Yemen - Protection of Marine Ecosystems of the Red Sea Coast

·- . ., I , ;- - I• y · x· - / . 'I I I \. ,- . -f I ' / ., ,' ) - I I • . ./ . '. )<>._ ~ . ' \ . l, ' / .r . ·( ,'" '. ':' I _ . .-, rt?,)'. . . -\ • I /_ ' / \. - Project Docurheht . \ · \ '< , " J . :i j. ' t . f "' >("- '><. • ~· -. J; - _ ;; . ' . ' I ' \.. '\ '< . - ' K . .\ /, - . f . / "  • J • I ' , GEF Documentatio" The Global Environment Facility (GEF) assists developing countries to protect the global environment in four areas: global warming, pollution of international waters, - destruction of biodiversity; and'depletion of the o~one layer. The GEF is jointly implemented by the United Nations Development Programme, the United Nations Environment Programme, and" tile World Bank. ' ~EF Working Papers - i_dentified by the burgundy band on their covers - provide general information on the Facility's work and more specific information on methodological .approacbes, scie,ntific and technical issues, and policy a~d strategic matters . .\ GEF Project Documents ~ identified by a green band - provide extended project- .specific information. ,The implementing agency responsible for each proje.ct is identified by I • its logo on the cover-of tlle document. ' Reports by the Chairman - identifted by a b.lue band -·are prepared by the Office of the GEF Administrator_ in collaboration with ,the three GEF implementing agencies for the biannual Part'icipant~' Meetings. The GEF Adm'inistrator .. 1818 H Street, NW , Washington , DC 20433 USA -Telephone: \202) 473-1053 Fax: (202) 47(-0551  'GLOBAL··· ENVIRONMENT _ .. ,·... ' ·1, ·... ·FACILITY:·"· . ,i' .1.' ..:·: .. ·, . .',i ... ' .. ., ,·-: '. ,·-·· l ' •• :~ . . _., • ; ' .,' L. '' . •'. . r , ·1 '·'· .• ...... ',, . ;.·.: .· · ...... '·' ... ..., ' I " •';,'_.:· .. ; ; ··.·vemen· ·-; . '·:,'•_' '. ' ;_· ·~ .. - ~: ... ' ProteptiOfl· of Marine_Ecosystems;of'the. Red $ea Coast ., . .· i '~ ' ~ - \, ·. ," (. ._I' - .· ' ' ,_! . '·'' ...,.' ' . ·.; , . :: ; :, ' ' Project Docum.ent · This Project Document has beenedited to facilitate public dissemination. The original is on file in the GEF Office at UNDP Headquarters in New York.  ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ~CO·.··. . Arab·. League Educational,. Scientific· and: Cultural Organization EIA :Environmental· impact ·assessment EPC Environmental Protection Council · FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations IMO International Maritime Organization IOC International Oceanographic Committee IUCN· World. Conservation Union· (formerly the International Unipn for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources) ·· MARPOL. International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships MSRC Marine Science and. Resources Research Centre · MTC Maritime Training Centre NGO Non-governmental organization PCMA. Public Corporation for Maritime Affairs . PERS GA Regional Environment Programme for the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden (Regional Convention for the Conservation of the Red Sea and Gulf ~M~ - UNEP. United Nations Environment Programme UNEP-GRID · Global Resources ·lnformation·:Database of the United Nations "-!, Environment Programme · WB World Bank YEPS Yemen Environment Protection Society I ,' <I ' '.:-' ; .'. ~ :. .. UNITED NATIONSDEVEWPMENT PROGRAMME. ; ,•:. 'GLOBAL ENVIR()NMENT.. }"A~ILJTY '': ' ,.. .~ . " ~ : . . . .;' - ·. • ·, .~ :; ' .' I ~ .: '. ; ' i ' . . :_ . Project of the Republic 'of Yemen···· .. ···: ··.· '"• ·--··:·' ,· ·, ·Title: ':.·,· .:.·- Protection of Marine :E.c9~ystems· of the Red Sea Coast ·' I ' j ' > • • ;, • • " •.'• .. : ·.,1; ;i'' ,J :: ·~ ', < Nu~ber: YEM/92/G31 . .;1 '•' "' " :.i .. · ·- ·, : , .. '. ! ' . · miratiori: ·: · '',,:, ,.;:,; ~: . :' ' ' Project Site: ..·: . ··· · · 1 ···:·' - . Sana'a, Aden; Red Sea coast;' offshore. reefs.' . ) . ·,•' . t . ' , .. UNDP Sector:·"· ,•I·, l ·. ·MariJ1e Res()urces''md Environriie~t · · 1··· . . . Su'bsectors: Fisheries and Environment GQvernment Implementing . :, '·:1 :: ·Agency: ; ~·.· ·· .. ·, · ~ · · Mmistrf ot.Fi.sh, ·.wealth/Marine·i'Science·· aQd·· Resources .1•1: '-''• r '_,'•. Research Centre · . "· ' '· 1···','1 Office· for Project Services of the United Nations ·Dev- . ·~lopinent.Programme (UNDP) .· '· • •• ! •. . ,,- 1, '. s~tirtg' Date:·· • ', I . EStimated ..'i'i: . . .-. )• '; 1' ··.' · 'Governmelif:foputs: 3,806,00Cl'Yeineiii 'riyals (in kind) 1 .' c.. ··.r· '·.'• . .·· ·'. ,I .•. UNDP/GEF Inputs: US$ 2.8 million '•' B,rief ~ci-iptiqn:~· . This proje~t aims to protect marine ecosystems of the Yemen R~' Sea coast, including coral reefs and other critical habitats, by assisting Yemeri' to 'develop the sustainable use of its marine resources. Project activities .will include: • ,; 1 i •. ".1::,. "' ; ·. r . , .. ,i:. .. ..~... . ,1 .. - ·:. ::,( . • Surveys of marine habitats to detern:iine enviroiunentai trends : • Creation of rui' interactive database ' . . '~ · '" ' . • ',1 ,' ~ ! t .1t ·;· '•t . The United Nafions official.exchangerate at the da.te,P(th~, l~l!t.signat~~.oft4~ Pr9ject r;>ocument was US$ 1.00 .= 18 Yemeni riyals. 1  • Establishment of a monitoring programme to protect the waters of Yemen as well as adjacent international waters from pollution • Training of national counterparts through overseas training for higher studies; in- country training through workshops and short courses; and on-the-job training through participation in all pr9ject elements. The project will secure recurrent cost financing and equip existing Yemeni facilities to undertake the work of the project. It will also . serve as a framework for the planning. and management of adjacent international waters. The project incorporates a regional component which will be implemented by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). ·This will prevent duplication by ensuring liaison with a concurrent GEF project in Egypt, the Regional Environment Programme for the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden (PERSGA), and with· other regional organizations. This component will provide capacity building for PERSGA through regional training programmes, and a basis for planning any future expansion of the Red Sea framework using the Yemeni and Egyptian models. . :., · A. CONTEXT Current information on Yemen's marine resources and their use is insufficient to provide the groundwork for regulations to prevent pollution. Most marine pollution in the. region is causecl by oil and tar from shipping. Landfill activities have also damaged valuable habitats. Shippers;have deliberately sought these waters for polluting activities such as tank cleaning b~cause of the l~ck of monitoring on this coast; the absence of adequate background. marine biological data has also contributed to making such actions relatively simple. In addition, there is concern about latent problems stemming from land-based sources- of ·pollution such as sediment, heavy metal, pesticide and fertilizer run-off. Although no clear evidence exists even to determine whether the present level of resource use is sustainable, the rise in coastal population has led· to. plans to increase industrial/commercial fishing. This project has a three-pronged approach: . ;•' • Finding out what is important in these waters, when the important areas (such as coral reefs) are, and how much of these have been damaged so far. This activity will require extensive data collection. ._ • Educating the public about marine conservation issues and the importance of sustainable development for Yemen; • Preparing the ground for effective marine management. Implementing this approach will req~ire: • Establishment of an interactive database which can be used to .determine present conditions and future trends in the Yemen Red· Sea environment ··.::. 2  • Creation of an ability to assess marine ecosystems ' ,.·_ .~ . ·. •' ' · · Evaluati011 of marine habitats critical to maintaining high biodiversity, including fish nursery habitats .. , . . . Preparation of tbe means to. detect. and control pollution sources before damage is I I'.' ·caused to the waters of Yemen and ·adjacent. international waters~ , · · ·. - \ ·"' 1. ~ ' '' Description of subsector ·• ' ·. ·, · The Red Sea'coast of the Republic of Yemen extends about 450 kilometres n01;th frqm the 1 Bab;el Mandeb whieh is considered the entrance tO the Red Sea. Aden; with its large fisheries and · k>'cally important centres of marine science~· lies·:approxima:tely JOO kilo~etres east of this point. Several aspects of the Yemen Red Sea .environment are poorly understood,• This has important .consequences for this project in terms of design and strategy;· especially with regard to;. the · monitoring of pollution and the protection of critical habitats. · Principal characteristics of Yemen's Red Sea coast .... '' ' ~ ' The only biological information for this area exists in the form of surveys of about 100 sites, .: i .. '. dated 1985 and 1991. These studies show the presence of three biological zones. that are roughly · equal si¢ in size.: The northern zone (from the northern border till about As Salif) ~as the most stable sediments; and its·mangroves are vital breeding grounds for fish .. The central zone (from As Salif to south of Al Khawkhah) has mobile and coarse sediments, with occasional boulder/gravel and a berm formations-which indicate high energy·envitonment. 2 Palms and-other freshwater depen~ent vegetation dominates in this area, extending up .till the' high-water. mark; which, can,,sometimes be ''iriorethan a kilometre inland .. These environments tend.to be.barren, but in the few fringing reefs 'that•do exist, biodiversity·is high. The shoreline vegetation in the' southern zon,e. (frpm south of Al Khawkh~ to Dhubab) is· limited to salt tolerant species, but biodiversity is likely to be-highest in this part because of the greater occurrence of coral reefs and seagrass. Offshore, patch reefs and other re~fs occur throughout ·the Yemen Red Sea,- providing substantial shallow breeding and feeding grounds for fish. Although these reefs probably contain immense biodiversity, very little is known about them. ' ' _," ' .~ ' . : ' '! ·.-\.· Fisheries of Yemen's Red Sea coast "1. > j. ~e coastal waters of. the Red Sea are richest in: nutrients and plankton in the section that ' borders yemen. This is mostly due to plankton blown in through the Bab el Mandeb from the Gulf of Aden ~here it arises from nutrient rich upwellings. Fish that are dependent on this plankton form _: a very important element of the economy. ·Fish also represent the. cpuntry 's. second most important source of protein. However, if fish catches from these waters are to be sustainable, measures to control pollution and protect marine habitats are urgently required .• Evidence suggests that catches .:.·.•·1··" ·' ·.,: I~ ; ·.·. •' ,, ' . . '. .' . ' - . . '· i' ' Aieas prone to strong waves and currents that move large amoun~'of'sand, debris ~nd other material, are termed high energy environm~nts. Low energy environments are characterized by the movement of finer sediments . .r . ' . ' ' 3  .' ' from the Yemen Red Sea are already close to the maximum s~stainable~ but these resources face increa.se,d pressures from the large .influx of retµrnees from oth~r Gulf ~tate~:aner the 1991 war. •' Current or proposed fisheries projects (see page 6) do not form part of any planned conservation strategy. . .The: clata .for fisheries is also poor. · Current catches of pelagic fish are reported to be about. 9,500 tonnes, but. could reach a ·figure qf 10,000 or: even 20,000 tonnes. Demersal fisheries, which are more closely linked to the health of shallow habitats, report catches of 4,000 tonnes, but could go as high as 5,000 tonnes. The reliability, o:f. these figures is questionabie and catches are probably higher than reported, but Httle useful data exists to provide .a basis .fo;r estimates of sustainable catch size. Increases i,11 the human population dependent on the .]led Sea, or localized .damage to spawning ground!!