India - Andhra Pradesh Irrigation Project - environmental assessment (Vol. 6 of 7)

THIRD ANDt-IRA PRADESH IRRIGATION PROJECT PROJECT AFFECTED PERSONS ECONOMIC REHABILITATION PROGRAMME (PAPERP) ACTION PLAN GOVERNMENT OF ANDHRA PRADESH IRRIGATION & CAD DEPARTMENT HYDERABAD MARCH, 1995  INCHARGE OFTHE DEPARTMENT: Sri K. KOSALRAM, IAS Pri. Secretary to Govt. Irrigation & CAD Dept. 'J' Block, Secretariat HYDERABAD Phone Nos.: 232630 (Off) 316709 (Res) Fax No. 233511 INCHARGE OF THE PROJECT Sri P.K. Agarwal, IAS Secretary (Projects) Irrigation & CAD (PW) Dept 'J' Block, Secretariat HYDERABAD Phone Nos. 232529 (Off) 331400 (Res) Fax No. 233511  CONTENTS Si. No. Ilemn Page No. 1. Introduction 3 2. Project and Objectives 5 3. Approach for R&R 12 4. Direct & Indirect Benefils 15 5. Project Affected Area 16 6. Land and Property Aqcuisition 19 7. Project Affected Commnunity 24 8. Project Affected Persons 30 9. Adverse Impacts of land acquisition 33 10. Enabling legislation for acquisition of land 34 11. Environmental Impact Assesment 35 12. Patlicipalion of Pioject affected persons 36 13. Aclion Plan 37 14. Stragy for Impleinentation of Action Plan 42 15. Inslifulional arrangerments 43 16. Monitoring and evaluation 46 17. Budget 47 18. The Worik Plan 50 19. List of Annexures 51 20. List of figures  INTRODUCTION The State of Andhra Pradesh comprises three regions namely, Coastal, Telangana and Rayalaseema. The economy of A.P. is predominantly agrarian; agriculture contributes about 50% to the State's income and employs about 70% of the work force. Since agriculture is the prime mover and hub of all economic activities, growth in economy is largely dependent on continuous growth in agriculture and the removal of constraints thereto. Government of Andhra Pradesh is striving to alleviate the sufferings of the people in the state in general, and those in the drought prone areas, in particular. Rayalaseema and Telangana regions being the State's most backward and drought prone regions, the impact of irrigation on the poorest people would be significant and development will be substantial, once water reaches these areas. Hence Rayalaseema and Telangana regions of the State were chosen for providing irrigation benefits under two sub projects viz., Srisailam Right Branch Canal (SRBC) Scheme and Sriramsagar (SRS) Scheme under the Second A.P. Irrigation Project. 1.1 SECOND A.P. IRRIGATION PROJECT The Second A.P. Irrigation Project was taken up with the financial assistance of World Bank to the tune of SDR 127.5 M (US $140 M as on 1986) as credit and US $ 131 M as loan. The project was planned to be completed in a duration of seven and half years i.e., from June 1986 to December 31, 1993 with the credit/loan closing date as June 30, 1994. The main objective of the project was to increase agriculture production and farmers income in the command area of both the projects; (i) SRBC (65,000 ha) and (ii) Sriramsagar (SRS) Kakatiya Canal Command (modernisation of 1,65,000 ha and development of 1,63,000 ha). The main components of the project were: !. SRBC Sub-Project 1. SRB Canal from the Banakacherla Regulator to the Gorakallu bypass structure. 2. The Gorakallu Bypass structure 3. SRB Canal beyond the Gorakallu Bypass structure for about 100 Km (ending Km 141.0). II. SRS Sub-Project 1. Upgrading and completion of conveyance works of Kakatiya Canal Command between Km 0- 146 2. Completion and new conveyance works of the Kakatiya Canal Command between Km 146 - 267. 3. Excavation of the tail section of the Kakatiya Canal to serve as an escape (Km 267 - 284). Though the project implementation improved very much in the last two and half years i.e., 1992-93 onwards, the project could not be completed in full by June 30, 1994 because of earlier slippages in the project implementation. Though the overall physical progress to end of June 1994 was only 30% (SRBC 38% and SRS 21%), since the 3  achievement under certain connected activities was nearly full the project would have been able to irrigate in 1996-97 i.e., with an extension of three years. 1.2 NECESSITY OF THIRD A.P. IRRIGATION PROJECT Since the objectives of the Second A.P. Irrigation Project could not be achieved due to non completion of the project it is felt desirable not to leave or delay the project in the present half - finished and inoperable state but to find additional investment needed to complete the works early and realise the potential created by past investments and assist for increased agricultural production and improve the economy of the backward regions of Andhra Pradesh. The Third A.P. Irrigation Project thus contemplates to complete the spill overworks of the Second A.P. Irrigation Project at the earliest to generate the benefits contemplated. 4  THE PROJECT AND OBJECTIVES 2.1. SRISAILAM RIGHT BRANCH CANAL 2.1.1. Introduction: The Srisailam Right Branch Canal (SRBC) draws its water from Srisialam Reservoir, built across Krishna river. An approach channel has been provided within the reservoir to supply water at the Pothireddypadu Regulator. A right main canal takes off from the regulator, traverses a length of 16.34 km through Mittakandala deep cut (the ridge between Krishna and Pennar basins) upto Banakacharla Regulator. SRBC takes off from the right of the regulator to provide irrigation to an area of 65,000 ha in Kurnool District. The service area is almost rectangular in shape with a length of 130 km and a width of 5 to 10 km. There is no irrigation in the first 50 km upto Gorakallu Bypass. Below the Bypass, the canal traverses a length of 64 km before joining the Owk reservoir through a 1.89 km long tunnel. The canal then extends to km 141 to provide irrigation to an area of 65000 ha. Location map and Index plan of SRBC sub-project are shown in Fig 1 & 2. The components of the project are as follows: i) SRB Canal from the Banakacherla Regulator to the Gorakallu Bypass Structure, for a length of 50.753 Km. ii) The Gorakallu bypass structure. iii) SRB canal from the Gorakallu bypass structure to Owk Reservoir. iv) Owk tunnel from km 113.525 to 115.584. v) Owk Reservoir from km 115.584 to 119.5 vi) Major distributory from km 119.5 to 141. vii) Distributory Network in Block I to XVI. viii) Feeder Road network. 2.1.2. Geology: The main geological formations in the project area comprise the Nandyal shales, Koilkuntla limestones, Panyam quartzites, Owk shales, Narji limestones and Banaganapalli quartzites. The hill ranges along the western boundary in Banaganapalli mandal consist of quartzite overlying calcarious shales. In the Kunderu plain limestones and shales predominate. 2.1.3. Physiography: 85% of the command area is nearly plain with slope of less than 1 %. The rest of the command is very gently sloping with slopes of 1-3%. Physiographically, the area can be divided into three main units viz., hills, gently undulating plains and valleys. The hills are residual relief features comprising quartzites and limestones. The quartzite hills are gently dipping and are underlain by shales and limestones with escarpment on western side and a gentle dip towards east terminating into a plain. Elsewhere, gently dipping quartzites are surrounded by plains all around. The plains are vast stretches of land which occupy 85% of the command area. Many small streams traverse the plain forming narrow linear valleys moderately to severely eroded and salt-affected lands are formed near the valleys. The 5  plains have very deep dark colour cracking type of clay soils. The valleys have weatheredl transported material. Evidence of erosion in the form of sheet wash and rills can be observed. 2.1.4 Soils: The soils in the command are generally black cotton soils derived from lime stones and shales with intrusions of quartzites and sand stones. 80% of the area is covered by deep black cotton soils. About 83% of the soils are in irrigability class-l1, even as 95% of the soils excluding hills are culturable. 2.1.5. Drainage: The command area is drained by Kunderu river which is a tributary of the Pennar flowing from Nallamala hills in the North to Erramala hills in the South. It is joined by many local streams during its course, the important ones being the Jurreru and Paleru. The drainage pattern of the command area is dendritic. 2.1.6 Climate: The climate of the area is of temperate type with hot summers and mild winters. The mean daily maximum temperature during winter is 300 C and minimum 17.50 C. The mean daily maximum temperature during summer is 41.40 C and a minimum is 28.50 C. The relative humidity varies from month to month and increases from 65% to 85% in South-West monsoons. It is less than 65% in the rest of the year. 2.1.7. Rainfall: The average annual rainfall in the SRBC Command area is 761 mm with a maximum spread over of three months from July to September. Nearly 71% of the rainfall is received during South-West monsoon (July to September) and 29% during the North-East monsoon months of October to December. The lowest rainfall recorded in the command is 506 mm at Owk which is very meagre for irrigated dry crops. The lowest rainfall in the last 90 years (1901 - 1990) was 28 mm in 1920 and the heaviest rainfall 1070 mm in 1970. 2.1.8. Population: The SRBC serves a major part of Kurnool district which has a total population of 2.97 million. 