'RUHJLVWHUHGULJKWVSUHYDLO Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes RYHUXQUHJLVWHUHGULJKWV" 'RWKHODQGUHJLVWU\DQGWKHFDGDVWUHRU No No No No Yes VXUYH\XVHWKHVDPHLGHQWLÀFDWLRQQXPEHU IRUSDUFHOV" 'RHVWKHUHJLVWU\RUJDQL]HLWVERRNV Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes DFFRUGLQJWRSORWV" ,VFRPSHQVDWLRQPDGHDYDLODEOHWRSDUWLHV No No No No No ZKRHQJDJHLQDSURSHUW\WUDQVDFWLRQLQ JRRGIDLWKEDVHGRQHUURQHRXVLQIRUPDWLRQ FHUWLÀHGE\WKHODQGUHJLVWU\DQGODWHULQFXU ORVVHVEHFDXVHRIWKLVLQIRUPDWLRQ" &DQODQGRZQHUVOHDVHWKHLUODQG" No Yes Yes No Yes ACCESSING FINANCIAL SERVICES Branchless banking &DQDJHQWVEHKLUHGE\EDQNV Both Banks None None Banks PLFURÀQDQFHLQVWLWXWLRQVRUERWK" $UHWKHUHOHJDOO\PDQGDWHGPLQLPXPKRXUV No No n.a. n.a. No RIGDLO\RSHUDWLRQIRUDJHQWV" 0XVWDJHQWVEHFRQQHFWHGLQUHDOWLPHWR Yes No n.a. n.a. No EDQNV" $UHWKHUHOHJDOO\SUHVFULEHGPLQLPXP Yes Yes n.a. n.a. Yes VWDQGDUGVRQDFFRXQWLQJIRUDJHQW" &DQDJHQWVGHSRVLWPRQH\RQEHKDOIRI Yes Yes n.a. n.a. Yes FXVWRPHUVWRWKHLUDFFRXQWV" &DQDJHQWVZLWKGUDZFDVKIURPFXVWRPHUV Yes Yes n.a. n.a. Yes DFFRXQWV" &DQDJHQWVWUDQVIHUPRQH\WRRWKHU Yes Yes n.a. n.a. Yes FXVWRPHUV DFFRXQWV" &DQDJHQWVRIIHUELOOSD\PHQWVHUYLFHV" Yes Yes n.a. n.a. Yes &DQDJHQWVRSHQDFFRXQWV" Yes No n.a. n.a. No &DQDJHQWVSURFHVVORDQGRFXPHQWV" No No n.a. n.a. No 0XVWDJHQWVGLVSOD\DVFKHGXOHRIIHHVIRU Yes Yes n.a. n.a. n.a. WKHÀQDQFLDOVHUYLFHVRIIHUHG" $UHWKHUHDQ\VSHFLÀFODZVUXOHVUHJXODWLQJ Yes Yes No No Yes WKHSURYLVLRQRIPRELOHEDQNLQJVHUYLFHV" &DQEDQNVRIIHUPRELOHPRQH\WUDQVIHUV" Yes Yes n.a. n.a. Yes Nontraditional collateral &DQWDQJLEOHPRYDEOHSURSHUW\EHXVHGDV Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes FROODWHUDO" n.a. = not applicable; — = not available; (m) = mandatory. For more details, see the Data notes. (continued on page 140) 138 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015 Philippines Rwanda Spain Uganda Ukraine ,VWKHGHFLVLRQRQDÀUVWWLPHUHJLVWUDWLRQ Yes n.a. Yes No n.a. RIODQGIRUDFRPPXQLW\PDGHSXEOLF XQGHUWKHQDPHRIWKHDSSOLFDQWDQGFDQ DIIHFWHGSDUWLHVDSSHDOWKHGHFLVLRQ" Land registry and registered land rights 'RUXUDODQGXUEDQDUHDVXVHWKHVDPHODQG Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes UHJLVWU\" &DQDOOFLWL]HQVUHJLVWHUULJKWVWRODQG" Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes &DQUHJLVWHUHGULJKWVEHLQKHULWHG" Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 'RUHJLVWHUHGULJKWVLQFOXGHWKHVXEVRLO" Yes Yes <HVXQOHVVWKHUH Yes Yes LVDPLQHRU water. 6HTXHQFLQJ 'RODQGDXWKRULWLHVUHJLVWHU No Yes Yes Yes Yes RQO\WUDQVDFWLRQVWKDWIROORZVXLWWR UHJLVWHUHGRQHV" ,QGHIHDVLELOLW\ 'RUHJLVWHUHGULJKWVSUHYDLO Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes RYHUXQUHJLVWHUHGULJKWV" 'RWKHODQGUHJLVWU\DQGWKHFDGDVWUHRU Yes Yes No Yes No VXUYH\XVHWKHVDPHLGHQWLÀFDWLRQQXPEHU IRUSDUFHOV" 'RHVWKHUHJLVWU\RUJDQL]HLWVERRNV Yes No Yes Yes Yes DFFRUGLQJWRSORWV" ,VFRPSHQVDWLRQPDGHDYDLODEOHWRSDUWLHV Yes No Yes No Yes ZKRHQJDJHLQDSURSHUW\WUDQVDFWLRQLQ JRRGIDLWKEDVHGRQHUURQHRXVLQIRUPDWLRQ FHUWLÀHGE\WKHODQGUHJLVWU\DQGODWHULQFXU ORVVHVEHFDXVHRIWKLVLQIRUPDWLRQ" &DQODQGRZQHUVOHDVHWKHLUODQG" Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes ACCESSING FINANCIAL SERVICES Branchless banking &DQDJHQWVEHKLUHGE\EDQNV Banks Both Banks None Both PLFURÀQDQFHLQVWLWXWLRQVRUERWK" $UHWKHUHOHJDOO\PDQGDWHGPLQLPXPKRXUV No Yes No n.a. No RIGDLO\RSHUDWLRQIRUDJHQWV" 0XVWDJHQWVEHFRQQHFWHGLQUHDOWLPHWR No Yes No n.a. No EDQNV" $UHWKHUHOHJDOO\SUHVFULEHGPLQLPXP No Yes Yes n.a. No VWDQGDUGVRQDFFRXQWLQJIRUDJHQW" &DQDJHQWVGHSRVLWPRQH\RQEHKDOIRI No Yes Yes n.a. No FXVWRPHUVWRWKHLUDFFRXQWV" &DQDJHQWVZLWKGUDZFDVKIURPFXVWRPHUV No Yes Yes n.a. No DFFRXQWV" &DQDJHQWVWUDQVIHUPRQH\WRRWKHU No Yes Yes n.a. Yes FXVWRPHUV DFFRXQWV" &DQDJHQWVRIIHUELOOSD\PHQWVHUYLFHV" No Yes Yes n.a. No &DQDJHQWVRSHQDFFRXQWV" No No Yes n.a. No &DQDJHQWVSURFHVVORDQGRFXPHQWV" No No Yes n.a. No 0XVWDJHQWVGLVSOD\DVFKHGXOHRIIHHVIRU No No No n.a. Yes WKHÀQDQFLDOVHUYLFHVRIIHUHG" $UHWKHUHDQ\VSHFLÀFODZVUXOHVUHJXODWLQJ Yes Yes No Yes No WKHSURYLVLRQRIPRELOHEDQNLQJVHUYLFHV" &DQEDQNVRIIHUPRELOHPRQH\WUDQVIHUV" Yes Yes n.a. Yes n.a. Nontraditional collateral &DQWDQJLEOHPRYDEOHSURSHUW\EHXVHGDV Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes FROODWHUDO" n.a. = not applicable; — = not available; (m) = mandatory. For more details, see the Data notes. (continued on page 141) PILOT DATA TABLES | 2015 139 Ethiopia Guatemala Morocco 0R]DPELTXH Nepal &DQDJULFXOWXUDOPDFKLQHU\EHXVHGDV Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes FROODWHUDO" &DQFURSVEHXVHGDVFROODWHUDO" Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes &DQPRYDEOHFROODWHUDOEHGHVFULEHGLQ No Yes No No Yes JHQHUDOWHUPV" &DQOHDVHGPRYDEOHDVVHWVEHXVHGDV No Yes Yes No Yes FROODWHUDO" &DQIXWXUHDVVHWVEHXVHGDVFROODWHUDO" No Yes Yes No Yes 'RHVWKHVHFXULW\LQWHUHVWDXWRPDWLFDOO\ No No No No Yes H[WHQGWRWUDQVIRUPDWLRQVRIWKHRULJLQDO FROODWHUDO" Warehouse receipts ,VWKHUHVSHFLÀFOHJLVODWLRQUHJXODWLQJWKH Yes Yes No No No RSHUDWLRQRIZDUHKRXVHUHFHLSWV" Must warehouse operators obtain a Yes Yes n.a. n.a. n.a. OLFHQVH" Must the warehouse operators insure their Yes Yes n.a. n.a. n.a. ZDUHKRXVHRUWKHVWRUHGJRRGVDJDLQVWÀUH ÁRRGDQGHDUWKTXDNH" $UHSDSHUEDVHGHOHFWURQLFRUERWKW\SHV Both 3DSHUEDVHG n.a. n.a. n.a. RIUHFHLSWVDUHOHJDOO\YDOLG" 0XVWUHFHLSWVFRQWDLQLQIRUPDWLRQRQWKH Yes Yes n.a. n.a. n.a. ORFDWLRQRIVWRUDJH" 0XVWUHFHLSWVFRQWDLQLQIRUPDWLRQRQWKH Yes Yes n.a. n.a. n.a. DPRXQWVLQVWRUDJH" 0XVWUHFHLSWVFRQWDLQLQIRUPDWLRQRQWKH Yes Yes n.a. n.a. n.a. \HDUDQGKDUYHVWRIJRRGV" 0XVWUHFHLSWVFRQWDLQLQIRUPDWLRQRQ No No n.a. n.a. n.a. SHUIRUPDQFHJXDUDQWHHV" 0XVWUHFHLSWVFRQWDLQLQIRUPDWLRQRQ Yes No n.a. n.a. n.a. VHFXULW\LQWHUHVWVRYHUWKHJRRGV" Prudential regulation $UHÀQDQFLDOLQVWLWXWLRQVOHJDOO\UHTXLUHGWR No No No No Yes direct a certain share of their lending to the DJULFXOWXUDOVHFWRU" &DQPLFURÀQDQFHLQVWLWXWLRQVWDNHGHSRVLWV" Yes No No Yes Yes :KDWLVWKHPLQLPXPFDSLWDOWRHVWDEOLVK none none 4.2 DPLFURÀQDQFHLQVWLWXWLRQV DVPXOWLSOHRI LQFRPHSHUFDSLWD " :KDWLVWKHPDQGDWRU\FDSLWDODGHTXDF\ 12 n.a. n.a. 8 8 UDWLRIRUPLFURÀQDQFHLQVWLWXWLRQV" $UHSURYLVLRQLQJUDWHVIRUPLFURÀQDQFH Yes Yes Yes No No LQVWLWXWLRQVGLIIHUHQWIURPWKRVHDSSOLHGWR FRPPHUFLDOEDQNV" :KDWVKDUHRIDORDQPXVWEHFRYHUHGE\ )XOODPRXQW 8QVHFXUHGVKDUH 8QVHFXUHGVKDUH 8QVHFXUHGVKDUH )XOODPRXQW SURYLVLRQLQJE\ÀQDQFLDOLQVWLWXWLRQV" STRENGTHENING SEED SYSTEMS Regulatory framework for seed 'RHVWKHFRXQWU\KDYHDVHHGSROLF\ Yes No Yes No Yes GRFXPHQW" 'RHVWKHFRXQWU\KDYHLQWHOOHFWXDOSURSHUW\ Yes No Yes No No ULJKWVIRUVHHG" :KDWLVWKHFRXQWU\·VFXUUHQWVWDWXVLQWKH None 2EVHUYHU 0HPEHU None None ,QWHUQDWLRQDO8QLRQIRUWKH3URWHFWLRQRI 1HZ9DULHWLHVRI3ODQWV 8329 " n.a. = not applicable; — = not available; (m) = mandatory. For more details, see the Data notes. (continued on page 142) 140 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015 Philippines Rwanda Spain Uganda Ukraine &DQDJULFXOWXUDOPDFKLQHU\EHXVHGDV Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes FROODWHUDO" &DQFURSVEHXVHGDVFROODWHUDO" Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes &DQPRYDEOHFROODWHUDOEHGHVFULEHGLQ No Yes No No Yes JHQHUDOWHUPV" &DQOHDVHGPRYDEOHDVVHWVEHXVHGDV No Yes Yes No Yes FROODWHUDO" &DQIXWXUHDVVHWVEHXVHGDVFROODWHUDO" No Yes No Yes Yes 'RHVWKHVHFXULW\LQWHUHVWDXWRPDWLFDOO\ No Yes Yes Yes Yes H[WHQGWRWUDQVIRUPDWLRQVRIWKHRULJLQDO FROODWHUDO" Warehouse receipts ,VWKHUHVSHFLÀFOHJLVODWLRQUHJXODWLQJWKH Yes Yes No Yes Yes RSHUDWLRQRIZDUHKRXVHUHFHLSWV" Must warehouse operators obtain a No No n.a. Yes Yes OLFHQVH" Must the warehouse operators insure their No No n.a. Yes Yes ZDUHKRXVHRUWKHVWRUHGJRRGVDJDLQVWÀUH ÁRRGDQGHDUWKTXDNH" $UHSDSHUEDVHGHOHFWURQLFRUERWKW\SHV Both 3DSHUEDVHG n.a. 3DSHUEDVHG Both RIUHFHLSWVDUHOHJDOO\YDOLG" 0XVWUHFHLSWVFRQWDLQLQIRUPDWLRQRQWKH Yes Yes n.a. Yes Yes ORFDWLRQRIVWRUDJH" 0XVWUHFHLSWVFRQWDLQLQIRUPDWLRQRQWKH Yes Yes n.a. Yes Yes DPRXQWVLQVWRUDJH" 0XVWUHFHLSWVFRQWDLQLQIRUPDWLRQRQWKH No No n.a. No Yes \HDUDQGKDUYHVWRIJRRGV" 0XVWUHFHLSWVFRQWDLQLQIRUPDWLRQRQ No No n.a. No No SHUIRUPDQFHJXDUDQWHHV" 0XVWUHFHLSWVFRQWDLQLQIRUPDWLRQRQ No No n.a. Yes Yes VHFXULW\LQWHUHVWVRYHUWKHJRRGV" Prudential regulation $UHÀQDQFLDOLQVWLWXWLRQVOHJDOO\UHTXLUHGWR Yes No No No No direct a certain share of their lending to the DJULFXOWXUDOVHFWRU" &DQPLFURÀQDQFHLQVWLWXWLRQVWDNHGHSRVLWV" No Yes n.a. Yes Yes :KDWLVWKHPLQLPXPFDSLWDOWRHVWDEOLVK none 3737 n.a. DPLFURÀQDQFHLQVWLWXWLRQV DVPXOWLSOHRI LQFRPHSHUFDSLWD " :KDWLVWKHPDQGDWRU\FDSLWDODGHTXDF\ n.a. n.a. 20 UDWLRIRUPLFURÀQDQFHLQVWLWXWLRQV" $UHSURYLVLRQLQJUDWHVIRUPLFURÀQDQFH n.a. Yes n.a. No Yes LQVWLWXWLRQVGLIIHUHQWIURPWKRVHDSSOLHGWR FRPPHUFLDOEDQNV" :KDWVKDUHRIDORDQPXVWEHFRYHUHGE\ )XOODPRXQW 8QVHFXUHGVKDUH 8QVHFXUHGVKDUH )XOODPRXQW 8QVHFXUHGVKDUH SURYLVLRQLQJE\ÀQDQFLDOLQVWLWXWLRQV" STRENGTHENING SEED SYSTEMS Regulatory framework for seed 'RHVWKHFRXQWU\KDYHDVHHGSROLF\ No Yes No No No GRFXPHQW" 'RHVWKHFRXQWU\KDYHLQWHOOHFWXDOSURSHUW\ Yes No Yes No Yes ULJKWV" :KDWLVWKHFRXQWU\·VFXUUHQWVWDWXVLQWKH 2EVHUYHU None 0HPEHU 2EVHUYHU 0HPEHU ,QWHUQDWLRQDO8QLRQIRUWKH3URWHFWLRQRI 1HZ9DULHWLHVRI3ODQWV 8329 " n.a. = not applicable; — = not available; (m) = mandatory. For more details, see the Data notes. (continued on page 143) PILOT DATA TABLES | 2015 141 Ethiopia Guatemala Morocco 0R]DPELTXH Nepal Does the current seed regulation allow No Yes Yes Yes Yes LQVSHFWRUVODERUDWRULHVRUVHHGHQWHUSULVHV WREHDFFUHGLWHGDVWKLUGSDUWLHV" 5HTXLUHPHQWVIRUHYDOXDWLRQDQGUHJLVWUDWLRQRIQHZYDULHWLHV 0XVWDOOIRRGFURSYDULHWLHVEHUHJLVWHUHGWR Yes No Yes Yes Yes EHOHJDOO\VROG" )RUDSSOLFDWLRQVWRUHJLVWHUDQHZYDULHW\ No Yes No No No DUHÀHOGWHVWLQJGDWDIURPWKHEUHHGHU DFFHSWHGDVWKHRIÀFLDOGDWD" ,VWKHUHDQRIÀFLDOO\PDQGDWHGYDULHW\ Yes No Yes Yes Yes UHOHDVHFRPPLWWHHLQWKHFRXQWU\" +RZPDQ\SXEOLFVHFWRUUHSUHVHQWDWLYHVVLW 11a 4b ³ 7 RQWKHFRPPLWWHH" +RZPDQ\SULYDWHVHFWRUUHSUHVHQWDWLYHVVLW none none 3 ³ 2 RQWKHFRPPLWWHH" 'RHVWKHFRXQWU\KDYHDYDULHW\FDWDORJXH Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes OLVWLQJQHZFRPPHUFLDOVHHGYDULHWLHV" Procedures and cost for evaluation and registration of new varieties +RZPDQ\SURFHGXUHVGRHVLWWDNHWR 8 HYDOXDWHDQGUHJLVWHUDQHZYDULHW\" :KDWLVWKHFRVWWRUHJLVWHUDQHZYDULHW\ DV no costc 2.0 ³ no cost RILQFRPHSHUFDSLWD " Availability of initial seed classes $UHSULYDWHHQWHUSULVHVHOLJLEOHWRSURGXFH Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes breeder/pre-basic seed of local public YDULHWLHVIRUXVHLQWKHGRPHVWLFPDUNHW" $UHSULYDWHHQWHUSULVHVHOLJLEOHWRSURGXFH Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes foundation/ basic seed of local public YDULHWLHVIRUXVHLQWKHGRPHVWLFPDUNHW" 6HHGTXDOLW\FRQWUROUHTXLUHPHQWV ,VVHHGFHUWLÀFDWLRQPDQGDWRU\IRUDOOIRRG No No Yes Yes No VHHGFURSVWREHVROGRQWKHGRPHVWLF PDUNHW" +RZPDQ\SURFHGXUHVGRHVLWWDNHWRJHW 7 4 FHUHDOVHHGORFDOO\FHUWLÀHG" $UHDQ\SURJUDPVLQSODFHWRWUDQVIHU No No No ³ Yes FHUWLÀFDWLRQDFWLYLWLHV VXFKDVWUDLQLQJ DFFUHGLWDWLRQ WRLQGLYLGXDOVLQFRPPXQLWLHV DQGYLOODJHV" International and regional seed trade ,QZKDW LIDQ\ UHJLRQDOKDUPRQL]DWLRQ COMESA seed Central (8FHUWLÀFDWLRQ SADC Technical none VFKHPHLVWKHFRXQWU\DPHPEHU" KDUPRQL]DWLRQ $PHULFDQ HTXLYDOHQFH $JUHHPHQWVRQ Technical +DUPRQL]DWLRQRI Regulations Seed ,QZKDW LIDQ\ LQWHUQDWLRQDOFHUWLÀFDWLRQ none none OECD none ISTA VFKHPHLVWKHFRXQWU\DPHPEHU" IMPROVING FERTILIZER SUPPLY Domestic production and blending of fertilizer 'RHVWKHFRXQWU\SURGXFHIHUWLOL]HU" No No Yes No No $UHWKHUHIHUWLOL]HUPL[EOHQGSODQWVLQWKH No Yes Yes Yes No FRXQWU\ SXEOLFRUSULYDWH " Regulatory framework for fertilizer 'RHVWKHFRXQWU\KDYHDIHUWLOL]HUVWUDWHJ\RU Yes No No Yes Yes SROLF\GLUHFWLYH" $UHWKHUHQDWLRQDOODZVUHJXODWLQJIHUWLOL]HU" Yes Yes No Yes Yes n.a. = not applicable; — = not available; (m) = mandatory. For more details, see the Data notes. (continued on page 144) 142 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015 Philippines Rwanda Spain Uganda Ukraine Does the current seed regulation allow Yes No Yes Yes No LQVSHFWRUVODERUDWRULHVRUVHHGHQWHUSULVHV WREHDFFUHGLWHGDVWKLUGSDUWLHV" 5HTXLUHPHQWVIRUHYDOXDWLRQDQGUHJLVWUDWLRQRIQHZYDULHWLHV 0XVWDOOIRRGFURSYDULHWLHVEHUHJLVWHUHGWR No Yes Yes Yes Yes EHOHJDOO\VROG" )RUDSSOLFDWLRQVWRUHJLVWHUDQHZYDULHW\ No No No No No DUHÀHOGWHVWLQJGDWDIURPWKHEUHHGHU DFFHSWHGDVWKHRIÀFLDOGDWD" ,VWKHUHDQRIÀFLDOO\PDQGDWHGYDULHW\ Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes UHOHDVHFRPPLWWHHLQWKHFRXQWU\" +RZPDQ\SXEOLFVHFWRUUHSUHVHQWDWLYHVVLW 10 7 ³ RQWKHFRPPLWWHH" +RZPDQ\SULYDWHVHFWRUUHSUHVHQWDWLYHVVLW 3 4 10 3 ³ RQWKHFRPPLWWHH" 'RHVWKHFRXQWU\KDYHDYDULHW\FDWDORJXH Yes No Yes Yes Yes OLVWLQJQHZFRPPHUFLDOVHHGYDULHWLHV" Procedures and cost for evaluation and registration of new varieties +RZPDQ\SURFHGXUHVGRHVLWWDNHWR n.a. 7 HYDOXDWHDQGUHJLVWHUDQHZYDULHW\" :KDWLVWKHFRVWWRUHJLVWHUDQHZYDULHW\ DV n.a. 28.0 RILQFRPHSHUFDSLWD " Availability of initial seed classes $UHSULYDWHHQWHUSULVHVHOLJLEOHWRSURGXFH Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes breeder/pre-basic seed of local public YDULHWLHVIRUXVHLQWKHGRPHVWLFPDUNHW" $UHSULYDWHHQWHUSULVHVHOLJLEOHWRSURGXFH Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes foundation/ basic seed of local public YDULHWLHVIRUXVHLQWKHGRPHVWLFPDUNHW" 6HHGTXDOLW\FRQWUROUHTXLUHPHQWV ,VVHHGFHUWLÀFDWLRQPDQGDWRU\IRUDOOIRRG No Yes No Yes Yes VHHGFURSVWREHVROGRQWKHGRPHVWLF PDUNHW" +RZPDQ\SURFHGXUHVGRHVLWWDNHWRJHW 4 FHUHDOVHHGORFDOO\FHUWLÀHG" $UHDQ\SURJUDPVLQSODFHWRWUDQVIHU No No No No No FHUWLÀFDWLRQDFWLYLWLHV VXFKDVWUDLQLQJ DFFUHGLWDWLRQ WRLQGLYLGXDOVLQFRPPXQLWLHV DQGYLOODJHV" International and regional seed trade ,QZKDW LIDQ\ UHJLRQDOKDUPRQL]DWLRQ none COMESA seed (8OHJLVODWLRQRQ COMESA seed none VFKHPHLVWKHFRXQWU\DPHPEHU" KDUPRQL]DWLRQ WKHPDUNHWLQJRI KDUPRQL]DWLRQ seed and plant propagating PDWHULDO ,QZKDW LIDQ\ LQWHUQDWLRQDOFHUWLÀFDWLRQ ISTA none OECD and ISTA OECD and ISTA OECD and ISTA VFKHPHLVWKHFRXQWU\DPHPEHU" IMPROVING FERTILIZER SUPPLY Domestic production and blending of fertilizer 'RHVWKHFRXQWU\SURGXFHIHUWLOL]HU" Yes No Yes No Yes $UHWKHUHIHUWLOL]HUPL[EOHQGSODQWVLQWKH Yes No Yes No Yes FRXQWU\ SXEOLFRUSULYDWH " Regulatory framework for fertilizer 'RHVWKHFRXQWU\KDYHDIHUWLOL]HUVWUDWHJ\RU Yes