\~ could qui~kly leacl to· depletion of the fish · r~source. Fishing efforts would then intensify to, co~pe11sate fo,r declining catches, causing further damage to .critical shallow water ·habitats. This project will determine the location of iinp~rtant and diverse habitats,, develop capabilities for monitoring pollution and other forms of physical damage to these habitats, and create a database which will include a prediction capability. · Pollution control and marine man~gement infrastructure for. Yemen '.s Re<l Sea .. . , , .. Since. the µnification· of North and Sou~ Y~men, a ~onsolidateq. infr.astructure is being developed in .the country. Although this will assist in the implementation ofthis project, there remains a serious lack ()f essential background and .time-series data r~quir~ for ~e assessment of trends. National technical skills and equipment .for this project are. also limited .. · The Red ~ea shoreline of Yemen forms al~ost a third of the country's total sho;reline,'.with . the remainder lying along the Gulf of Aden. .• The latter,. being an exposed coast .without significant · coral reefs and mangroves, is s~bstantially different from the Red Sea, and contains a much richer population of pelagic :fjsh. Although this project focµses on .the Red· Sea, it also incorporates two elements. which are important for the entire coast of Yemen. First, the proposed procedures and techniques can be applied to othe~ shores of the Gulf of Aden should a simiiar project be developed there. . Second, the mandate of the implementing agency of this ryroject~tlie Marine Science Resources and Research Centre (MSRC)-extends, to the entire coastline of Yemen .. The MSRC, based in Aden, is a part of the Ministry of Fish Wealth. · ) .. 2. ·· · · Host country strategy '' ' The first country programme for the Repµblic of Yemen has identified environmental protection as o.ne of its. ·four principal priorities. .Yemen is party to a m.iqtber of international agreements, includ,ing:·. · · · · · . . ,. ' ' . ' . . . . - • International Convention· for the Prevention of Pollution of .the Sea • International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Poliution Damage • Convention concerning the Protection of the World's Cultural and Natural Heritage (World; Heritage Convention) ·· • International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) 4  . ·, '• ' ' tJ~ited Nations C~nv~~tion on ili,e Law of.the Sea (UNCLOS). Relevanl ri~tional legislation turrently in force in Yem~n. includes: • • ... ! .• • • '. • ' • • • • . ' • Law Number 13 of 1963 establishing the Water and Sewerage Authority • The· Quarantine Health Law Number .16 of 1965 ... Fisheries Law Number 20 of 1978 · · -., .. '• . Decree Number 24 : of May 1984 ori· th~ Reorganization pf the Ministry of . Mtinicipalitie~ and: Housing, provjding ·for· the establishment of tlie. General Department ': . of Environmental ' . . .. Health .'··.. ·. · · ' ' . ~-- Animal Resource Protection Law Numb,er 88 of 1986 He~th Precautiort~ •';: '·. ,: " • The Ports·ai:id Aitports .. . ' Law _Number ..13 _Of . . 1986 ' ' • .. : ·. 'De~ree· Number 7 of 19'Feb~ary.·1987, providing for the establishment of the Environment Pr9tectiori <:;ounciL. _This was updated after reunification in 1990, as per the Prime Minister's Resolution Number 94, to· coordinate 'and conduct environmental. affairs. The Technical Ge11eral Secretariat (TGS) has an important :· ' ~. ', role· in this :oouncil." . On 31 March, 1988, the Environnient Prqtection Council _. •'~. •. ·published se•ien decrees (Numbers 125-131) establishing spedfic committees on: • '. • ;_ ' • • • ' • ' • ' • • • ! l ' . ' , . . . . . . (i) .Erivironmental Sanitati9n; ,'•. }: . ·(ii) .·Environmental· Legislatio11;' . (iii} Environmentai.Awateness and Education;' (iv) Marine Envirc)nmerit;. · ·, ' · .. . (v). Housing artd Land Use; • I .. (vi)' . Agriculture;· and. ' . ' I. ~ ll (vii) · .Industry. · '! '·· ' The Government of Yemen aims to protect its marine.ecosystems and develop a sustainable fishing industry. .But despite being a member of MARPOL and PERS GA, monitoring for pollution and the identification of critical habitats for .fisheries' other puq)oses have received .too little and attention " ... . to ensure . the ·' cost-effective,' sustainable - . use of niatine resources. . ·:: . 3.: ·.. , ,., " · Prior· o~ ongoi~g assiS~ce :~ ' ' ··'Several projects in Yerrie~ ·are relevant to tl:iis 'project because of their focus. on: ' '·.:• ' ' • ' • < ' • Efforts to increase fish capture . . • Basic environmental research and' protection~  Despite the interdependence of these two areas, they, are not effectively linked at present, and projects related to them do not form a dearly striictured or iilterconnectect 'group. An important function of this project will be to coordinate these activities so that on~ area does not impact negatively on the other. Projects or elements of projects whiCh' could be of relevance·to :this GEF undertaking..are listed belc>w. 'I Fisheries and efforts to increase fish capture 1 • FAO Programme in the Republic of Yemen- "Overview and Programme Objectives (March 1992)." This document of the Food and Agriculfure Organization (FAOfstates its goal of .extending t:he rriarine fisheries operations in ·the .Gulf of .Aden "to include Yemen's coastal zone inthe Red, Sea· w~ich. is ~~gely u.ntapped '' (p~ge. 4r The latter assumption is almost · certainly false, and· 'cCmld pose a poiential danger t~ lf.te resour~es. of the Red Sea. It could also threaten the environmental protection' elements of this 'other projects. and • • '.; <) • • l :\ ~ ' . :~ ' . .' ' .: . • Strengthening ofMarine Inspection and Sµpervision.TCPIPDY/8954 (T), US$120,000. June 1991-1992. This FAQ project, now cmpplete, was intended to train Yemeni personnel in marine inspection and controi of offshore fishing operations·. Ii' is relevant to this project .because, as stated in its objectives, "consideration is also being give~t() introduction of a fish cafoh'•assessment system as part of a·.natiohal . fisheries' management' programme." This .. , ' .statistiCal element, however' has app~eiltly not be~ir. implemented. : ' ' ' '' - '•.'· . ' . • Technical Support to the Marine' Science' aizd Re~oUr~e~ Research: Cent!e YEM/921018 (PDY/881009), US$ 532,500. 1988-1991. This_project aimed to· assess fish stock resources on a .scientific 'basis for use in fisheries management and environiriental' protection. The' project was to be executed jointly by FAQ and the United Nations .Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). Wbiie this project has been delaye~:·; another project . at MSRC, financed by UNESCO, is riearirig completion. Data on fish pl~ort obtained by the project may prove useful for this GEF projec~. ·· .. · · · ·· .: · ·• · ·. • Technical Assistance to Fisheries Development UTFNIPDY/OoB~ Phase III...· US$ 2 million. 1984-1992. This project, intended to train skilled technicians· itj .industrial and artisanal fisheries, was extended so that it could be linked with the start of Fisheries IV (see below). • World Bardc/IFADIEEC Fishe~ies Developmeni· IV. · This joint p~oject by th~ World. :Sanlc, the International Fund for .Agricultural. Development (IFAD) and th~ ·former European Economic -Community (EEC)," is primarily concerned ·with, $e marine, sectc;ir· in the Gulf of Aden. The project aims to II assist in the restructlldng of the coastal fisheries cooperatives to increase fish production;' (FAO, March 1992). The implications ofthis.ar~ relevant since Yemen inten4s: to increase fish production in the_ Red Sea. The impac(of Fisheries IV on this GEF project could be especially significant bec;.ause its fond~ng.is to be rr,iuch g~eater than .the environmental protection budget of 'the latter project. ' ,• ' ., Basic research and environmental protection projects .' <. '. •• • UNDP-TSS-1 Environment and Development. Terms of Reference for nStrategy and 6 "i 1 . } · •• : ' : · 'l, 'i' ,:,\ :-,, ' '' • . ·' .•; ~ , . , Guidelines for a Pa11ictpatory:National;Enviro~,,r~i PkI~nlng ~ro~~sS,>. ·is A(;zy, 1992. . . _·,_ ,• Thi~ document was issued by the Ministry of Planning ~d Development, ~e ~Iivitonmental ProtectionCouncil-{EPC). of Yemen, and UNDP. 1t·outlines tasks for the devel.opment of . , . ·.·a Participatory National EnvironmentalPhuming Process scheduled t9 start in 1993'; (A draft · · , programnie;_·document. is available.). The . Tenns, ot -Reference_ (TOR)._,emphasize " 1 • , . environmental management .as ~me ·pf the .key -components of UNDP~s. five.-ye¥ •country · programme,.· along with .natural resource ·management, including pollution ·control .and the · ·.. · : ': marine environment. A marine .scientist fa sch~uled ~P parti~ipa~e- on the project team. The < ·-' .Ministry of Planning and· Development and- EPC, will ,b~. the lead ,government e](ecuting :. . _.: ag~ncfos, for the-project, and.FAQ the principal aid agency. - It-,is,_anticipated that this GEF · (">:_:. projectwmeventually be~-incorponitedinto:the broader agend~ for action to,pe de~ned under the Participatory National Environmental Planning Process.. . , · ., · • J - -Yemen :Arab. Republic. "(YAR) Marine -Conservati(Jn Survey. - -Yolume 1.: The: Distribution of .._. ,._ Habitats·and Species·along the YAR. coastline. JJO pages.-,. Volume 2~· Prelinlinary Coastal · ·· .:Zone Management Recommendations for Y~. . JUCN/Red· Sea_ & Gulf of Aden Enyironment 'fhis 19~? survey ., Programme.·· Gla11:d, Sw~tzetland andJed_d_ah.~ Sqµdi Arabia., .. 70page~.. _ ... · ,_, ', byi:the World Conservation Union (IUCN) Of _about 100.m~inland sites is the, only significant - ., . -" :-· su~vey of. Yemen's· Red Sea_- ei;iviroitiltent~ ._- It contains . recommendatior:is .. fo~ marine environmental protection and th~ establishment of;p.rotected areas; but doe_s not include offshore reefs or islands. These recomniendations -were apparently aceepted by the . : >-:: - · govertunent at the time, but have n,ever. been acted upon. _ _., . . . ·:·;~/, .....~~·:.:~.t: • ,1 ' , ... ',\· •., · ·r ·· ' .~ .. 1.'.:' :1. , .'.· - :: .Netherlands, Directorate General· of International. Cooperation.; Q(lSkoning. {Rey~l Dutch .·.·.Consulting Engineers andArchitectsJ199J.. P.roposalfor Developing a Coastal Management ":.; .,' -·. ' PUzn in the .Republic. o/Yemen; Ongoing· Dutch. assistance includes tP,is valu~ble SUlilmacy · -·.... of.the needs of the marine envirorunenUri.Yemen,.-bringingtqgetherhnportant elements of fisheries and marine environmerital protection ...-The repor;t mu~trates' how _past arid preserit poFcies have allowed damage to some fish stocks ill. the Gulf of Acien. It shows that less :\ , th~ half of the fish caught ~e. reported,- ~d that-80 percent of all fi~h are ~·tra_sh . fish" that ,\ ' go' unreported. Thus the actilal capture of fish is already far greater_ that) asswned, possibly by:' a factor of ten: ,:_Should· existing, assumptions be applied to the much smaller fishing area of·i:the·Red Sea, as i!lcappropriate,_ the cons~quences for Yemen can cle~ly be seen to be •. • i .. serious,· running counter· .to both the stated desires,, and the cbest interests of the country. .. Although the report points to a need for marine environmental management, the degree to .:. . which its recommendations will be heeded by the government remains uncertain. '· .. • .. Hydraulics Research, UK, Coastal Erosion and Siltation Study. World Bank fu.nde4 repon ;. ·'' ·:.