74.17% of the population is rural and the balance 25.83% urban. Cultivators constitute 11.16% of thedistrictpopulationwhileagricultural labourers accountfor22.34%. The population of the command area spread over 11 mandals comprising 102 villages is 0.26 million. Farm holders constitute 13.8% of the total population of the command area. The marginal and small farm holders form a majority of 65.76% with marginal farmers constituting the single largest group (38.29%). Between them, they hold 0.02 million ha with an average land holding of 0.90 ha. The small farmers constitute 27.47% with an average land holding of 1.44ha. 6  2.1.9. Agricultural Activity: The SRBC will mainly cover areas on the west of Kundu river in Kurnool district and a small part of the Cuddapah district comprising mandals which are traditionally drought prone and most arid. There is Kurnool-Cuddapah canal on the east of Kurnool which was constructed way back in 1872 and a more recent Low-level canal of Tungabhadra Project. Besides, some medium irrigation works, wells and tanks serving parts of this area are existing mostly on the east of Kundu river. Existing canals irrigate an area of 88814 ha, wells provide irrigation to an area of 34018 ha while tube-wells irrigate 4978 ha. The existing tanks benefit 14914 ha while other sources account for 7447 ha. The total irrigated area is thus, 0.15 M ha out of the geographical area of 1.77 M ha which is less than 10%. As per agricultural census the total cropped area in the district is only 47.5%. The principal crops grown in the area in both the seasons are paddy, sorghum ragi, setaria, chillies, groundnut, castor, cotton, tobacco, onions, mulberry, sunflower, banana etc. Food crops occupy 48% of the cropped area while 52% are non-food crops. The farmers are conversant with the use of fertilizers and manures. 2.1.10. OTHER ACTIVITIES Industries: Kurnool district has been famous for its craft of silk and cotton spinning, weaving and bangle making. The district has a fairly large number of big-size industries as compared to other districts of Rayalaseema region, producing minerals, cement, fertilizers. There are a few spinning mills, in the district while handloom weaving, tanning and leather industries have developed under small scale category. There were 456 factories in the district (Kurnool) in 1990-91 with a fixed capital of Rs.635 millions. Mining: Kurnool district under SRBC abounds in mineral wealth but much headway does not seem to have been made in its exploitation. The important minerals are limestone, iron ore, barytes, copper, lead, slate, steatite, mica, sulphur, calcite and zinc. Production figures for iron ore and limestone in 1990-91 are 17,000 tonnes and 3,17,000 tonnes respectively. Pisciculture: The districts under the two sub-projects used to be good fish production centres but currently pisciculture has ceased to be an important occupation. The GOAP, through its various programmes is, however, promoting adoption of pisciculture in a scientific way. Since last one year efforts are being made to improve pisciculture in Kurnool District. The seed production during 1993-94 is Rs.66.1 millions against the target of Rs.66 millions. All help is being rendered by leasing tanks to Fishermen Co-operative Society for stocking fish and to take up fish culture to improve economic condition of the fishermen. 7  Forestry: Kurnool district pertaining to SRBC has a total of 8375 Sq. Km of reserved forest area producing timber worth Rs. 23 millions, firewood/charcoal Rs.3.4 millions bamboos Rs.6.94 millions and Beedi leaves Rs.7.6 millions (1990-91) besides other minor produce. There is a well established forest organisation taking care of protection, development and management of the forests in the districts. 2.1.11. OBJECTIVES AND NEED FOR R&R Srisailam Right Branch Canal envisages irrigation of 65,000 ha of land in 12 Mandals of chronically drought affected areas of Kurnool District. In order to irrigate these areas, water need to be conveyed from Srisailam reservoir which necessitates excavation of main canal and distributory net work. The construction of main canal and distributory net work along with the ayacut road system require either land acquisition from project affected persons or resumption of Government land or forest land enroute, the system. The land acquisition including houses Ihouse plots and resumption of Government and forest land might result in either displacement or families getting affected due to acquisition of their land which is the main source of livelihood in most of the cases. This acquisition of land or displacement may necessitate rehabilitation or resettlement and rehabilitation . 2.2. SRS - KAKATIYA CANAL COMMAND 2.2.1 Introduction The Kakatiya Canal takes off from Srramsagar Dam across Godavari at Pochampad, about 200 km from Hyderabad. After traversing about 146 km, the canal outfalls into Lower Manair dam built across river Manair. The canal extends from the opposite flank of the dam to 284 km. The canal, in its reach from km 0 - 146 provides irrigation to an area of 1,65,000 ha. The command area below Lower Manair Dam (LMD) is 1,63,000 ha. The command area lies in 66 mandals of Nizamabad, Karimnagar, Warangal and Khammam districts. The Lower Manair Dam serves as a balancing reservoir. A location map and Index map of Kakatiya Canal are shown in Fig 3 and 4 respectively. The important components are as follows: i. Upgrading and completion of conveyance works of the kakatiya Canal Command from km 0 to 146. ii. Completion and new conveyance works of Kakatiya Canal Command between km 146 and 267. iii. Excavation of the tail section of the Kakatiya Canal . (between km 267 and 284) to serve as escape. iv. Feeder road net work. 8  2.2.2 Geology: Geologically, the command area may be divided into Alluvial deposits along the Godavari and the Manair rivers; Gondwana formations along the NW-SE Godavari graben or faulted through consisting of sand stones, red clays and shales. Purana rocks, Pahhela formations which are seen exposed in a main fault trending along the Godavari at Ramagundam and consist of limestones with shale intercalations. The Archeans which are main rocks consist of granite, gneisses and schists. Besides quartzite dykes are also observed across the granite complex in several directions. 2.2.3. Physiography: The command area presents a picture of gently undulating plain dotted by hills. The general height of the plateau ranges from 200-350 m above mean sea level and slopes gently towards the Godavari. 79% of the command area above LMD and 93 % of the command lower down has slopes of less than 1 percent. Physiographically the area may be divided into three main landscape units viz., rugged landscape, undulating landscape and gently sloping landscape. The rugged landscape occurs in the west and north of Karimnagar. The undulating landscape occurs in the east of Karimnagar and the south of the Manair river. It consists of moderately to gently undulating uplands with isolated residual hills interfluves and narrow valleys. The gently sloping land scape is in the flood plains of the Godavari and its tributaries between Peddapalli to Mahboobabad in north-west-south-east directions. These gently sloping plains support deep red and black soils. 2.2.4 Soils The soils in the command are derived from two parent rocks - black soils of granitic origin and red soils of sandstone origin. Detailed soil surveys have been carried out in 1963-75. Recently the Andhra Pradesh Remote Sensing Application Centre, Hyderabad has also attempted to interpret the soils through satellite imagaries. 14 mapping units have been identified using the available information. Land irrigability classification has also been done. About 93% of the area is irrigable. 70% of the command area is classified under class-ll. 2.2.5 Drainage: The command area is drained by the tributaries of the Godavari and the Krishna rivers. Peddavagu, Salivagu, Morancha vagu and the Manair are the important tributaries of the Godavari draining the command. The drainage pattern in the area shows distinctly the three types such as dendritic, trellis and parallel to sub-parallel. 2.2.6 Climate: The climate of the command area is tropical, characterised by hot summer and dry winter. The mean daily maximum temperature during summer is 410C and minimum 28oC. The mean daily maximum temperature during winter is 300C while the mean daily minimum temperature is about 1 50C. The relative humidity of the area is generally high during the southwest monsoon period. The rest of the year, it is dry. 9  2.2.7 Rainfall: The average annual rainfall in the command area varies between 900 mm and 1100 mm. About 81% of the annual rainfall is received during the southwest monsoon period of June to September and the rest during the northeast monsoon and summer period. The mean annual rainfall at Jagtial, Ramagundam, Manthani, Sultanabad and Karimnagar are 1170, 1133, 1095, 1025 and 1033 mm while for stations below LMD it is 876, 878, 959 and 1106 mm at Huzurabad, Warangal, Parkal and Mehaboobabad respectively. 