India - Second Madras Water Supply Project : environmental assessment (Vol. 1 of 2) : Volume 1

Final Report tCL oe' Environmental Assessment of Second Madras Water Supply Project New Veeranam Volume I (17O'.'E,-' FILE CCPY. Sponsor: Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drai e (TWAD) Board 4s-g.~ =___ -_ _ _ National Environmental Engineering Research Institute Nehru Marg, Nagpur - 440 020 October 1994  5t i('wrseobiE,XeciMAI(". 71T5 I 1a , lIeptione 235196*4 4fTTt / X1/ x n,Pr)06c S;C IrN SIi r a T PALX 2352122 w11~ I (A,cir,~ c:cNSE,\IlCI I MA1I~AS t~~Iep erAX 2351964 NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH INSTITUTE TF.M 3cT RiqT'IYIITI IMADRAS ZONAL LABORATORY tT. T 31 F RT7 ^;: 45IsTfhl CSIR MADRAS COMPLEX ftifhq' 7YM U=173T. Er, I TARAMANI P.O. Scientist & Head q7 I MADRAS - 600 113. #7: x.q ;ZA. y E . IDi. A Ref: MZL I No. 14.12.1994 To: The Managing Director Tamil Nadu Water Supply & Drainage Board Chepauk Madras 600 005 Sub: World Bank Mission in Second Madras Water Supply - New Veeranam Project - EA S i r-, Keeping with discus-ion had o01 review meeting on the above subject on 7th and 8th December 1994 regarding the significance of possible impacts on farmers during bad and very bad years, the last paragraph of the item No. 5.4.2 of Environmental Assesment Report (Final Report - Volume I) now stands modified as enclosed. This may be treated as addendum of Environmental Assessment Report. Thanking you, Yours faithfully, (N. Jothikumar) cc to The ExecuLive Director MMWSSB No.1, Pumping Station Madras 600 002  2352122 Ext.: 114 Gram CONSEARCH, Madras 6 CSIR IN C Fax 2350508 AL ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH INSTITUTE (Council of Scientific & Industial Research) MADRAS ZONAL LABORATORY CSIR MADRAS COMPLEX TARAMANI, MADRAS 600 113 Date:........................................ ADDENDUM Consultants' hydrological findings verify that rative measures farmers would be adversely affected f irrigation water in bad and very bad years. In eglJard the farmers' interests,Government of Tamil agreed to include source works improvements and mmand modernization as integral components of the ii) issued a government order, contingency plan and les for the operation of the Mettur reservoir and ank, which provides for additional water release servoir. Government of Tamil Nadu would consult ted farmers and reach consensus with them through ural association or local governments on the ements and government order before project start- NEERI FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT  Environmental Assessment of Second Madras Water Supply Project - New Veeranam Volume I Sponsor Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage (TWAD) Board National Environmental Engineering Research Institute Nehru Marg, Nagpur - 440 020 October 1994  FOREWORD In order to mitigate the chronic drinking water shortage in Madras city, the Govemment of Tamil Nadu is considering, as an urgent and emergency measure, an additional source of potable water, viz. Veeranam lake for implementation with World Bank assistance. The project envisages, after augmentation of Veeranam storage capacity, drawat of 190 mid of raw water from the lake, complete conventional treatment and conveyance of treated water bypumping over a distance of 230 km to Madras city for distribution. To ensure that the developmental options under consideration in the New Veeranam project are environmentally sound and sustainable, and that any environmental consequences are recognised early, the Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage (TWAD) Board, in concurrence with the World Bank, retained the National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI) in January, 1994 to prepare the environmental assessment of the project The report presents the baseline status of the major environmental components of the project area, and the requirements for environmental assessment of such projects at international, national and state levels. Public meetings were organised to obtain the views of local NGOs and project affected people and to identify any new issues to be addressed in the design and implementation of the project. Significant potential impacts during pre-construction, construction and operational phases of the project have been identified, predicted and quantified wherever feasible, and evaluated. An environmental management plan (EMP) for mitigating adverse impacts and maximising beneficial impacts has also been delineated. The co-operation and assistance rendered by the officials of TWAD, MMWSSB and PWD in the completion of the study is gratefully acknowledged. Thanks are also due to the officials of a number of organisations who readily furnished information for the study. Nagpur (P. Khanna) October, 1994 Director  PROJECT PERSONNEL NEERI Mr. Aboo, K.M. Dr. Padmanabhan, P. Er. Andey, S.P. Mr. Ratnaparki, D.Y. Dr. Choudhari, P.R. Mr. Rajkumar, B. Mr. Deshpande, P.A. Er. Ravindar Rao, R. Dr. Dharmadhikari, D.M. Dr. Reddy, R.C. Dr. Jayabalu, R. Dr.(Ms.) Sarkar, R. Dr. Jothi Kumar, N. Mr. Sitre, S.R. Dr. Kale, C.K. Mr. Subba Rao, K. Er. Kelkar,P.S. Dr. Subrahmanyam, Y.V. Mr. Kothandaraman, V. Mr. Subramaniam, C. Mr. Manivel, U. Er. Turkhede, J.B. Mr. Nesaraj, T.A. Ms. Vidhya, V. Mr. Natarajan, K.M. Ms. Vyas Smita REPORT PREPARATION Er. Andey, S.P. Er. Ravindar Rao, R. Mr. Deshpande, P.A. Dr. Reddy, R.C. Er. Kelkar, P.S. Dr.(Ms.) Sarkar, R. Dr. Paramasivam, R. Er. Turkhede, J.B. SECRETARIAL ASSISTANCE Mr. Awasthi, J.O. Mr. Ninan, K.P. Mr. Deshpande, D.R. Mr. Ramesh, S. Mr. Dhawle, A.H. Mr. Sankaran, V.K. Mr. Krishna Kumar, C. Mr. Somkunwar, G.U. PROJECT LEADER Dr. Paramasivam, R. PROJECT COORDINATOR Dr.P. Khanna  RESOURCE PERSONNEL TWAD BOARD Mr. Karpoorasundarapandian, R. IAS Managing Director Mr. Subburaj, V.K. IAS Managing Director (till November 29, 1993) Er. Natarajan, M. Engineering Director Er. Narasimhalu, K. Chief Engineer (P & D) Er. Mohideen, S.A.M. Chief Engineer (WB Project) Er. Arumugam, K.P. Superintending Engineer Er. Rangabashiam, R. Deputy Chief Engineer Er. Seetharaman, V. Executive Engineer Er. Thangavelu, V. Executive Engineer Er. Balakumar, N. Asst. Executive Engineer Er. Hariharasubramanyam, B. Asst. Executive Engineer MMWSSB Ms. Santha Sheela Nair, IAS Chairperson & Managing Director Mr. Srinivasan, M.S.,IAS Chairman & Managing Director (till August 8, 1994) Er. Srinivasan, S. Engineering Director (till February 28, 1994) Er. Mohan Raj, C.N. Chief Engineer (RP) Er. Gandhi, R.M. Superintending Engineer (WB Cell) Er. Narasimhan, T.M.C. Executive Engineer Er. Karunakaran, M. Executive Engineer PWD (VEERANAM PROJECT) Er. Palanisamy, K.O. Chief Engineer (Irrigation) Er. Krishnaswamy, T. Joint Chief Engineer Er. Rajaram Superintending Engineer Er. Chandrasekaran, V. Executive Engineer Er. Panneerselvan, R. Officer on Special Duty Er. Deenadayalan, G. Technical Officer/ EE  ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS * Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board, Govt. of Tamil Nadu * Archaeology Department, Govt. of Tamil Nadu * Highways Department, Govt. of Tamil Nadu * Fisheries Department, Govt. of Tamil Nadu * Directorate of Health and Preventive Maintenance, Madras * Anna University, Madras * Annamalai University, Chidambaram * Tata Consulting Engineers, Bombay  CONTENTS VOLUME I CHAPTER TITLE PAGE List of Figures (i) List of Tables (ii) List of Acronyms Used (ix) 1. Introduction 1-1 1.1 Preamble 1-1 1.2 objective of the Study 1-2 1.3 Scope of Work 1-3 1.4 The Study Area 1-3 1.5 Methodology 1-4 1.6 Organisation of the Report 1-5 2. Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework 2-1 for Environmental Assessment 2.1 General 2-1 2.2 World Bank Guidelines 2-2 2.3 National Policy Guidelines 2-3 2.4 Tamil Nadu State Environmental Committee 2-6 2.5 Madras Metropolitan Groundwater Act 2-6 2.6 Statutory EA Requirements 2-6 3. Description of the Proposed Project 3-1 3.1 Background 3-1 3.2 The Second Water Supply Project 3-2 - New Veeranam  CHAPTER TITLE PAGE 3.2.1 Components of New Veeranam 3-3 Project 3.3 Alternatives Evaluated 3-11 3.4 Project Cost 3-16 3.5 Project Implementation 3-16 3.6 Useful Life of the Project 3-17 3.7 Organisational Aspects 3-18 4. Description of the Environme-nt 4-1 4.1 Preamble 4-1 4.2 Study Area 4-1 4.2.1 Madras City 4-1 4.2.2 Veeranam Lake and its Ayacut 4-2 4.2.3 Pipeline ROW 4-4 4.3 Physical Environment 4-4 4.3.1 Geology 4-4 4.3.2 Topography 4-5 4.3.3 Soils 4-6 4.3.4 Climate and Meteorology 4-6 4.3.5 Air Quality 4-7 4.3.6 Noise Levels 4-8 4.3.7 Surface Water Hydrology 4-10 4.3.8 Groundwater Hydrology 4-13 4.3.9 Water Quality 4-14 4.4 Biological Environment 4-19 4.4.1 Terrestrial Ecology 4-19 4.4.2 Aquatic Ecology 4-25  CHAPTER TITLE PAGE 4.4.3 Sensitive Areas 4-33 4.5 Socio Cultural Environment 4-36 4.5.1 Population 4-36 4.5.2 Land Use 4-38 4.5.3 Domestic Water Supply 4-38 4.5.4 Distribution System 4-40 4.5.5 Industrial Water Use 4-40 4.5.6 Water Quality 4-42 4.5.7 Wastewater Management 4-42 4.5.8 Planned Ongoing Development 4-47 Activities 4.5.9 Employment 4-50 4.5.10 Education 4-51 4.5.11 Housing 4-51 4.5.12 Income Distribution in MMA 4-51 4.5.13 Water Based Recreation 4-52 4.5.14 Public Health 4-52 4.5.15 Accidents and Occupational Safety 4-53 4.5.16 Cultural Properties 4-54 4.5.17 Tribal People 4-54 4.5.18 Customs, Aspirations and Attitudes 4-55 5. Identification of Impacts 5-1 5.1 General 5-1 5.2 Impact Networks 5-2 5.3 Major Potential Environmental Impacts 5-8  CHAPTER TITLE PAGE 5.4 Significant Impacts 5-9 5.4.1 Socio-economic Impacts 5-9 5.4.2 Socio-economic Impacts in the 5-13 Veeranam Irrigation Command Area 5.4.3 Potential Risks from Failure of 5-13 Bund and Transmission Main 5.4.4 Potential Impacts of Alternative 5-15 Pipeline Alignments between Kelambakkam and Madras 5.5 Potential Impacts of Alternative Sites for 5-17 Water Treatment Plant 5.6 Other Impacts 5-19 5.7 Issues Identified through Public Meetings 5-22 6. Prediction of Impacts 6-1 6.1 General 6-1 6.2 Air Environment 6-2 6.3 Noise Environment 6-3 6.3.1 Impact on Community 6-4 6.3.2 Impact on Occupational Health 6-5 6.4 Ecology 6-5 6.4.1 Terrestrial 6-5 6.4.2 Aquatic 6-6 6.5 Water Environment 6-7 6.6 Land Environment 6-10 6.7 Socio-Economic Environment 6-11  CHAPTER TITLE PAGE 7. Evaluation of Impacts 7-1 7.1 Battelle Environmental Evaluation System 7-1 7.1.1 Ecology 7-3 7.1.2 Environmental Pollution 7-15 7.1.3 Aesthetics 7-15 7.1.4 Human Interest 7-16 7.2 Overall Impact Evaluation 7-16 7.3 Environmental Impact Statement 7-17 7.3.1 Ecology 7-17 7.3.2 Environmental Pollution 7-19 7.3.3 Aesthetics 7-20 7.3.4 Human Interest 7-20 8. Environmental Management Plan 8-1 8.1 Preamble 8-1 8.2 Pre-construction Phase 8-1 8.3 Construction Phase 8-2 8.3.1 Protection of Vegetation 8-2 8.3.2 Veeranam Catchment Area Treatment 8-3 8.3.3 Runoff and Erosion Control along 8-5 Pipeline ROW 8.3.4 Dust Control 8-5 8.3.5 Air Quality Control 8-6 8.3.6 Noise Abatement Measures 8-6 8.3.7 Visual/ Aesthetics Enhancement 8-7 8.3.8 Traffic Control and Detours 8-7  CHAPTER TITLE PAGE 8.3.9 Disposal of Construction Wastes 8-9 8.3.10 Paving Repair 8-9 8.3.11 Historical and Archaeological 8-9 Protection 8.3.12 Eliminating Safety Hazards 8-9 8.3.13 Completing the Construction Project 8-10 8.4 Operational Phase 8-10 8.4.1 Source Protection 8-10 8.4.2 Land Environment 8-11 8.4.3 Water Treatment 8-12 8.4.4 Water Quality Surveillance 8-13 8.4.5 Leak Detection and Control in 8-14 Water Distribution System 8.5 Environmental Monitoring 8-15 8.6 Training 8-15 8.7 Institutional Strengthening 8-16  LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE TITLE PAGE 3.1 Index Map Showing Vadavar Channel and 3-5 Veeranam Lake 3.2 Schematic Diagram of Veeranam Lake 3-6 Conveyance System 3.3 Map Showing Veeranam Transmission 3-13 Pipeline Alignment Alternatives 3.4 Map Showing The Selected Alignment of 3-14 Veeranam Transmission Pipeline 4.1 Wind Rose for Madras in February, 1994 4-9 4.2 Location of Sampling Stations for Water 4-18 Quality Assessment 4.3 Forest Cover in Chengleput District 4-21 4.4 Forest Cover in South Arcot District 4-22 4.5 Water Distribution Zones of Various 4-41 Headworks in MMA 4.6 Layout Plan Depicting Components of 4-48 Krishna Project for Madras Water Supply 5.1 Environmental Impact Network 5-3 5.2 Environmental Impact Network : 5-4 Desilting and Raising of Lake Bund 5.3 Environmental Impact Network : 5-5 Canals and Lake 5.4 Environmental Impact Network : 5-6 Operation of Pumping/ Booster Stations and Conveying Main 5.5 Environmental Impact Network 5-7 Water Treatment and Clear Water Storage 7.1 Assigned Weights for Environmental 7-3 Parameters (i)  LIST OF TABLES TABLE TITLE PAGE 2.1 Projects Requiring Environmental 2-4 Clearance as per Schedule-I 3.1 Salient Features of the Veeranam Lake 3-4 3.2 Salient Parameters of Shortlisted 3-15 Alternatives 4.1 (a) Physico-Chemical Characteristics of 4-16 Veeranam Lake Water (b) Heavy Metal Concentration in Veeranam 4-17 Lake Water (c) Pesticide Concentration in Veeranam 4-17 Lake Water 4.2 Projected Population by MMDA 4-37 4.3 Statistics on Water Service Type 4-39 Domestic Water Use (Madras City) 4.4 Water Quality in Distribution System 4-43 4.5 Existing Wastewater Treatment Plants at 4-46 Madras 6.1 Nature of Predicted Impacts on 6-12 Socio-economic Environment 7.1 Environmental Quality : Ecology 7-4 7.2 Environmental Quality : Environmental 7-5 Pollution 7.3 Environmental Quality : Aesthetics 7-6 7.4 Environmental Quality : Human Interest 7-7 7.5 Environmental Evaluation Ecology 7-8 7.6 Environmental Evaluation