·for General Corporation of Yemen. Potts·(GCYP). - March 1992. This project for GCYP focused mainly on coastal erosion. Drawing heavily on IUCN data (see. above), ii ~so consolidated and updated many of IUCN's marine environmental recolilmendations. ·:··.: • _UNEP/IOC, Memorandum:of Understanding, August1990. US$ 40,000. A Memoralldum ··:, ' of Understanding -was· -signed by. UNEP. and the Intematipnal Oceanographic Committee (IOC) for strengthening marin~ pollution.monitoring capabilities in the Red- Sea region. This includes Egypt, Jordan, Sudan and Yemen~ :The f\Inds allocated specifically to Yemen are 7: -'  therefore relatively small. Little is known about the objectives of the Yemen component of this project, or their realization. UNEP will ensure that there is no duplication of effort between the UNEP/IOC project. and this . GEF project. · • UNEP agreement with EPC. February 1992. Two agreements oLrelevance to thi.s GEF project were ·reached during the visit of the Executive Director of. UNEP to Yemen in February 1992. The first was aimed at strengthening the establishinent of a network of information. on the environment, partitularly that related to freshwater and marine water. This. was to involve UNEP'.s Global Resources Information Database.(GRID). ·.The second · aimed to strengthen the Centre for Environment Research of the Ministry of Fish Wealth. the information network and the involvement of UNEP-GRID will be invaluable for this GEF project; coordination will be ensured through the regional components of the Yemen anci Egypt GEF projects. · · · • UNDP Project YEM/921024, Maritime Training Centre, implemented by1MO. This UNDP project provides support to the Maritime Training Cen~e (MTC) in Aden. · The International Maritime Organization (IMO) currently delivers a total. of. thirty training courses; .both in- house and overseas. Many of these courses deal with different aspects of controlling marine and port pollution, including oil spills and offshore pollution, and assistance with fulfilling · obligations under MARPOL. and other IMO conventions .. A further phase of UNDP support i~ expected to begin in September 1992. • Marine Science and.Resources Research Centre ofthe Ministry ofFish Wealth,funded in part by the Islamic Development Bank. Located in Aden, the MSRC is involved in oceanographic and fisheries research. A programme on fisheries related plankton work .is supported by UNESCO .. Laboratories and equipment are limited, but the Islamic Development Bank has recently funded the construction of a new laboratory complex. The potential facilities offered by this complex are considerable, ·but it is currently faced with problems related to equipment and recurrent cost financing. • Oil spill contingency plans. Two oil companies operating in Yemen-British Petroleum (BP) and Canadian Oxydental (CANOXY)-.-are reported to have substantial oil· spill contingency · plans, along with the required equipment. (In the case of BJ.>, however, most of the equipment is stored overseas for rapid deployment.) This could provide a· valuable contribution to. marine environmental protection in Yeinen; the ·project will take this into account in· the details' of its design. · · · · ." 4. Institutional framework for. subsecfur Several national and regional organizations, listed below, are.involved in the management of Yeinen's marine resources. · National •· Ministry of Planning and Development. This is the overall coordinating body to ensure consistency .within national development strategies. All international cooperation is also routed via this ministry. 8  · Enviroiurzental Protection· Council. This government agency coordinates Yemen's ,, environmental :prot~ction policies and promotes public awareness'·of the need for ·better.environmental management and 'protection ... The EPC has been.charged with developing a nationaLenviroiunentat training and awareness programme. ·Areas of .the ,·EPC's .J mandate of particµlar importance ·.to this GEF project include environmental· data collection, assessment and monitoring. .. -. · ::."~;. ;• ,· .· ,lvlinis(ry. of Fish Wealth. ·. This· ministry' is resporisiblt( for ·the and managem~nt .' .. . development of Yemen's:fish. resources. "1Through the MSRC in Aden, the ministry · , '.:':·\ '· · _ · ·~. ·is in,volved in oc~anographic research whkh will be of relevance to this project. It also tias a limited: capacity. for research in benthic ecology.: .~ ' !' • Ministry of Higher Education/University of Sana 'a. The Department of Oceano- graphy at the University of Sana'a has a small capacity .for 'research which may be .! - ...~ ... ' of interest to this. project. . ' ' : . ·~·>~- i r ·i (. l '•· .. • Minis(ry of Transport/Public eorporation of Maritime Affairs. Offshore marine and .' ;. ~ ~ .~_. maritime affairs, 1including pollution; are the· responsibility.ofthe .Public Corporation ' .... '.: of Maritime Affairs.. · .. · , · ·~ ·· ; ....... . ."' ,.. ··: · Ministry ofTransport/Maritime Training ·Centre. - ' ' ' . .< .. The wide range ofparties involved. creates· obvious. difficulties. for the management of this proj~_(;t by _any sing!e party. Previous experience with the Dutch-assisted project, and information froirj., EPq, showed- . institutional ·difficulties .associated with ·the implementation of marine m~agement. A lack of interdepartmental coordination further contributes to these problems:· How~::ver, · the activities and results of this project are. neces·sary to ·create· the groundwork for the protection and management of the.nation's marine resources. · • , •. 'J ;\ ,' ,1 · . • ·· · · ' , 1_1 · In order to maximize interagency cooperation, it is proposed that the project be implemented · by:_a Project Steering Committee chaired by the EPC. The committee will consist of members drawn frqJil! t;he organiza~ions listed aboye. (See Annex .1 for a schematic representation ·of coordination ar~angements.) It i~ hoped that the involvement of all parties will strengthen the results of this pr9Je,i;t. · .,. .... · -· j ..... i'• i ' ;: i' . . :;· !'.' Regional/Iilternational • 1. Regional .Convention for- the Conservation of ·the Red- Sea and :Gulf of Aden •• 1 ••(PERSGA). Yemen is one ·of seven signatories to--PERSGA: The. Secretariat' of ·•;: .. · PERSGAwas established in l98l iri Jedd3h, Saudi Arabia: PERSGA is operated as· an organizational unit of the Arab League Educational; :Scientific and Cultural · Organization (ALESCO) under the authority of ALESCO's Director General, based on decisions. of .the ALES CO General Conference and meetings of ·the Contracting Parties to the Jeddah Convention. PERSGA's scope for effective action is currently , 1, · ·.· ve.ry limited: · · · ,' \, ; • •' ' ' ~ ! - ·, " \ " 9 "  • Egypt GEF project. A complementary GEF project is being implemented in Egypt-the World Barik;s · Egyptian Red Sea Coastal and .. Marine Resdlirce Management Project. ·· Although it is located in a part of the Red Sea where the ·ecological conditions are substantially' different from those in Yemen, the projects ·share many common objectives.· (See.Annex 2 fot niore details on the Egypt GEF · · project.) · • Regional United Nations (UN) agencies. Several UN bodies including IMO, FAO, IOC and UNEP are involved to varying degrees in activities ·related to this GEF project. UNEP, through PERS GA, will ensure coordination between this project and the EgypfGEF project, and also between the UN bodies mentioned above. ' B. ·PROJECT JUSTIFICATION 1. Problem to be addressed 'and present situation The importance to Yemen of the Red Sea marine environment cannot be·· overstated.· The coastal communities of Yemen are directly dependent on the high biodiversity and productivity of the Red Sea. . This wealth of natural resources can also contribute .to the future development of Yemen in terms 'of food;transport, industry, and recreational and other needs. The.Red Sea is Iik~ly to play an increasingly important role' in providing freshwater,. via desalination plants, because existing subterranean water supplies are fast becoming depleted. · · ·· The sustainability of these resources depends on the maintenance of biodiversity and effective · protection of the waters. ' This project· aims to discover and define the marine resource base in Yemen, to help prevent and resolve conflicts of use, and to avoid damage and depletion of these key resources. The project will address these issues by focusing on three areas: vulnerability of the waters to pollution; the inadequate understanding of the links ·between land and sea;' and the need for protection and management of resources. These three areas-are described in greater detail below. Increasing vulnerability to pollution The harvesting of marine resources, already very high, is likely to increase ·further. Heavy fishing not only reduces stock size, but also impairs stock quality, and the action of trawls on the seabed can alter benthic habitats. Resources and ecosystems in national and international waters adjacent to Yemen are increasingly vulnerable to pollution from oil, and from urbanization and industrialization in localized but expanding areas. Red Sea marine ecosystems are also being damaged by coastal infilling and dredging, and by accelerated sedimentation associated with inappropriate agriculture and flash floods.: Several sites of special ·environmental; and economic importance have already been lost to coastal development. Inadeguate understanding of marine system and of interconnections between land and sea Public awareness of the effects of ·land activities on the sea is limited. Fpr instance, the influence of agricultural run-off on the marine environment, and the contribution !'of the marine 10 environment to . sustainable .develOpinent, are neither recognized · nor understood. · This lack of environmental. awareness exists at the level of both government 'and the public, and contributes pf greatly ·to the diffic1:1lties of maintaining biodiversity ·and eventing ·pollution. · This project will include activities to enhance environmental awareness. It will also define and analyze key issues affecting the marine environment as' a means of identifying resource use opportunities' and avoiding resource use conflict. . . Inadeguate protection and inappropriate management . Marlne eco~ystems and associated resources have traditionally received very. little protection in Yemen. '.fhis has stemmed from a limited understanding of their value, combined with economic constraints and .inadequate' human resources.·· Even the principles of resource management have frequently ··contradicted the tenets of sustainable deveJc:>pment. For example, some development projects have advocated short-term maximization rathe.r than optimization of marine resources, with little or no funds being devoted to· ensuring sustainability in the face of increased exploitation. 2. . Expected ~~d-of-projec;t _situat~on , This project is intended to increase Yemen's commitment to sustaiiiable use of the Red Sea by creating a sharper awareness of environmental issues. The project will improve the country'$ capacity to protect its coastal waters from pollution, and to guard against depletion of its valuable biodiversity. These.results· are prerequisites for Yemen to tackle the mounting prpblems facing its marine environment. More specifically, the project will effect the following: • Marine resource management issues will be dealt with more effectively in the national plarining process. · · ,,,. • ' Ther~ will be ·ari improved ability to' recognize early on.the potential damage from a wide range of marine activities, and a corresponding improvement in the· ability to mate planning and development decisions to minimize their environmental costs. • ·Staff within government agencies and ·research· organizations will have received on- the-job training through project participation in the, following areas: (i) Environmental -survey and monitoring; (ii) .Environmental data collection and interpretation; (iii): .i .. En:vironmentaI -impact assessment (Bi.A) and monitoring; and (iv) Public awareness programmes. • Regional workshops on protected. areas and activities such as surveying, monitoring, > • • • ', and .conducting EIAs will have been organized to improve the capacity of national staff in these essential areas. 