2.2.8 Population: The Kakatiya Canal under SRS Project serves parts of the three districts of Nizamabad, Karimnagar and Warangal with population of 2.04 million, 3.04 million and 2.82 million respectively 73% of the population is rural. Cultivators constitute about 15.2% of the total population of the three districts. Agricultural labourers account for another 17.40%. The total population in the project area is 4.05 million. The farm population constitute 70% of the total project population. They hold 0.70 M ha (an average of 1.22 ha per farm holder). 62 percent of the farm holders are marginal with average land holding of 0.44 ha. Small farmers constitute the next largest group 22% with average land holding of 1.40 ha. Other categories which constitute 16% of the total, farm holders occupy 53% of the area, an average of 0.69 ha per farm holder. Districtwise the percentage of farm holdings vary from 16.70% in Nizamabad, 14.7% in Karimnagarto 12.6% in Warangal. 2.2.9 Agricultural Activity: The economy of the state in general and the sub-project in particular, is agriculture based. The command area of SRS project is in the drought prone Telangana region. Around 80% of the rainfall (700 mm) is received in June-September which is highly erratic both in terms of time and space. Before the construction of SRS, most of the area was rainfed barring small patches under a few tanks and wells. Construction of SRS Dam and canal system in part has brought considerable benefits to the area although the full benefit is yet to be realised. Increase in yield is also observed. 2.2.1 0 Other Activities: Industries: Telangana region of the state is industrially backward and there are hardly any industries in either Karimnagar or Warangal district covered by SRS. There are some factories based on mining and/or forest produces. There were 1664 registered factories between them which work out to be 13.3% of the state while the districts occupy 14.8% of the area. At present there are about 325 Nos. of Agro based industries such as seed processing, food products, tobacco products, Rice mills and Oil industries etc. in the region. 10  Mining: Telangana region of the state has some mineral resources besides coal in Ramagundam region of Karimnagar district. The production of coal during 1990-91 from this region reached a level of 7 million tonnes, nearly 40% of the state's total production. Some other minerals are also being extracted. Limestones were taken out to the extent of I million tonnes (10% of the state) in Karimnagar district. Forestry: A well established forest organisation is taking care of protection, development and management of the forest in the districts. 2.2.11 OBJECTIVES AND NEED FOR R&R The project aims at modernisation of command to an extent of 1,65,000 ha above the LMD and development of 1,63,000 ha below LMD. The acquisition of land required for the development of new command below LMD upto Km 267 including the distributory net work, took place long back and works constructed prior to AP-II. Land acquisition especially for completion of balance conveyance works between Km 267 and 284 and distributory net work viz., DBM 31, DBM 37, DBM 38, DBM 40, DBM 42 to 47 and DBM 48 (part) might have affected the people which require either rehabilitation or resettlement and rehabilitation. 11  APPROACH FOR RESETTLEMENT & REHABILITATION Since land acquisition is going to affect large nurnber of people, Government of AP has taken all preventive measures to avoid large scale displacement and minimise the hardship. In view of this, though the Government of A.P. proposed to construct reservoirs such as Gorakallu and also to raise the FRL of Owk Reservoir to 227 m level under S.R.B.C., these proposals have been dropped to avoid likely displacement of people. Other sub-project (SRSP) also does not contain any Reservoirs in the reaches involved, and may not involve any involuntary displacement. Therefore the new Project does not envisage major involuntary displacement other than ones that have already taken place under A.P. 11 Irrigation Project. However there may be people who might have not been displaced but have been economically affected by the acquisition of lands for canal and road net work. With a view to assist such affected persons underA.P. Ill Irrigation Project, Government of Andhra Pradesh adopted a Policy for Economic rehabilitation of project affected persons. Since the action plan envisages economic assistance to the affected people as per the Policy frame work and such other ameliorative measures, the action plan for the project is designated as Project Affected Persons Economic Rehabilitation Programme. In view of the importance of economic rehabilitation of the Project affected persons and in order to have smooth progress of works, and need for arranging continuity of flow of funds, following strategy of finalisation of PAPERP for A.P. Ill is adopted. 1. Conducting Socio Economic Survey of the persons from whom land has been acquired or persons affected indirectly by the construction of Main Canal. 2. Conducting Socio Economic Survey for the affected persons due to land acquisition already completed and people likely to be affected under distributories and related activities in Block-IV and Vil of S.R.B.C. 3. Preparing the Action Plan for the Main Canal of S.R.B.C. and Block IV and Vil of S.R.B.C. 4. Extrapolating the results of Socio Economic Survey of Block IV and Vil to remaining blocks namely Block 1, 11, Ill, V to VIl and IX to XVI. 5. Arriving at the financial projections for the remaining Blocks of S.R.B.C. 6. Based on the results of S.R.B.C. Projections, preparation of financial outlay for the PAPERP of SRSP. As indicated above the present action plan mainly deals with Main Canal and Block IV and Vil of SRBC and financial projections for the rest of the Blocks and SRSP, based on the above study results. 3.1 SOCIO ECONOMIC STUDY: In order to study in depth the adverse impact of the Project construction on the community and the people affected due to acquisition of lands, including patta, revenue and forest lands together with the possibility of finding the availability of land for providing asset based assistance and options based on the perception of the affected people, Tribal Cultural Research & Training Institute (TCR & TI), Hyderabad has been entrusted with the assignment of conducting detailed socio economic survey of the canal affected persons 12  as per the terms of reference under SRBC sub-project vide G.O.Ms.No.314 I & CAD (PW) Dept. dated 2/12/1994. The socio economic survey is proposed to be conducted in two phases namely (1) the completion of census survey of PAPs for land acquired upto date under the main canal and a full census survey of all land to be acquired under the ongoing works for Blocks IV and Vil of SRBC and (2) completion of surveys for PAPs encompassing all lands still to be acquired/k A Project Affected Persons Economic Rehabilitation Action Plan is proposed to be prepared for the first phase and a forecast' indicative udgetfor the phase IL. (* in bcoth sub ?orojects and already as acquired under s-T.) 3.2 METHODOLOGY OF SOCIO ECONOMIC STUDY: Initially, extent of patta lands, Govt lands and forest lands have been ascertained from L.A. records for the components of canals. In order to enable TCR & TI, Hyderabad to conduct socio economic studies. The land acquisition details covering about 4172 awardees are collected from the land acquisition records of Special Collector, Kurnool and computersed at National Informatice Centre (NIC), Hyderabad. The awardees are spread over about 48 villages coming under twelve (12) mandals of Kurnool district. In order to facilitate smooth, effective and timely completion of surveys, the Engineering -Wing of the Project, Spl. Deputy Collector, Land Acquisition Unit and Mandal Revenue Officers are pressed into service. All the district officials connected with land acquisition, land records and the registration under the leadership of the District Collector, Kurnool and Joint Collector and AddI. Dist. Magistrate, Kurnool were involved in conducting the study in a time bound manner and furnishing the data required by them. The survey was conducted during the period from 5/12/94 to 5/1/95, in the first leg covering the affected persons under the main canal and the people affected in Block IV and Vil during the second leg of survey from 9/1/95 to 24/1/95. A team of investigators were again sent to the field to cover left over cases during 3.3.95 to 14.3.95. The survey was conducted by 8 teams besides another team of women investigators. The services of four specialists including a woman sociologist who are experts in respective fields are also utilised. The survey operations were conducted under the control of the Director, TCR & TI, Hyderabad, A P Organisational chart of the study team - and schedule of study is given in Annexure II. -The village wise coverage of survey is given in annexure III and III-A. A well designed schedule has been canvassed among the affected persons in the villages by door to door interviews. The participatory rural appraisal method has been adopted for ascertaining the details and perceptions of the affected persons. The consultants during the field visit in three spells could contact 2876 Project Affected Families under main canal and 1092 under Block I V & VIII, as against the number of awardees indicated as4172 under main canal and 1224 under Block IV & Vil as per the Revenue Records and LP Schedules prepared by the Department. Out of them schedules of 240families could be canvassed under main canal and 708 under Block IV & VilI. Following are the reasons for the difference between number of awardees as per the LA records and number of schedules that could be canvassed by the consultants. 