India - Andhra Pradesh Irrigation Project - environmental assessment (Vol. 5 of 7)

DRA,i REPoRI itN()K f)PPIDIAA v SE (A I N D i a ANDHRA PRADESH IRRIGATION PROJECT - Itl SRI RAMA SAGAR PROJECT PROJECT AFFECTED PERSONS ECONOMIC REHABILITATION PROGRAMME (PAPERP) Prepared for IRRIGATION AND COMMAND AREA DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENI GOVERNMENT OF ANDHRA PRADESH HYDERABAD Agricultural finance Corporation Limited (Wholly Owned by the Commercial Banks) HYDERABAD NOVEMBER 1995  IJKAI I KPEI-RI (FOR OFFICIAL, tLSE ONI Y I N D I A ANDHRA PRADESH IRRIGATION PROJECT - III SRI RAMA SAGAR PROJECT PROJECT AFFECTED PERSONS ECONOMIC REHABILITATION PROGRAMME (PAPERP) VOLUME - 11 ACTION PLAN Prepared for IRRIGATION AND COMMAND AREA DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT GQVERNMENT OF ANDHRA PRADESH HYDERABAD I w Agricultural Finance Corporation Limited (Wholly Owned by the Commercial Banks) HYDERABAD NOVEMBER 1995  INDIA ANDHRA PRADESH IRRIGATION PROJECT - III SOCIO-ECONOMIC STUDY OF PROJECT AFFECTED HOUSEHOLDS UNDER SRI RAMA SAGAR PROJECT ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Our acknowledgements are due to Sl.no Name Designation i A. SECRETARIAT . 1 _ Shri K. Koshal Ram, IAS PrincipalSecret_ ary.(I...CADD 1. Shri K. Koshal Ram, S AS Principal Secretary (I & CADD) 2. Shri S. Ray, lAS Principal Secretary (i & CAU5) 1! 3. Shri P.K. Agarwal, IAS Principal Secretary, Projects (I & CAD) 4. Shri M.G. Gopal, IAS Joint Secretary (I & CADD) 5. Dr. W.R. Reddy, IAS Joint Secretary, Irrigation 6. Shri B. Narsaiah, [AS Special Collector, SRSP & SLBC B., SRI RAMASAGAR PROJECT 1. Shri M. Dharma Rao Chief Engineer 2. Shri B. Anantha Ramulu Superintending Engineer, Karimnagar 3. Shri Muralidhara Rao Executive Engineer, Warangal 4. Shri M. Lakshminarayana Executive Engineer, Hanamkonda 5. Shri R. Laxma Reddy Executive Engineer, Huzurabad i 6. Shri M. Sudhakar Executive Engineer 7. Shri K. Ravinder Reddy I Executive Engineer, Hanumakonda 8. Shri L. Banda Reddy Executive Engineer, Huzurabad ! 9. Shri G. Somi Reddy Executive Engineer, Hanumakonda 10. Shri V. Shankaraiah Executive Engineer, Hanumakonda 11. Shri C. Muralidhar Executive Engineer, Hanumakonda 12. iShri B. Shankaaii Executive Engineer, Hanurnakonda 13. | Shri M.V. Ramanarsaiah Executive Engineer 14. Shri Chukkayya Pay &-Accounts Officer  I. Si-no Name Designation C. PROJECT PREPARATION AND MONITORING CELL 1. Shri C. Seshadri Special Officer 2. Shri Quasim Sherif Superintending Engineer 3. Shri S. Madhusudan Rao Executive Engineer 4. Shri M. Sathiah Deputy Executive Engineer D. DISTRICT LEVEL OFFICERS 1. Shri Ajay Mishra, iAS District Collector 2. Shri Rajaiah Special Deputy Collector (LA), Warangai 3. Shri M.V. Krishna Rao Special Deputy Collector (LA), Karimnagar  ii ANDHRA PRADESH IRRIGATION PROJECT - III SRI RAMA SAGAR PROJECT ACTION PLAN THE TEAM Dr. D.V.Ramana Project Director Er. G. Krishnaji Advisor V. Ram Mohan Economist 0. Maheswar Reddy Field Organiser SYSTEMS SUPPO,RT 0. Vijaya Sai Systems Analyst Ms. K. Padma Computer Programmer Ms. K. Rama Lakshmi Computer Operator  liii ANDHRA PRADESH IRRIGATION PROJECT - III SRI RAMA SAGAR PROJECT PROJECT AFFECTED PERSONS ECONOMIC REHABILITATION PROGRAMME VOkUME -11 PART-I: ACTION PLAN CONTENTS * Acknowledgements l * The Team ii i*xF Cnntents iii-vi * List of Annexures vii * List of Charts viii Chapter Title Page No(s) INTRODUCTION 1 -2 Agricultural Situation 1 Second AP Irrigation Project 2 _______________ Necessity of Third AP Irrigation Project 2 THE PROJECT 3 - 5 Sri Rama Sagar Project 3 Sri Rama Sagar Project Coverage 4 Resettlement and Rehabilitation . 5 _________________ Project Benefits 5 II ll PROJECT AFFECTED AREA 6-7 IntroduLction -6 Land Use Pattern 7 Irrigation 7 Cropping Pattern 7 Crop Production 7 Production Loss 7 Infrastructure- 7 IV PROJECT AFFECTED COMMUNITY 8-14 Head of the Household 8 Religion t8 Caste 9 Type of Family 9 Population 9  iv Chapter Title Page No(s) Sex Ratio 9 Age Distribution 10 Literacy 10 Work Force 10 Dependency 10 Skill Position 11 Income 11 Impact of Land Acquisition 11 Land Holding 11 Production Loss 12 Impact on Livestock 12 Satisfaction 12 Land Bifurcation 13 Benefits 13 Impoverishment 13 Impact on Women 13 V. LAND ACQUISITION 15-20 Introduction 15 Procedure 15 Requisition 15 Draft Notification (DN) Stage 16 Draft Declaration Stage 16 Award Stage 16 Grievance Redressel 18 Consent Award v 18 Acquisition 19 Utilisation of Compensation 19 VI E.ESETTLEMENT AND REHABILITATION THE POLICrY 21-26 Introduction 21 Objectives 22 Definitions 22 .