11  • ; .. Oversea~ courses at the masters. and diploma levels will have been provided in .tropiCai.' marine resources management, . marine 'enviroruriencil ,,protection,".and :, ! ' · ·' e,cosystems.an~dysis ·an~.managen;ient. . .:, . ·' . . ·: ..' i' ' ''·' t·,t,' '• . c'·I ;, ;" • Overseas specialist. short courses will have been provided in areas such as computer , . software, instrumentation, diving/photography and . cartography tq 'improve ; the tec4ni~al. ba,se for national staff. · · ·· • Training p~ogrammes arid public .awareness campaigns will hav~ enhanced Jocai understanding of the importaitce of marine resources. :· •. . A, framework .·. for ~ontimiing survey and monitoring sy~tems have . been will ' •'' estapli~hed ..·:Arrangements' to ensure the fufther development of 'a d~tabase for ~e . ~ . \ .. Re(Se.~ marine:environtnent 'of Yemen will also.bejn place.. This will include. 8n .. integrated resource .assessmeQt. franiework to accommodate futu~e wor~ ~ the ·gulf of Aden. · ·· • A marine protected area system 'will be recommended, bas·ed on ·~ites identified by this. project and a review . of previously . propo$ed si~s. Assistance .with the ''. 'n;ianageirierii. , ·. ' selec,ted . ' of ( protected ···. ' ·. '' areas will . . also .have .been provided . ..., .. . • ' .An: effective system ~ill' be in ,place to. ensure recurrent cost financing for actiyitl.~s such. a,s environmental mollitoring, 'so th11t these may Continue even after compl~t~pii of this pr9ject. . · ·· · .. · . · · · .. · '' · ·•'•' 3. Target beneficiaries ' •. I .The principal beneficiaries ()f, ~is project are .the government agencie~ of the Republic of Yepien, including: · · · ,, .. ·· .. .. .• Miriistcy of Pianning Environmental . ' . Protection ·. Council . ' ., • Ministry of F~sh Weal.th . . ·. • · Marine Science and Resourees Research Centre • · Ministry ·of Transport • ·Public Corporation for Maritime· Affairs • Maritime Training Centre • Ministry of Higher Education • . . Uniyersity of~ana'a (Depattment. of O.ceanography). . . , By participating in .the v~ious activities of this p.roject, the~e .agencies. ~ill acquire an erihanced ' understanding 'o'f 'the principles of sustainable development marine environmental and assessD1ent and protection, 1ncluding the.·lllanagernent, of I>rote~ted: ~eas,. .It is.expected that this kno,wledge ~ill be passed on to a.wider group . of beneficiaries within the Ministries of..Flsh Wealth and Planning, research· organizations,· and other' environmental 12' { I  . , I institutes.·· Fishermen and other villagers living.and :working around marine protected areas will also benefit directly or iildiree,tly from the project. Other beneficiaries will include national environmental societies and non-governmental organizations (NGOs), in particular the Yemen Environmental Protection Society, and other Red Sea countries party to PERSGA and the associated Regional Seas Action ·Plan of UNE~. . · JI 'I ' ' ':' . The pppul,ation of Yemen will benefit from the.sustainable use of Red Sea resources. This wil},en~'Q~e marine ·ecosystems of continued viability, support habitat dependent activities such as artisanal ~sheries, prqvide uncontaminated seawater (potentially an .important source of freshwater)~ and offer :Prospects for.the: expansion of tourism.. · · ». ·. '', :_l ' /J, ' , ,. • ~.' , r·. · ·· ;. \ •, ',~ ' · • · · M,arine ecosy~iems and •wildlife will be prote~d through .the. improved management of Yemen's Red Sea environment. These include coral reefs, mangroves, seagrasses, fisheries, and tile innmner~ble specie$;. (such .as crustaceans, ~rtles. and seabirds) . with economic, social and conservatiopaJ value. "· · :. ·· · ....... ,., ., .. ' . .. ·• . . 4.. Project strategy and implementation arrangements .This. project is des.igned to . cm:nplem~nt: related ' initiatives in . the region ' such .. as the WB/IFAJ)/EEC. Fisheries·· IV prej~ct .. ancl ·the Dutch-assisted coastal zone. management plan. Fle~ibil1Ly is. P.rovided in ..the. framework pf the .project to allow for, an extension of assessment activities ·1in the .Gulf :pf Aden, either. tltrough separately funded parallel activities or a subsequent project. Jn view of the. pollution .threats faced by the Gulf .of Aden and. its importance in terms of food, employment and foreign exchange, ~ integrated management plan for the entire marine environment of Yemen would. clearly be of great value. '. l' · · :. .. "· Implementation of this projeci will require the involvement of the bodies liste4 below: ': : ' . ' -... '.. i ." I -~ ', ...... ,'.' . Mini~try of Planning a~Development. All international cooperation.with Yemen is .routed vi~ this mmistry whose role in this· project will principally be:initial approval I :,,· :and s_ubsequentproject monitodng .. · ..· .. ·. · . . . ' ': l -',~ ·•.: . Environmental ·Protection .Council... .. Th_e EPC ·.will ensure coordination of project • "j \ .: ·~ ; ·: activities .with other n~tional envirorini¢nta( ii;iiti~tiv~s. and play a significant part in the implementation of public awarepess progr-es in collaboration with the..Yemen . ' :.1: .. Environmental Pro~ction SocietY ancJ. other enviionm*nW N(3()s ...The EPC will alsP. chaif the Project s·teering Committee (see below). ·.. . '. -' ·. ·. · . . .· . . ... . ",. Ministry of fish Wealth. .This ministry is responsible for ,tlie manageme~t .and development of fisheries.. It will :be the national executing agent and play a major technical rqle, in this· prqject by developing the marine protected. area network with assistance from NGOs .such as the Yemen Environmental Protection Society. I . .,,.'\ • . Project $teering .Committee. · Project activities will be guided by a Project Steering . Committee .comprised of the UNDP. Resident Representative and representatives of the Ministry of }>lanning and Development; EPC, the Ministry Of Fish,Wealth~ the· 13  . . Ministry of Education, and other ministries as appropriate. It is expected that this .co·mmittee will be chaired by EPC;,~ ·Both the. subcontractor responsible for project management (subcoritract #1) art~ for.the r~gional component (subcontract "#2) should . · t:>e ex-officio members qf thi~ corillnittee: :· . • Subcontractor #1 . . Th~ project will be managed by the Office for Project Services· · (OPS) of UNDP through a subcontracted consuitancy firm (subcontractor #1) which will be. responsible for providing the UNDP-fmanced inputs to the project, such as project management arid administration~ -short:-term ·consultant ser\rices, training . · ·· . programmes, equipment and materials; The subcontra~r will work directly with the . Ministry of Fish Wealth and be respons.ible tO. the Ministry of. Planning ·and· - Development, EPC and the UNDP .office in Sana'a.. The work of the subcontractor will be· conducted in, close collaboration with the Project Steering Committee. . .. ' •·· Subcontractor #2 '(UNEP). Through PERSGA, UNEP will iniplenieilt the regional project component to ensure effective linkages. between the GEF projects in Yemen and Egypt, as well as with other regional initiatives. . • Marine Science and Resources Research Cenrre, Aden. The MSRC, responsible to the" Ministry of Fish Wealth, is the main national research unit. ·It will iiiitiate environmental surveys~ illonitoring, and other scientific arid research components c)f ·· · . ibis project. The· facilities of the: newly established subcentre in Hodeidah will be available for. project work.. MSRC. currently .has: rudimentilrY. programmes' in· o·ceanography,'marine ecology,:taxonomy and ~sheries. ·It also has plans·io mcrea8e ·its pollution monitoring'research. · · .· .·· · · '.r.J' • Mtnistry of Transport/PCMA/MTC. .. The Public .Corl>orati~n for Marithne .Affairs (PCMA) ·and Maritime Training C~iltre (MTC), boil1 ofwhiCh ·are und_er the' Millistry of Transport, will assist in the project. . PCM.A. will participate in mati.ri.e pollution · monitoring undert3ken during 'the project, and help. enstire the integration of project ··.··activities and results with oil spill contingency plans ·(such as those developed by oil companies) and related oil spill surveillance, monitoring and combat. activities. MTC' provides. a range of courses in maritime affairs, including :one entitled ···:. "Prevention of Marine Pollution." MTC is expected to assist with project training courses ·in · environmental · information collection and interpretation; EIA and " . monitoring; and public awareness. 'MTCwill also participate in regional workshops hi EIA and related activities. . . . ·• ·.Minis~ of Higher Education!University'·Of Sana.'a. The Department of Oeean- ography at the Universify of Sana'a will assist MSRC iri environmental survey and . monitoring, and provide laboratory ·space and facilities for the project. • PERSGA. As mentioned above, PERSGA will undertake implementation of the · r~gional activities o{the Yeinen and Egypt GEF projects. This project will thereby substantively ,contribute, to . and benefit from regional training .programmes and pfanning for ·future ·expansion. of the Red Sea framework. 14 .  - .. ! - · . 5. Reasons for GEF assistance '.:::c•. The Government of.Yemen's commitment to conservation and envirorim_ent~l protectiOn has been demonstrated by various actions in recent years, including the creatio:n of the _EPC. ·cln the aftermath of reunification and the Gulf War, however, the government has had veiy few :fesouices to _allocate for these purposes~ .Per capita income in North Yemen was estimated- at orily US$ 64Q per annum in 1989, and has almost certainly declined since then .. · -. - · .This · project will provide support for existing infrasiructute and enable government institutions to. make valuable contributions both to the sustainable development of Yemen's-marine resources, and to the protection of international waters and marine biodiversity in the region; , 6. Special considerations The GEF is committed to enhancing the role of women and NGOs in development .Although this project does not offer specific activities for women, the recruitment and participation of women as trainees in courses and programmes will be actively encouraged by the . GEF. project office and . the Project Steering Committee. · ,, · .. ' . The design of this project does incorporate the involvement of NGOs, but few NGOs in Yemen ~e as yet sufficiently developed to allow for extensive participation in project activities. One exceptiqn is the· Yemen Environmental Protection Society (YEPS), whose involvement and 'Support will be· sought by the project implementing agency in enhancing public .awareness of marine environmental issues. · . . The oil industry, an important user of the marine environment, already possesses the greatest marine ,pollution control skills in the region. This project will seek ways to- collaborate with the oil industry, especially in conducting relevant environmental impact assessine11ts, .and in. identifying possible sources of recurrent cost financing, such as "user fees." 7. :Coordination arrangements .; Section 4 above listed the government agencies that will participa,te ~n this project, most notably in the Project Steering Committee and the activities associated with subcontractor #1.. Their· involvement in this project is described in an organizational chart in Annex 1. - " .' . , _It will be particularly important to ensure coordination with: the WB/IFAD/EEC· Fisheries IV project, located in MSRC, Aden; the Dutch cooperation prpgramme, wh,ich may finance an en\'.ironmental survey programme on the south coast; and the Maritime Training Centre, which will provide ongoing training in areas of interest to this project. UNEP, through PERS GA, will maintain links with the GEF project in Egypt. PERSGA .will arrange forjointshort-term training programmes for both the Yemen and Egypt GEF projects. It will alsQ maintain liaison with global organizations active ,in the region, such as IMO, FAO, IOC and UNEP. A detailed description of the regional project.component is provided in Annex 2 .. 