1. Coverage of some awardees in more than one award because of acquisition of his land probably situated at different locations 2. Some of the awardees settled elsewhere and could not be contacted. 3. Some of the awardees refused to furnish the information and hence could not be covered. 13  4. Some of the awardees were not available during the survey and could not be covered. 5. Some awardees whose whereabouts are not known and hence could not be collected. The socio economic survey in SRBC command including Block IV & Vil have been completed and after due analysis of the data, the consultants have finalised their report. Depending on the outcome of the analysis, the conclusions were arrived at and recommendations made by the consultants. Based on this and keeping in view, the policy of the Govt. of Andhra Pradesh, the action plan for project affected persons economic rehabilitation programme has been prepared. 14  DIRECT AND INDIRECT BENEFITS TO PROJECT AFFECTED PERSONS UNDER SRBC. The Project area depending on the Irrigation benefits can be divided into 2 Sectors. The first Sector comprises of Main Canal in 17 villages in Pamulapadu, Joopadu Bunglow,At mckWr Midthur and Gadivemula Mandals of the Project in which there is no provision for irrigation facilities. The second sector comprises of 31 villages in Panyam, Nandyal, Banaganapalli, Owk, Koilkuntla, Kolimigundla and Sanjamala Mandals in which all the villages from whom land is being acquired are getting benefitted by the creation of irrigation facilities of SRBC. The sector wise villages are given in Annexure I. There are number of direct and indirect benefits with the construction of project. The important benefits are as follows: 1. HIGHER YIELDS: The project would increase the cropping intensity from 103% to 157% and introduction of irrigation would increase the yield. Higher yields and increased irrigation intensity would result in higher agricultural production, leading to higher income and consequent improvement in standard of living. 2. STABILISATION OF AGRICULTURE: Since the project is going to remove the uncertainity of raising crops in the drought affected famine stricken areas, the agriculture is expected to be stabilised, thus leading to drought proofing in the project area. 3. EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES: Large scale employment opportunities are generated both during the construciton and after completion of the project due to increased cropping intensity. 4. ADDITIONAL WATER RESOURCES: The proposed irrigation system would convey about 19 TMC of water in the project command. The annual gross ground water recharge in the project area will be of the magnitude of 116.65 MCM out of which 99.17 MCM can be annually utilisable. This would improve ground water availability in the command. 5. FISHERIES AND AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES: The construction of reservoirs would provide substantial potential for fish farming. 6. ADDITIONAL HABITAT FOR AQUATIC WILD LIFE: The increase in the water spread area will accrue an additional habitat for aquatic wild life including migratory birds and resident species. 7. RECREATION AND TOURISM POTENTIAL: Owk reservoir which is on the way to Puttaparthy, a piligrimage centre can be developed for small scale tourist spot. 8. OTHER SOCIO ECONOMIC BENEFITS: Completion of the project will improve the quality of life in the command through sustainable agricultural development and results in food security in the command. 15  PROJECT AFFECTED AREA SRBC starts from Banakaclierla cross regulator in pamulapadu Mandal and terminates at km 141 after traversing through a bypass at Gorakallu valley and a balancing reservoir at Owk valley. The total commatnd of the project is divided into 16 blocks covering 48 villages in 12 Mandals of Kurnool District. The village wise, Mandal-wise details of Land acquired under the project for the main canal and for the Block IV & VIII are given in Annexure IV & V. 5.1. MAIN CANAL As seen from the table, there are total 48 villages which are affected due to land acquisition for the project. As per the Socio-economic survey 2873awardees were covered out of4172 under main canal and 1092 were covered out of 1224 under Block IV & VIII. Thus,socio-economic profiles of 74% of the awardees were collected and analysed for the extent of land acquisition and its impact in the project area. As per the socio economic survey, an extent of 3732.582 acres of private land has been acquired from out of total land of 18,667.69 acres held by the land owners under main canal. In other words, about 20% of the land holding was acquired on an average from the project affected families. Similarly, an extent of 414.19 acres of Government assigned land was resumed from the project affected families from out of 687.905 acres held by them. In other words, 60% of the assigned holding hield by the project affected persons was resumed for the project. Further 102 houses have been acquired, thus displacing 102 families by the project. Out of the displaced families, 97 belonged to a hamlet of Vanala village in Pamulapadu Mandal and remaining five are from different villages. About 17 irrigation wells have been acquired including 13 handpumps and 11 other structures suchi as pump shed etc., from the Project Affected Persons. 5.2. BLOCK IV & VilI The distributory network covers 4 Mandals and 12 villages in which land is proposed to be acquired from 1224 land hiolders. Out of whiich 1092 have been covered by the socio economic survey, thiat comes to 89% of the project affected families. An extent of 339.64 acres of private patta land has been acquired out of 8372.06 acres held by the project affected persons. In other words 4% of the land holding will be acquired on an average from the Project Affected Families. Similarly, 42.57 acres of assigned land will be acquired out of the total holding of 126.09 acres which comes to 33% of the assigned land holding. About 3 houses will be acquired under Block IV & Vil in addition to three other small structures. 5.3. IMPACT OF THE PROJECT ON SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE. 5.3.1. Agricultiral linfrastructure: In view of rain fed agriculture, presently existing in the area, the agricultural infrastructure such as input supply centres, farm machinery service centres etc., are scarce in the project area. Based on thie aiialysis of the existing infrastructure, it works-out that only 5% of the command villages have seed depots within the village and 1 1% of them are at a distance of 1 to 5 Kms, 46% of them are at a distance of 6 to 15 KMs and balance beyond 15 KMs. Similarly, 10 % of the villages alone have fertiliser and pesticide depots within the village, 20 % have at a distance of 1 to 5 KMs, 70% at a distance of more than 6 KMs. 16  Due to the advent of the project, agriculture infrastructure facilities are bound to be improved due to sheer demand supply forces and the project is going to have positive impact towards these amenities. The project is also going to open up new research avenues in the nearby research stations and throw up innumerable training opportunities for Krishi Vignana Kendra at Nandyal and Banaganapalli. 5.3.2. Animal Husbandry: There are three veterinary hospitals and 18 Livestock Supervisory units and 55 rural Livestock Units in the command which are in no way affected by the project. The demands for these facilities are bound to increase after completion of the project because of the obvious reasons. More and more Villages are going to have exclusive Veterinary hospitals/Livestock supervisory units/ Rural Livestock Units after the completion of the project, as against very low levels of infrastructure as existing now. 5.3.3. Roads and Transport: The roads and transport are life lines of economy of any area. The analysis of the area indicates that 89% of the villages are connected by pucca roads and road transport. Moolasagaram and panyam are also connected by rail. The project is in no way going to effect the road and transport infrastructure adversely and in converse the ayacut road net work which is the component of the project going to improve the communication facilities and better access to all the villages of the command. The access of the villages are in no way going to be affected by the main canal and the distributories, as the existing passages and approaches are protected by constructing either single lane or double lane bridges. As reported elsewhere, there are about 40 single lane and double lane bridges aiding the project villages to commute and communicate. 