Environmental 7-10 Pollution (ii)  TABLE TITLE PAGE 7.7 Environmental Evaluation : Aesthetics 7-12 7.8 Environmental Evaluation : Human Interest 7-14 7.9 Summary of Environmental Evaluation for 7-18 Second Madras Water Supply Project- New Veeranam 8.1 Recommended Trees for Plantation around 8-4 Veeranam Lake and Pipeline ROW 8.2 Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring 8-17 Measures (iii)  CONTENTS VOLUME II NO. TITLE PAGE Annexures 1.1 Environmental Assessment of Second Madras 1 Water Supply Project, New Veeranam- Terms of Reference 2.1 Acquisition of Land 24 4.1 Development Strategy for Madras 2011 : An 109 Agenda for Action - Actions and Implementing Agencies 4.2 Socio-Economic Survey (Personal Interview) 112 5.1 Status of Water Supply for Enroute Population 120 along ROW - New Veeranam 8.1 Safety Measures and Services for Construction 127 Activities 8.2 Chlorine Safety Measures 135 8.3 Guidelines for Maintenance Activities of 139 Water Treatment Plant 8.4 Frequency of Sampling for Bacteriological 144 Analysis in Water Distribution System Sources of Information 145 Tables A.4.1 Normal Crop Yields in Ayacut Area of 33 Veeranam Lake A.4.2 Crops in the Catchment Area of Veeranam Lake 34 A.4.3 Types and Quantities of Agro Chemicals 35 Used in the Water Sheds Feeding Veeranam Lake (iv)  NO. TITLE PAGE A.4.4 Stratigraphical Succession of Madras and 36 its Environs A.4.5 Characteristics of Soil Types on Areas 37 in the Immediate Vicinity of Veeranam Lake A.4.6 Major Soil Types and Groundwater Levels 39 on Areas Along the Alignment of Pipeline A.4.7 Characteristics of Soil Types 42 on Areas Along the Pipeline A.4.8 Air Quality Along the Proposed Pipeline 44 Alignment A.4.9 Background Noise Level at Human Settlements 45 Surrounding the Proposed Pipeline from Madras to Veeranam Lake A.4.10 Noise Levels at Sensitive Receptors 47 in Study Area A.4.11 Noise Levels at Different Industries 48 in the Study Area A.4.12 Day and Night Noise Levels in the Study Area 49 A.4.13 Noise Level due to Vehicular Traffic in 51 the Study Area During Peak Hours A.4.14 Noise Standards (Central Pollution 53 Control Board) A.4.15 Annual Inflow-Outflow for Poondi, 54 Cholavaram, Redhills and Chembarambakkam Reservoirs A.4.16 Salient Data of Existing Surface Reservoirs 55 A.4.17 Water Resources Potential and Supply 56 for Madras City A.4.18 Physico-chemical Characteristics of 57 Raw Water at Kilpauk Works (1991-1993) A.4.19 Groundwater Quality in the Minjur, Panjetti 58 and Tamarapakkam Areas (v)  NO. TITLE PAGE A.4.20 Physico-chemical Characteristics of Borewell 60 Waters Along the Pipeline Corridor in South Arcot District A.4.21 Water Quality Data of Veeranam Lake 61 A.4.22 Physico-chemical Quality of Veeranam Lake 62 Water (Based on 1968 and 1978 Data) A.4.23 Pesticides Concentration in Veeranam Lake Water 63 A.4.24 List of Trees, Herbs and Shrubs in 64 the Study Area A.4.25 List of Birds Observed in the Study Area 66 A.4.26 List of Exotic Species in Arignar Anna 69 Zoological Park, Vandalur A.4.27 Status of Collection of Animals (Mammals, 70 Birds, Reptiles) as on 31.3.1994 Arignar Anna Zoological Park A.4.28 List of Endangered Species in the Arignar 75 Anna Zoological Park Vandalur A.4.29 Phytoplankton Population in Veeranam Lake 76 (September, 1993) A.4.30 Phytoplankton Population in Veeranam Lake 77 (March, 1994) A.4.31 Chlorophyll-a Content in the Water Samples 78 from Veeranam Lake and Vadavar Channel A.4.32 Observations on Phytoplankton Community 79 of Veeranam Lake A.4.33 Zooplankton Population in Veeranam Lake 80 (September, 1993) A.4.34 Zooplankton Population in Veeranam Lake 81 (March, 1994) A.4.35 Diversity, Density and Dominance of 82 Zooplankton in Veeranam Lake A.4.36 Tilapia Culture Ponds in Madras 83 (vi)  NO. TITLE PAGE A.4.37 List of Marine Fishes around Madras 84 A.4.38 Historical Growth of Population of 85 Madras City/ MMA A.4.39 Population Break-up in MMA- 1981 86 A.4.40 1991 Census Statistics- Tamil Nadu and 87 Project Area A.4.41 Distribution of Population (1991)- Urban 88 and Rural- Tamil Nadu and Project Area A.4.42 Water Supplied to Industrial Sector 89 A.4.43 Water Demand of Major Industries 90 A.4.44 Physico-chemical Characteristics of 91 Treated Water at Kilpauk Water Works (1991 - 1993) A.4.45 Work Participation Rate (1991) by Sector- 92 Tamil Nadu and Project Area A.4.46 Employment Share in the Organised Sector 93 in Madras (1989) A.4.47 Organised Sector Employment in Madras city 94 A.4.48 Estimation of Unorganised Sector in Madras 95 A.4.49 Literacy Level (1991 Census)- Tamil Nadu 96 and Project Area A.4.50 Households by Durability of Shelter 97 A.4.51 Trends in Housing Stock (Residential Houses) 98 in Madras Metropolitan Area and Tamil Nadu A.4.52 Annual Requirement of Ownership and 99 Rental Accommodation- Madras A.4.53 Average Annual Housing Supplies in MUA 100 A.4.54 Structural Composition of Earners (1990) 101 A.4.55 Households by Monthly Income in 102 Madras City, Madras Metropolitan Area and Madras Urban Agglomeration (vii)  NO. TITLE PAGE A.4.56 Registered Vital Rates in the Project Area 103 and Tamil Nadu (1986-1991) A.4.57 Acute Diarrhoeal and Cholera Diseases 104 Cases and Deaths in the Project Area and Tamil Nadu (1986-1993) A.4.58 Incidence of Malaria in the Project Area 105 and Tamil Nadu (1986-1993) A.4.59 Incidence of Japanese Encephalitis in the 106 Project Area and Tamil Nadu A.4.60 Filaria Cases in the Project Area and 107 Tamil Nadu (1990-92) A.4.61 List of Persons Involved in Accidents, 108 Injuries and Fatalities in the Operation of Metrowater for the Past Five Years A.5.1 Agricultural Crop loss due to Acquisition of 115 land in catchment area for Source Improvement Works A.5.2 List of Structures along the Pipeline ROW 116 from Veeranam to Porur A.6.1 Air Quality Criteria (CPCB) Standards 123 A.6.2 Sources of Noise 124 A.6.3 Expected Noise Sources and Noise Levels 125 at Construction Sites A.6.4 Classification of Inland Surface Water 126 (CPCB Standards) (viii)  LIST OF ACRONYMS USED AUA Adjacent Urban Area BEES Battelle Environmental Evaluation System BIS Bureau of Indian Standards CFU Colonies Forming Units CPCB Central Pollution Control Board CPHEEO Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organ is at ion DUA Distant Urban Areas EA Environmental Assessment EAC Environmental Appraisal Committee EIS Environmental Impact Statement EIU Environmental Impact Unit EMP Environmental Management Plan EQ Environmental Quality FAR Floor Area Ratio FRL Full Reservoir Level FSI Floor Space Index FTL Full Tank Level GSI Geological Survey of India GST Great Southern Trunk (Road) GTN Government of Tamil Nadu Kmph Kilometer per hour Kw Kilowatts LCA Lower Coleroon Anicut lpd Liters per Day LS Longitudinal Section Mcft Million Cubic Feet Mcum Million Cubic Meter