___________ aStrategy for Economic. Rehabilitation 23  V Chapter T Trde Page No(s) Entitlements 24 Land Acquisition 24 Resettlement & Rehabilitation 24 Involvement of Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) 26 ______________ Participatory Planning and Implementation 26 VIli PARTICIPATION AND CONSULATATION 27-30 Stages 27 Stage I: Awareness 26 Stage Il: Compensation 27 Stage IlIl: Resettlement 27 Stage IV: Rehabilitation 27 Stage V: Participation in Construction 27 Stage VI: Water Management 27 Grievance Redressal/Appeal Mechanism 27 Vill. ACTION PLAN 31-34 Objective 31 Plan Component 32 Acquisition 32 Strategy for Fixing Compensation 32 Rehabilitation 33 Linkages with other development programmes 34 The Schemes 34 IX. ORGANISATION AND MANAGEMENT 35-39 Institutional Set up and Functions for SRS Project 35 At the Government level 35 At the Departmental level 35 At Project Ievel 37 At District level 37 District Level Rehabilitation Committee 38 Functions 38 State Level Rehabilitation Committee(SLRC) 39 Functions 39  vi Chapter Titie Page No(s) X. MONiTORING AND EVALUATION 40-43 Monitoring Indicators 41 Inputs 41 Impact 41 External Conditions 41 Availability 41 Relevance 41 Accessibility 42 Utilisation 42 Coverage 42 Quality 42 Effort 42 Efficiency 42 Inputs 42 Monitoring and Evaluation 43 XI. IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE 44 Xli. PAPERP: THE BUDGET 45-46 ANNEXURES 47-126 CHARTS 127-136 PART-II CHOUTAPALLI: A VILLAGE ACTION PLAN 1. Village Action Plan Report J 137-14 |_____________ Appendices I i Choutapalii Village: Cropping Pattern 142 II .Choutapalli Village: Popular Crop Varieties 143 Iil Proposed household Schemes and Unit Costs 144 IV, Choutapatli Village: Action Plan 145-164 Figures | I. Soils 165 II. Proposed Command Area 166 Ill. Location of Wells 167 IV & V Cropping Pattern - Kharif and Rabi 168-169 J  vii ANDHRA PRADESH IRRIGATION PRO3ECT - III SRI RAMA SAGAR PROJECT VOLUME- If ACTION PLAIN LIST OF ANNEXURES l Annexure No Title Page No(s) Annexure - I Reachwise Project Affected Villages 47-54 Annexure - II Field Work Teams 55-57 Annexure - Ill Field Visits of the Study Team Schedule of Socio- 58 Economic Survey Annexure - IV Village wise Number of Awardees and those covered 59-64 under the Study Annexure - V Caste and Sex wise Distribution of PAPs and Land 65-73 Acquired in Different Areas Annexure - VI Details of Court Cases under Land Acquisition 74-80 Annexure - Vil Mobility Matrix of PAPs from Pre Acquisition Period 81 to Post Acquisition Period Annexure - VIII Projected Affected Persons details of eligible family 82-90 members for Productive Asset Grant and other Economic Assistance | Annexure - IX Projected Affected Persons under Economic 91 Rehabilitation Programme details of Displaced Families Annexure - X PAPs: Details of Land Acquisition and Compensation 92-100 Paid Reachwise and Villagewise Annexure - X.l DiWtribution and Villagewise Land Acquired for Canal 101-108 Infrastructure Development under SRSP in Warangal ______________________ District Annexure - Xi Unit Costs Proposed Asset Based Household 109-113 l_____________ _ Schemes - Annexure - XII Project Affected Persons Economic Rehabilitation 114-123 .______________ lProgramme (PAPERP) Reachwise Action Plan . Annexure - Xil Project !,Affected Economic Rehabilitation 124 l_______________ Programme: The Budget . Annexure - XIV Project Affected Economic Rehabilitation Programme: 125 Reachwise Action Plan Annexure - XV Project Affected Persons Economic Rehabilitation 126. Programme - Indicative Budget . .  viii ANDHRA PRADESH IRRIGATION PROJECT - III SRI RAMA SAGAR PROJECT VOLUME - If ACTION PLAN __________ LIST OF CHARTS Chart No Title Page No(s) Chart - I Implementation Schedule of Land Acquisition for 127 Main Canal km 234-km 284 Chart - II Implementation Schedule of Land Acquisition for 128 DBM-31 Chart - III Implementation Schedule of Land Acquisition for 129 DBM-37 Chart - IV Implementation Schedule of Land Acquisition for 130 _______ DBM-38 Chart - V Implementation Schedule of Land Acquisition for 131 DBM-40 Chart - VI Implementation Schedule of Land Acquisition for 132 DBM-48 Chart -VII implementation Schedule: Training, Skill, 133 Development and Self Employment 1 Chart - Vill Implementation Schedule: Productive Asset Supprot 134 Programme Chart - IX Implementation Schedule: Group Economic Activity 135 for Women ;hart -X Implementation Schedule: Payment of Cattle 136 Allowance and Maintenance Allowance ':.?~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.  ANDHRA PRADESH IRRIGATION PROJECT - III SRI RANA SAGAR PROJECT PROJECT AFFECTED PERSONS ECONOMIC REHABILITATION PROGRAMME VOLUME- 11 PART-I ACTION PLAN  t wKADAM DAM SR-IRAMA SAGAR DAMr SRIRAMASAGAR PROJECT . I3rl9< ~~~COM MAND A RE A LAXMI CANAL E z E < E \o ARMUR ETPLL > LLI<AAPALNT HA"SL KARIN A LOWER MANAIR DAM m.16 t -i ._. r > ~~~ANDHRA PRADESH K. 3l 3 / . - STUDY AREA {  ANDHRA PRADESH IRRIGATION PROQCT - III SRI RANA SAGAR PROJECT PROJECT AFFECrED PERSONS ECONOMIC REHABILTATION PROGRAMME ACTION PLAN CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION  l INTRODUCTION 1.01 General: Andhra Pradesh is the fifth largest state in AGRICULTURAL the country with an area of 27.5 million ha and a population SITUATION. of 66.5 million of which about 73 percent is rural. About 70 percent of the work force is engaged in agriculture (cultivation and agricultural labour) which is the main stay of the state's economy; about 34 percent of the State's Net Domestic Product is constituted by agriculture. 1.02 Irrigation Development: Over the last five years (1989-90 to 1993-94), the net irrigated area has fluctuated between 3.89 million ha (1993-94) and 4.35 million ha (1991-92). The net irrigated area through canals accounts for more than 80 per cent of the net irrigated area in the state. While the net irrigated area constituted about 38 per cent of net sown area, the percentage oa gross irrigated area to gross area sown in 1993-94 was about 40 percent. 