5.3.4. Medical, Public healthi and Drikiing Water: The socio economic survey of the project area has revealed that all the villages have drinking water source in the form of a open well or tubewell. The protected water supply is available in 15 villages of the project area. Due to the excavation of the main canal, especially at higher contours, where the depth of excavation is high, has affected the ground water table in the area, resulting in problems of drinking water availability in the adjoining villages especially during summer. This problem is a temporary phenomenon of the project . Vibrant agricultural activity is going to provide immense job opportunities for the rural folk. As seen from the above, the project construction is going to have positive impact rather than negative effects within and around the command. The people living outside the command, especially nearby areas such as Nandikotkur, Nandyal, Kurnool etc. would also be getting benefited after completion of the project in view of increased agricultural productivity and supply of raw material for Agro based industries and with release of water in the main canal the ground water recharge would replenish the depleted ground water table and would help in making drinking water available throughout the year. However, during the construction, the Panchayat Raj DepartrTient of Govt. of A.P. has takenup series of deep tube wells and borewells in order to reduce the problem of drinking water availability. The project area is served by two hospitals, one at Nandyal and another at Koilakuntla. Primary Health Centres are located at Gadivemula, Panyarn1, Maddur, Moolasagaram, Owk and Perusomala and dispensaries at Jaiakanur, Durvesi, Maddur, Moolasagaram 17  and sub-centres at Gorakallu, Panyam, Banaganapalli, Alamur, Mettupalli, Singanapalli and Owk. Number of private Medical practitioners are available in many of the villages. In addition to this, Community health centres are located in about 17 villages of the project area. The project has no adverse impact regarding the accessibility of these facilities to the project affected community. 5.3.5. Education and Communication Infrastructure: The socio economic study reveals that all the villages are served by primary schools and there are more than one school in 17 villages of the project area. High schools are present in 12 villages of the project area and Junior Colleges at Panyam, Banaganapalli and Koilakuntla. Since the command is nearby to the major towns, such as Nandikotkur, Nandyal and Banaganapalli, most of the project affected villages are being served by the Educational institutions available in these towns. The project is having no adverse impact with respect to accessability of the Educational infrastructure. All villages, except three namely Chennamukkapalli, Thirupadu and Obulapuram are connected by postal facility and 15 villages are connected by Telegraph facility. These facilities are not affected by the project construction and in converse it is going to improve the above facilities. 5.3.6. Access to Banks and Agricultural Co-Op Societies: Commercial banks are available in 12 villages of the project area and 14 are situated within a distance of 1 to 5Kms from these banks. Reset of the villages are served by the banks from a distance of more than 5 Kms. The agricultural co-operative societies are located in 16 villages and another 16 villages are served by a primary Co-op societies from a distance beyond 6 kms. The project is in no way going to affect adversely with regard to availing the project construction activity has created a vibrant economy in and around these villages which would throw up more and more self-employment opportunities for the youth in the project affected area after completion. 18  THE LAND AND PROPERTY ACQUISITION 6.1. THE PROCESS OF LAND ACQUISITION: The land acquired for construction of the canal system is identified by the Engineering wing of the SRBC and requisition for acquiring the required lands duly furnishing the necessary information in the requisition forms about the extent and survey numbers and villages of the lands required for the construction of the SRBC project will be sent to the Special Collector, Land Acquisition of the projects, Kurnool. On receipt of the requisition the Land Acquisition Officer (LAO) will depute his surveyor of the said land and structures there on and fix peg marks, and report to the Land Acquisition Officer about the correct survey numbers along with sub-division records with sketches of the land/ structures proposed for acquisition. Then sub-division records are sent to the Deputyinspector of Survey forverification and attestation ofthesame. Thereafter the Land acquisition Officer will call for copies of adangal (Record of Rights), RSR,10(1) Account and Land ceiling records of the concerned land to verify whether the land required is Govt. land, patta land and the ownership of patta land. If it is patta land, it is also to be verified whether the pattadar is attracted by Land Reforms Act, (AgricultureLandCeilingAct). Afterverification of all the above mentioned records, the Land Acquisition Officer prepares a draft notification under Sec.4(1) of Land Acquisition Act 1894. A draft declaration showing the particulars of land, its classification, structures if any, trees if any, existing on the land is prepared after inspecting the said land along with the Surveyor and Engineering staff etc., under the section 6 of Land Acquisition Act 1894. The LA Officer submits the draft notification and declaration proposals to the Special Collector, (LA) Kurnool for his approval and for onward transmission to the Government for their approval and causing its publication in the District Gazettee. If the land is urgently required for acquisition for the project, the LA Officer submits draft notification and draft declaration simultaneously. There are three ways of causing publication of draft notification and draft declaration 1. by publication in two local dailies of regional languages through Commissioner of Information and Public Relations ofGovernmentof Andhra Pradesh. 2. by publication in the district Gazettee by the SpI. Collectorand 3. by issuing a public notification in thevillage. And all the three modes of publication are compulsory for every acquisition. The last date of publication of the draft notification and draft declaration is considered for the purpose of LA Act. Then the Land Acquisition Officer will call for the land sales statistics, relating to the village from the Sub-Registrar of the Rigistration Department to examine the trend from the market rates for the village concerned. Simultaneously the LAO issues notices under section 9(3) and 10 of Land Aqcuistion Act to the concerned parties for award enquiry. There will be fifteen days gap between the date of service of notice and the date of enquiry. The LAO will fix up the market value of the land on the basis of sale transactions of the lands of similar category held during the period of three years preceeding the date of the last publication of the draft notification. The LAO will thus fix up the market value of the lands and submit the preliminary valuation statements showing the details of the rates fixed and the reasons there of to the Special 19  Collector, LA for his approval. The Special Collector, LA will inspect the lands under sale transactions registered preceeding the last three years to verify the proximity and fertility etc., and approves the preliminary valuation statement submitted by the LAO, with due modifications if any. The LAO after completing the award enquiry will verify the revenue records to ascertain the persons in possession of the land and ownership of the same. He will then send draft award to the Sub-Collector for approval of the same. After the draft award is approved by the special Collector, the LAO processes the award under the section 1 of the L.A.Act in the capacity of Collector,and pays the compensation to the awardees in the form of cheques. The award has to be passed within the period of two years from the date of publication of draft notification. Otherwise, the draft notification is deemed to have been lapsed. Thirty percent of the market value of the land is payable towards solatium under Section 23(1) of the LAAct and 12% additional market value under Section 23(1) from the date of notification to the date of award or taking possesion of land whichever is earlier. Under section 28 of LA Act interest is payable @ 15% thereafter from the date of taking possesion of the land or till the award or the proposed date of payment. The awardee is intimated the fact of passing of the award. Under the section 12(2) of LA Act showing the amounts awarded. In case the awardee is not satisfied with the compensation amount awarded to him, he receives the award amount underprotest and files a petition before the LAO under section 18 of the LA Act for refering the case to the civil court for proper adjudication within six weeks from the date of the passing of the award under section 12(2). The total extent of land required for the SRBC Main Canal including Owk reservoir comes to 3676 ha. In addition to this an extent of 154.74 ha will be acquired for block IV & Vill. Land acquired under the SRBC Main Canal and proposed to be acquired under block IV & VIII are presented in the annexure VI .The village wise details of other acquisitions such as homestead land, houses, pumpsheds, wells, trees, crops etc., are presented in the Annexure VIl. Whenever the assigned Government lands are resumed for the purpose of the project, the affected people will be paid compensation as per the standing orders vide G.O.Ms No.1307, dated 23-12-1993 by a seperate proceedings. Whenever structures of the encroachers of Government land is resumed, reasonable exgratia payment is made to compensate the cost of such structures. Under SRBC Project, the land has been acquired for constructing the main canal, distributories, road net work and Owk balancing reservoir. Since the project is on going and part of the works have been completed, majority of the land required for the project is already acquired. The Government has fixed the cut-off date, for inclusion of major children as project affected persons, as the date of 4(1) notification under LA Act. However , in the present case, since the part of the land has already been acquired long time back on different dates, spreading from the year 1985 till date, the age for considering major children has been taken as the time of conducting Socio economic survey. This is the most liberalistic view of Government of Andhra Pradesh in order to ensure that the affected people will be economically rehabilitated irrespective of the date of 4(1) notification. 