MEF Ministry of Environment & Forests mld Million Litres per Day MMA Madras Metropolitan Area MMC Madras Municipal Corporation MMDA Madras Metropolitan Development Authority MMWSSB Madras Metropolitan Water Supply & Sewerage Board MPN Most Probable Number (ix)  LIST OF ACRONYMS USED (Contd...) MUD Ministry of Urban Development MWL Maximum Water Level NEERI National Environmental Engineering Research Institute NGO Non Governmental Organisation NLC Neyveli Lignite Corporation NTU Nephelometric Turbidity Unit ODA Overseas Development Administration OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration PAFs Project Affected Families PIU Parameter Importance Units PSC Pre Stressed Concrete PWD Public Works Department RCC Reinforced Cement Concrete RL Reduced Level ROW Right of Way SPM Suspended Particulate Matter TCE Tata Consulting Engineers TMC Thousand Million Cubic Feet TNPCB Tamil Nadu State Pollution Control Board TOR Terms of Reference TRF Times Research Foundation TWAD Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage Board UNDP United Nations Development Programme UFW Unaccounted for Water WTP Water Treatment Plant (x)  1. INTRODUCTION  1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Preamble In order to relieve the chronic drinking water shortage experienced by the city of Madras, the Madras Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board (MMWSSB) proposes to develop, as an urgent and emergency measure, an additional source of potable water for the city, viz. Veeranam lake situated at a distance of 220 km from Madras. The project envisages drawal of 190 mld (nominal) of raw water from Veeranam lake, complete conventional treatment and conveyance of treated water by pumping, with intermediate booster stations, to storage reservoirs in the metropolitan area for distribution. The MMWSSB, the Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage (TWAD) Board, and the Public Works Department (PWD) of Govt. of Tamil Nadu have been identified as implementing agencies for various water supply components falling within their respective areas of responsibility. The MMWSSB has approached the World Bank for financial assistance in the implementation of the project. The World Bank policy guidelines stipulate that  Environmental Assessment of major developmental projects would form an integral component of the feasibility study so as to fulfill the Bank's requirements for project appraisal. In keeping with this requirement, the TWAD Board, one of the implementing agencies of the project, retained, in concurrence with the World Bank, the National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI) to prepare the Environmental Assessment of the proposed New Veeranam project. The TWAD Board issued the work order to NEERI to undertake the Environmental Assessment of the New Veeranam Project vide their letter No.0107/F.20552/93/AE-5 dated January 5, 1994. An Inception Report presenting the objective and scope of study, the situation analysis, and delineating the approach to environmental assessment and proposed action plan thereof was submitted to TWAD Board in January, 1994. An Interim Report on the progress of environmental assessment was submitted in February, 1994. In keeping with the TOR, the draft final report on EA was submitted to TWAD in April, 1994, under NEERI Letter No. WTD/120/94 dated April 29, 1994. The draft final report, revised in the light of the discussions held by NEERI with the World Bank Mission and the project proponents during May 23-27, 1994 at Madras, the comments on the draft report, and additional information furnished by MMWSSB, TWAD Board and PWD on the project, was submitted to TWAD in June, 1994. This final report has been revised in keeping with the comments of World Bank and the project proponents on the draft report. 1.2 Objective of the Study The objective of the study is to ensure that the developmental options under consideration in the New Veeranam project are environmentally sound and sustainable, and that any environmental consequences are recognised early and integrated in the project design. 1-2  1.3 Scope of Work In keeping with the terms of reference (TOR) for Environmental Assessment (Annexure 1.1), the broad scope of work comprised the following * Assessment of the existing status of major environmental components, viz. water, land, biological, socio-economic, health and cultural * Organising public meetings in the project area to obtain the views of local NGOs and affected groups on the project and to identify any new issues to be addressed in the project * Identification of significant impacts of the project on various environmental components during the pre-construction, construction and operational phases of the project including a comparison of the impact without the project. * Prediction of impacts through identification, calibration and validation of appropriate mathematical/ simulation models, wherever necessary * Evaluation of the impacts of the project through appropriate evaluation techniques * Preparation of Environmental Management Plan (EMP) outlining control strategies to be adopted for minimising adverse impacts * Delineation of post project environmental quality monitoring programme to be pursued by the implementing agencies 1.4 The Study Area The study area encompasses the area within the Madras Metropolitan Authority (MMA) boundary; areas presently 1-3  irrigated from the Veeranam lake, area surrounding Veeranam lake; the routes of the water supply canals which transport water to the Veeranam lake (to the extent necessary in relation to the proposed dependence on, and rehabilitation of such canals) ; the routes of the water supply conveying main from Veeranam lake to the proposed distribution storage reservoir sites in the city; the site of the existing water treatment facility at Vadakuthu and proposed water treatment plant site, pumping stations/ booster station; the site(s) of proposed distribution reservoirs, or the site of any other component of the project identified by the feasibility study. 