1.03 Development of irrigation has been given high priority by the state in tune with the national priorities. Till the year 1991, potential upto 6.4 million ha i.e. about 51 per cent of the ultimate potential has been created. With a view to improve the utilisation of created potential, the state has initiated several steps such as launching of Command Area Development authorities (CADA) for Nagarjuna Sagar Project INSP), Sri Rama Sagar Project (SRSP) and Tungabhadra Project.  2 Introduction 1.04 The Second A.P Irrigation Project was taken up SECOND AP with the financial assistance of World Bank to the tune IRPIGAT1ON PROJECT of SDR 127.5 M (US $140 M as on 1986) as credit and US $ 131 M as loan. The project was planned to be completed in a duration of seven and half years i.e. from June 1986 to December 31, 1993 with the credit/loan closing date as June 30, 1994. The main objective of the project was to increase agricultural production and farmers income in the command area of the projects; In respect of Sriramasagar Project (SRSP) modernisation of 1,65,000 ha and development of 1,63,000 ha under Kakatiya Canal was contemplated. SRS Sub-Project The main components of the project were: 1. Upgrading and completion of conveyance works of Kakatiya Canal Command between km 0 - 146. 2. Completion and new conveyance works of the Kakatiya Canal Command between Km 146-267. 3. Excavation of the tail section of the Kakatiya Canal to serve as an escape (Km 267-284). 1.05 Though the project implementation improved very much in the last two and half years i.e. 1992-93 onwards, the project could not be completed in full by June 30, 1994 because of earlier slippages in the project implementation. Though the SRSP physical progress to end of June 1994 was only 21 per cent, since the achievement under certain connected activities was nearly full the project would have been able to irrigate in 1996-97 i.e. with an extension of three years. 1.06 Since the objectives of the Second A.P NECESSITY OF THIRD Irrigation Project could not be achived due to non- AP IRRIGATION PROJECy completion of the project it is felt desirable not to leave or delay the project in the present half-finished and inoperable state but to find additional 5 investnrentSneeded to complete the works early and realise the potential created by past investments for increased agricultural production to improve the economy of the backward regions of Andhra Pradesh. 4 1.07 The Third A.P irrigation Project thus contemplates to complete the spill over works of the Second A.P Irrigation Project at the earliest to generate the benefits contemplated.  ANDHRA PRADESH IRRIGATION PROJECT - III SRI RANA SAGAf PROJECr PROJECr AFFECTED PERSONS ECONOMIC REHABILITATION PROGRAMME ACrION PLAN CHAPTER If THE PROJECT  THE PROJECT 2.01 The Project The Kakatiya Main canal, the SRI RAMA SAGAR major canal under SRSP takes off from Sri Rama Sagar PROJECT dam built across river Godavari at Pochampad. The canal after traversing about 146 km outfalls into the Lower Manair Reservoir (LMD) built across rivef Manair. The LMD acts as a balancing reservoir in the canal system. 2.02 For construction of the dam near Pochampad and part development of the command, World Bank assistance was sought under Pochampad Irrigation Project (Cr. 268-IN). Subsequently for the construction of the Kakatiya Main canal of SRSP and also for construction of Sri Sailam Right Branch Canal (SRBC) and development of their commands, project called Andhra Pradesh Irrigation Project II (APIP-I1) was formulated for support from World Bank. The main components included in the World Bank assisted APIP-II in respect of SRSP were: a. upgrading and completion of conveyance works of Kakatiya Main canal command between 0-146 km; b. completion and new conveyance works of Kakatiya canal command between km 146-267 km and Distributory network from DBh; 1 to DBM 48.  4 *11Ic Piject C. excavation of the tail section of the Kakatiya canal from km 267-km 284. d. Modernisation of 1,65,000 ha of the existing system and development of new ayacut of 1,63,000 ha. e. equipment support f6r implemientation including provisionof telecommunication facilitiec. f. .feeder roads network in the command for facilitating transport of agricultural produce; g. Providing training to project implementation staff and farmer beneficiaries including provision of training facilities; h. rehabilitation of oustees of Lower Manair Dam and other project works including provision of amenities; and i. monitoring and evaluation, technical services including planning and conducting of studies; j. provision of drinking water to Karimnagar, Jagitial and Warangal towns. 2.03 The APIP-II initiated in June 1986 was planned to be completed by end of calender year 1993. Due to slippages in implementation, ihe APIP-II could not be impelemented within the stipulated period. The Third AP irrigation Project was then proposed to be launched to complete the spill over works of SRSP under APIP - il so that the works left incormplete and in an inoperable state be completed through additional investments and the contemplated irrigation potential created in full and utilised through better water management practices for augmentation of agricultural production. The Third AP irrigation project (APIP-lli) is also being posed for World bank for financing. 