No No No No SROLF\GLUHFWLYH" $UHWKHUHQDWLRQDOODZVUHJXODWLQJIHUWLOL]HU" Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes n.a. = not applicable; — = not available; (m) = mandatory. For more details, see the Data notes. (continued on page 145) PILOT DATA TABLES | 2015 143 Ethiopia Guatemala Morocco 0R]DPELTXH Nepal ,IVRDUHWKHSURYLVLRQVFRQWDLQHGLQD 8QLÀHGODZ 8QLÀHGODZ No 8QLÀHGODZ 8QLÀHGODZ XQLÀHGODZRULQPXOWLSOHODZV" ,QDGGLWLRQWRWKHQDWLRQDOIHUWLOL]HUODZ No Yes No No No DUHWKHUHDQ\VXSUDQDWLRQDOIHUWLOL]HUODZV UHJXODWLQJIHUWLOL]HULQWKHFRXQWU\" Registration of fertilizer 0XVWIHUWLOL]HUVEHUHJLVWHUHGWREHOHJDOO\ Yes Yes No Yes Yes VROGLQWKHFRXQWU\" +RZPDQ\SURFHGXUHVGRHVLWWDNHWR 2 4 n.a. n.a. 3 UHJLVWHUDIHUWLOL]HU" +RZPXFKWLPHGRHVLWWDNHWRUHJLVWHUD 120 n.a. n.a. IHUWLOL]HU LQFDOHQGDUGD\V " :KDWLVWKHWRWDOFRVWWRUHJLVWHUDIHUWLOL]HU ³ 323.3 n.a. n.a. 4710.0 LQ86 " 2QFHDIHUWLOL]HULVUHJLVWHUHGLVLWV No Yes n.a. Yes Yes UHJLVWUDWLRQOLPLWHGWRDVSHFLÀFSHULRG" ,IVRKRZORQJLVWKDWSHULRG LQ\HDUV " n.a. 10 n.a. 3 ,VWKHUHDQRIÀFLDOFDWDORJXHOLVWLQJDOO Yes Yes No No No UHJLVWHUHGIHUWLOL]HUV" ,VWKHFRXQWU\SDUW\WRDVXSUDQDWLRQDO No Yes No No No DJUHHPHQWRQWKHUHJLVWUDWLRQRIIHUWLOL]HU SURGXFWV" $UHQHZIHUWLOL]HUSURGXFWVUHJLVWHUHGLQ n.a. No n.a. n.a. n.a. RWKHUFRXQWULHVSDUW\WRWKHDJUHHPHQW LPPHGLDWHO\DFFHSWHGLQWKHFRXQWU\ ZLWKRXWIXUWKHUSURFHGXUHV" Importing of fertilizer 'RHVWKHJRYHUQPHQWSURFXUHIHUWLOL]HU" Yes Yes Yes No Yes ,VWKHSULYDWHVHFWRUDOORZHGWRLPSRUW Yese Yes Yes Yes Yes FKHPLFDOIHUWLOL]HU" +RZPDQ\SURFHGXUHVGRHVLWWDNHWR N.Af 8 ³ 8 4 LPSRUWIHUWLOL]HU" +RZPXFKWLPHGRHVLWWDNHWRLPSRUW ³ ³ ³ ³ 40 IHUWLOL]HU LQFDOHQGDUGD\V " Subsidies, taxes and tariffs on fertilizer ,VWKHUHDIHUWLOL]HUVXEVLG\VFKHPHLQSODFH" No Yes Yes No Yes $UHDQ\WDULIIVRUWD[HVOHYLHGRQIHUWLOL]HU" No Yes Yes No No Quality control of fertilizer 'RHVWKHIHUWLOL]HUODZSURKLELWWKHVDOHRI Yes Yes ³ Yes Yes PLVODEHOHGIHUWLOL]HU" 'RHVWKHUHJXODWRU\ERG\KDYHWKH Yes Yes ³ Yes Yes DXWKRULW\WRFRQGXFWTXDOLW\LQVSHFWLRQVRI IHUWLOL]HUDWWKHSRLQWRIUHWDLOVDOH" 'RHVWKHODZUHTXLUHODEHOLQJLQIRUPDWLRQ Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes IRUH[DPSOHEUDQGQDPHQHWZHLJKW YROXPH RQIHUWLOL]HUFRQWDLQHUV" 'RHVWKHODZUHTXLUHWKHODEHOWRLQFOXGH Yes No ³ No ³ the results or effects that can be expected ZKHQIHUWLOL]HULVXVHGDVGLUHFWHG" Fertilizer use and soil health $UHWKHUHDQ\VRLOWHVWLQJODEVLQWKH Yes Yes ³ Yes Yes FRXQWU\" :KDWLVWKHDYHUDJHIHUWLOL]HUXVHUDWH LQ 23 40 24 NLORJUDPVSHUKHFWDUH " $UHWKHUHDQ\H[WHQVLRQDFWLYLWLHVWRWUDLQ Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes IDUPHUVLQWKHXVHRIIHUWLOL]HU" n.a. = not applicable; — = not available; (m) = mandatory. For more details, see the Data notes. (continued on page 146) 144 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015 Philippines Rwanda Spain Uganda Ukraine ,IVRDUHWKHSURYLVLRQVFRQWDLQHGLQD 8QLÀHGODZ 8QLÀHGODZ Multiple laws 8QLÀHGODZ 8QLÀHGODZ XQLÀHGODZRULQPXOWLSOHODZV" ,QDGGLWLRQWRWKHQDWLRQDOIHUWLOL]HUODZ No No Yes No No DUHWKHUHDQ\VXSUDQDWLRQDOIHUWLOL]HUODZV UHJXODWLQJIHUWLOL]HULQWKHFRXQWU\" Registration of fertilizer 0XVWIHUWLOL]HUVEHUHJLVWHUHGWREHOHJDOO\ Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes VROGLQWKHFRXQWU\" +RZPDQ\SURFHGXUHVGRHVLWWDNHWR 3 2 1 7 UHJLVWHUDIHUWLOL]HU" +RZPXFKWLPHGRHVLWWDNHWRUHJLVWHUD ³ IHUWLOL]HU LQFDOHQGDUGD\V " :KDWLVWKHWRWDOFRVWWRUHJLVWHUDIHUWLOL]HU 202.1 no cost LQ86 " 2QFHDIHUWLOL]HULVUHJLVWHUHGLVLWV Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes UHJLVWUDWLRQOLPLWHGWRDVSHFLÀFSHULRG" ,IVRKRZORQJLVWKDWSHULRG LQ\HDUV " 3 3 10d 3 10 ,VWKHUHDQRIÀFLDOFDWDORJXHOLVWLQJDOO Yes No Yes Yes Yes UHJLVWHUHGIHUWLOL]HUV" ,VWKHFRXQWU\SDUW\WRDVXSUDQDWLRQDO No No Yes No No DJUHHPHQWRQWKHUHJLVWUDWLRQRIIHUWLOL]HU SURGXFWV" $UHQHZIHUWLOL]HUSURGXFWVUHJLVWHUHGLQ n.a. n.a. Yes n.a. n.a. RWKHUFRXQWULHVSDUW\WRWKHDJUHHPHQW LPPHGLDWHO\DFFHSWHGLQWKHFRXQWU\ ZLWKRXWIXUWKHUSURFHGXUHV" Importing of fertilizer 'RHVWKHJRYHUQPHQWSURFXUHIHUWLOL]HU" No Yes No Yes No ,VWKHSULYDWHVHFWRUDOORZHGWRLPSRUW Yes No Yes Yes Yes FKHPLFDOIHUWLOL]HU" +RZPDQ\SURFHGXUHVGRHVLWWDNHWR 4 4 4 7 ³ LPSRUWIHUWLOL]HU" +RZPXFKWLPHGRHVLWWDNHWRLPSRUW 43 13 37 ³ IHUWLOL]HU LQFDOHQGDUGD\V " Subsidies, taxes and tariffs on fertilizer ,VWKHUHDIHUWLOL]HUVXEVLG\VFKHPHLQSODFH" Yes Yes No No No $UHDQ\WDULIIVRUWD[HVOHYLHGRQIHUWLOL]HU" Yes No Yes No Yes Quality control of fertilizer 'RHVWKHIHUWLOL]HUODZSURKLELWWKHVDOHRI Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes PLVODEHOHGIHUWLOL]HU" 'RHVWKHUHJXODWRU\ERG\KDYHWKH Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes DXWKRULW\WRFRQGXFWTXDOLW\LQVSHFWLRQVRI IHUWLOL]HUDWWKHSRLQWRIUHWDLOVDOH" 'RHVWKHODZUHTXLUHODEHOLQJLQIRUPDWLRQ Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes IRUH[DPSOHEUDQGQDPHQHWZHLJKW YROXPH RQIHUWLOL]HUFRQWDLQHUV" 'RHVWKHODZUHTXLUHWKHODEHOWRLQFOXGH Yes Yes Yes No No the results or effects that can be expected ZKHQIHUWLOL]HULVXVHGDVGLUHFWHG" Fertilizer use and soil health $UHWKHUHDQ\VRLOWHVWLQJODEVLQWKH Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes FRXQWU\" :KDWLVWKHDYHUDJHIHUWLOL]HUXVHUDWH LQ ³ 131 2 78 NLORJUDPVSHUKHFWDUH " $UHWKHUHDQ\H[WHQVLRQDFWLYLWLHVWRWUDLQ Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes IDUPHUVLQWKHXVHRIIHUWLOL]HU" n.a. = not applicable; — = not available; (m) = mandatory. For more details, see the Data notes. (continued on page 147) PILOT DATA TABLES | 2015 145 Ethiopia Guatemala Morocco 0R]DPELTXH Nepal TRANSPORTING AGRICULTURAL GOODS /LFHQVLQJUHTXLUHPHQWVWRRSHUDWHDWUXFNLQJFRPSDQ\ :KDWW\SHRIOLFHQVLQJLVUHTXLUHGWR 6SHFLÀFOLFHQVH 6SHFLÀFOLFHQVH 5HJLVWU\RU 6SHFLÀFOLFHQVH 6SHFLÀFOLFHQVH transport agricultural products in the RUSHUPLW RUSHUPLW QRWLÀFDWLRQ RUSHUPLW RUSHUPLW GRPHVWLFPDUNHW" +RZPDQ\SURFHGXUHVGRHVLWWDNHWR 2 1 1 2 2 REWDLQWKHUHTXLUHGOLFHQVHSHUPLW DXWKRUL]DWLRQ" +RZPXFKWLPHGRHVLWWDNHWRREWDLQWKH 2 30 18 20 2 UHTXLUHGOLFHQVHSHUPLWDXWKRUL]DWLRQ LQ FDOHQGDUGD\V " :KDWLVWKHFRVWWRREWDLQWKHUHTXLUHG 11.1 0.7 no cost 44.7 48.8 OLFHQVHSHUPLWDXWKRUL]DWLRQ DVRI LQFRPHSHUFDSLWD " ,VVXFKDOLFHQVHJUDQWHGWRDOOFRPSDQLHV No Yes No No No PHHWLQJWKHWHFKQLFDOVDIHW\DQGÀQDQFLDO UHTXLUHPHQWV" Does a single license allow operation of Yes No Yes No No VHYHUDOWUXFNV" $UHWKHUHTXLUHPHQWVWKDWDÀUPPXVWIXOÀOOWR Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes REWDLQRUUHQHZDOLFHQVHSXEOLFO\DYDLODEOH" 0XVWOLFHQVHDSSOLFDQWVEHLQIRUPHGRI Yes Yes No Yes Yes GHFLVLRQVZLWKLQDFHUWDLQWLPHIUDPH" ,VWKHVDPHOLFHQVHUHTXLUHGLIDFRPSDQ\LV Yes Yes No No No WUDQVSRUWLQJLWVRZQSURGXFWV" $UHWKHUHDQ\UHTXLUHPHQWVVSHFLÀFWRWKH Yes Yes Yes No No WUDQVSRUWRIDJULFXOWXUDOSHULVKDEOHJRRGV" 0XVWWUXFNVRUWUXFNLQJFRPSDQLHVEH No No No No No registered with trucking associations to OHJDOO\RSHUDWH" Pricing and freight allocation 'RHVWKHJRYHUQPHQWUHJXODWHRULQÁXHQFH Yes No Yes No Yes SULFHVRIDJULFXOWXUDOWUDQVSRUWVHUYLFHV IRU H[DPSOHWKURXJKSULFLQJJXLGHOLQHV " Do transport associations regulate or No Yes No No No LQÁXHQFHSULFHVRIDJULFXOWXUDOWUDQVSRUW VHUYLFHV IRUH[DPSOHWKURXJKSULFLQJ JXLGHOLQHV " ,VDQLQVWLWXWLRQDOL]HGTXHXLQJV\VWHP tour No No No No No de