1.5 Methodology In keeping with the scope of work, the study comprised mainly the following * Inventory of sources for data acquisition * Discussion with the officials of agencies/ departments identified for project implementation and monitoring of environmental assessment recommendations, and the consultants entrusted with the feasibility/ source yield sustainability studies * Reconnaissance visits to the project area and collection of baseline data * A sample socio-economic survey of the population in the project area * Organising meetings with the NGOs and the public (beneficiaries as well as adversely affected) in the project area to identify any new issues which need to be addressed during the project implementation * Desk work involving identification of impacts due to various project activities, prediction and evaluation of these impacts, and preparation of environmental 1-4  management and monitoring plans for eliminating/ mitigating adverse impacts, if any 1.6 Organisation of the Report This report is presented in two volumes; volume I forms the main report and volume II contains Annexures to the report. Volume I of the report consists of eight chapters including the introductory chapter. Chapter 2 provides information on policy, legal and administrative framework for environmental assessment at state, national and international level, and requirements for clearance of the project from environmental angle. Chapter 3 describes the proposed project including the alternatives considered for pipeline alignment and treatment plant sites, the project costs, and organisational aspects for implementation of the project. Chapter 4 presents the baseline environmental status with respect to the physical, biological and socio-cultural environment of the project area. Chapter 5 identifies potential impacts during the pre- construction, construction and operational phases of the project. Significant impacts on socio-economic aspects in the Veeranam irrigation command area, environmental aspects of alternatives considered for pipeline ROW and water treatment plant sites, and issues identified through three public meetings have been presented in detail. Chapter 6 provides an overview of the predicted impacts of the project activities on air, noise, ecology, water, land and socio-economic components of the environment. Chapter 7 presents, based on the Battelle Environmental Evaluation System (BEES), a quantitative evaluation of impacts of the project on the four categories of environment viz. ecology, environmental pollution, aesthetics and human interest, and the environmental impact statement. 1-5  Chapter 8 describes in detail the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for the project activities so as to ensure that the developmental options are sustainable, and that measures for mitigating adverse environmental consequences are integrated in the project design. In keeping with the World Bank recommendation contained in their fax message dated August 23, 1994, the EMP has also been brought out as a separate document. 1-6  2. POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT  2. POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT 2.1 General The purpose of Environmental Assessment (EA) is to ensure that the development options under consideration are environmentally sound and sustainable, and that any environmental consequences are recognised early in the project cycle and taken into account in project design. EAs identify ways of improving projects environmentally, and minimizing, mitigating, or compensating for adverse impacts. EAs enable project designers, implementing agencies, and borrower and funding agencies to a) address environmental issues in a timely and practical fashion, (b) reduce the need for project conditionality because appropriate steps can be taken in advance or incorporated into project design, and (c) help avoid costs and delays in implementation due to unanticipated environmental problems. EAs also provide a formal mechanism for inter-agency coordination and for addressing the concerns of affected groups and local non-governmental organizations (NGOs). In  addition, they can play a major role in building environmental capability in the country. 2.2 World Bank Guidelines The World Bank have brought out policy guidelines, notes, operational directives and procedures for environmental assessment of investment programmes and projects which provide a framework for action by both the borrowers and the Bank. Of direct relevance to the context of the project are the following i) World Bank 1991, Operational Directive (O.D.) 4.01 Environmental Assessment' and Annexes A to F thereto ii) World Bank Technical Paper No.139, 1991, Environmental Assessment Sourcebook', Vol I., Policies, Procedures, and Cross-Sectoral Issues, Environment Department iii) World Bank Technical Paper No.140, 1991, Environmental Assessment Sourcebook', Vol II., Sectoral Guidelines, Environment Department iv) World Bank Technical Paper No.154, 1991, Environmental Assessment Sourcebook', Vol III., Guidelines for Environmental Assessment of Energy and Industry Projects, Environment Department World Bank Guidelines for water supply and sanitation projects are not yet published. However, most of the pertinent environmental issues are covered under the Sectoral Guidelines related to a) Land and Water Resources Management; b) Dams and Reservoirs; c) Wastewater Collection, Treatment, Reuse and Disposal Systems and d) Oil and Gas Pipelines. 2-2  2.3 National Policy Guidelines At the national level, the environmental clearance to development projects is subject to implementation of stipulated safeguards under the provisions of Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 and other rules and regulations in force. The projects in various sectors, which have so far been brought under the purview of such a procedure, include the following 1. Major irrigation projects (covering 10,000 hectares and above) 2. River Valley Projects 3. Hydel Power Projects 4. Thermal Power Projects (using coal, lignite, gas and other feed stock) including atomic power stations 5. Mining Projects 6. Industries 7. Ports and Harbours 8. Human settlements including proposals relating to FSI/ FAR, new towns and cantonments 9. Tourism projects including beach resorts 10. Projects in coastal areas 11. Projects in ecologically fragile areas (e.g. Doon Valley, Andaman and Nicobar and Lakshadweep Islands) 12. Communication projects The Ministry of Environment and Forests (MEF), Govt. of India has brought out the EIA notification, 1994 (as amended on May 4, 1994) under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 making environmental clearance mandatory for expansion or modernization of any activity, if pollution load is to exceed the existing one, and also for new projects listed in Schedule-I of the notification (Table 2.1). The New Veeranam Water Supply Project does not fall under any of the project categories identified in Schedule-I of the aforementioned EIA notification, 1994 and hence does not require environmental clearance of the MEF, Govt. of India. 