2.04 While the Kakatiya Main canal in its reach SRI RAMASGAR upto 146 km has been designed to provide irrigation to an area of 1,65,000 ha in the districts PROJECTw COVER A GE of Nizamabad an1 Karimnagar, the command area below LMD is 1,63,000 ha most of which falls in 66 mandals of Nizamabad, Karimnagar and Warangal districts. The Lower Manair Dam (LMD) is a balancing reservoir. The works in SRSP under the APIP-III consist mainly of: a. Completing balance works of upgrading and completion of conveyance works of Kakatiya Main canal and its distributories abov '..D i.e. from 0-146 km b. completing the balance works in conveyance system below LMD km 146-234 including the distribution network. c. provision of feeder roads network in the irrigation command in Warangal and Karimnagar districts.  5 Thc Project 2.05 Reseftlement and Rehabilitation (R & R) RIESETTLEIENT programme for the Oustees of Lower Manair Dam (LMD) of Sri Rama Sagar Project, AP Irrigation Project -11 is AND already under implementation. Necessary basic REHABILITATION infrastructural facilities like education, health, electricity, approach roads, etc. have been created in the resettlements of those oustees and necessary rehabilitation support is extended through IRDP, DWCRA and TRYSEM programmes by the District Rural Development Agency (DRDA), Karimnagar. Similar to the R & R Action Programme under APIP-II, GOAP is committed to provide all required support and assistance for the affected households who lost their assets like land, house etc under acquisition for SRSP APIP-III project irrigation infrastructure . 2.06 As in any other major irrigation work, the State Government has continuously acquired land and other associated properties for construction of canal, distributories, feeder roads and other project works such as buildings and camps to keep pace with the construction schedule of the various components of the SRS project. The lands have been acquired from number of households spread over the command area as also outside the command area. The persons who have lost their lands and associated properties are most liekly to lose their normal income earning potential which is bound to upset their socio-economic conditions and disturb cultural life. Hence there is need for resettlement and rehabilitation so as to provide the affected persons means to improve their production levels, earning capacity and living standards or at least take them as close as possible to their former levels, through payment of adequate compensation for the loss of their assets and provision of assistance through various government sponsored income generating schemes. 2.07 The project provides both direct and indirect PROJECI BENEFITS benefits contributing in overall area development in its command. The direct benefits are: 1. Increase in area under assured irrigation. 2. Higher cropping intensity. S. Improved crop productivity and higher crop production. 4. Stabilisation of agriculture from vagaries of monsoon. The Indirect benefits are: 1. Increase in ground water levels and enhanced ground water reacharge. 2. Provision of adequate drinking water facility to the settlements through dug/bore wells. 3. Generation of employment opportunities in construction, service, basiness and industrial sectors. 4. Enhanced crop benefits and higher income levels to the households. 5. Environmental improvement through health green cover on the depleting soil wealth. 6. Provision of additional habitat for aquatic/wild life especially migrating birds and resident species besides aquatic wild life. 7. Improved living standards and change in life styles.  ANDHRA PRADESH IRRIGATON PROJECT - fit SRI RAMA SAGAR PROJECT PROJECT AFFECTED PERSONS ECONOMIC REHABILITATION PROGRAMME ACTION PLAN CHAPTER III PROJECT AFFECTED AREA  III PROJECT AFFECTED AREA 3.01 The project affected villages are defined as such INTRODUCIwION villages where the land acquisition has taken place for construction of irrigation iiifrastructure and ayacut roads and a part of the cultivable land was lost; some of the households living in such villages were affected by loss of land and other assets. There are 174 affected villages spread over 22 mandals out of the total 50 mandals in Warangal district under the scope of the study. An area of 98,000 acres is likely to be brought under irrigation once the irrigation waters are released through the canal network in the area. 3.02 The Project Affected Villages (PAVs) with a total geographical area of 17284 sq km comprising 174 settlements spread over 22 mandals in Warangal district form the study area (Ref: Annexure-l). The study area of these PAVs has a population of 499083 as per 1991 census, of which 254756 are males and 244327 females. The sex ratio is 944 females per 1000 males. The scheduled castes (SCs) constitute 17.75 per cent and Scheduled Tribes (STs) 15.57 per cent of the total population. The literacy rate is * 26.77 per cent with a literacy of 37.66 per cent among males and 15.41 per cent among females. 