rôle) used to allocate agricultural IUHLJKW" ,VDQLQVWLWXWLRQDOL]HGLQWHUPHGLDU\ No No No No No V\VWHP bourse de fret) used to allocate DJULFXOWXUDOIUHLJKW" Axle-load regulation ,VWKHUHDQRIÀFLDOVHWRID[OHORDG Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes UHJXODWLRQV" :KDWDUHWKHD[OHORDGOLPLWVSHUD[OHDQGLQ QD QD QD WRWDO LQPHWULFWRQV " ,VWKHUHDÀQHLIIDLOLQJWRFRPSO\ZLWKD[OH Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes ORDGUHJXODWLRQV" Are there restrictions to truck circulation (for No Yes No No Yes H[DPSOHGXULQJFHUWDLQKRXUVRUGD\V " Mutual recognition of standards and foreign trucking competition (Assumption: foreign trucking company is registered in the largest neighboring trading partner) Is there an international or bilateral Yes Yes No No No DJUHHPHQWZLWKWKHODUJHVWQHLJKERULQJ agricultural trading partner granting KDUPRQL]DWLRQRUPXWXDOUHFRJQLWLRQRI D[OHORDGUHJXODWLRQV" n.a. = not applicable; — = not available; (m) = mandatory. For more details, see the Data notes. (continued on page 148) 146 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015 Philippines Rwanda Spain Uganda Ukraine TRANSPORTING AGRICULTURAL GOODS /LFHQVLQJUHTXLUHPHQWVWRRSHUDWHDWUXFNLQJFRPSDQ\ :KDWW\SHRIOLFHQVLQJLVUHTXLUHGWR State concession 6SHFLÀFOLFHQVH 6SHFLÀFOLFHQVH 6SHFLÀFOLFHQVH No license transport agricultural products in the or franchise RUSHUPLW RUSHUPLW RUSHUPLW GRPHVWLFPDUNHW" +RZPDQ\SURFHGXUHVGRHVLWWDNHWR 8 1 1 1 n.a. REWDLQWKHUHTXLUHGOLFHQVHSHUPLW DXWKRUL]DWLRQ" +RZPXFKWLPHGRHVLWWDNHWRREWDLQWKH 270 2 2 3 n.a. UHTXLUHGOLFHQVHSHUPLWDXWKRUL]DWLRQ LQ FDOHQGDUGD\V " :KDWLVWKHFRVWWRREWDLQWKHUHTXLUHG 1.4 0.2 n.a. OLFHQVHSHUPLWDXWKRUL]DWLRQ DVRI LQFRPHSHUFDSLWD " ,VVXFKDOLFHQVHJUDQWHGWRDOOFRPSDQLHV No Yes No Yes n.a. PHHWLQJWKHWHFKQLFDOVDIHW\DQGÀQDQFLDO UHTXLUHPHQWV" Does a single license allow operation of Yes Yes Yes No n.a. VHYHUDOWUXFNV" $UHWKHUHTXLUHPHQWVWKDWDÀUPPXVWIXOÀOOWR Yes Yes Yes Yes n.a. REWDLQRUUHQHZDOLFHQVHSXEOLFO\DYDLODEOH" 0XVWOLFHQVHDSSOLFDQWVEHLQIRUPHGRI Yes Yes Yes No n.a. GHFLVLRQVZLWKLQDFHUWDLQWLPHIUDPH" ,VWKHVDPHOLFHQVHUHTXLUHGLIDFRPSDQ\LV No No No Yes n.a. WUDQVSRUWLQJLWVRZQSURGXFWV" $UHWKHUHDQ\UHTXLUHPHQWVVSHFLÀFWRWKH No No Yes No n.a. WUDQVSRUWRIDJULFXOWXUDOSHULVKDEOHJRRGV" 0XVWWUXFNVRUWUXFNLQJFRPSDQLHVEH No No No No No registered with trucking associations to OHJDOO\RSHUDWH" Pricing and freight allocation 'RHVWKHJRYHUQPHQWUHJXODWHRULQÁXHQFH No No No No No SULFHVRIDJULFXOWXUDOWUDQVSRUWVHUYLFHV IRU H[DPSOHWKURXJKSULFLQJJXLGHOLQHV " Do transport associations regulate or Yes No No No No LQÁXHQFHSULFHVRIDJULFXOWXUDOWUDQVSRUW VHUYLFHV IRUH[DPSOHWKURXJKSULFLQJ JXLGHOLQHV " ,VDQLQVWLWXWLRQDOL]HGTXHXLQJV\VWHP tour No No No No No de rôle) used to allocate agricultural IUHLJKW" ,VDQLQVWLWXWLRQDOL]HGLQWHUPHGLDU\ No No No No No V\VWHP bourse de fret) used to allocate DJULFXOWXUDOIUHLJKW" Axle-load regulation ,VWKHUHDQRIÀFLDOVHWRID[OHORDG Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes UHJXODWLRQV" :KDWDUHWKHD[OHORDGOLPLWVSHUD[OHDQGLQ WRWDO LQPHWULFWRQV " ,VWKHUHDÀQHLIIDLOLQJWRFRPSO\ZLWKD[OH Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes ORDGUHJXODWLRQV" Are there restrictions to truck circulation (for Yes Yes Yes No Yes H[DPSOHGXULQJFHUWDLQKRXUVRUGD\V " Mutual recognition of standards and foreign trucking competition (Assumption: foreign trucking company is registered in the largest neighboring trading partner) Is there an international or bilateral No Yes Yes Yes No DJUHHPHQWZLWKWKHODUJHVWQHLJKERULQJ agricultural trading partner granting KDUPRQL]DWLRQRUPXWXDOUHFRJQLWLRQRI D[OHORDGUHJXODWLRQV" n.a. = not applicable; — = not available; (m) = mandatory. For more details, see the Data notes. (continued on page 149) PILOT DATA TABLES | 2015 147 Ethiopia Guatemala Morocco 0R]DPELTXH Nepal ,VWKHFRXQWU\SDUW\WRDQLQWHUQDWLRQDO Yes Yes Yes No No PXOWLODWHUDOWUDQVSRUWDJUHHPHQWRU FRQYHQWLRQ IRUH[DPSOH,QWHUQDWLRQDO 5RDG7UDQVSRUW " $UHIRUHLJQWUXFNLQJFRPSDQLHVDOORZHGWR Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes WUDQVSRUWJRRGVLQWRWKHFRXQWU\" $UHIRUHLJQWUXFNLQJFRPSDQLHVDOORZHG Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes WRWUDQVSRUWJRRGVEDFNIURPWKHFRXQWU\ EDFNKDXOLQJ " $UHIRUHLJQWUXFNLQJFRPSDQLHVDOORZHGWR No Yes Yes No No WUDQVSRUWJRRGVIURPWKHFRXQWU\LQWRDWKLUG FRXQWU\ WULDQJXODUULJKWVWKURXJKFRXQWU\ " $UHIRUHLJQWUXFNLQJFRPSDQLHVDOORZHGWR No Yes Yes Yes No WUDQVLWWKURXJKWKHFRXQWU\" $UHIRUHLJQWUXFNLQJFRPSDQLHVDOORZHGWR No No No No No transport goods between 2 points within the FRXQWU\ FDERWDJH " 0RQLWRULQJRIURDGDFFHVVGHQVLW\DQGTXDOLW\ 'RHVWKHJRYHUQPHQWXVHLQGLFDWRUVWR Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes PRQLWRUDFFHVVWRURDGV" 'RHVWKHJRYHUQPHQWXVHLQGLFDWRUVWR Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes PRQLWRUURDGGHQVLW\" 'RHVWKHJRYHUQPHQWXVHLQGLFDWRUVWR Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes PRQLWRUTXDOLW\RIURDGV IRUH[DPSOH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO5RXJKQHVV,QGH[ " SELLING AGRICULTURAL GOODS Largest neighboring agricultural trading 'MLERXWL (O6DOYDGRU Spain South Africa India partner Cross-border agricultural exports $VVXPSWLRQ 7KHIROORZLQJTXHVWLRQVUHODWHWRWUDGHZLWKWKHODUJHVWQHLJKERULQJDJULFXOWXUDOWUDGLQJSDUWQHULGHQWLÀHGDERYH ,VDQH[SRUWGHFODUDWLRQUHTXLUHGIRU Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes DJULFXOWXUDOJRRGV" ,VDFHUWLÀFDWHRIRULJLQUHTXLUHGIRU Yes No Yes Yes Yes H[SRUWLQJDJULFXOWXUDOJRRGV" +RZPDQ\RWKHUVSHFLÀFGRFXPHQWVPXVW 0 0 0 0 1 EHFRPSOHWHGIRUHDFKVKLSPHQWRIVWDSOH FHUHDOV" +RZPDQ\SURFHGXUHVGRHVLWWDNHWR 3 2 3 3 4 H[SRUWDVKLSPHQWRIVWDSOHFHUHDOV" ,VWKHXVHRIDFXVWRPVEURNHUPDQGDWRU\ <HVERWK No <HVERWK <HVERWK No IRULPSRUWDQGH[SRUW" ,VJHQHUDOH[SRUWHUDFFUHGLWDWLRQUHTXLUHG" Yes No No Yes No ,VDJULFXOWXUHVSHFLÀFH[SRUWHUDFFUHGLWDWLRQ Yes No Yes No No UHTXLUHG" SPS regulation of agricultural trade $VVXPSWLRQ 7KHIROORZLQJTXHVWLRQVUHODWHWRWUDGHZLWKWKHODUJHVWQHLJKERULQJDJULFXOWXUDOWUDGLQJSDUWQHULGHQWLÀHGDERYH ,VDSK\WRVDQLWDU\FHUWLÀFDWHUHTXLUHGIRU Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes H[SRUWLQJDJULFXOWXUDOJRRGV" :KDWLVWKHFRVWWRREWDLQDSK\WRVDQLWDU\ 0.4 0.2 h 0.2 FHUWLÀFDWHIRUH[SRUWLQJVWDSOHFHUHDO DV RILQFRPHSHUFDSLWD " +RZPXFKWLPHGRHVLWWDNHWRREWDLQ 1 2 3 2 3 DSK\WRVDQLWDU\FHUWLÀFDWH LQFDOHQGDU GD\V " ,VVDQLWDU\DQGSK\WRVDQLWDU\ 636 LPSRUW Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes FOHDUDQFHUHTXLUHGIRUDJULFXOWXUDOJRRGV" :KDWLVWKHFRVWWRREWDLQ636LPSRUW 0.2 i 0.3 FOHDUDQFHLQFOXGLQJLQVSHFWLRQ DVRI LQFRPHSHUFDSLWD " n.a. = not applicable; — = not available; (m) = mandatory. For more details, see the Data notes. (continued on page 150) 148 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015 Philippines Rwanda Spain Uganda Ukraine ,VWKHFRXQWU\SDUW\WRDQLQWHUQDWLRQDO No Yes Yes Yes Yes PXOWLODWHUDOWUDQVSRUWDJUHHPHQWRU FRQYHQWLRQ IRUH[DPSOH,QWHUQDWLRQDO 5RDG7UDQVSRUW " $UHIRUHLJQWUXFNLQJFRPSDQLHVDOORZHGWR No Yes Yes Yes Yes WUDQVSRUWJRRGVLQWRWKHFRXQWU\" $UHIRUHLJQWUXFNLQJFRPSDQLHVDOORZHG No Yes Yes Yes Yes WRWUDQVSRUWJRRGVEDFNIURPWKHFRXQWU\ EDFNKDXOLQJ " $UHIRUHLJQWUXFNLQJFRPSDQLHVDOORZHGWR No Yes Yes Yes Yes WUDQVSRUWJRRGVIURPWKHFRXQWU\LQWRDWKLUG FRXQWU\ WULDQJXODUULJKWVWKURXJKFRXQWU\ " $UHIRUHLJQWUXFNLQJFRPSDQLHVDOORZHGWR No Yes Yes Yes Yes WUDQVLWWKURXJKWKHFRXQWU\" $UHIRUHLJQWUXFNLQJFRPSDQLHVDOORZHGWR No No Yes No Yes transport goods between 2 points within the FRXQWU\ FDERWDJH " 0RQLWRULQJRIURDGDFFHVVGHQVLW\DQGTXDOLW\ 'RHVWKHJRYHUQPHQWXVHLQGLFDWRUVWR No No Yes Yes No PRQLWRUDFFHVVWRURDGV" 'RHVWKHJRYHUQPHQWXVHLQGLFDWRUVWR Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes PRQLWRUURDGGHQVLW\" 'RHVWKHJRYHUQPHQWXVHLQGLFDWRUVWR Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes PRQLWRUTXDOLW\RIURDGV IRUH[DPSOH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO5RXJKQHVV,QGH[ " SELLING AGRICULTURAL GOODS Largest neighboring agricultural trading Indonesia 8JDQGD France .HQ\D Russian partner Federation Cross-border agricultural exports $VVXPSWLRQ 7KHIROORZLQJTXHVWLRQVUHODWHWRWUDGHZLWKWKHODUJHVWQHLJKERULQJDJULFXOWXUDOWUDGLQJSDUWQHULGHQWLÀHGDERYH ,VDQH[SRUWGHFODUDWLRQUHTXLUHGIRU Yes Yes No Yes Yes DJULFXOWXUDOJRRGV" ,VDFHUWLÀFDWHRIRULJLQUHTXLUHGIRU Yes Yes No Yes Yes H[SRUWLQJDJULFXOWXUDOJRRGV" +RZPDQ\RWKHUVSHFLÀFGRFXPHQWVPXVW 0 1 0 0 2 EHFRPSOHWHGIRUHDFKVKLSPHQWRIVWDSOH FHUHDOV" +RZPDQ\SURFHGXUHVGRHVLWWDNHWR 3 4 0 3 H[SRUWDVKLSPHQWRIVWDSOHFHUHDOV" ,VWKHXVHRIDFXVWRPVEURNHUPDQGDWRU\ <HVLPSRUWRQO\ <HVERWK n.a.g <HVERWK <HVERWK IRULPSRUWDQGH[SRUW" ,VJHQHUDOH[SRUWHUDFFUHGLWDWLRQUHTXLUHG" Yes No n.a.g Yes No ,VDJULFXOWXUHVSHFLÀFH[SRUWHUDFFUHGLWDWLRQ Yes No n.a.g No No UHTXLUHG" SPS regulation of agricultural trade $VVXPSWLRQ 7KHIROORZLQJTXHVWLRQVUHODWHWRWUDGHZLWKWKHODUJHVWQHLJKERULQJDJULFXOWXUDOWUDGLQJSDUWQHULGHQWLÀHGDERYH ,VDSK\WRVDQLWDU\FHUWLÀFDWHUHTXLUHGIRU Yes Yes No Yes Yes H[SRUWLQJDJULFXOWXUDOJRRGV" :KDWLVWKHFRVWWRREWDLQDSK\WRVDQLWDU\ 0.1 n.a.g 0.1 0.1 FHUWLÀFDWHIRUH[SRUWLQJVWDSOHFHUHDO DV RILQFRPHSHUFDSLWD " +RZPXFKWLPHGRHVLWWDNHWRREWDLQ 3 2 n.a.g 1 1 DSK\WRVDQLWDU\FHUWLÀFDWH LQFDOHQGDU GD\V " ,VVDQLWDU\DQGSK\WRVDQLWDU\ 636 LPSRUW Yes Yes No Yes Yes FOHDUDQFHUHTXLUHGIRUDJULFXOWXUDOJRRGV" :KDWLVWKHFRVWWRREWDLQ636LPSRUW 0.2M no cost n.a.g 0.1 0.2 FOHDUDQFHLQFOXGLQJLQVSHFWLRQ DVRI LQFRPHSHUFDSLWD " n.a. = not applicable; — = not available; (m) = mandatory. For more details, see the Data notes. (continued on page 151) PILOT DATA TABLES | 2015 149 Ethiopia Guatemala Morocco 0R]DPELTXH Nepal +RZPXFKWLPHGRHVLWWDNHWRREWDLQ636 1 1 2 2 LPSRUWFOHDUDQFHLQFOXGLQJLQVSHFWLRQ LQ FDOHQGDUGD\V " $UHLQWHUQDWLRQDOO\ ,62 DFFUHGLWHG 3ULYDWH Both Both 3ULYDWH Both ODERUDWRULHVLQWKHFRXQWU\SXEOLFSULYDWH RUERWK" ,QIRUPDWLRQDYDLODELOLW\DQGPDUNHWLQJUHTXLUHPHQWV ,VLQIRUPDWLRQRQIHHVIRUSK\WRVDQLWDU\ Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes FHUWLÀFDWHVSXEOLFO\DYDLODEOH" ,VLQIRUPDWLRQRQIHHVIRU636LPSRUW Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes FOHDUDQFHSXEOLFO\DYDLODEOH" $UHWKHUHVSHFLÀFUHJXODWLRQVRQWKH Yes No Yes Yes Yes labeling or packaging of processed DJULFXOWXUDOSURGXFWV" Government promotion of agricultural marketing ,VWKHUHDPDUNHWLQJGHSDUWPHQWLQWKH No Yes Yes Yes Yes PLQLVWU\RIDJULFXOWXUHRUDQRWKHUUHOHYDQW PLQLVWU\" ,VWKHUHDJRYHUQPHQWVWUDWHJ\SDSHURQ Yes No Yes Yes Yes WKHPDUNHWLQJRIDJULFXOWXUDOFRPPRGLWLHV" ,VWKHUHDJRYHUQPHQWH[WHQVLRQ Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes SURJUDPRQWKHPDUNHWLQJRIDJULFXOWXUDO FRPPRGLWLHV" Collective action to supply markets ,VWKHUHDODZRQIDUPHURUJDQL]DWLRQV" Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes CONTRACTING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION Regulatory framework for contract farming Is there an ad hoc legislation regulating No No Yes No No FRQWUDFWIDUPLQJ" ,IWKHUHLVQRFRQWUDFWIDUPLQJOHJLVODWLRQ No No n.a. No Yes DUHWKHUHDQ\SODQVWRGUDIWRQH" :KDWRWKHUODZRUVHWRIODZVJRYHUQ &LYLO&RGH &LYLO&RGH Contract Law &LYLO&RGH &LYLO&RGH FRQWUDFWIDUPLQJ" Contract Law &RQWUDFWVSHFLÀFDWLRQV 'RHVWKHODZHVWDEOLVKDPDQGDWRU\GHIDXOW UXOHRQWKHIROORZLQJ" 'HÀQLWLRQRIWKHSURGXFW·VTXDOLW\ Yes Yes <HV P No Yes &ULWHULDDQGPHWKRGIRUTXDOLW\FRQWURO Yes No No Yes No 'DWHRITXDOLW\FRQWURO Yes No No Yes No /RFDWLRQRITXDOLW\FRQWURO No No No No No 'XUDWLRQRITXDOLW\FRQWURO No Yes No No No 3DUWLHVWREHSUHVHQWGXULQJTXDOLW\FRQWURO Yes Yes No Yes No :KRLVUHVSRQVLEOHIRUWKHTXDOLW\FRQWURO No No No No No costs &RQVHTXHQFHVIRUQRQFRPSOLDQFH Yes Yes Yes Yes No 4XDQWLW\WREHSURGXFHG No No <HV P No No ([SODQDWLRQRIFXOWLYDWLRQSUDFWLFHV No No <HV P No No 'DWHRIGHOLYHU\ Yes Yes <HV P No No /RFDWLRQRIGHOLYHU\ Yes Yes <HV P Yes Yes 0HWKRGRIGHOLYHU\ No No Yes No No Who is responsible for transport <HV P Yes Yes No No DUUDQJHPHQWVDQGUHODWHGFRVWV n.a. = not applicable; — = not available; (m) = mandatory. For more details, see the Data notes. (continued on page 152) 150 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015 Philippines Rwanda Spain Uganda Ukraine +RZPXFKWLPHGRHVLWWDNHWRREWDLQ636 4 3 n.a.g 1 4 LPSRUWFOHDUDQFHLQFOXGLQJLQVSHFWLRQ LQ FDOHQGDUGD\V " $UHLQWHUQDWLRQDOO\ ,62 DFFUHGLWHG Both None 3ULYDWH Both Both ODERUDWRULHVLQWKHFRXQWU\SXEOLFSULYDWH RUERWK" ,QIRUPDWLRQDYDLODELOLW\DQGPDUNHWLQJUHTXLUHPHQWV ,VLQIRUPDWLRQRQIHHVIRUSK\WRVDQLWDU\ Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes FHUWLÀFDWHVSXEOLFO\DYDLODEOH" ,VLQIRUPDWLRQRQIHHVIRU636LPSRUW Yes No Yes Yes Yes FOHDUDQFHSXEOLFO\DYDLODEOH" $UHWKHUHVSHFLÀFUHJXODWLRQVRQWKH Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes labeling or packaging of processed DJULFXOWXUDOSURGXFWV" Government promotion of agricultural marketing ,VWKHUHDPDUNHWLQJGHSDUWPHQWLQWKH Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes PLQLVWU\RIDJULFXOWXUHRUDQRWKHUUHOHYDQW PLQLVWU\" ,VWKHUHDJRYHUQPHQWVWUDWHJ\SDSHURQ Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes WKHPDUNHWLQJRIDJULFXOWXUDOFRPPRGLWLHV" ,VWKHUHDJRYHUQPHQWH[WHQVLRQ Yes Yes No Yes Yes SURJUDPRQWKHPDUNHWLQJRIDJULFXOWXUDO FRPPRGLWLHV" Collective action to supply markets ,VWKHUHDODZRQIDUPHURUJDQL]DWLRQV" Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes CONTRACTING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION Regulatory framework for contract farming Is there an ad hoc legislation regulating No No Yes No No FRQWUDFWIDUPLQJ" ,IWKHUHLVQRFRQWUDFWIDUPLQJOHJLVODWLRQ No No n.a. No No DUHWKHUHDQ\SODQVWRGUDIWRQH" :KDWRWKHUODZRUVHWRIODZVJRYHUQ &LYLO&RGH &LYLO&RGH &LYLO&RGH &RQWUDFWV$FW &LYLO&RGH FRQWUDFWIDUPLQJ" Contract Law Sale of Goods Act (FRQRPLF&RGH &RQWUDFWVSHFLÀFDWLRQV 'RHVWKHODZHVWDEOLVKDPDQGDWRU\GHIDXOW UXOHRQWKHIROORZLQJ" 'HÀQLWLRQRIWKHSURGXFW·VTXDOLW\ <HV P Yes <HV P No <HV P &ULWHULDDQGPHWKRGIRUTXDOLW\FRQWURO No No No No Yes 'DWHRITXDOLW\FRQWURO No No No No Yes /RFDWLRQRITXDOLW\FRQWURO No No No No No 'XUDWLRQRITXDOLW\FRQWURO No No No No No 3DUWLHVWREHSUHVHQWGXULQJTXDOLW\FRQWURO Yes No No Yes Yes :KRLVUHVSRQVLEOHIRUWKHTXDOLW\FRQWURO No No No No No costs &RQVHTXHQFHVIRUQRQFRPSOLDQFH No Yes Yes No Yes 4XDQWLW\WREHSURGXFHG No No <HV P No <HV P ([SODQDWLRQRIFXOWLYDWLRQSUDFWLFHV No No No No No 'DWHRIGHOLYHU\ Yes No <HV P Yes Yes /RFDWLRQRIGHOLYHU\ Yes Yes <HV P Yes Yes 0HWKRGRIGHOLYHU\ No No Yes No Yes Who is responsible for transport No Yes Yes No No DUUDQJHPHQWVDQGUHODWHGFRVWV n.a. = not applicable; — = not available; (m) = mandatory. For more details, see the Data notes. (continued on page 153) PILOT DATA TABLES | 2015 151 Ethiopia Guatemala Morocco 0R]DPELTXH Nepal &RQVHTXHQFHVIRUXQWLPHO\RUSDUWLDO Yes Yes No Yes Yes GHOLYHU\ 3ULFHGHWHUPLQDWLRQ Yes <HV P <HV P Yes Yes 7LPHRISD\PHQW Yes Yes <HV P Yes Yes 3ODFHRISD\PHQW Yes Yes <HV P Yes No &RQVHTXHQFHVIRUXQWLPHO\RUSDUWLDO Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes SD\PHQW )RUFHPDMHXUHFODXVH Yes Yes Yes No Yes Contract duration No No <HV P No No 0XVWDFRQWUDFWDERYHDFHUWDLQDPRXQW No Yes No No No EHLQZULWLQJ" 3URFHGXUDOUHTXLUHPHQWVIRUFRQWUDFWIDUPLQJ 0XVWEX\HUVUHJLVWHUZLWKDVWDWXWRU\ERG\WR No No Yes No No SDUWLFLSDWHLQFRQWUDFWIDUPLQJ" 0XVWSURGXFHUVUHJLVWHUZLWKDVWDWXWRU\ No No Yes No No ERG\WRSDUWLFLSDWHLQFRQWUDFWIDUPLQJ" Must the contract be registered with a No No Yes No No VWDWXWRU\ERG\" Dispute resolution mechanisms ,VWKHUHDQDOWHUQDWLYHGLVSXWH No No Yes No No UHVROXWLRQ $'5 PHFKDQLVPWRDGGUHVV GLVSXWHVDULVLQJIURPFRQWUDFWIDUPLQJ DUUDQJHPHQWV" ,VPHGLDWLRQUHTXLUHGEHIRUHDUELWUDORU No No Yes No No MXGLFLDOSURFHHGLQJV" ELECTRIFYING RURAL AREAS Access to electricity What is the share of population that 23.3 20.2 KDVDFFHVVWRHOHFWULFLW\ DVRIWRWDO SRSXODWLRQ " What is the share of population that 11.0 72.0 KDVDFFHVVWRHOHFWULFLW\ DVRIUXUDO SRSXODWLRQ " CONNECTING FARMERS TO INFORMATION Access to ICT services +RZPDQ\PRELOHFHOOXODUVXEVFULSWLRQVDUH 22.3 137.8 WKHUH SHULQKDELWDQWV " +RZPDQ\DFWLYHPRELOHEURDGEDQG 0.4 10.1 1.8 ³ subscriptions are there (per 100 LQKDELWDQWV " Note: D,QIRUPDWLRQIRU(WKLRSLDLVEDVHGRQWKHYDULHW\FDWDORJSHQGLQJWKHIXOOLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIWKH6HHG3URFODPDWLRQ E,Q*XDWHPDODWKHYDULHW\UHOHDVHFRPPLWWHHLVLQIRUPDOO\RUJDQL]HG F:KLOHWKHUHJLVWUDWLRQRIDQHZYDULHW\LVFXUUHQWO\IUHHLQ(WKLRSLDWKH6HHG3URFODPDWLRQZLOOVHWDIHH G7KHUHJLVWUDWLRQSHULRGLVLQGHÀQLWHLIWKHIHUWLOL]HULVUHJLVWHUHGLQWKH(8UHJLVWU\ H,PSRUWRIIHUWLOL]HULVDOORZHGIRUÀ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·VWorld Development Indicators 2014 ZKHUHDYDLODEOH 152 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015 Philippines Rwanda Spain Uganda Ukraine &RQVHTXHQFHVIRUXQWLPHO\RUSDUWLDO Yes Yes No Yes Yes GHOLYHU\ 3ULFHGHWHUPLQDWLRQ <HV P Yes <HV P Yes <HV P 7LPHRISD\PHQW Yes Yes <HV P No Yes 3ODFHRISD\PHQW Yes Yes <HV P No No &RQVHTXHQFHVIRUXQWLPHO\RUSDUWLDO Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes SD\PHQW )RUFHPDMHXUHFODXVH No Yes No No Yes Contract duration No No <HV P No <HV P 0XVWDFRQWUDFWDERYHDFHUWDLQDPRXQW Yes Yes Yes Yes No EHLQZULWLQJ" 3URFHGXUDOUHTXLUHPHQWVIRUFRQWUDFWIDUPLQJ 0XVWEX\HUVUHJLVWHUZLWKDVWDWXWRU\ERG\WR No No No No No SDUWLFLSDWHLQFRQWUDFWIDUPLQJ" 0XVWSURGXFHUVUHJLVWHUZLWKDVWDWXWRU\ No No No No No ERG\WRSDUWLFLSDWHLQFRQWUDFWIDUPLQJ" Must the contract be registered with a No No No No No VWDWXWRU\ERG\" Dispute resolution mechanisms ,VWKHUHDQDOWHUQDWLYHGLVSXWH No No Yes No No UHVROXWLRQ $'5 PHFKDQLVPWRDGGUHVV GLVSXWHVDULVLQJIURPFRQWUDFWIDUPLQJ DUUDQJHPHQWV" ,VPHGLDWLRQUHTXLUHGEHIRUHDUELWUDORU No No No No No MXGLFLDOSURFHHGLQJV" ELECTRIFYING RURAL AREAS Access to electricity What is the share of population that 70.2 ³ KDVDFFHVVWRHOHFWULFLW\ DVRIWRWDO SRSXODWLRQ " What is the share of population that ³ 7.0 KDVDFFHVVWRHOHFWULFLW\ DVRIUXUDO SRSXODWLRQ " CONNECTING FARMERS TO INFORMATION Access to ICT services +RZPDQ\PRELOHFHOOXODUVXEVFULSWLRQVDUH 108.4 130.3 WKHUH SHULQKDELWDQWV " +RZPDQ\DFWLYHPRELOHEURDGEDQG 3.8 3.3 subscriptions are there (per 100 LQKDELWDQWV " PILOT DATA TABLES | 2015 153 Acknowledgments The Enabling the Business of Agriculture 2015 *URXSXQGHUWKHJHQHUDOGLUHFWLRQRI$XJXVWR report would not be possible without the exper- /RSH]&ODURV)HGHULFD6DOLROD*UDKDPH'L[LH WLVHDQGJHQHURXVLQSXWRIDQHWZRUNRIPRUH DQG )DUERG <RXVVHÀ PDQDJHG WKH SURMHFW WKDQORFDOSDUWQHUVLQFOXGLQJOHJDOH[SHUWV ZLWKWKHVXSSRUWRI7HD7UXPELF7HDPPHP- EXVLQHVVDVVRFLDWLRQVSULYDWHVHFWRUUHSUHVHQ- EHUVLQFOXGHG2PDU$O]D\DW&pVDU&KDSDUUR WDWLYHV IDUPHUV· RUJDQL]DWLRQV DFDGHPLFV <HGUR5RQJ&KHQ5DLDQ 'LYDQEHLJL$UQDX JRYHUQPHQW RIÀFLDOV DQG RWKHU SURIHVVLRQDOV *DOODUG$JXVWL(GQD.DOORQ0LODQ.RQGLF$OYD URXWLQHO\DGPLQLVWHULQJRUDGYLVLQJRQWKHSROL- .UHWVFKPHU9DOHULH0DUHFKDO7KLEDXOW0HLOODQG F\OHJDODQGUHJXODWRU\UHTXLUHPHQWVLQWKH -XOLD 1DYDUUR 1XULD GH 2FD 1LQD 3DXVWLDQ FRXQWULHVFRYHUHGGXULQJWKHSLORWSKDVH3OHDVH 6DPMKDQD7KDSD0DULHOOH:DOWHUDQG<XFKHQJ note that the data published in the report and =KHQJZLWKDGPLQLVWUDWLYHVXSSRUWIURP&ROOLQV RQOLQHUHSUHVHQWDXQLÀHGUHVSRQVHEDVHGRQ 8PXQQDKDQG5DPRQ<QGULDJR6HYHUDOIRUPHU WKHDQVZHUVWKHWHDPUHFHLYHGIURPYDULRXV WHDPPHPEHUVFRQWULEXWHGWRWKHLQLWLDOUHVHDUFK FRQWULEXWRUVDQGVRXUFHVDQGDUHQRWDWWULEXWHG SKDVHRIWKHWRSLFVLQYHVWLJDWHG -RKQ$QGHUVRQ WRDQ\SDUWLFXODUFRQWULEXWRU:KHUHYHUSRVVL- &KULVWRSKHU'LHOPDQQ;L\XQ*X-RKQ+ROW]PDQ EOHDQVZHUVZHUHFRUURERUDWHGE\RIÀFLDOIHH -DPHV0EDWDDQG-RDQQD1DVU$OWKRXJKWKH VFKHGXOHVODZVUHJXODWLRQVDQGSXEOLFQRWLFHV UHVHDUFKIRUPHFKDQL]DWLRQZDVQRWUHDG\IRU LQFOXVLRQLQWKLV\HDU·VUHSRUWWKHWHDPLVDOVR The Enabling the Business of AgricultureSURJUDP grateful to Lawrence Clarke and Niels Morel for ZDV GHYHORSHG LQ SDUWQHUVKLS ZLWK VHYHUDO WKHLUDVVLVWDQFHRQWKLVWRSLF7KHWHDPLVDOVR GRQRUV ZKRVH IXQGLQJ DQG VXSSRUW PDNHV grateful to the local consultants who supported this report possible: the Bill and Melinda Gates WKH WHDP GXULQJ FRXQWU\ YLVLWV .HVKDE 1DWK )RXQGDWLRQWKH'HSDUWPHQWIRU,QWHUQDWLRQDO $GKLNDUL 1HSDO $OL%HQPRNKWDU%HQDEGHOODK 'HYHORSPHQW '),' WKH 'DQLVK 0LQLVWU\ RI 0RURFFR (EHUWR GH /HyQ *XDWHPDOD )RUHLJQ$IIDLUVWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV$JHQF\IRU 7DUDV *DJDO\XN 8NUDLQH )ORUHQFH .DEXJR ,QWHUQDWLRQDO'HYHORSPHQW 86$,' DQGWKH 8JDQGD )LWVXP$UHJDZL.LGDQH (WKLRSLD *RYHUQPHQWRIWKH1HWKHUODQGV &DUORV0RDPED 0R]DPELTXH DQG<DVPLQH 8PXWRQL 5ZDQGD 7KHEDFNJURXQGUHVHDUFKGDWDFROOHFWLRQDQG DQDO\VLVIRUEnabling the Business of Agriculture 6WHYHQ0-DIIHH:LOOHP*-DQVVHQ6WHSKHQ 2015ZHUHFRQGXFWHGWKURXJKMRLQWHIIRUWVRIWKH 0LQN 9LQFHQW 3DOPDGH DQG 'DPLHQ 6KLHOV :RUOG%DQN·V$JULFXOWXUH*OREDO3UDFWLFH IRU- UHYLHZHG WKH IXOO GUDIW UHSRUW DQG SURYLGHG PHUO\WKH6XVWDLQDEOH'HYHORSPHQW1HWZRUN·V IHHGEDFN 7KH WHDP LV DOVR JUDWHIXO IRU WKH $JULFXOWXUH DQG (QYLURQPHQWDO 6HUYLFHV YDOXDEOHFRPPHQWVDQGUHYLHZVSURYLGHGE\ 'HSDUWPHQW XQGHU WKH JHQHUDO GLUHFWLRQ FROOHDJXHV DFURVV WKH :RUOG %DQN *URXS LQ RI -XHUJHQ 9RHJHOH DQG WKH 'HYHORSPHQW SDUWLFXODUWKRVHLQWKHSLORWFRXQWULHV·ORFDO (FRQRPLFV9LFH3UHVLGHQF\·V*OREDO,QGLFDWRUV :RUOG%DQN*URXSRIÀFHVDQGWKRVHZRUNLQJ ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 2015 155 RQVHYHUDONH\DUHDVLQYHVWLJDWHGE\WKHUHSRUW 6DUZDW+XVVDLQDQG$P\6WLOZHOODQGLQFOXGLQJ VXFK DV DJULFXOWXUH LQGLFDWRU GHYHORSPHQW +\XQ.