6.1.1. Fixing valuation of Land, Structures, Trees etc.: The acquisition for construction of the Project involved acquiring houses, wells, handpumps and other structures besides the land. In addition to the land 109 houses, 17 wells, 13 handpumps and 11 other structures have been acquired for the purpose. The detailed breakup of trees and crops are not available as they are clubbed 20  alongwith the total compensation while passing the award. For fixing the valuation of land, structures or any other items such as wells, trees etc., the date of 4(1) notification will be taken for deciding the market value. 1The market value of land will be fixed depending on the sales statistics of similarly situated lands in the nearest area possible by duly gathering the sales statistics from the Registration Department. To this market value, an amount of 30% solatium will be added to compensate the compulsory nature of acquisition and 12% of additional market value will be paid from the date of 4(1) Notification till the date of award or till the date of taking possession whichever is earlier. Interest at the rate of 15% will be paid from the date of taking possession of the land till payment of compensation. The valuation of structures will be done based on the norms fixed by the Engineering Department which will be updated from time totime. The values are fixed by taking thetypeofstructure, time of construction and quality of materials used for the construction etc., and total amount will be calculated for the total plinth area. The valuation for trees will be fixed based on the norms fixed by the Agriculture Department which basically depends on the age of the tree and number of trees and the production of the trees in future. Compensation forthe crop, since it is one time matter will be decided by taking the stage of the crop growth and type of crop, by the LAO while valuation of the land. 6.1.2. Details of Appeals Pending: As per the Land Acquisition Act, the land owners receiving the amount under protest at the time of passing of award can request within 6 weeks from passing the award to refer their cases to the Sub-court in order to decide appropriate compensation. The LAOs will be filing the Section 18 reference cases to the Sub-courts as and when the request received from the Awardees. As seen from the socio economic study conducted in the project area, there are about 1729 cases filed in various courts, out of 3517 awardees,ofwhom331 caseshavebeendecidedbytheCourts, enhancing the land compensation fixed by the Land Acquisition Officer concerned. In these 331 cases, the award amount of Rs. 90.63 lakhs paid by the LAO while passing the award has been enhanced by the Courts to 285.94 lakhs. Depending on the reasonableness of the Court order, the Government decides to file appeals against the lower court order or pays the enhanced amount in the court, which will be withdrawn by the awardqes. Though the process of litigation is a long drawn process, every landholder, who is aggrieved of lower compensation have got right to go to the Court and get the compensation enhanced based on due enquiry by the Court. In such cases, the Government will be paying interest on the total compensation till the decretal amount is deposited in the Court as per the directions of the respective court. Village-wise details of court cases pending, cases decided and enhanced compensation are given in annexure VilI 6.1.3. Details of Other Lands: In addition to the private land acquired for the purpose of the project, Government lands have also been resumedforthepurpose. Asdescribed elsewhere an extent of 414.19 acres of Government land has been resumed for constructing the main canal and 42.57 acres under Block IV and Vil. In addition to this, an extent of 726 acres of Government poramboke land which is free of any occupation has been resumed for the construction of the project. Similarly, an extent of 664 acers of forest land has been takenover for the construction of the project, for which a compensatory afforestation plan is prepared as described elsewhere. Except these lands, no other poramboke or common lands have been acquired for the project. The 21  Govemment land which is under occupation of the people in various villages has been resumed by a separate proceedings by paying compensation as per the existing norms ie., as per the G.O.Ms.No.1307, dated 23-12-1993 TheotherGovernment poramboke land has been resumed and suitable mutations will be affected in the revenue records in order to show the transfer to Irrigation Department. As far as forest land is concerned, the possession will be takenover depending upon the requirement of construction of the project and the title, still will be vested with the Forest Dept. For the purpose of land acquisition the assigned lands have also been taken on the similar lines of acquisition of private lands, but, for the difference in procedure of acquisition. For the purpose of preparation of package for their resettlement and rehabilitation, they have been treated at par and as if private land has been acquired from them. Therefore, for the sake of convenience, all other discussions and action plan have been drawn without treating them separately. Except the people covred in the action plan, no other person is living as encroacher on the remaining Government poramboke land. The socio economic survey has also indicated that no customary or traditional rights have been affected due to the acquisition for the project. 6.1.4. Utilisation of Compensation: Since Land Acquisition has been completed over a period of time and the compensation received by the land holders must have spent for various purposes. The study of pattern of utilisation of compensation indicate the priorities and the needs of awardees. This would also reveal whether the compensation has been used for productive purposes. The pattern of spending activitywise and communitywise are given in the annexure As seen from the data, the number of respondents who spent the amount for various purposes are varying. Depending on the number against each item of utilisation, the item of utilisation can be prioritised alongwith the percentage as given below: 1. Food 26.2% 2. Loan repayment 12.6% 3. Wedding 7.2% 4. Expenditure on agriculture and purchase of equipment 10.0% 5. Others 7.0% 6. Clothing 5.1% 7. Construction of Houses 4.5% 8. Purchase of agriculture land 2.9% 9. Medical treatment 2.9% 10. Education 2.7% 11. Savings 2.5% 12. Purchase of livestock 1.8% 13. Religious functions 1.7% 14. Construction of wells, bore well & motor 0.9% 22 c  15. Self employment 0.3% 16. Consumable items 0.3% As seen from the above, majority of the respondents have spent their compensation for consumption needs and others religious activities. About 25.9% of the respondents have spent their money for productive purposes such as purchase of agricultural land, house sites, purchase of equipment, construction of wells, purchase of live stock etc. About 2.5% of the respondents have repaid their loan from out of the compensation received. 