3.03 The workforce constitutes 49.01 per cent of the total population. The workforce among males is 55.67 per cent while among females it is 42.06 per cent. The marginal workers having less than 180 days of employment in a year constitute 3.23 per cent of total population of the PAVs/Study Area. Out of the total workforce, 36.82 per cent are cultivators, 45.99 per cent agricultural labour and persons depending on forestry, fishing and livestock are 1.14 per cent which together constitute 83.95 per cent of the workforce all of whom depend on primary sector namely agriculture alone. The workers in secondary and tertiary sectors are 16.05 per cent. 3.04 The soils in the area are predominantly black soils (48%) and red soils (40%) which together constitute 88 per cent of the total geographical area.  7 Project Affected Ara 3.05 Land Use Pattem:The total geographical area of the project affected villages is 364900.59 acres of which the forest area constitutes about 1.13 per cent covering an area of 4134 acres, mostly located in project affected villages under DBM-48. The net sown area is 222927.94 acres which constitutes 61.09 per cent of the total geographical area. The current fallows, permanent fallows and culturable waste put together constitute about 23 per cent of the total geographical area. The permanent pastures are about 2.87 per cent while the barren and uncultivable land and area put to non-agricultural use together constitute about 12 per cent. The distributory wise land use pattern among the Project Affected Villages shows highest percentage of net sown area of 70.37 per cent of the total geographical area in the PAVs under DBM-40 and the lowest of 53.01 per cent in PAVs under DBM-37. Besides the predominance of the black and black cotton soils which are suitable for cultivation of paddy and other commercial crops the area is blessed with favourable climate and rainfall. The percentage of net sown area of the total geographical area in the study area is very high compared to the state average of 37 per cent. 3.06 Irrigation:The total irrigated area under different sources was about 92,000 acres. During kharif the net area irrigated was 91837 acres and during rabi it was 54822 acres. Thus the gross irrigated area was 146657 acres during 1993-94. The irrigated area was 41.2 per cent of the net sown area. Wells are the predominant source of irrigation which provide irrigation to 72 per cent of the total irrigated area in kharif and to 96 per cent of the total irrigated area during rabi. Tanks rank second in providing irrigation to the extent of 25 per cent during kharif and about 3 per cent during rabi. The irrigation under canals during kharif was only 2.9 per cent. 3.07 Maximum irrigated area lies under DBM 31 with 86.29 per cent during kharif, while lowest irrigated area lies under DBM-40 with 55.38 per cent. In almost all the reaches the irrigation percentage during rabi is varying around 70-90. 3.08 The cropping intensity in the study area is about 130 per cent of the net sown area. The cropping intensity varies in different reaches. 3.09 Cropping Pattem:Out of the total cropped area in kharif 24.37 per cent of the area is under cotton with an area of 50366 acres. Paddy is the next predominant crop during kharif covering an area of 40294 acres, which constitutes 19.50 per cent. Chillies,are grown in an area of 22227 acres in kharif constituting 10.46 per cent. The other predominant commercial crop in the area is turmeric grown in an area of 10925 acres which forms 5.28 per cent of the net area cultivated during kharif. Among oilseeds groundnut and sunflower are the predominant crops &Jring rabi while groundnut is also grown during kharif. The other crops are jowar and maize which are grown both in kharif and rabi. 3.10 Crop Production:The area produces 233247 tonnes of various crops. Paddy alone accounts for 75333 tonnes followed by groundnut 39886 tonnes, cotton 38681 tonnes, chillies 15426 tonnes and turmeric 12411 tonnes. 3.11 Production Loss:The total production loss of various crops has been assessed as 4125 tonnes due to the land acquisition effected in the area. 3.12 Infrastructure:The area is endowed with adequate infrastructure related to education, health, communication, transport, electricity, credit, banking and agricultural support services, etc.  ANDHRA PRADESH IRRIGATION PROJECT - III SRI RAMA SAGAR PROJECT PROJECT AFFECrED PERSONS ECOINOMIC REHABIUTATION PROGRAMME ACrION PLAN CHAPTER IV PROJECT AFFECTED COMMUNITY  8 Iv PROJECT AFFECTED COMMUNITY 4.01 The Socio-Economic Survey was carriedout for 8208 households affected by land acquisition for providing irrigation infrastructure of which 1579 (19.2 per cent) are PAPs. Two of these PAPs have lost houses. PAPs are those who lost more than 25 per cent of land under the project and are left with less than 5 acres and those who are left with marginally more than 5 acres but coming under the category Below Poverty Line (BPL). All these households who come under the definition of Project Affected Persons (PAPs)are eligible for assistance under Economic Rehabilitation Programme ,(PAPERP). All other households surveyed (6629) which are not eligible for any assistance under PAPERP are categorised as Other Aff, ted persons (OAPs). With regard to affected households under ayacut roads only32ldentified PAP households were administered socidt-economic survey schedule out of 516 total affected households. For the purpose of PAPERP; PAP households are treated as project affected community in this report. The