\RQJ/HHDQG6XVKPLWKD0DOLQL1DUVLDK LQYHVWPHQWFOLPDWHDGYLVRU\DQGSULYDWHVHFWRU ZLWKYDOXDEOHVXSSRUWIURP(GLWK-LEXQRK0HUUHO GHYHORSPHQW,QGLYLGXDOVZKRPWKHWHDPFRQ- 7XFN3ULPGDKODQG:RUOG%DQN&RPPXQLFDWLRQV VXOWHGRQLQGLYLGXDOWRSLFDUHDVDUHUHFRJQL]HG FROOHDJXHVDURXQGWKHZRUOG7KHGHYHORSPHQW LQHDFKFKDSWHU7KHWHDPZRXOGHVSHFLDOO\OLNH DQGPDQDJHPHQWRIWKHEnabling the Business WRDFNQRZOHGJHWKHFRPPHQWVDQGVXSSRUWRI of AgricultureZHEVLWHDQGWHFKQLFDOVHUYLFHV Mark Cackler and Melissa Johns. ZHUH VXSSRUWHG E\ $QGUHV %DTXHUR )UDQFR 9DUXQ'RLSKRGH.XQDO3DWHO0RKDQ3DWKDSDWL ,QLWLDOUHVHDUFKDQGGDWDSRLQWGHYHORSPHQW 9LQRG7KRWWLNNDWXDQG+DVKLP=LDXQWLOUHFHQWO\ EHQHÀWHGIURPGLVFXVVLRQVGXULQJWKHEnabling XQGHU3UHHWL(QGODZ·VGLUHFWLRQ the Business of Agriculture $GYLVRU\ &RXQFLO PHHWLQJKHOGRQ-XQHLQ:DVKLQJWRQ 'DPLDQ 0LOYHUWRQ $OLVRQ 6WURQJ DQG 'LQD '&,QSDUWLFXODUWKHWHDPLVJUDWHIXOWR .DURO 7RZELQHGLWHGWKHPDQXVFULSW7KH:RUG([SUHVV %RXGUHDX[5XVVHOO%URWW0DUFHO%UXLQV6DQMLE Inc. designed the report and the graphs. &KRXGKXUL &DUORV 'D 6LOYD .ODXV 'HLQLQJHU :LOOLDP *DOYLQ 'DYLG *XLVVHOTXLVW $GHODLGD 7KH WHDP ZDQWV WR H[WHQG LWV VSHFLDO WKDQNV +DUULHV&KDUOHV.XQDND-RUJH0XxR]1LFRODV WRWKHQDWLRQDODQGORFDOJRYHUQPHQWRIÀFLDOV 1RJXHUROHV 6WHYHQ :HUH 2PDPR /OR\G OH ZKRSDUWLFLSDWHGLQWKHSURMHFWDQGZKRPDGH 3DJH (QULTXH 3DQWRMD &DUO 3UD\ /RUUDLQH YDOXDEOH FRPPHQWV GXULQJ WKH FRQVXOWDWLRQ 5RQFKL 0DULD 3DXOD 6DYDQWL 'DPLHQ 6KLHOV DQG GDWD UHYLHZ SHULRG :H ZRXOG DOVR OLNH 'DYLG6SLHOPDQ-LWHQGUD6ULYDVWDYD9LFWRULD WR UHFRJQL]H RXU DSSUHFLDWLRQ IRU WKH PDQ\ 6WDQOH\,VKPDHO6XQJDDQG0LFKDHO:HEHU SULYDWHVHFWRUSURIHVVLRQDOVZKRFRQWULEXWHG WRWKLVSURMHFW7KHQDPHVRIWKRVHZKRKDYH The Enabling the Business of Agriculture 2015 DFFHSWHGEHLQJDFNQRZOHGJHGLQGLYLGXDOO\ RXWUHDFKVWUDWHJ\LVEHLQJH[HFXWHGE\DFRP- are listed in the pages that follow. PXQLFDWLRQVWHDPOHGE\1DGLQH*KDQQDP 156 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015 ETHIOPIA GREMIAGRO ASSOCIATION MAROCAINE DES CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF MOZAMBIQUE MULTIPLICATEURS DE SEMENCES (AMMS) Melaku Admasu Carlos Herrera DENGO COMMERCIAL PIONEER HI-BRED ETHIOPIA GENESIS EMPRESARIAL ASSOCIATION MAROCAINE DES SEMENCES ET EXPORT TRADING GROUP PLANTS AGRICULTURAL INPUT SUPPLY ENTERPRISE Manfred Hiller Antonio Fagilde SYNGENTA Romain Berthon AGRICULTURAL TRANSFORMATION AGENCY TECNOLOGIA & CONSULTORIA AGRO-PECUARIA. LEFÈVRE PELLETIER & ASSOCIÉS INSTITUTO INTER-AMERICANO DE COOPERACIÓN LDA (TECAP) Abenet Alemu PARA LA AGRICULTURA (IICA) Al Faiz Chaouki ETHIOPIAN CHAMBER OF COMMERCE AND GAPI INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE AGRICOLE SECTORAL ASSOCIATION Julio Artemio Juárez Morán (INRA) Pedro Gonzalez ASOCIACIÓN DE TRANSPORTISTAS Fikadu Asfaw OLAM INTERNACTIONALES (ATI) Lhassan Charifi FIKADU ASFAW AND ASSOCIATES LAW OFFICE BANQUE POPULAIRE INTERNATIONAL FERTILIZER DEVELOPMENT Clark McDonald Amasalu Ayana CENTER (IFDC) FRUTESA Mustapha Chehhar INTEGRATED SEED SECTOR DEVELOPMENT GROUPE CREDIT AGRICOLE DU MAROC INTERNATIONAL MARITIME AGENCY LTD. Eddie Mendoza Abenet Bekele FASAGUA Bouchaib El Haddaj Bazir Lozane ETHIOPIA COMMODITY EXCHANGE FÉDÉRATION DES NEGOCIANTS EN CEREALS ET LOZANE FARM Christian Michelangeli Wubshet Berhanu LEGUMES CARRILLO Y ASOCIADOS Indranil Majumdar SELF HELP AFRICA Ahmed El Khabazia OLAM Ceslo Molina Gebru Bonger COOPÉRATIVE KHEMISSET CHAOUIA POUR LE BANRURAL MATANUSKA.LDA EDEN FIELD AGRI-SEED ENTERPRISE DÉVELOPPEMENT AGRICOLE Luis Morales MOÇAMBIQUE QUIMICOS E SOLOS Messele Hagos Mustapha El Khayat BANRURAL ASSOCIATION MAROCAINE DE LA LOGISTQUE José Monteiro Beko Mohammed Hassena Baltasar Moscoso INICIATIVA PARA TERRAS COMUNITÁRIAS INTEGRATED SEED SECTOR DEVELOPMENT Mostapha Fariss FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE COOPÉRATIVE KHEMISSET CHAOUIA POUR LE MOZAMBIQUE FERTILIZER COMPANY Getahun Haile UNITED NATIONS (FAO) DÉVELOPPEMENT AGRICOLE EDEN FIELD AGRI-SEED ENTERPRISE MOZFOODS Sofia Muñoz Kaoutar Guessous Adenew Hirpo ASOCIACIÓN DESAROLLO INTEGRAL DE LA PARTE OMNIA WORLDWIDE LOGISTIC SERVICES (W.L.S) MELKA AWASH COOPERATIVES ALTA DE ZACAPA (ADIPAZ) Ujjwalkanta Senapati Soufi Hicham Melaku Juhar Carlos Natareno OLAM ZIEGLER MAROC ETHIOPIAN CHAMBER OF COMMERCE AND OIKO CREDIT GUATEMALA Rui Santos SECTORAL ASSOCIATION Abdelilah Hifdi Verónica María Orantes Orellana SOLUÇÕES RURAIS TRANSPORT FEDERATION OF THE GENERAL Dawit Melaku 4ABOGADOS CONFEDERATION OF EMPLOYERS IN MOROCCO STANDARD BANK ZEREYED GROUP TRANSIT AND FORWARDING Raul Antonio Palma Cruz (FT CGEM) PLC Rafael Uaiene ATA SERVICIOS INTEGRADOS INSTITUT AGRONOMIQUE ET VÉTÉRINAIRE MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY Wondimagegnehu Negera José Maria Perdomo Fajardo HASSAN II COOPERATIVE BANK OF OROMIA ASOCIACIÓN DESAROLLO INTEGRAL DE LA PARTE Amine Kandil NEPAL NOBLE AND TRUSTWORTHY PLC ALTA DE ZACAPA (ADIPAZ) CHARAF CORPORATION Durga Prasad Adhikari Chris Ojiewo Claudia Pereira Abdelkrim Madih SEED ENTREPRENEURS’ ASSOCIATION OF NEPAL INTERNATIONAL CROPS RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR MAYORA & MAYORA, S. C. BANQUE POPULAIRE (SEAN) SEMI-ARID TROPICS Mélida Pineda Rachid Mrabet AGRICULTURE INPUT COMPANY LIMITED (AICL) Tamiru Semunegus CARRILLO Y ASOCIADOS INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE AGRICOLE ETHIOPIAN CHAMBER OF COMMERCE AND Pratima Burma Ana Gabriela Platero Midence (INRA) SECTORAL ASSOCIATION GANDHI AND ASSOCIATES ARIAS & MUÑOZ Mohammed Nebraf Getachew Shimels Nirmal Dahal Gloria Elena Polenco CENTRE DE TRAVAUX AGRICOLE DE BERCHID GAWT LAXMI BANK FRUTESA Bouchra Ouhamane Azage Tegegne FEDERATION OF NEPALESE NATIONAL TRANSPORT Emerio Portillo BANQUE POPULAIRE INTERNATIONAL LIVESTOCK RESEARCH ENTREPRENEURS ASOCIACIÓN DE PRODUCTORES AGROPECUARIOS INSTITUTE Abdelali Regag DE ESTANZUELA (ASOPRAE) Nikesh Ghimire TAMWIL EL FELLAH LAXMI BANK GUATEMALA Jose A. Ramirez Maradiaga Mohamed Sabik Rudra Prasad Giri Rodolfo Alegria Toruño Ricardo Santa Cruz Rubi SOCIÉTÉ NATIONALE DE COMMERCIALISATION PALM AGRO-TECH CARRILLO Y ASOCIADOS AGEXPORT DES SEMENCES (SONACOS) Dora Sagastume Pankaj Joshi ASOCIACIÓN GREMIO QUÍMICO Mohamed Saïdi SALT TRADING CORPORATION LIMITED ASOCIACIÓN DE MUJERES OLOPENSES (AMO) CONFÉDÉRATION MAROCAINE DE L’AGRICULTURE Marta Barabora ET DU DÉVELOPPEMENT RURAL (COMADER) Kunta Karki ASOCIACIÓN DESAROLLO INTEGRAL DE LA PARTE Alfredo Salguerro Vargas ASOCIACIÓN DESAROLLO INTEGRAL DE LA PARTE PALM AGRO-TECH ALTA DE ZACAPA (ADIPAZ) Seddik Saïdi ALTA DE ZACAPA (ADIPAZ) INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE AGRICOLE Prakash Kuikel Carla Caballeros (INRA) LEGEND CARGO COMPANY (P) LTD CÁMARA DEL AGRO Edwin Sanchez Mendez FUNDEA SOCIÉTÉ NATIONALE DES TRANSPORTS ET DE LA Arun Lal Marco Antonio Colindres Caceros LOGISTIQUE (SNTL) ALL LOGISTICS S.A. GUATEMALA Aura Son Jeevan Pandey DUWEST GUATEMALA, S. A Robert Parkinson NEW YORK CARGO COMPANY (P) LTD Julio David Castellanos YARA FUNDEA Armando Soto Pratima Pandey DUWEST GUATEMALA, S. A NEPAL AGRICULTURE RESEARCH COUNCIL Ana Beatriz Clavería Maria Lucia Soto MOZAMBIQUE DUWEST GUATEMALA, S. A. Avash Pandit CONSEJO DE USUARIOS DEL TRANSPORTE AFRICAN FERTILIZER AND AGRIBUSINESS GANDHI AND ASSOCIATES Alejandro Cofiño INTERNATIONAL