15 8. ·. Counterpart·support capa~ity · ,,- ':· The requirements of this project, in terms of national counterparts and n1aterial tesO-ur'ces, are listed below. ~ ;, .~ ' ,. . . National staff/professionals .;·· Two Yemeni counterpart staff will work with each short-term consultant. In this way: they will both participate in the project and receive 0n-the-job training (for more details see Section E, Inputs, and Section J, Budgets). For a number or'activities yet to be specified, priority Will b~ given to experienced national professionals to work alongside the short-term consuitants. . ' ' ,:, Trainees The Yemeni organizations participating in the project will nominate approp.riate candidates for the project's various training programmes. · · · · · Proiect buildings The Government of Yemen will provide project staff with the required office· knc:t laboratory space, as detailed in Section E, Inputs. · Special equipment ·.. L' : Pollution analysis equipment in Sana'a University. The design of this project allows · -for flexibility to maximize the efficient use of existing equipment arid facilities. Pollution analysis equipment at the University of Sana'a will be available f~r use in this project. • Boat. A 'vessel will be required for a few weeks to survey 'the offshore reefs of the · Red Sea.. Rental for the ·boat is included in the budget. PCMA have affirmed the if . willingness to assist with the provision of the boat. C. DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVES ·The objective of this project is to promote the sustainable use of natural resources by striking a balance between economic growth and environmental considerations,' and to strengthen the human, institutional, technical and scientific capabilities in Yemen to protect the environment. The Government of Yemen also intends to enhance both public and institutional awareness of the benefits to be derived from sound conservation practices in all sectors. An understanding of these long-term benefits in economic and social terms is essential to the sustainability of the results of this project. The task of coordinating and promoting environmental protection, and of promoting public awareness, has been assigned largely to EPC. · 16  An important secondary objective is tb reinforce regional efforts to manage the marine resources of the Red Sea. This will be achieved by ensuring coordination with parallel activities in the .ar~a througli. the regional component of this project. ~ ':. J ' ' ; . ' ' ' ! • >. • • . .:\· This project also aims to develop procedures for combatting major oil spills, including access to oil spill control equipment. This is important because the nearest regional ·oil .spill. centre ds located ·as far away as Djibouti. The project includes an element whereby the IMO can make a significant contribution in this field. ·· level, this project..will ~ontribute to the prot~~tion of an international.body of ' ; . ·:A_{ ~e global water that has significant bio~iversity, .as well as importance in terms of artisanal· and commercial fisheries and tourism. The project is also replicable elsewhere along the Yemen coast of the Gulf of Aden and on the Red Sea coast of riparian countries. D. . IMMEDIATE OBJECTIVES;.OlrrPUTS AND ACTIVITIES ·i :' In this section, "time" indicates the periods in which project activities should take pla~.~·· These activities are usually expected to occupy less than the full span indicated. "Work months" specify the duration of the service of ~~ort-term consultants. IMMEDIATE OBJECTIVE 1 To evaluate the marine environment of the Yemen Red Sea in order to define and quantify its resource base, determine its.,present condition, and establish.a monitoring programme to identify major. areas of resource use conflict and compatibility'. . ·. f. ·· · '.·"i •Achie~ement Indicators . ~ improved. understanding of the .mar.ine and ~oastal systems among government and other decision-makers to help them avoid or reconcile coastal co.nflicts, and identify future opportunities for sustainable marine resource use. This. will be achieved principally througlt the generation of . resource and resource use maps, databases and other technical information. .· Output 1.1 Establishment of a Red Sea environmental database on marii:ie and coastal ecosystems, key species groups, 1hul1_1an uses and e11vironmental pressures. · \ ' ' ' Activities for Output 1. 1 ... 1. Ll .··Identification and recmitment of national personnel and external consultants, and the• , :purchase of equipment.· Tirr~~ (months): 1-12 Work months: 0.25 E~wonsibility: subcontractor. 17  1.1.2 Shoreline site assessment and classification of marine habitats along the mainland coast, based on mapping and ·rapid survey techniques. (A four . .wheel drive vehicle will be used for this activity.) -. c-- - Time (months): 6-24 Work months: 6 Responsibility: senior marine expe.rt (#1), assis~ant marine expert (~2), and their counterparts. Lf3 Assessment of offshore reefs and associated biota based ori rapid survey techniques . as well as more:quantitative methods, using ship transport. Time (months): 6~24 Work' months: 3 Responsibility: senior marine expert (#1), assistant marine expert (#2), and ~eir counterparts . .I·,., . . 1.1.4 Environmental analysis to·.determine geographical variations over time and assess current trends in the marine and coastal environment.. Time (months): 6-24 Work months: 1 Responsibility: senior marine expert (#1) and. counterpaits.- 1.1.5 'Production of maps and technical report based on envlronniental assessments of shoreline and offshore reefs. Time (months): 1s.:.24 · Work months: mi:i;i.imal (derives from earlier activities) Responsibility: senior marine expert (#1) and counterparts. Output 1.2 - Establishment of a marine:environmental monitoring system for the R~d Sea: The design of this Will include identification of the most important .sources and types of marine and coastal impacts; as _well as a co.st-effective monitoring protocol. Activities for Ou_tput L 2 · i .2.1 Identification and recruitment of national personnel and external consultants, and the . purchase of equipment. Time (months): 1 Work months: 0.25 Responsibility: subcontractor. 18 1.2.2 Identification of major impacts on the marine environment from survey data obtained from Activities l.1.2 and 1.1.3. ' .. ..!" Time (months): 9-:-21 Work months: 1 Responsibility: senior marine expert (#1) and counterparts. 1.2.3 Des"ign and plan of environmental monitoring system whose main component relates to marine impacts (municipal, industrial, and so on), while the secondary component consists ot' an appraisal of protection capability against oil pollution. Time (months): 12-15 Work months: 1 Responsibility: senior marine expert (#1) Time (months): 6 Work months: 0.5 Responsibility: IMO oil expert (#10). 1.2.4 Undertaking of environmental monitoring and development of monitoring protocol. . . Time (months): 21-36 Work months: 4 Responsibility: senior EIA expert (#3), assistant EIA expert (#4) and their counterparts. 1.2.5 Writing of t~chnical evaluation report. Tirrie (months): 30-36 . Work months: minimal (derives from earlier activities) Responsibility: senior marine expert (#1). Output 1.3 Development of database and analysis of information. Activities for Output 1.3 1.3.1 Identification and recruitment of national personnel and external consultants. Time (months): 1 Work months: 0.25 Responsibility: sub-contractor #1. 19  1.3.2 Purchase of computer database and entry of data. Time (months): 3-6 Work months:· 1 Responsibility: senior marine expert (#1) _and counterparts. 1.3.3 Creation of marine resource maps using the computer database and additional information from Outputs land 2. Time (months): 21-27 ' , ·•Work months: 2 Responsibility: cartographer (#5) and counterparts. 1.3.4 Sharing of resource data with regional and global programmes such a:s the GEF Egypt project, PERSGA and GEMS. "· Time (months): ·27·-36 Work.months: 0.25 Responsibility: Subcontractor #1. 1.3.5 Writing of technical report. Time (months): 30-36 ·.Work months: minimal (derives from earlier activities) Responsibility:· senior mari'ne expert (#1). IMMEDIATE OBJECTIVE 2 To improv'e'.Yemen's':capacity to manage' the marine environment, particularly in the areas of: environmental data collection and analysis, EIA and monitoring, and enhancement of public awareness. This capacity building will be achieved through the professional development of national counterparts during on-the-job training, and through in-service marine environmental training workshops. The provision for training includes sixteen overseas fellowships at the masters and diploma levels, and sixteen shorter courses in video-making/public awareness, cartography, and other •. 0cational skills. Three regional workshops will provide additional training. Refer to Section E, Inputs and Annex 2 for additional details. Achievement; Indicators. An improved understanding among trainees of the contribution of the marine environment to national development and prosperity, through a range of in situ and ex situ courses. National counterparts and trainees will also be better equipped to undertake and manage marine environmental assessments, conflict resolution and avoidance, and most important, to incorporate marine issues in the national decision-making process. An increase in courses on marine conservation in university, college, and school curricula will be an additional indicator of success. 20 Output 2.1 Training in environmental data gathering and interpretation. throu_gh: ' ·:.. t .... • On-the-job training of national counterparts • , In-service. ti:aining workshops . ,: ,. • One masters degree in tropical coastal .management • One masters degree in ecosystems analysis and management • Diplomas in data collection and analysis • Shorter courses/training for two trainees per Gourse in computer software, instrumentation, .diving/photography and cartography;~ Activities for Output ,2.1 ' ~r . ' .:, '~: • 2.1.1 Identification of training needs· at the institutional' and individual levels through an assessment of national, skills and requirements in marine env.ir011mental data collection and analysis. .. Time (months): 6-9 Work months: 0.5 : Responsibility: information training expert (#6a). ~ .1.2 Design.of in-~er:vice training progranlffies and arrangementsfor overseas fellowships (masters and diploma level~) and short-term .courses,.·· . Time (months): 6-12 ' . · Work months: 1 Responsibility:. inforlllation, tra~ning·expert.(#6a) and subcontractor.· · .2.1.3 Impiementation of the followi~g training .pl~s: ,. • On.-the-job trai~ing of national counterparts . ! .... In-service training ,ih environmental data collection, and interpretation · • Overseas fellowships in tropical coastal management (masters), ecosystems analysis and management (masters), and data collecti9n ·and analysis (diplomas) Short-term courses/training iwcomputer sqftware, instrumentation, diving/ photography and cartography.· ;.r , ,., ··,_· .... Tirne (months):. 3-15 Work months:, l. ··· .· Responsibility: information training expert (#6a), consultants and overseas institutions. 