2-3  TABLE 2.1 PROJECTS REQUIRING ENVIRONMENTAL CLEAPANCE AS PER SCHEDULE-I 1. Nuclear power and related projects such as Heavy Water Plants, nuclear fuel complex, rare earths 2. River valley projects including hydel power, major irrigation and their combination including flood control 3. Ports, harbours, airports (except minor ports and harbours) 4. Petroleum refineries including crude and product pipelines 5. Chemical Fertilizers (Nitrogenous and Phosphatic) other than single superphosphate) 6. Pesticides (Technical) 7. Petrochemical complexes (both Olefinic and Aromatic) and Petro-chemical intermediates such as DMT, Caprolactum LAB etc. and production of basic plastics such as LLPDE, HPDE, PP PVC 8. Bulk drugs and pharmaceuticals 9. Exploration for oil and gas and their production, transportation and storage 10. Synthetic rubber 11. Asbestos and asbestos products 12. Hydrocyanic acid and its derivatives 13. Primary metallurgical industries (such as production of iron and steel, aluminium, copper, zinc, lead and ferro alloys) Electric arc furnaces (mini steel plants) 14. Chlor alkali industry 15. Integrated paint complex including manufacture of resins and basic raw materials required in the manufacture of paints 16. Viscose staple fibre and filament yarn Contd ... 2-4  TABLE 2.1 (Contd ...) 17. Storage batteries integrated with manufacture of oxides of lead and lead antimony alloy 18. All tourism projects between 200m-500m of high water line and at locations with an elevation of more than 1000 m with investment of more than Rs. 5 crores 19. Thermal power plants 20. Mining projects (with leases more than 5 hectares) 21. Highway projects 22. Tarred roads in Himalayas and or Forest areas 23. Distilleries 24. Raw skins and hides 25. Pulp, paper and newsprint 26. Dyes 27. Cement 28. Foundries (individual) 29. Electroplating 2-5  2.4 Tamil Nadu State Environmental Committee The Tamil Nadu State Environmental Committee is the apex advisory body constituted by the Government (G.O. Ms.No.10 dated December 12, 1983) in the matter of protection of environment in the state. The Hon'ble Chief Minister is the Chairman and the Hon'ble Minister for Health is the Vice Chairman of the Committee. The Secretary to Government, Environment and Forests is the Member Secretary of the Tamil Nadu State Environmental Committee. The Committee reviews developmental projects costing over Rs. 50 million from environmental angle (GTN G.O. Ms. No.161 dated September 26, 1988). There are five sub-committees to assist the Environmental Committee. The Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board processes the proposals on developmental projects and makes assessment of their impact on environment, for placing the projects before the sub- committees and then before the Environmental Committee for review. 2.5 Madras Metropolitan Groundwater Act In keeping with the recommendations of a UNDP study (1975) and the Geological Survey of India (GSI) findings regarding the use of groundwater in the coastal zone between South Madras and Kovalam, the Govt. of Tamil Nadu, passed the Madras Metropolitan Groundwater Act 27 of 1987 in order to regulate and control the extraction, transport and use of ground water in any form and to conserve the same in the City of Madras and certain revenue villages in the Chengleput District. 2.6 Statutory EA Requirements As per World Bank O.D.4.01-Annex E (October, 1991), developmental projects are classified depending on the type, location, sensitivity, and the scale of the proposed project as well as the nature and magnitude of its potential impacts, into one of the three categories as under 2-6  Category A A Full EA is required Category B Although a full EA is not required, environmental analysis is required Category C No EA or environmental analysis is required The World Bank has classified the New Veeranam project under category A requiring full environmental assessment. Being a developmental project costing over Rs.50 million, the project has to be reviewed from environmental angle and cleared by the Tamil Nadu State Environmental Committee. In the implementation of the New Veeranam project, acquisition of private lands is involved for construction of some of the project components. Such acquisition of land will be governed by the provisions of the Land Acquisition Act of 1894 / the Tamil Nadu Requisitioning and Acquisitioning of Immovable Property Act of 1956. A critique of these statutory provisions is at Annexure 2.1. 2-7  3. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT  3. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT 3.1 Background Madras, the capital of Tamil Nadu state, is the largest city in South India with 3.84 million people in the city and 5.31 million people (1991 census) in the Madras Metropolitan Area (MMA). The MMA admeasuring a total area of 1178 sq.km comprises the city of Madras and its outlying urban and rural areas which consist of 5 townships, 4 municipalities, 23 town panchayats and village panchayats. The limits of the city were extended in 1978 by way of adding 12 panchayats, and the total present area is 170 sq.km. The adjacent urban areas (AUA) and distant urban area (DUA) of MMA are of 165 sq.km and 142 sq.km respectively. The existing water supply to the city is dependent mainly on three interconnected impounded reservoirs, viz. Poondi, Cholavaram and Redhills and on groundwater from the Arani-Kortalaiyar aquifers. Raw water is drawn from the Redhills reservoir and conveyed to treatment plant situated at Kilpauk in the city. Treated water is distributed to the city from three major distribution points. This is  supplemented with groundwater from the well fields. These sources meet the requirement of the city only to the extent of 290-350 mld. However, the present water requirement of Madras city and the Metropolitan area is estimated at 1750 mld (Draft Feasibility Report on Source Yield, Tata Consulting Engineers, February, 1994). The rapid growth of population, industry and commerce in the metropolitan area has placed a severe strain on the meagre water resources of Madras city. As a result, the city has suffered chronic water shortage for several decades, despite substantial efforts on the part of the State and Central Governments to alleviate the situation. A Master Plan for Water Supply and Wastewater Management for Madras was formulated by Engineering Science, Inc., USA, in 1978. The Master Plan has been updated in 1991 on the basis of current area development plans for MMA and prospective source augmentation under the Krishna Water Supply Project. The First Madras Water Supply and Sanitation Project, which began in December, 1987 and extends to 1993/1994, is aimed at effecting systematic improvements in the existing water supply and wastewater systems in order to meet the long term requirements of the city. 3.2 The Second Water Supply Project - New Veeranam The present water requirements of Madras city and Metropolitan area (1750 mld) are met only partially to the extent of 460 mld (maximum) from the existing surface and ground water sources. The Krishna water supply project, which is now under implementation, will provide