DE GUATEMALA PARTNERSHIP (AFAP) 4ABOGADOS Gandhi Pandit Erick Tobar Charles F. Gama Afonso GANDHI AND ASSOCIATES Anabella de León René Velásquez C. F. GAMA AFONSO, DESPACHANTE OFICIAL, REGISTRO GENERAL DE LA PROPIEDAD LIMITADA Shikhar Pandit PRODUCTORA DE SEMILLAS, S.A. GANDHI AND ASSOCIATES Hector Fajardo Luis Ventura AGRA CAMARA DE TRANSPORTISTAS Harihar Dev Pant CENTROAMERICANOS (CATRANSCA) SYNGENTA AGRIFOCUS NIRDHAN UTTHAN BANK María Fernanda YARA AJ TRANSPORTES Abinash Pant MAYORA & MAYORA, S. C. BANCO TERRA Sameer Sharma MOROCCO Manuel Gaetan Omar Afiri BCI Pradeep Thapa SYNGENTA PRIME LAW ASSOCIATES ZIEGLER MAROC BIOCHEM Giovanni Garcia Rajeshwor Tribedi Anouar Alasri ATA SERVICIOS INTEGRADOS Rita Casimiro SYNGENTA Christian Josué Girón Carreto A. Carvalho Neves DOINGTRADE GUATEMALA ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 2015 157 PHILIPPINES Shyaka Vianney Sandeepani K. Bhat Alexander Borodkin ADONIA CLEARING & FORWARDING INTERNATIONAL MARITIME AGENCY LTD. VASIL KISIL & PARTNERS ATLAS FERTILIZER CORPORATION Ibyisintabyo Chris Viktor Borysov Ruperto Bayucot SPAIN UGANDA SEED TRADE ASSOCIATION COMPANY MAIS CONFEDERATION OF TRUCKERS ASSOCIATION OF THE PHILIPPINES Jesús de Diego Alarcón CROPLIFE UGANDA Vitaliy Fedchuk PUBLIC CORPORATION OF PROPERTY RIGHTS AND MONSANTO Pedro Jose Bernardo Muduuli Fred COMMERCE REGISTRARS OF SPAIN KELVIN CHIA YANGON KEITH ASSOCIATES Oleksiy Feliv Alonso Sánchez Álvarez GIDE LOYRETTE NOUEL Pamela Char Andrew Gita ASEMTRAEX RAMGO INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION Meg Jaguay Anastasiia Filipiuk ARPA ABOGADOS CONSULTORES MARCHENKO DANEVYCH Arnold Doria JAKANA DORIA LAW OFFICE ASAJA-ALMERIA Oleksandr Fedorov Claire Amanya Rukundo Kakeeto KWS Rafael Elazegui ASOCIACIÓN COMERCIAL ESPAÑOLA DE CR AMANYA ADVOCATES & SOLICITORS RAYOMAR FERTILIZANTES (ACEFER) Viacheslav Gavrylianchyk Brian Kaggwa SYNGENTA Jhomie P. Esquibel ASOCIACIÓN NACIONAL DE OBTENTORES IMPALA LEGAL ADVOCATES AND CONSULTANTS FPJMLP CUSTOMS BROKERAGE VEGETALES (ANOVE) GRANEX David Kissa EXPORT DEVELOPMENT COUNCIL AUTONOMOUS UNIVERSITY OF BARCELONA KAPCHORWA COMMERCIAL FARMERS Natalia Guseva ASSOCIATION BAYER CROPSCIENCE FERTILIZER INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION OF THE BIOIBERICA PHILIPPINES (FIAP) José Ortega Cabello Barnabas Kiiza Svitlana Gusak MAKERERE UNIVERSITY URKSIBANK Dennis Galam AGROVEGETAL DJD TRUCKING SERVICES CAJAMAR William Kimeto K. Oleksandr Ignatenko EAST AFRICAN SEED (U) LTD. URKSIBANK Jose Armando Galinato CAJA RURAL DAMCO Tony Kisadha Artiom Khaliavka Antonio García Catón SELF HELP AFRICA CREATIVE GROUP Jose Antonio R. Garcia PLAZA FORWARDING SL RAYOMAR Maliza Kwera Yaroslav Krasnopolskyi COORDINADORA DE ORGANIZACIONES DE MMAKS ADVOCATES VITERA Israel Gonzales AGRICULTORES Y GANADEROS OLDREACH TRUCKING SERVICES Bosco Ochira Lawino Volodymyr Lapa COMUNIDAD DE REGANTES TIERRAS DE ALMERIA TROPICAL TRADE INTERNATIONAL CO. LTD UKRAINIAN AGRIBUSINESS CLUB Rafael A. Morales SYCIP SALAZAR HERNANDEZ & GATMAITAN Olivier Crassous Lydia Luyima Maksym Maksymov SEMILLAS DEL GUADALQUIVIR, S.L. MMAKS ADVOCATES DNIPROPETROVSK UNION OF COOPERATIVES Felix C. Paraguya Jr. FPJMLP CUSTOMS BROKERAGE Jaime Fito Fiona Magona Iryna Marushko SEMILLAS FITO MMAKS ADVOCATES LAVRYNOVYCH & PARTNERS Mary Ann Sayoc EAST-WEST SEED Fernando P. Méndez González Richard Masagazi Lesya Melnik PUBLIC CORPORATION OF PROPERTY RIGHTS AND PEARL SEEDS LTD CREATIVE GROUP Jasper Jon T. Tao COMMERCE REGISTRARS OF SPAIN DAMCO Okotel Misaki Mykola Melnyk Guillermo Nevado González SELF HELP AFRICA COMPANY MAIS UNIVERSAL HARVESTER, INC. Justo Gutierrez Jerez Augstine Mwendya Roman Ognevyuk YARA ASOCIACIÓN PROFESIONAL DE EMPRESAS UGANDA NATIONAL FARMERS FEDERATION ENGARDE LAWYERS PRODUCTORAS DE SEMILLAS SELECTAS Christine Nangendo Maxim Oleksiyuk RWANDA (APROSE) EAST AFRICAN SEED (U) LTD. KM PARTNERS Vianney Bizmana Begoña Jiménez Issac Obongo Pavlo Oliinyk BANQUE POPULAIRE DU RWANDA FEDERACIÓN ESPAÑOLA DE ASOCIACIONES DE SELF HELP AFRICA ENGARDE LAWYERS PRODUCTORES EXPORTADORES DE FRUTAS, Jean de Dieu HORTALIZAS, FLORES Y PLANTAS VIVAS Patrice Ocungirwoth PRIVATBANK COOPÉRATIVE TWIHANGIE (FEPEX) HOUSING FINANCE BANK Konstantin Prohoruk ENAS LA CAIXA Fred Okware TRANSPORTATION LOGISTICS GROUP Anthony Hachez INDEPENDENT CLEARANCE AGENT Lourdes Rodríguez López Julian Ries INTERNATIONAL MARITIME AGENCY LTD. PLAZA FORWARDING SL Jerome Kiracho Olele GIDE LOYRETTE NOUEL Sekizeye John Bosco Iyadema A.O. MUSINGO INV. LTD MAPFRE Maxim Ryabushev PREMIER CONSULTING GROUP LTD Peter Otimodoch BAYER CROPSCIENCE Ignacio Solís Martel Frank Karasira OTIS GARDEN SEEDS AGROVEGETAL Vadym Shestakov FRAMEG CARGO SERVICE LTD. Nicolai Rodeyns MARCHENKO DANEVYCH Antonio Costa Méndez Janvier Mutiganda NASECO.LTD ASEMTRAEX Anastasia Shytska INTERNATIONAL MARITIME AGENCY LTD. B.W. Rwabwogo CREATIVE GROUP Ignacio Montagud Gerard Mutimura Sakufi MUKWANO GROUP Tatiana Smovzh BANQUE POPULAIRE DU RWANDA Nicolas Nogueroles John Ssali SYNGENTA PUBLIC CORPORATION OF PROPERTY RIGHTS AND Geoffrey Mwine PRIDE MICROFINANCE LIMITED (MDI) COMMERCE REGISTRARS OF SPAIN Maksym Sysoiev GM CHAMBERS Seruwo Solomon MARCHENKO DANEVYCH Ana Morales Ocaña Paula Nankunda BUKOOLA CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES LTD L&D PRODUCE SL Viktoriya Taran FRAMEG CARGO SERVICE LTD. Shankar T.D. KWS Oscar Lanzaco Puig Aimable Nkuranga EAST AFRICAN SEED (U) LTD. ROCALBA Bate C. Toms CREDIT REFERENCE BUREAU AFRICA Michael Turiyo Jose Rivera Tetyana Yaremko ONE ACRE FUND NATIONAL LOGISTICS COMPANY LIMITED TRACASA Oleh Zahnitko Gafigi Jean Paul UGANDA FORUM FOR AGRICULTURAL ADVISORY GIDE LOYRETTE NOUEL PANNAR VICASOL SERVICES (AFAAS) Oleksandr Zakharchuk Herbert Rubasha YARA Micahel Waithaka INSTITUTE OF AGRARIAN ECONOMICS FOUNTAIN LAW CHAMBERS ASSOCIATION FOR STRENGTHENING AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH IN EASTERN AND Oleksandr Zhemoyda SEED CO UGANDA CENTRAL AFRICA NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF LIFE AND Serge Murenzi Jabber Abdul ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES OF UKRAINE INTERNATIONAL MARITIME AGENCY LTD. BALTON UGANDA UKRAINE Olena Zubchenko SPEDAG INTERFREIGHT Sudhir Balsure LAVRYNOVYCH & PARTNERS Dmitriy Antoschenko SWIFT FREIGHT INTERNATIONAL (UGANDA) LTD. Murenzi Theodore YUGINTERTRANS TRANSPORT FORWARDING RWANDA LONG DISTANCE TRUCK DRIVERS Andrew Balyejusa ENTERPRISE UNION INTERNATIONAL MARITIME AGENCY LTD. TOP SERVICES LTD 158 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015
Groupe de la Banque mondiale · Other Agricultural Study
Enabling the business of agriculture 2015 : progress report
Voir le document original
Le texte intégral est hébergé par l’organisation qui le publie. lawenc.com indexe les métadonnées et renvoie vers la source officielle.
Texte intégral
Informations clés
Organisation
Groupe de la Banque mondiale
Type de document
Other Agricultural Study
Source
Banque mondiale