23  PROJECT AFFECTED COMMUNITY The project affected community mainly belonged to three religions, namely, Hinduism, Christianity and Islam. Hinduism is the original native religion of the area, where as Islam and Christianity have appeared later with advent of Muslim rulers and Britishers. The christians are mainly the converts from socially backward class, especially Scheduled Castes. The study area also comprises of small population of tribal community who are having mainly Hindu manners, customs and traditions and at the same time maintain their cultural identity. The Hindu population of the village can be divided into number of castes and subcastes and various caste groups as presented hereunder: 1. Brahmins 2. Vysyas, 3. Kapu (Reddy and Kamma) 4. Backward class such as Balija, Yadava, Kuruba, Ediga, Padmasali, Thogota, Sathani, Thamballa, Bestha, Vaddera, Uppari etc. 5. Viswa Brahmin (Kamsali, Vadla, Kammara) 6. Kummari, ;Mangali,Chakali, Medari,Boya, Dudekula 7. Dasari, Dommari, Pitchikuntla, Jangam 8. Yerukala, Sugali, Chenchu 9. Scheduled Caste The Brahmins occupy the highest caste hierarchy who are traditionally priests and men of learning about Hindu scriptures. Vysyas are basically traders and money lenders. Kapus mainly Reddy and Kamma are agricultural communities who predominate the project area. In view of land ownership, these groups play prominant role in village economy, social and political life. Backward communities belonged to various occupational groups. Balija community are predominant in the project area. They pursue various occupations ranging from cultivation to trading. Some of them are traditionally shepherds and wool makers. Ediga community are traditionally toddy tappers and liquor distillers. Kurubas are also shepherds and wool makers. Padmasalis and Thogotas are weavers. Santhanis are priests in Vaishnava temples while Thamballas are music players in shiva temples. Bestha community are engaged in fishing. Vaddera community are stone cutters and Uppari are traditionally salt makers. The other caste groups are basically functional groups such as barbers, washermen etc. Among the Scheduled Tribes the predominent groups in the area belonged to Chenchu, Yanadi, Sugali and Yerukala which are notified tribes. About 27 families are affected due to acquisition of the land under the project. Most of the affected families belong to Yerukala community and small number to other groups. Yerukalas are found in 20 villages of the study area who are traditionally basket makers and swine herders. They have a dialect of their own, but has gone to disuse over a period of time. The tribe is divided into number of sub-tribes on the basis of occupational specialisation such as Dabbu (bamboo basket makers), Chuvva (basket makers with date palm), Kuncha (makers of weaving brushes), Karivepaki (traders of kari leaves), Nara (rnakers of 24  fibre for rope making), Bhajanthis (musicians). Some of them have turned to agriculture in view of difficulties in continuing their traditional occupation. The Scheduled caste group occupies the last rung of caste hierarchy existing in the project area. They are basically agricultural labourers and weavers. They also do the leather work. The total population covered under the study area is 2.04 lakhs as per the 1981 census including the population of Nandyal. Total number of houses in the project area are 24,655 as per 1991 census. The density of population is 155 per Sq.KM. The average house hold size works out to 4.9. The Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe population form the core of the weaker section of the society, while bulk of the village population of the area belonged to other groups. Scheduled castes form about 19.1 % of the rural population and Scheduled Tribes constitute 3.5 % of the total population inhabiting the project. The sex ratio in terms of females per thousand males in the area works out to 949 as against the sex ratio of 953 females per thousand males in the Kurnool District. The literacy rate in the project area is 35.20 %. About 50.3% of the work force is engaged in agricultural activities of whom 22.4 per cent are cultivators. 7.1. ECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF PROJECT AFFECTED COMMUNITY The economic conditions of the area mainly depends on agriculture, as majority of the people are dependent on agriculture or agriculture related activities. The land being the main source of livelihood, the ownership pattern would determine the economic status and social status of the people in a particular area. Therefore, the current status of Land holding distribution in the area operated by each identified social group and the type of farmers are relevent for assessing the resource base of the village and socio economic studies of the social groups and classes of the farmers in the study area. Similarly other items such as one of agricultural implements, livestock etc., are also important deciding factors in economic status of the land holder. Brief description of the above items and status of project community with respect to each item is given below 7.1.1 Land Holding The pattern of land holding of the project community is given table. k Sl. No Type of Farmer No. and Area (in Acres) of operational holdings Total Scheduled Scheduled Caste Tribe No. Area No. Area No. Area 1. Marginal Farmers 12207 16818 2811 3413 219 287 (36.43) (6.9) (62.3) (27.2) (55.3) (19.4) 2. Small Farmers 7758 28228 1044 3668 93 322 (23.15) (11.6) (23.1) (29.5) (23.5) (21.8) 25  3. Others 13541 198494 658 5462 84 866 (40.13) (81.5) (14.6) (43.6) (21.2) (58.8) 33506 243540 4513 12545 396 1475 It is vivid from the above table that the marginal farmers constitute 36.43% in the SRBC Ayacut area and own 11.6 % of the area; the small farmers constitute 23.15 % of the total holdings and own 11.6% of the total area. Other farmers are holding 40.42% of the total area. The other farmers constitute 40.42%,and they own 81.5% of the total extent in area. Among the scheduled caste, 62.3% are marginal farmers and they own 27.2 % of the total area, while 23.1% of the schedule caste small farmers are owning about 29.2% of the total area. Among the scheduled tribe farmers 55.3% belong to marginal farmers who own 19.4% of area and 23.5% of small farmers owning about 21.8 % of the total area The analysis ofdata of Socio Economic Survey gives the distributions of various social groups among various holding sizes. The distribution of land holding caste wise among the project affected families based on the dry land holding before acquisition of the land is given below: Community Land Holding 0-3.75 3.76-7.5 7.6 & above Total SC 349 (82.5) 53 (12.5) 21(49) 423 (25.8%) (11.8) (3.5) (17.6) ST 18 (66.7) 5(18.5) 4 (14.8) 27 (1.3%) (1.0) (0.7) (1.1) BC 548 (58.2) 210 (22.3) 184(19.5) 942 (40.5) (46.6) (30.7) (39.2) Others 439 (43.3) 183 (18.1) 391 (38.6) 1013 (32.4) (40.6) (65.2) (42.1) Total 1354 (56.3) 451 (18.8) 600(24.9) 2405 As seen from the table, among the marginal farmers 25.8 % belonged to scheduled caste, 1.3% to schedule tribe, 40.5% to backward community and 32.4 % to other communities. Similarly, among small farmer's group, 86 % of the farmers belonged to other backward community or other communities and only 11.8% to schedule caste and 1% to schedule tribe community. Among the medium and big farmers, scheduled caste constitute 3.5 % and schedule tribe comprises of 0.7% and rest being backward class community and other classes. Among the schedule caste farmers, 82.5% of the farmers are marginal, 12.5 % are small and only 4.9% are of medium and large type. 26  7.1.2. Cropping Pattern The cropping paftern of an area indicates the status of agriculture of that area. The extent and the food crops indicate the subsistance level of economy of that area. The larger the area under dry crops, greater the dependency on the rain fall. Important crops of the area are groundnut, cotton, Sorgham. Seteria, redgram, sunflower, tobacco etc. The area is mainly cereal based especially minor millets and rice grown under existing irrigation facilities. 7.1.3. Agricultural Implements* Normally in the areas where agriculture productivity is high, the agriculture is machanised. The present status of use of agricultural implements in the study area has been collected from BMSR of SRBC, command area which itself is based on livestock census based on census of 1987 for the SRBC proposed command area. Even though the SRBC is not identical with the present study area the broad picture that emerges from the BMSR of SRBC command area generally holds good for the study area also. The following table gives particular equipments available for 1000 hectares of gross cropped area. SI.No. Name of the agricultural Implement No. of Implements. 1. Plough a) Wooden 71 b) Iron 10 Total 81 2. Diesel Engine 2 3. Electric Pump sets 8 4. Tractors 2 5. Hand Sprays and Dusters 20 6. Power sprayers and dusters 2 7. Power Tillers 8. Seed cum fertilizer drill 29 9. Power driven planting equipment 4 10. Power driven levelling equipment 3 As seen from the above table, there are 71 wooden and 10 iron ploughs for every 1000 hectares of gross cropped area. There are 10 pumpsets (Diesel & Electrical) for every 1000 hectares of gross cropped area. There are 21 sprayers and dusters, 29 seed cum fertiliser drills in use in the area for every 1000 hectares of gross cropped area. But the position has changed considerably since 1987. 7.1.4. Live Stock: Live stock is essential in agricultural economy as it is used for various agricultural operations like ploughing, manuring, threshing etc., besides dairying. Therefore, the live stock is considered as capital stock in income estimates apart from bovine animals. Other animals like sheeps, goats and birds like hens and ducks also contribute to the rural economy. Therefore it is necessary to find out the distribution of the livestock by category in the study area to assess the resource base of the study area. Following table represents distribution of Livestock by category in the study area. 27  7.1.5. Distribution of Live stock by category.* SI.No. Category Total No. 1. White Cattle 21353 Male working 15406 2. Black Cattle 35199 Female milch 22362 3. (1) Sheep 15975 (2) Goat 20107 4. Poultry 69979 Grand Total 162613 The above table reveals that the black cattle is more preponderant than white cattle. In the total bovine population white cattle forms about 38% while the black cattle constitutes 62%. But in the case of Kurnool District as a whole white cattle form 58.6% and black cattle constitutes 41.4% of the total bovine. 