details of the Field Teams and the schedule of visits of the Field Teams are presented in Annexures II and Ill. Annexure IV provides the details of villagewise total number of awardees, awardees covered under the study and identfied PAPs. 4.02 Head of the Household: The head of the household is male in 96.5 per cent of the surveyed households and in case of PAPs, the male headed households are 96.1 per cent and female headed households 3.9 per cent. In case of Ayacut roads all the 29 PAP households are headed by male. 4.03 Religion: Hindus are the predominant community with 98.42 per cent of the surveyed households. Muslims with 1.67 per cent are the next predominent community. Christians (0.19%) and others (0.12%) put together are 0.31 per cent. In case of ayacut roads all the PAP households (29) are Hindus.  9 Project Affected Community A Demographic Profile 4.04 Out of 1579 PAP households BCs constitute 51.3 per cent CASTE followed by STs 25.46 per cent. OCs 11.91 per cent and the least being SCs with 11.34 per cent. The STs are predominent in DBM- 48 and DBM-40 and in case of BCs they are predominent in DBM- 48, DBM-31 and DBM-38. Under ayacut roads out of 29 PAP households surveyed BCs are 16 (55.17%), SCs 5((17.24%), OCs 5 (17.24%) and STs 3 (10.34%). As in canal infrastructure, under ayacut roads also BCs are in majority (Ref: Annexure - V). i 4.05 About four fifths (81.13%) of the total PAP TYPE OF FAMILY households are nuclear families, 16.15 per cent joint families and 2.72 per cent single mostly comprising widowed, divorced and aged. Among PAPs under ayacut roads joint families are 11 (37.93%) nuclear families 11(37.93%), and single families 7(24.14%) showing joint and nuclear families in same proportions. Joint family system is observed among BCs (5 nos), OCs (4 nos), and SCs (2 nos). It is observed that 86 per cent of the ST households are nuclear and 12.2 per cent are joint. The extent of joint family households is highest among OCs. STs by their traditional culture are mostly nuclear. 4.06 Land hoking size: Of the total PAP households, 13.3 per cent are landless. As the PAPs have been defined as those possessing around 5 acres of land (having lost 25 per cent of their land under the project and being BPL), some of them (less than 0.5 per cent) are reportedly possessing medium size holdings (i.e., of size 5-10 acres). 70.6 per cent of the PAPs hold marginal holdings (upto 1 ha). 4.07 The land holding distribution among the PAP households before and after periods shows that there were only two landless households who lost houses under acquisition and the number of landless households went up to 211 after acquisition showing that land acquisition has caused drifting of some households into landless category. Among these who have become landless after acquisition, the actual number of households drifted to landless category, exclusively due to land acquisition is only 57 of whom SCs are 2, STs-8, BCs-37 and OCs-10 and the remaining 152 households sold out their remaining land due to economic compulsions and have become landless. 4.08 The total population of the PAP households is 7,478. POPULATION The percentage of male and female population in the PAP households is almost equal, the male population being 50.6 percent. 4.09 The sex ratio is 1002 females per thousand males SEX RATIO among PAPs. The higher incidence of female population among PAPs is attributed to similar situation prevailing in the BC and OC households. 4.10 Among the PAPs under ayacut roads the sex ratio is 870 females per 1000 males, mostly because of large number of single size households (24.14 per cent).  10 Project Affccted Commwuity A Demographic Profile 4.11 The average size of family among the PAP households works out to 4.7. The average size of the household is highest among the ST households (5.1) while among the OC households it is 4.2. 4.12 As regards PAP households under ayacut roads average size is 5.0, and the highest family size of 5.2 is in SCs and lowest of 2.0 in STs. 4.13 The STs and SCs constitute 27.7 per cent and 11.2 percent respectively of the total population of PAP households. As such there is a preponderence of the BCs which constitute 50.6 percent of the population. 4.14 In case of ayacut roads (PAP households) the population among different castes are SCs-26 (18.06%), STs-6(4.11%), BCs 88(61.11%) and OCs-24 (16.67%). 4.15 Among the total households the working age AGE DISTRIBUTION group between 15-60 years constitute 64.3 per cent of the total family members of 7478. The dependents constiture 35.7 per cent. 4.16 The number of those with ability to read and write are 2557 LITERACY constituting 34.2 per cent of the total population of the PAP households which is slightly more than the literacy rate of 32.6 per cent of Warangal district (1991 census). The literacy rate varies from 31.1 per cent in reach DBM-40 to 49.2 in the reach of DBM 31. The literacy rate is 34.2 (being 45.2 among the males and 23.2 among females). 4.17 The lower rates of literacy are among the female ST households while the higher literacy rates are prevalent among the males of the OCs. Further, the literacy rate among the PAP households is consistently lower than that of overall surveyed households (37.0 per cent). 