an additional supply of 930 mld for Madras, 400 mld of which will be available in the first phase. Even after this project is completed, there will still be a shortage of water to meet the needs of the MMA. As a major step towards supplementing the city water supply, the Government of Tamil Nadu proposes to develop an additional source of water based on the Veeranam lake. 3-2  A previous project in which 180 mld of water was to be conveyed from the Veeranam lake to Madras, a distance of about 220 km, was partially implemented in the 1970s but was subsequently abandoned. Under that project, it was proposed to pump water from Veeranam lake to a water treatment facility at Vadakuthu, located at about 20 km from Veeranam. After treatment at Vadakuthu, the clear water was to be pumped to a reservoir in the southern area of Madras, from where it would be distributed throughout the city. A raw water pumping station near Veeranam lake, a treatment facility and a treated water pumping station at Vadakuthu were constructed. These facilities remain unused although in a deteriorated condition. Many prestressed concrete pipes, which were proposed for the transmission main, were manufactured and remain unused near the pipeline right of way (ROW). 3.2.1 Components of New Veeranam Project The major components of the New Veeranam project consist of the following : i) Source (Veeranam lake) improvements ii) Raw water intake and pumping station at Sethiathope iii) Storage tank and pumping station at Vadakuthu iv) Storage tank and intermediate booster pumping station at Chendur (LS 80.3 km) v) Water treatment plant and pumping station at Mangalam vi) Transmission main from Sethiathope to Porur i) Veeranam Lake Veeranam lake (Fig.3.1), the raw water source is a shallow lake formed by an earthen embankment, and dates back to the eleventh century. The salient features of the lake are summarised in Table 3.1. Under the proposed project, the lake would act as a balancing reservoir receiving water from the Cauvery River which is supplied primarily by water released from the Mettur Reservoir (Fig.3.2). During the irrigation season water released from the reservoir to the 3-3  TABLE 3.1 SALIENT FEATURES OF THE VEERANAM LAKE Description Existing After raising FTL by 0.61 m Catchment area (sq.km) 427.35 427.35 original capacity (M Cu.m) 40.80 41.48 Capacity (1991) (M Cu.m) 27.72 - F.T.L. of tank (m) 13.86 14.47 M.W.L. of tank (m) 14.63 15.24 T.B.L. of tank (m) 16.46 18.00 Area of water spread (sq.km) 38.85 38.85 Ayacut under the tank (Ha.) 18152 18152 Supplementary ayacut for 15378 15378 Sethiathope anicut system Length of Foreshore bund (km) 8 + 2.90 35.22 Length of Veeranam bund (km) 15.30 15.30 Source Project Report on Augmenting Madras Metropolitan City Water Supply, Veeranam Tank,PWD, Govt. of Tamil Nadu 3-4  I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ W 'T XA~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~T F ROM ,4FMt U AY BARAM 3-5~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~U t %/' ATNNAR < /, < -Ayacut Area~~-A , FROM ~~~~~KUMRIAKONAM FIG. 3.1: INDEX MAP SHOWING VADAVAR CHANNEL AND VEERANAM LAKE 3-5  CAUVERY RIVER LEGEND METTUR DAM K.M. - KUMMUKKUMANNIAR N.R. - NORTH RAJAN CAUVERY RIVER S.R. - SOUTH RAJAN VNSS - VEERANAM NEW UPPER ANICUT SUPPLY SLUICE CAUVERY COLEROON RIVER RIVER GRAND ANICUT CATCHMENT I ULLAR - COLEROON RIVER INFLOW VENNAR L CAUVERYs LOWER ANICUT O 0) RIVER~~~RVE / _ \ ~~~~~VADAVAR/ \/ 9 K.M. CHANNEL CHANN CHANNLR.// CHANNEL f S/ VERAA LAK NNSS FLOW COLEROON /s VEERANAM LAKE TO VELLAR (SETHIATHOPE CRIOVLEERROONs , LALPET vff 1 1 1 1 1 < ANICUT SYSTEM) N. R. SURPLUS MADRAS CHANNEL WEIRS 28 SLUICES CITY WATER SUPPLY FIG. 3.2: SCHEMATIC OF VEERANAM LAKE CONVEYANCE SYSTEM  Cauvery River is then diverted to Coleroon River and finally reaches the Veeranam lake through the Vadavar channel, supplementing the lake's own catchment area of 427 sq.km. The ayacut (Tamil word for cultivable command area) of Veeranam lake is 18152 ha. The prime irrigation season commences from third week of June and closes during first week of February. The capacity of Veeranam lake estimated in 1991 is 27.72 M Cu.m (979 Mcft) and water spread area at its full tank level of 13.86 m (45.5 ft) is about 38.85 sq.km. In the year 1923 its capacity has been reported to be 40.80 M Cu.m (1441 Mcft), which indicates that the lake has silted up considerably over the last 68 years. The lake supplies irrigation water to an adjacent area of 18,152 ha in the South Arcot district. In addition, the operation rules necessitate Veeranam lake to supply to neighbouring Sethiathope Anicut System at times of latter's shortfalls. In the context of approving Veeranam lake as a source for drinking water supply to Madras, the Govt. of Tamil Nadu (vide government order (GO) no. 1430 of October 1993) has stipulated monthly irrigation and water supply demands, and provides that water supply requirement be treated as an additionality during the irrigation season from July to the subsequent February (8 months period) and for the remaining period (4 months) by keeping the lake full, the requirements of Madras city should be met in full. The GO specifically approves raising of full storage level by 0.61 m for augmenting the existing capacity in order to meet the demands during non-irrigation season. Recent (1993) studies on siltation of Veeranam lake undertaken by the Institute of Hydraulics and Hydrology, Poondi, PWD, Tamil Nadu have shown that the trap efficiency of Veeranam lake in the year 1923 was 90.7% and in the year 1991 it had reduced to 88.4%. The rate of siltation is 0.471% per year. Accordingly, the useful life of the lake has been estimated to be 206-253 years by various methods. 3-7  Historic simulation of LCA - Vadavar - Veeranam lake system performed for the years 1965-1993 by TCE (The Draft Feasibility Report on Veeranam Source Yield - Addendum Note, Sept. 1994) have established the following Under the present pattern of demand and supply as obtaining in the LCA Veeranam System, spills capturable at LCA make it possible to realize irrigation reliabilities as high as 80% even with the proposed 192 mld draw off for water supply to Madras. Thus, the proposed water supply project would not adversely impact on the first user irrigation rights. The resulting water supply reliability of 80% can be increased to 95% by harnessing a nominal amount of 11.4 MCM from Mettur storage on an average every year. The augmented Veeranam lake in conjunction with a lined Vadavar channel is a reliable source of water supply to Madras city. Source Improvement Works In order to enable drawal of 190 mld of water from Veeranam lake for augmenting the supply to the city of Madras and to restore the storage capacity of the lake, the project envisages