21  ---------- 2.1.4 Writing of evaluation and technical report on in-service training. Time (months): 3-18 Work months: 0.25 Responsibility: subcontractor #1. Output 2.2 Training in EIA and monitoring through: • On-the-job training of national counterparts • In-service training programmes • One masters degrees in marine environmental protection • Diplomas in EIA and monitoring • Short-term courses for two trainees per course in equipment operation/maintenance, technical training and analytical work. Activities for Output 2.2 2.2.1 Identification of training needs at the institutional and individual levels through an assessment of national skills and requirements in EIA and monitoring. Time (months): 6-9 Work months: 0.5 Responsibility: information training expert (#6a). 2.2.2 Design of in-service training programmes and arrangements for overseas fellowships (masters and diploma levels) and short-term courses. Time (months): 6-9 Work months: 1 Responsibility: information training expert (#6a) and subcontractor. 2.2.3 Implementation of the following training plans: a On-the-job training of national counterparts 0 In-service training in EIA and monitoring • Overseas fellowships in marine environmental protection (masters) and EIA and monitoring (diplomas) Short-term courses in equipment operation/maintenance, technical training and analytical work. 22  Time (months): 6-18 Work months: 1 Responsibility: information training expert (#6a), consultants and overseas institutions; 2.2A Writing of evaluation and technical report on training. Time (months): 6-20 Work months: 0.25 Responsibility: sub-contractor #1. Output 2.3 Training in public awareness enhancement through in-service training programmes, diplomas, and short-term courses for two trainees in video-making/public awareness. Activities for Out:nut 2.3 2.3.1 Identification of training needs at the institutional and individual levels through an appraisal of the current state of public awareness of marine environmental issues. Time (months): 12-15 . Work months: 0.5 Responsibility: public awareness training expert (#6b). 2.3.2 Design of in-service training programmes and arrangements for overseas diplomas and short-term courses. Time (months): 12-18 Work months: 1 Responsibility: public awareness training expert (#6b) and subcontractor. 2.3.3 Implement the following training plans: • On-the-job training for national counterparts and YEPS staff ·• In-service training for counterpart public awareness· specialists • Overseas fellowships in public awareness (diplomas) • Short-term courses in video-making/public awareness (YEPS). Time (months): 12-20 Work months: 1 Responsibility: public awareness training expert (#6b), consultants and overseas institutions. 23  2.3.4 Writing of evaluation and technical report on training~ t:: .':,' ··· ';, .._,. : ,:, ~····Time· <months): · 12-24 :. ' ' "~,:. .. :;;;!;;:.1 ,i· : ·,_;;,;!: "''' . Wod ~nbriilis: 0:25 ·. .. ... , .1.:: ·. . I • ' '. ._ Responsibility: sub-contractor #1. IMMEDIATE OBJECTIVE 3 To develop'a:sustairiabl~·use' system for the Red Sea environment and associated marine resources which will protect marine habitats and protected areas, and increase public and high-level goverrurient awareness· of' relevant problems and issues. Akey requirement for the sustainability of project results is the provision of recurrent cost financing. The identification and acquisition of such financing will be facilitated by the project's regional coordination·component. The attainment of this objeetive depends on the results of activities "undet Immediate Objectives l and 2 . '.}.' • ~. J • - Achievement Indicators : •- ~. j' ·, • :- Establishment of the protected area·system, ·an assurance of finances for .recurrent costs, and the provision of assistance with certain management plans for EPC. An improved public awareness of the economic and environmental value of protected areas· should . also be achieved through educational materials. ·1.: ·;.- ,, ~ ' 1'., Output 3.1 ·:L '· ... ~·..... ·Assured recurrent cost. financing:Jor post-project :activities. ·: Activities for Out;put 3.1 3.1.1 Identification of sources of funding from marine· resource users such as the oil .: industry: · Time (months): 18-24 Work months: 1 Responsibility: financial specialist (#7). 3 .1.2 Acquisition of secure finances for recurrent costs through negotiations with identified sources. I. .~ . . ;l ·. '<.r r- • ':.Time (months):,, 1~-24 ,. Work months: 1 Responsibility: financing specialist (#7). Output 3.2 The development ofa marine and coastal protected area system that avoids and/or reconciles resource use conflict. 24  Activities for Output 3. 2 •• ,• • • ' ,i 3.2.1 Identification of the extent and status of.e~isti9g :rnarin,e and: coastal protected areas through an analysis of biophysical features, and socio~cop.qffi.ic, institutional, cultural and legal issues. '" . , . · ··;. ·· . . Time (months): 12-15 ;. ' 'i ' ' . ' - . ', " ~- • ~. • , .• I •'• Work months: 2 (for Activities 3.2.1 to 3.2.3) · Responsibility:. senior marine expert (~J):and.~counterp~s.: .··· .. ~· ~ : ., ' ·' 'l •• , ' • (~ ••. I I ' I . 3.2.2 ..·Review of the sta~s of additional prot~cted. area~ re~ommendec:l:in ·recent stu~ies .. '.~i ,l ': ; ,' " , 'f· • ,, , .·,., 1 . t l ~ - .,, Time (months): 12-15 . u.:, :,: :; ·• :; ,., : Wm:k months·: seeActivity•3.2.J, , ., , , ,, , . Responsibility: senior marine expert (#1) and counterparts. ,. •! 3.2.3 Proposal containing modifications for protected areas foliowing environmental : , surveys.and an.analysis. of.the issue~ Usted in Activity .3.,2~·b· i:· ...':, ··' .. · .: ··;_; .:-:,:- .. -~-·~.: /.' ' Tiine (months);, 15'-24~ . '•:. " . ,.,. . , rc . ,,, , :.:,,:,. Work months: see Activity 3.2.1 , ~t · ::'\ Responsibility: senior marine expert (#1) and counterparts. : J ,g~·;· 3.2.4 Assistance with protected area management, including the development of management plans for·,sele.cted,high pr,iorityi area~ •. ·Jn.itially, .the.~e weas .~e likely to be multiple use areas on the coast. .. ·." • '. ,,·, ~ •' ·; I .~' ' l - "~ • Time (months): 18-27 ·Work months: 4 1:. ., •• ., ., · ·i:,. Responsibility: protected area manager (#8) and counterpat,ts. Output 3.3 Increased public awareness 0,fmarine environmental iss~es. ,·., t · · Activities· for Output 3. 3 ·,) •• - 1' • • • <; :·i·1 "'· .' ~' .. 3. 3.1 Identification of public awareness/environmental education needs through consultation with government bodies (including EPQ. and: 'th_e, . Mipistry of Education) and environmental N('JOs (YEPS). " ·; .F ', . ', r ~~. , •.,._ :.'·"' '. Tiir1e (months): 18-20 W_Qrk months.: 2 .Responsibility: public awareness expert (#9). • ' ~· c I ,, ' ' ' :·. :_ : ; : ; ~, ' ' 1 • • •-), ';J '. '• •! ~. ' . 25  3.3.2 Design and planning of public aw¥eness/environmental education programmes and kits, involving EPC and the Ministry of Education, YEPS and the national media. Time (months): 21-24 Work months: 2 Responsibility: public awareness expert (#9). 3.3.3 Implementation-of public awareness/environmental education programmes, including the publication of materials. .. Time (months): 24-32 Work months: 4 Responsibility: public awareness expert (#9r. 3.3.4 Writing of evaluation and technical report on public awareness activities. Tirrie (months): 33-36 Work months:' 1 Responsibility: senior marine expert (#1). Output 3.4 Coordination wi~ the GEF Egypt project and other regional activities (see Annex 2). E. INPUTS (See also Section J, Budgets.) 1. Government of Yemen Personnel Th~ government will make available the services of professional staff from its agencies, institutions and other organizations or departments as required by the project. The fo)Jowing staff will be appointed: Counterpans Work months Marine experts (2) 15 ETA & monitoring experts (2) 48 Cartographers (2) 8 Information experts (2) 4 26  Protected area managers (2) 12 Public awareness experts(2) 8 Subtotal: 95 Equipment and facilities Office .space· for subcontractor (furnishings/equipment funded by UNDP) Office and laboratory space for technical assistance. · ·.. Miscellaneous Yemeni visas and work permits. 2. UNDP/GEF Eighty percent of the share of the project covered by UND P will be managed as a subcontract undertaken by an international company (subcontractor #1) with experience in the management of complex programmes in Yemen. Approximately 20 percent·ofproject act~vities will be managed by UNEP (subcontractor #2) through PERSGA, which will provide coordination with the Egypt GEF project and other regional initiatives. Subcontracted personnel . Project management Work months Subcontractor 36 (full-time project management in Yemen) Technical assistance . Work months Senior marine expert (1) 11 Assistant marine expert (2) 4.5 Senior. EIA monitoring expert (3) 2 Assistant EIA monitoring expert..(4) 2 Cartographer (5) 2 Information & EIA training expert(6a) 5 Public awareness expert (6b) 2.5 Fund raiser/management expert (7) 2 Protected area manager (8) 4 Public awareness expert (9) 8 IMO oil pollution survey expert (10) 0.5 Subtotal (subcontracted personnel): 43.5 27  •.! Stlbcoritracted training Fellowships Work nwnths MSc in Marine Environmental Protection (1) 24 ' MSc in Tropical Coastal Management (1) 24 MSc in Ecosystems Analysis & Management (1) 24 Diplomas (6) 90 Study tours (shon courses/training) Work nwnths Computer software (2) 6 Equipment operation/maintenance (2) 6 Instrumentation (2) 6 Analytical work (2) 6 Technician training (2) 6 Diving/photography (2) 6 Video-making/public awareness (2) 6 Cartography (2) 6 Reimbursement to field offices for services provided in relation to GEF projects Experience indicates that field offices are incurring a significant workload in relation to the identification, 'formulation, processing, support and monitoring of GEF projects. In line with UNDP's financial regulations, such support must be reimbursed and charged to the project budget (see letter of Mr. Gustaf Edgren, Assistant Administrator and Director, Bureau for Programme Policy and Evaluation, and Mr. Toshiyuki Niwa, Assistant Administrator and Director, Bureau for Finance and Administration, dated 18 December, 1992). The field office therefore requests reimbursement for the .following services provided during implementation of this project: • Locally recruited· administrative assistant, based at UNDP field office, to assist the executing agent in project management on a daily basis (three years-US$ 36,000) Monitoring/field travel of office programme staff, four trips of three days each year (daily allowance-US$ 7 ,500 and rental of vehicles-US$ 2,200) • Sundries: communication and office supplies (U~>$ 1,500) • Contingencies (US$ 2,800). Total: US$ 50,000 Equipment The equipment for this project will be procured by the subcontractor according to UNDP rules and regulations. This equipment must be essential to the achievement of project objectives and, 28 in particular, to the development and transfer of knowledge and skills to nation,al.,coµn.terpllft:s~ .;n,.e, equipment intended for national institutions would be difficult to acquire by th.e-gov.ernment in the absence of hard currency and specific technical know-how. .., , , . .. All equipment used in the project will: be operated by.Yemeni personnel under supervision of the international staff. The project executing agency will be the recipie11tof the equipment at the end of the project. . -· The subcontractor will determine the exact specifications of the required equipment and ensure that its acquisition will be made on the ba.,is of: quality, ·\nclud,ing .pr,aduct.ivJty and durability at the lowest possible price; costs, availability and productivity of spare parts; and costs of operation and maintenance. The final list of required equipment will. be determined with the executing agent upon arrival of the full-time project manager (subcontractor·#l), .. Expendable equipment Thermometers (2) . .