4.18 Ayacut Roads: In case of ayacut roads among the PAP households the literacy is 34.42 per cent, with 44.35 per cent literates among males and 23.88 per cent literates among females. 4.19 The able bodied persons between the age group of 15 WORKFORCE to 60 years constiwute the work force who are 64.5 per cent of the total population. Further while the male work force constitutes 63.7 per cent of the total male population the female work force accounts for 65.3 of the total female population of the PAP households. The work force is highest among OCs while it is least among the STs. 4.20 The unemployed students and children below 5 years DEPENDANCY constitute the dependants. The percentage of dependants of total population among the households of PAP is 44.6 per cent. This per centage varies from 39.1 per cent in the main canal area to 46.5 per cent in the reach of DBM-31.  P;roject Alfcciscd Comnruniy A Dcrrmg' phic IYrotH 4.21 The dependancy is least among the ST households, followed by SCs and BCs. Among the OCs the dependancy is hig!.est among the women folk who aregenerally not found to take up any occupations especially outside their household. 4.22 , The occupational classification of the PAP SKILL POSITION households provides the traditional skills available among the PAPs and promoting such sktiis heips the individuals to reach enhanced income levels to regain their econo,-nlic status prior to acquisition and to further improve upon the same. The occupational classification indicates that over 91 per cent of the PAP households are depending on agriculture alone with the cultivators constituting 87.02 per cent, agricultural labour 6.72 per cent and livestock rearing 0.26 per cent. In otherwords predominent number of hoVseholds are in agriculture alone who need support in agriculture and allied activities. The service sector namely barbers, washer men, traders, etc. together constitute 7.03 per cent and persons empsoyed in other avocations are only 0.38 per cent. Any rehabilitation measures focussed on the upliftment of these affected households should be tuned to the existing avocations and skills traditionally acquired over generations to provide sustainable economic support to the households. 4.23 The average annual gross income of the household is Rs. INCOME 25,687 of which agriculture constitutes over 85 per cent and the net annual income is Rs. 16,953. In otherwords most of the PAP households are under poverty conditions either below BPL or marginally above BPL and deserve to be assisted under the Economic Rehabilitation Programme. 4.24 The land acquisition has had its adverse impact IMPACT* OF IAND on the PAP households in different dimensions. ACQUISITION 4.25 Of the 1579 identified PAP households 2 are land less '&ho LAND lost houses under acquisitioni and the balance 1577 farmers of HOLDING whom about 93 per cent are small and marginal farmers. The average size of the holding among the PAPs which was 1.87 before acquisition is reduced to 1.19 acres after acquisition. The total area acquired among PAP households was 1494.65 acres. 4.26 About 70 per cent of the PAP households lost lands varying between 0.25 acres to 1.50 acres and on an average the land loss was 0.95 acres due to land acquisition. In case of ayacut roads tIhe overage land loss was 0.148 and in case of PAPs it was 0.33 acres. The land acquisition has pushed 209 households to landless category of whom 57 households have become landless only due to land acquisition and the balance 152 households disposed off their remaining piece of land due to economic compulsions and have become land less. The 57 households who have become land less comprise 2 SCs, 8 STs, 37 BCs and 1C OCs. As per the prevailing norms the households who have become land less among STs should be compensated  1 2 Pttojct Afkcu _ 'unif.an4y G\ Demograrnir P'r,Jihl with land from the project funds. In case of ayacut roads the land acquisition does not have much of negative impact except n one case where the household became land less after acquisition. In brief the land acquisition had its adverse impact by pushing significant number of households to land less category causing undue econotmc hardship (Ref: Annexure VIl). 4.27 The iverage production loss due to land loss of 0.95 PRODUCTION acre per PAP household is estimated at 6.36 quintals. In LOSS monetary terms after deducting the cost of cultivation, the net loss is Rs. 3522. This loss can however be compensated to some extent by the imputed minimum annual interest rate of 10 per cent on the average compensation amount of Rs. 31817 per acre in which case the net loss would be around Rs 500 per household. However, since many of the PAP households would not normally invest the entire cornpensation amount for productive assets especially when large proportion of households (over 90 per cent) belong to small and marginal farmets majority of them either under BPL or marginally above BPL), rehabilitating these vulnerable groupsi>$ through viable and sustainable economic support is an imminent need to regain their [f'1 prior economic status. 4.28 During the survey it was observed that the land less labour working as permanent servants on the PAP holdings do not exist since the average size of the PAP holding is itself quite marginal being less than 2 acres. However, the landlesspermanent servants do exist in the area who work mostly with medium and big farners. 