7.1.6. Social adverse impact on scheduled tribes The project has affected only 27 S.T. families, most of them belonging to Yerukala community. Considering their major children, total number of project affected persons belonging to S.T. Community comes to 30. Among them, there are 11 project affected persons, who have lost their houses and most of them are being in Vanala Village. The 2 displaced families belonged to Yerukala Community and the resettlemet and rehabilitation package is described under Valanla resettlement plan. 7.1.7. Adverse impact on role and status of Women Family is the basic and primary institution of the society. The joint family system is predominant in the project area. The women head of the family generally attends to kitchen work and also goes to the agriculture activities either as labour on daily wages or for supervising certain operations such as weeding, transplanting, harvesting etc. She will be helped in the kitchen by old aged women or widows. The women also attend to other activities also such as cleaning of food grains, harvesting of vegetables, dairy etc. Joint family system generally protects the old aged, widows and disbaled persons of the family. However the joint family system is fast disappearing with the advent of modern education and consumerism. The main function of a woman in a family can be listed as follows. a) Fetching Fuel, fodder b) Fetching water wherever protected water facilities are not available. c) Kitchen Work d) Looking after animal husbandary activities such as dairying, upkeep of cattle etc. * Source: BMSR, DE&S, Hyderabad. 28  e) Wage labour or supervision of agriculture operations etc. f) Caring children and doing other house hold work. All important decisions are generally taken in consultaion with woman member of a family, though it is not mandatory. Early marriages and dowry systems are prevalent in the area. In order to assess any adverse impact of the project on the women and their perception about the project a seperate study was conducted through women anthropologists by using PRA techniques in sample wages by dividing the project area into two sectors, one being the area where no irrigation component is available and other being with irrigation component. Some of the major perceptions are listed below. 1. They are aware of land acquisition for the project and came to know through their husbands. 2. By and large the women are not favourable for land acquisition in sector 1 and possitive in sector 2 3. Some feel that the shortages in the fodder in the area is mainly due to the land acquisition. 4. In some reaches especially at deep cut alignments,shortage of drinking water availability due to decrease in water table is experie-ncec . Since there is no major displacement in the project exce-pt Vanala hamlet, there are no adverse impact on the role of women and their status. The transitional ill effects of the project such as low water table in deep cut reaches, fodder shortage etc. will be over come the moment the project becomes operational. Government of A.P. has taken up a protected water supply scheme in deep cut reach at Mittakandala to ameliorate the problem of lowering water table in the area. The rehabilitation packages providing for economic support through productive asset grant and enabling them to form into thrift groups and economic support through revolving fund are some of the special memsuresfor improving the status of women by increasing their levels of income. Government of A.P. has given equal status for major girl child and treated as a seperate family irrespective of marital status. 29  PROJECT AFFECTED PERSONS 8.1 Definition "Project Affected Person" means a person other than a displaced person who loses atleatfiminimum loss of holding, and is left tith less than t:ninimum economic holdin ' after the acquisition or of talcing over of lands from his,9her possession for the Project; "Minimulm loss of holding" means loss of a miniinum of 25% of the holding of a person -or the oroject compulsorily as on the date of not-.fication under the Lk Act. "Minimum Economic Holding" means a holding of 2 ha. of dry land or I ha. of irrigated land or an equivalent land thereof taking projected benefit into account. "Disolaced Person" means a person who since atleast one year or prior to the date of ,publication of the Notification under Sec.4 of the L.A.Act 1894, or to atleat 5 years prior to the date of taklng over f)r the project, possession of any land undler his occupation has beon ordinarily residing in a project affected villge and who has, on account of the acquisition of his/her land, including homestead land, or of taking ove~r of land from his/her possession been physica- lly displaced from suchi village. Family in relation to a displaced person/project affected person means persons fallinug in L-he follovwin9 categories as on the date of public-3t-1on of Sec.4 notification or of taking over possession in respect of his/her lands/homestead in the Project affected village or of alienation from any land taken over for the project; i) the person who is displaced/affected and his/her szouse, minor children, minor brothers/sisters, father and mothlr and other memblers residing with him and who are depandent on him,/her for their livelihood; and ii) major cihild of the displaced/affected person wrho is more than 1,3 years of age irrespective of his martial status; 802 .CLASSIFICATIO1N OF PAFs I .Displaced 2.Land Holdiers 3.1M4ajor Child 4.-ncroachers and Others 5 .Destitutes/Aqed 8.3.PACKAGsE OF ENTITLEMENTS Th) EACH CATEGORY 8,3.1 Displaced persons i. Prov-isLon of house site of 3 to 5 cents area to all displaced fainilies free of cost. ii. Each displaced faiiiLly shall be provided with economic assis-tance of n5s.10,0O0/- on the pattern of weaker section housing progz'amme for the construction of a house at a new resettlement site in addition to per- mitting them -to use -tlhe ma-terial of the old structure. 30  iii. Provision of free transport facility to transport usable household material from the old site to resettlement site. iv. They shall be provided with maintenance allowance of Rs.500/- per month/for 9 months to cover their initial expenses till their regular economic activity gets streamlined. v. Cattle maintenance of Rs. 200/- per month shall be provided for a period of 6 months to maintain their cattle population. vi. Wherever a whole village or a group of families numbering not less than hundred are displaced, Civic amenities such as electricity, drinking water facility, internal roads, community building shall be provided at free of cost. vii. Resettlement centre to be provided with a Farm Service Centre (FSC) under the management of a Non-Governmental Organisation (NGO) or association of the displaced family members with an outlay of Rs. 2.0 Lakhs in order to provide services for various farm activities. 8.3.2. Land Holders i. Compensation at prevailing market value for the lands, trees, structures and other assets shall be provided. In addition, a sum equivalent to 30% of the value of compensation as solatium shall also be provided for the compulsory deprivation of the asset. ii. All PAPs under this category are eligible under land for land for allotment of Government or ceiling surplus land to the extent of loss or upto a limit of 2ha of dry land or 1 ha of wet land or an equivalent thereof, if available in the same revenue village. While alloting the land preference will be given to persons belonging to the SC/St. If Government land is not available in the project affected village, then a package of economic support programme will be implemented for improving the economic status of the displaced / PAPs in agriculture, industry, business, animal husbandry or service sectors. The package will consists of the items spelt out under para "Economic Rehabilitation Package". for land holders. iii. Full compensation for damage, if any, to the standing crops or trees due to the acquisition. iv. Payment of ex-gratia equivalent to market value to the assignees of Government land whenever such land is taken over for the project purpose. 8.3.3. Major Child Major child as spelt out under definitions above are eligible for the economic rehabilitation package on par with the PAPs. The major child is treated as below poverty line PAP irrespective of the status (above or below poverty line) of the head of the PAF. 8.3.4. Encroachers and others They are eligible for economic rehabilitation package as detailed above on par with PAP affected due to land acquisition. 31  8.3.5. Destitutes/Aged Does not arise in the case of canal affected persons. 8.4 ECONOMIC REHABILITATION PACKAGE TO EACH CATEGORY 8.4.1. Land Holders a) Productive asset grant of Rs. 5,000/- to all such displaced/project affected persons . This grant can be linked to bank loans in order to secure maximum assistance for their economic support programme. b) Preference in granting fishing rights in the proposed reservoir; c) Permission to take up horticulture or social forestry plantation in the foreshore area of the reservoir and along the canal banks and allow them to use its income; d) Provision of smokeless chullas free of cost; e) Initiation of group activity; and fl Pr vsion.of vocationaVItraini inO elevant ecQnnmic activities. g)AlPTro. ec a eci 9r l es s 1a e orov