· Stationery, data sheets and miscellaneous offi~e ~upplies Charts and maps ,' · Binoculars (2) Tape .recorders (2) •:, , .. :,·• Equipment, spares and maintenance for laboratory equipment · · Equipment, spares and mainten.ance for vehicles , ... Equipment, spares and maintenance for inflatable bqats ap.cJ _()t:Itboru;d mot9r_s , Audiovisual materials ... Non-expendable equipment . ·' ... ,_ .. i_, Hand-held salinity refractometers •(2) . ,, ,ir. 4-wheel drive vehicles (2) Office equipment and furnishings (4 desks,.4.tabl.es,JO ch(lir:s,.4 filjn_g cabinets, etc.) Photocopiers (2) . fl . ., Personal computers (2), printers (2) and software Overhead projectors (4) Slide 'projectors (4) Fax machines (2) Telephones (3) ): Video cameras (2) Video recorders/players (2) Video monitors (2) Inflatable boats (2) Outboard motors (2) Global Positioning Systems (GPS), such as Magellan (2) Analytical laboratory and field equipment - electronic top loading b;;ilances (2) - stereo-microscopes _(2) .. r ... l t . , .... _,. - . -.~ : :.. 29  - miscellaneous glassware - seawater filtration units (2) - zooplankton nets (2 medium mesh, 2 fine mesh) - flow meters for zooplankton nets (4) .:. miscellaneous chemical reagents - spares for existing analytical equipment Hire of boat for offshore survey Hire of diving equipment. F. RISKS 1. Delays in recruiting local staff could postpone field surveys and disrupt in situ and ex situ training and workshops. Estimated probability: Low. Possible corrective measure: Project management will identify counterparts prior to the arrival of short-term technical consultants. 2. Delays in the selection of trainees which would allow insufficient time to initiate language training prior to their departure for training courses. Estimated probability: Low. Possible corrective measures: Careful planning will be required to identify and prepare trainees well before application deadlines (many overseas institutions require language proficiency before acceptance). 3. Delays in the identification and hiring of consultants, and in the procurement of equipment. Estimated probability: Low. Possible corrective measures: Advance planning will be required in the identification and hiring of consultants. The procurement of equipment will be assigned to an efficient and reliable subcontractor. 4. Implementation and coordination difficulties due to the number of national agencies and organizations involved in the_project. Estimated probability: Low to medium. Possible corrective measures: The involvement of the Project Steering Committee in project work and training is intended to ensure the necessary coordination. 30 5. Ineffective coordination between this project and the Egypt GEF project and regional bodies~ Estimated probability: Low. Possible corrective measures: Substantial assistance from UNEP to PERSGA will be required_ to ensure frequent consultation with the Egypt GEF project and other environmental initiatives under the aegis of the UNEP Red Sea and Gulf Of Aden Action Plan. - : 6. Local facilities and eql,lipment (such as laboratory or boats) being unavailable or damaged. Estimated probability: Low to medium. Possible corrective measures: The terms of reference for the subcontractor and consultants will clearly assign them responsibility to ensure that the necessary equipment is available and functional. 7. Inappropriate short-term technical assistance. Estimated probability: Low. Possible corrective measures: The subcontractor will need to carefully review and, if necessary, amend the terms of reference for short-term consultants. 8. Unforeseen constraints in the Republic of Yemen. Estimated probability: Low. Possible corrective measures: The workplan and budget should be reviewed every siX months and if necessary, revised. 9. Sustainability beyond project period is not guaranteed. Estimated probability: Medium. Possible corrective measures: Recurrent cost financing for post-project activities must be ensured, and the implementation of training programmes must be monitored closely. 10. Lack of commitment of national project personnel and concerned government authorities. -·Estimated -probability: Low to medium. F'ossibie corrective-measures: As far as possible, staff hired for the project must be national ".experts and specialist consultants. It should -alscf be ensured that training is viewed as a iewardfog skill-building opportunity. 11. La~k of project impact at the policy level. 31  ' : '. ,. •, Estimated probability: Low. Possibl~ corrective measures: It is hoped that this risk will be minimized by the fact that the Projeet Steering Committee will be chaired by the national body entrusted with environmental policy making (EPC). National and regional workshops and seminars should also be organized to discuss and disseminate project achievements and conclusions. G•. _PRIOR OBLIGATIONS AND PREREQUISITES Prior Obligations · . . . .. Prerequisites • The Government· of Yemen will arrange for the timely release of national counterpart staff to ensure that project timing and schedules are not delayed. • The government will arrange for the tim~ly nomination and release of appropriate candidates for training. • The government will arrange for the timely availability .of appropriate office, laboratory and field facilities. - • Th~ government will agree to facilitate the project by the timely provision of visas and other necessary permits. • The. government will ensur~ t'1at the individual beneficiaries of project training will serve in the positions for which the training was intended for at least two years after the training is complete. Failing fulfillment of these conditions, the cost of training should be recovered _-. from the individual or the government, as appropriate. The project will be signed by UNDP, and UNDP assistance to the project will be provided subject to UNDP receiving satisfaction.that the prerequisites listed above have been fulfilled. When fulfillment of any one or more prerequisites fails to materialize, UNDP may, at .its discretion, either suspend or terminate its· assistance. H. PROJECT REVIEW, REPORTING AND EVALUATION Jbt! project will b.e Sl!bject to a tripartite review (TPR) at least once every twelve months. This is a, joint review_ by representatives of the government, the executing agent and UNDP. Given thefr role in the GEF, the World Bank and UNEP will be invited to attend as observers. The first such TPR meeting will be held within twelve .. n)Onths of the start of full implementation. The national project coordinator, with the assistance' of the implementing agent/subcontractor #1, shall 32 prepare and submit to each TPR meeting a Project Performance Evaluation Report (PPER). Additional PPERs may be requested during the project if necessary.. .. , A project terminal report will be prepared for consideration at the termiI1al TPR. meeting. It shall be prepared in draft sufficiently· i_n advance to allow review and techpica!de:~i;aric~ by the executing agericy at least four months prior to the meeting. . ,: : ,· ' . The project shall be subject to evaluation eighteen and thirty months after th~ start of full implementation. The organization, terms of reference, and timing will be decided after consultation between the parties to the Project Document, and. any associared DN agencies. The evaluation shall also consider success in meeting the global GJjectives of 'the· GEF related to the protection of international waters and biodiversity. NGO participation will be sought in the evaluation exercise. Given the special nature of this marine ecosystem protection project, the participation of the World Bank and UNEP along with UNDP in the project review, reporting, and evaluation process is desirable. The World Bank and UNEP should specifically participate in the review of 1he inception report, the mid-term evaluation, and the terminal report. ·· · · I. LEGAL CONTEXT This Project Document shall be the instrumeht referred to as such in Articl~ i of the Standard Basic Assistance Agreement between the Government of Yemen and the UNDP, signed by the parties on 19 May, 1992. The executing agent shall, for the purpose of the Supplemental Provisions to the Project Document, refer· to the government cooperating agency described in that agreement: I . - : The following types of revisions may be made to this Project Docu~~l)t with the signature of the UNDP Resident Representative only, provided he or she is assured that the other signatories to the project have no objections to the proposed changes: • Revisions in, or addition of, any of the anriexes of ' the original : Pr9jeet .Document . . .~ Revisions which do not involve signifi'cant changes in the immediate objectives, outputs or . activities of a project, but are caused 'by the rearrangement of inputs already agreed to, or · by cost increases due to inflation • Mandatory annual revisions which rephase the delivery of agreed project inputs,: or 'reflect. ' increased expert or other costs due to inflation, or take int<:! account agency expenditure flexibility. · - · · J~ BUDGETS ' ·. Five budget spreadsheets follow. The first is the governine~t budget for the project, listing Yemeni contribution in kind. The second is the consolidated UNDP budget. This budget is further broken down to reflect the budget for the implementing 'agent (third budget) and subcontractor #1 (fourth budget). The fifth budget is for· subcontr~ctor #2 (UNEP),. . ' ·· ,. · 33 PROJECT BUDGET COVERING GOVERNMENT CONTRIBUTION (in kind) Project Title: Protection of Marine Ecosystems of the Red Sea Coast Project Number: YEM/92/G31 TOTAL 1993 1994 1995 ACTIVITY PIM RIYALS PIM RIYALS PIM RIYALS PIM RIYALS 10. Project Personnel 10.01 Envir. info. (1.1) 11 55000 2 10000 5 25000 4 20000 10.02 Envir. monitoring (1.2) 52 260000 4 20000. 24 120000 24 120000 10.03 Database (1.3) 8 40000 0 2 10000 6 30000 10.04 Protected areas (3.2) 12 60000 0 4 20000 8 40000 10.05 Public awareness (3.3). 12 60000 0 4 20000 8 40000 19. Subtotal personnel 95 475000 6 30000 39 195000 50 250000 30. Training (trainee salaries) 31. Fellowships 31.01 MSc 144 576000 36 144000 72 288000 36 144000 31.02 Diploma 180 720000 45 180000 90 360000 45 180000 31.99 Subtotal fellowships 324 1296000 81 324000 162 648000 81 324000 32. Short-term/study tours 48 192000 9 .36000 30 120000 9 36000 33. In-service training 33.01 lnfo/EIA/Pub. awareness 30 120000 20 80000 10 40000 0 33.02 CPU workshops 6 24000 2 8000 2 8000 2 g\)00 33.99 Subtotal in-service training 36 144000 22 88000 12 48000 .., 8000 39. Subtotal training 408 1632000 112 448000 204 816000 92 368000 40. Equipment 43. Premises 43.01 Office space 43 .02 Laboratory space 43.99 Subtotal premises 49. Subtotal equipment GRAND TOTAL 503 2107000 118 478000 243 1011000 142 618000 Yemeni counterparts' staff average monthly salary 5000 Yemeni trainees' average monthly stipend from ROY = 4000 34 PROJECT .BUDGET COVERING TOTAL GEF CONTRIBUTION Page 1 (in· US$) Project Title: . Protection of Marine Ecosystems of the Red Sea Coast Project· Number: YEM/92/G31 . . Source of Funds: (]EF Ex~uthig Agent: . Ministry of Fish Weal~h Cooperating Agency: OPS B/L Item Agency Total 1993 1994 1995 Personnel 10.00 Duty travel Govt. 75,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 11.51 IMO consultant OPS 10,000 10,000 0 0 11.97. Mid-term· eval. consultants .OPS 50,opo 0 50,000 0 i6.00· HQ mission costs OPS 21,000 7,000 '': .. 7,000 7,000 17.00 Short term natl. consµltants Govt. 83,788 30,000 30,000 23,788 19.99. Component total 239,788 72,000 1i2,000 55,788 H -, ~ > 20.00'. Subcontracts 20.21 Subcontractor 1 (company) OPS 1,343,890 '524,745 464,600 354,545 20.22 ,, Subcontractor i (UNEP) OPS. 500,000 . 260,000 110,000 130,000 29.00 Component total 1,843,890 784,745 574,500 484,545 ! .. ,. 30.00 Training ,; ' ., 31.01 MSc Marine Ecosystems OPS. 40,800 0 '20,400 20,400 31.02 MSc Coastal Management OPS . 40,800 0 20,400 20,400 31.03 MSc Ecosystems OPS 40,800 ·O 20,400 20,400 ." 39.00 Component toi:al ·' 122,400 0 61,200 61,200 ~. ~: ·:.