4.29 Similarly pure tanant/share croppers wholly depending on the land of PAPs and who are affected by acquisition of such land of PAPs do not exist in the study area. However, some cultivators who have their own land and also undertake tenant/ share cropping do exist as tenant1share croppers. Such tenant/share croppers who have lost their land under land acquisition are the project affected tenant/share cropping households and they may be PAPs as per the defined criteria. Due to acquisition, in respect of 43.40 per cent households the land has become un-economical, 28 per cent have shifted to other avocations, 3 per cent have shifted to other land5. 4.30 About 67 per cent of the households expressed no IMPACT ON impact on livestock, 12 per cent expressed difficulty in LIVESTOCK maintenance of animals, 15 per cent did not respond and the' balance 6 per cent expressed disease and other problems. 99 per cent expressed that the project did not have any effect on fodder. 4.31 Only about 38 per cent of the PAP households SATISFACTION expressed their satisfaction with the compensation received and 62 per cent are dis-satisfied. However,majority of the dis- satisfied (73%) either did not take any action or awaiting group response. Only about 4 per cent went to the court for redressel and 0.31 per cent objected to canal construction and about 20 per cent did not respond. 4.32 76% of the dissatisfied PAPs ere due to low amount of compensation received, 18 percent due to delay in payment and the blance expressed multiple reasons.  13 Pojt Affected Communky A Demographic Profile 4.33 The land acquisition has also created bifurcation of land LAND into two or more parts. In 20 per cent of the cases the land BIFURCATION was intact, in 72 per cent cases it was bifurcated into two and the balance 8 per cent it is more than 2 parts. 55 per cent of the people expressed reduction in area, 43 per cent expressed difficulty in movement of carts due to disruption of cart track and 2 per cent expressed difficulty in cultivation. 4.34 While the above is the adverse impact of the land',: BENEFITS acquisition the project is not without positive perceptions of the - households. About 64 per cent of the PAP households expressed -'> boost in the crop production, appreciation of the land value and > 0.63 per cent expressed drinking water would be available. About { - 2 per cent expressed employment opportunities during and after construction. 4.35 The culminating effect of land acquisition is the IMPOVERISHMENT impoverishment of the affected households. As per the prevailing defined criteria the households having annual income of less than Rs. 11,000 are treated as Below Poverty Level. Based on the criteria of line of poverty defined, the poverty among the PAPs which was 34.26 per cent prior to acquisition has risen to 40.98 per cent showing a percentage variation of 19.61 per cent as the rate of impoverishment due to acquisition. The rate of impoverishmnnt is highest among OCs with 36.86 per cent followed by STs 25.32 per cent, SCs 15.70 per cent and the least being 14.90 per cent among BCs. In case of ayacut roads the households below poverty level are 65.52 per cent which did not undergo any change. 4.36 The project has created impoverishment among PAP households with an average rate of percentage variation of 19.61 pr cent between before and after periods warranting urgent rehabilitation to these impoverished households. 4.37 The overall responses of women indicate that the land IMPACT ON acquisition has generally affected the social status of the family WOMEN and created economic hardship to the family (74 per cent). However, most of the women (92.9 per cent) expressed their willingness for land acquisition keeping in view the future benefits like appreciation of land value, higher crop production and productivity and better living standards. 4.38 The land acquisition has also created shortage of fodder and firewood (0.55 per cent) besides creating difficulties in fetching firewood. Some women (6.56 per cent) have also felt that the cultivator before acquisition was turned into a landless labourer after acquisition. Many women (40 per cent) expressed their aspirations in doing business by sale of goods, flowers, vegetables or establishing a tea shop, petty business and also tailoring. Some women (30 pr cent) expresed the need for skill improvement. Many women (96 per cent) expressed that they were not getting any benefits through Anganwadi centres either for them or for their children, which calls for a critical look into the functioning of Anganwadi centres for their better performance in catering to the needs of women and children. Majority of women have also  14 Project Affected Community A Demographic Profile expressed (95 per cent) that they have equal status with men in the family and they have decision making powers (85 per cent) in children's education, marriages, purchase and sale of property but most of the women (87 per cent) do not have any role or participation in village development activities. Formation of women groups under thrift and economic oriented programmes would activate the empowerment of these project affected rural women.  IIe i:i V ZS's