the following works a) Improvements to Vadavar Channel through desilting and lining b) Restoration and raising of bund of Veeranam lake for raising the FTL by 0.61 m c) Removal of a portion of shoal from near the inlet point of Vadavar and widening of the Thotti Voikal inside the lake d) Rehabilitation of/ improvements to the existing surplus arrangements 3-8  e) Construction of cement concrete retaining wall in the upstream side along the bund of Veeranam in deep bed portions. f) Weed clearance inside the Veeranam lake and improvement to all sluices in the lake. g) Straight cut off to Godavari drain and providing relief measures upto infall point into Vellar. h) Strengthening the existing foreshore bunds and forming new fore shore bunds for the raised FTL. i) Improvements to Lower Anicut including repairs to shutters. j) Improvements to channels taking off from sluices. k) Formation of new road on the raised bund of Veeranam lake and construction of retaining wall to avoid submergence of Madras-Kumbakonam road near Sholatharam Village. The Public Works Department of Govt. of Tamil Nadu will implement the above works which are estimated to cost Rs.600 million. ii) Raw Water Intake and Pumping Station at Sethiathope Raw water from Veeranam lake will be drawn through an open channel provided with trashracks at the channel mouth and screens in the pump suction chamber to prevent entry of floating debris. The channel will feed into a forebay from where the pumps take suction. Six numbers of horizontal centrifugal pumps each of 2200 m3/hr capacity with a head of about 40 m alongwith necessary accessories will be installed adjacent to the forebay. A chlorination system comprising two vacuum type chlorinators each of 40 kg/hr capacity will be provided for pre-chlorination. 3-9  iii) Storage Tank and Pumping Station at Vadakuthu * The existing underground storage tank of 8000 m3 capacity will be utilised after rehabilitation. * A new pumphouse with dry pit will be constructed adjacent to the existing underground clear water reservoir. * Six numbers of horizontal centrifugal pumps each of 3 2200 m /hr capacity with a total head of about 72 m alongwith accessories will be housed in the existing pumphouse building after rehabilitation. * Two numbers of vacuum type chlorinators each of 20 kg/hr capacity will be installed for chlorination. iv) Storage Tank and Intermediate Booster Pumping Station This is proposed to be constructed at Chendur (L.S. 80.3 km.) The raw water pumped from Vadakuthu will be received in an above-ground storage tank of 8000 m3 capacity. A pumphouse with 6 numbers of horizontal centrifugal pumps each of 2200 m3/hr capacity with a head of about 75 m will be installed in the pumphouse to be located adjacent to the storage tank. v) Treatment Plant and Pumping Station at Mangalam * The new treatment plant of 190 mld capacity will consist of 4 numbers of clariflocculators, 16-20 numbers of rapid gravity sand filters, chemical house, acid dosing system and clarifier sludge/ filter backwash water recovery/disposal system. * Underground treated water storage tank of 8000 m3 capacity will be constructed. * Six numbers of horizontal centrifugal pumps each of 2100 m3/hr capacity and a head of about 55 m 3-10  alongwith accessories to be installed in a pumphouse to be constructed adjacent to the storage tank. * Two numbers of vacuum type chlorinators each of 20 kg/hr capacity will be installed. * Treated water storage tank at Porur. vi) Transmission Main from Sethiathope to Porur A single transmission main (with intermediate pumping/ booster stations) 230 km long, 1525 mm ID and made of steel plates of 10 mm thick with 12.5 mm thick internal cement mortar lining and 40 mm thick gunniting for external surface will be laid underground all along except at drainage crossings where the pipe will be on bridges, and in marshy and low lying areas where the pipe will be on saddles. Buried pipes will be provided with RCC jacketing in deep cuts and below minor road crossings. 3.3 Alternatives Evaluated i) Transmission Line ROW The 230 km long transmission main traverses through four districts viz. South Arcot Vallalar District, Villupuram Ramasamy Padayachiyar District, Chengai- M.G.R. District and Madras District of Tamil Nadu State. The alignment of Old Veeranam transmission main commences from the existing Veeranam Headworks near Sethiathope, runs cross-country and after crossing Vellar river skirts along Kumbakonam-Madras (Vadalur-Panruti) road upto Vadakuthu. From Vadakuthu, the alignment runs cross- country and along the state Highway over certain reaches, crosses Gadilam river, railway line near Panruti, Penniar river, railways near Kolianur and runs along the highway (Vikravandi-Tindivanam, Thozhupedu). Near Thozhupedu the alignment detours from National Highway and traverses along Boodur, Vallipuram and Mudaiyur 3-11  and terminates at the proposed treatment plant at Mangalam (about 3 km from Thirukazhukundram). The clear water transmission main from Mangalam traverses cross country and joins the Highway at a distance of 8 km from Thirukazhukundram. The alignment then detours from the Highway to rejoin near Manapathy, traverses along old Mahabalipuram Road viz. Kelambakkam, Navalur, Semmanjeri, Sholinganallur, Khandanchavadi. The alignment traverses cross country and reaches near the rear side of Indian Institute of Technology Campus (Taramani) and passes via Gandhimandapam, Kotturpuram Road, Chamiers Road, Mount Road, Thomas Road, Giriappa Road and Bala Vihar (near Gurunanak Temple) and terminates near the Southern Headworks of Metro Board. The pipeline ROW for the Old Veeranam Project has been encroached upon in a number of places especially in the stretch along the Old Mahabalipuram road to the Southern Headworks. Keeping in view the difficulties envisaged in clearing these encroachments as also the rehabilitation and resettlement of the affected population, the following alternative alignment was considered under the feasibility study. The alternative corridor considered for the transmission pipeline from Kelambakkam to Porur is via Vandalur upto Pallavaram along the National Highway No.45. Thereafter, two alternatives were considered. i) along the G.S.T. Road upto Nehru Statue, Alandur and then to Porur via Kanchipuram-Bangalore Link Road and ii) from Pallavaram to Porur via Anakaputhur-Kunrattur villages (Fig. 3.3). The transmission pipeline alignment recommended by the feasibility study is shown in Fig.3.4. ii) Transmission, Treatment and Pumping Three alternative schemes have been short-listed for water transmission, treatment and pumping system. The parameters of these three alternatives are presented in Table 3.2. 3-12  PORUR ~L R MLF CHFEARAKKAM LAKS 7 ? Y A~~~~SVR NflAVpAR NYL VARA to 0 M