•, 40.00 Equipment . " 42.0l' Computer soft.Ware OPS. 20,000 20,000 0 0 42.02 Vehicles OPS 40,000 40,000 .. 0 : 0 ' 42.03 PC (2) and soft.ware OPS 11,000 11,000 0 0 ' 49.00 Component total 71,000 71,000 0 0 - 35  ·.i \ '_,; !_' .~· PROJECT BUDGET COVERING TOTAL GEF CONTRIBUTION Page2 (in US$) Project Title: Protection of Marine Ecosystems of the Red Sea Coast Project Number: YEM/92/G31 Source of Funds: GEF Executing Agent: Ministry of Fish Wealth i.: ~ooperating Agency: OPS B/L Item Agency Total 1993 ·1994 1995" "' 50.00 Miscellaneous •. 51.00 Operation & maintenance . . . 51.0l ··o&Mjeeps OPS ' 30,000 . . ... .. ' 10,000 10,000 \t.0,000 '51.02 O&M inflatable boats' ol>s·· 3,750 1,250 ,1,250 1,250 . 51.03 o&M ''outl:ioai:d 'ii"loto~s OPS 7,500 2,500 2,500 2,500 .51.04 O&M monitoring equipment ops 60,000 20,000 20,000 20,000. .5_1.05 Contingencies oi>s 150,QOO .. . 50,000 .. 50,doo . .. 50,000 52 ..00 Reporting .cost_s OPS 15,000 5,00(). 5,000 ... !'; 5,000 53.00. Sundry OPS 60,000 20,000 •. ~O,ooo., 20,ooq 54.oo Field office support DireCt 50,000 .. 16,000 11,000: , , I ~I', 17,000' .. .) .,. 59.00 · Component total 376,250 124,750 125,750 ···- 125;750 90.00 Sub-budget total 2,653,328 1,052,495 873,550 727,283 ·-·-· .. 93.00 OPS support cost (6%) 146,672 58,890 ,48,093 39,690 ,_ ... ! . .. 99.00,. ,GRAND TOTAL, ., ... 2,800,000 1,111,385. 921,643 .766,973 .. ,-~- -··· 36 OPS SUB-BUDGET Page 1 .r:. (in US$) Project Title: Protection of Marine Ecosystems of the Red Sea Coast Project Number: YEM/92/G31 · . ' ' •· -~;' I: ··1 Source of Funds: GEF Executing Agent: _ Ministry of Fish Wealth Cooperating Agency: OPS ·-· Item' ., .,,... ··Agency Total 1994 -··· 1995 Personner · 11.51 IMO consultant OPS 10,000 10,000 .,.p 0 '11.97 Mid-term evaL consultants OPS 50,000 , ... ., 0 . 50,000 0 16.00 HQ mission costs OPS 21,000 7,000 1,000 7,000 .. .. 19,,!)9 Component. total 81,000 : 17,000 . -:·•:: ·.·' 5.7 ,000 -· 7,000 .. : ; .. : .. ;;. ,,-· .... ··, .. ,,;., ,,. !}' "··· 20:00· Subc~ntracts· ·~· ,_ .,,, .. ; ,. . . 20.21. Subc1:mtra~t~r .. . 1 (company) .. ; OPS"• 1,343,890 524,745 464,600' 354,545. 20:22: Subcontractor 2 (UNEP) OPS.''.' 1 ~QQ,QQA .260,000 110,000 130,000 ' .. .. .. ····· ,_ Component t~tiil ,~. ;:29.00· ., 784,745 574,500 484,~45 ... ·' i·.- ~ . ·-· ...... ;'' ... T ..... ·~ ' .30.00 . ..,I'!l1Plllg -· " ., ... -· t···· 31;01 ,, _MSc Marine· F;cosystems OPS .. ' .. 40,800 ,. 0 2Q;4po ..20,409. .•31.02 MSc :Coastal Management OPS 40,800 0 20,400 20,400 31.03' . MSc Ecosystems OPS- 40,800 0 20,400 20,400 .. : 39.00 . Component total 122,400 0 6t200 •.61,200 -- 40.00 Equipment 42.01 Computer software OPS 20,000 20,000 0 0 42.02 Vehicles OPS 40,000 40,000 0 0 42.03 PC (2) and software OPS 11,000 11,000 0 0 49.00 Component total 71,000 71,000 0 0 37 OPS SUB-BUDGET Page2 (in US$) Project Title: · Pr~tection of Marine Ecosystems of the Red Sea Coast Project Number: YEM/92/G3i Source of Funds: GEF Executing Agent: Ministry of Fish Wealth Cooperating Agency: OPS B/L .. Item . .. Agency Total ·1993 1994 1995. 1 I I 50.00 Miscellaneous . 51.00 Operation & maintenance ·:. 51.01 O&Mjeeps OPS 30;000 10,000 10,000 10,000 51.02 O&M inflatable boats OPS 3,750. 1,250 1,250 1,250 51.03 O&M 'outboard motor8 OPS 7,500 2,500 2,500 . 2,500 51.04 O&M' monitoring equipment OPS 'I 60,ooo 20,000 20,000 20,000 51.05 Contihgencies OPS 150,',000 . 50,000 50,000 50,000 52.00 Reporting costs OPS 15,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 53.00 Sundry OPS 60,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 ,, 59.00 Component total 326,250 :108,750 108,750 108,750 90.00 Sub-budget total 2,251,140 '981,495 801,550 661,495 93.00 OPS support cost (6%) 146,672 ; 58,890 48,093 39,690 ; 99.00 GRAND TOTAL 2,397,812 1,040,385 849,643 701,185 38 BUDGET. OF SUBCONTRACTOR #1 'I · ·~ _· (in US$) · (See also Total GEF Budget b/l 20.01) ,.I• Project Title: Protection of Marine Ecosystems of the Red Sea Coast Project Number: YEM/92/G31 .. _., - . --~ . Budget '' Line " " PIM Total PIM 1993 PIM 1994 PIM 1995'. .. .. , .. ._. 11.50 ·.· Constii~rits 11.51 : ·· ~en. marine exPtfrt 11.0 165,000 2.0 -30,000 I 5.0 75,0oo 1.0 60,000 .,. 11.52 Asst. marine. expert : 4.5 67,500 2.0 '; 30;000 2.5 . 37,500 11.53 Sen., EIA/trionit. 2.0 30,000 '"• 2.0 . 30;000 l " I ·I : I 11.54 Asst: 1EIA/monit. 2.0 30,000 ' 2.0 30,000· : . ··--- 11.55 Cartographer 2.0 ' 30,000 i " 11.56 ·Info:/EiA training · 5.0 75,000 . 5.0 75,000 : .. 11.57 ...Public awareness 2.5 37,500 2.5 37,500 11.58 · Recurrent costs 2.0· 30;000. 2.0 30,000 .. 11.59 Prot. ,area· mgmt. 4.0 60;000 1.0 15,000 .' ,, 11.60 Public awareness 8.0 120,000 2.0 30,000 ,. ' 60,oOo 20:000 20,000 " 15.00 Officiai . travel ,, .. '· . 19.00 ; :. Componenttotal 43.0 705,000 9.0 155,000 19.0 305,000 1_2.0 245,000 30. Tr Jiing 31. Fellowships 31.04 Diploma course's 90.0 90,000 0 45.0 45,000 45.0 45,000 32. Study tours/Grp. Tm. 32.01 Computer software 6.0 10,200 3.0 5,100 3.0 5,100 32.02 Equip./maint. 6.0 10,200 3.0 5,100 3.0 5,100 32.03 Instrumerit. 6.0 10,200 3.0 5,100 3.0 5,100 32.04 Arialyt. methods 6.0 10,200 6.0 10,200 32.05 Mallitenance ·, · 6.0 10,200 6.0 10,200 32.06 " Diving/photography 6.0 10,200 3.0 5,100 3.0 5,100 32.07 Video/pub. awareness 6.0 10,200 3.0 5,100 3.0 5,100 32.08 i Cartography 6.0 10,200 3.0 5,100 3.0 5,100 39.99 Component total· 138.0 171,600 9.0 15,300 75.0 96,000 54.0 60,300 40. Equipment 41. : Expendable 9,000 3,000 3,000 3,000 42. '" Non-expendable 42.01 ., Global positioning (2) 5,000 5,000 42.02 Diving equip~ent (4) 10,000 10,000 42.03 Analytic/monit. 200,000 200,000 42.04 Inflatable boats (2) 10,000 10,000 42.05 Outboard motors (2) 8,000 8,000 42.06 Miscellaneou!\, · 50,000 50,000 49.99 Component total 292,000 286,000 3,000 3,000 Total 28.0 1,168,600 9.0 456,300 19.0 404,000 12.0 308,300 Overhead Sub- contractor #1 (15%) 175,290 68,445 60,600 46,245 I 99.99 GRAND TOTAL 28.0 1,343,890 9.0 524,745 19.0 464,600 12.0 354,545 39  -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -----~~------ ~~-~---- BUDGET OF SUBCONTRACTOR #2 (UNEP) Page 1 (in US$) Project Title: Protection of Marine Ecosystems of the Red Sea Coast Project Number: YEM/92/G31 B/L Item Total 1993 1994 1995 Personnel 11.01 Chief Technical Advisor 150,000 150,000 0 0 11.02 Assistant Coordinator , 150,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 11.50 Assessment consultant 20,000 0 0 20,000 15.00 Travel project-funded experts 15,000 5,000 50,000 5,000 19.00 Component total 335,000 205,000 55,000 75,000 32.oO Workshops 135,000 45,000 45,000 45,000 51.00 Operation 30,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 99.00 Total 500,Qoo 260,000 110,000 130,000 40  Annex 1 Page 1of2 · Annex 1 FRAMEWORK FOR REGIONAL AND NATIONAL COORDINATION ;!,.-. ;;:. ' ,·. . ,. Government of Min. of GEF Yemen Planning :,; ·*· ···' UNEP WB 1 ' ~ t. ... ' UNDP Sana'a * Egypt GEF PERS GA Others MSRC MTC Aden Ministry Ministry of of Tr: ans port Higher Education * * MTC PCMA University Aden Sana'a of Sana'a 41 Annex l ; Page 2of2 Legend: Participation in the Project Steering Committee * (chaired by EPC) • • .t ' .~ ~ . ' '. . ,. ' D organizations with µltimate authority over all -project activities . D - Organizations with key roles in project implementation ."·· . ·_.. D Organizations involved in project - . - . ' . Lines of responsibility Lines of liaison and coordination 42  Annex 2 Page 1of7 Annex 2 . ,, . ' REGIONA~ COORDINATION COMPONENT '; ,._ ' Background . ~ I • ;· .,, .:. . . ·, Two important elements of the Yemen· GEF project are replicable. in -riparian countries worldwide-the protectiqn of' the marine ecosystem .and.:th.e i~tegration of the principle of sustiilitable use into the structure of the fishing ind\istfy. · ·· · · · The other GEF. project in the region is the' Wodd Bank's Egyptian Red Sea Coa~iai and Marine Resource ManagementProject. Together these two projects are expected to revive PERSGA of the Regional Convention fof' the Conservation of_ ,t1te }led Se~ ~d (iulf e>f. Aden and its Action Plan" (adopted by the Jeddah Conference of Plenipotentiarie~-.-in 1982)~- and to .geQerate other programnie related activities in the region; · · · . · · ·•.· ·.. · · ·· · ';'·i •\ I.; Both these projects focus on the quality of the shared body .of .water and its main natural resource-the .coral reefs, which are of direct relevance to sustainable development in the region. The shared assets of th Red Sea ~e of importailce to Egypt ·and Yemen ;fo:r tourism and fis1'ing respectively. A regi~nal approach. to the pi:-otection and management of the Red Sea environment, of which the I • ' - . : '· . . • two GEF projects ar:e an integral part; will mitigate the degradation of the shared marine environment and enhance the b~nefits to be derived from corillnon natilral resources .. Instirutional reinforcement will play a critical role in: this regional approach~ ·. PE~lSGA ~ill be streng~ened in order to cqor~inate the activities of both projects within the GEF Red Sea regional framework. 'UNEP, with the assistance of UNDP and the World Banlc, will be responsible for strengthening the technical and management capacity of PERSGA through the design ~d implementation of a well-defined technical assistance programme. Parallel development of the two. GEF proJects, coupled\vith the erihancefuent of the regional structure, will provide a strong platform for coordinating environmental and development efforts in the Red Se.a region. Egypt-Red Sea Coastal and Marine Resource Mariagement Proiect · , The overall. objective Qf'the Egypt· project is to'ptotect marine biodiversity- in the Red Se~. The specific objectives' of the project are to: . ' ',,' '• .' • .· Develop and irp.plement policies, plans, and regulations that ensure that development is · consistent with. the principies or' sound env1ronmentai . . . ' management . . • ' I Strengthen the capacity p(government institUtions to' undertake integrated multi-sectoral I management actiViti~S for. COaStal ZOne,S . . . . , . . 0 Develop and implement public-private partnerships to ensure the sustainability of common marine resources • Develop and implement practical solutions for the establishment, management, and recurrent cost financing of marine protected areas and marine recreation resources 43 Annex2,,; . Page 2 of7 • Develop a databa~e and inventory of the coastal and marine ecosystems of the Red Sea, as wen as the privat~ sector interests in the region, which- can be used for future environmental activities. The project will develop and implement an integrated Coastal Zone Management (CZM) programme _ in the EgY,ptian po_rtion of the Red Sea between Ras Shukeir in the north and the Sudanese border in the i:south. -This prog~ilmme will. have th~ following~_compo~ents:. • ·· The de~eloprrient of a cz:M: pl~ • _The__development. of the _ ~~vironm€?ntal assessment capability of the Egyptian Tourism . Deve~opm~nt Authodty (TDA) and the Egyptian Enviromriental Affairs Agency (EEAA) to evaluate~. regulate; and monitor the impacts of coastal development, including tourism and ,, oil_ .alld gas exploration - - -- -· ... ' - ' . ·.,, -• The de~elopment of ):he capaCity to monitor and enforce marine pollution control rules and regulations _developed under the CZM plan among TDA, EEAA, and the Red Sea GOvernorate staff ,,. '.1.· , . The management of recreational, :activities to -protect, the valuable and fragile coral reef - --·- habitats:ancfpromore traifling, public aw3reness,'"ati<l' sustainable tourism '._, ,·· r··· ·)·, ' The establishment -of ~~irie protected, are~~ ~ong with operational plans ·for their management and the trahtlng 6( neeessary staff, , . , • ,_ I ·"'.!, . -- ·• - The m~nito~ing, revle~. ~d evaluatio~'. of the· CZM project to' ensure that its goals of biqdiversicy, protection and pollution prevention are met, and that the project is sustainable ' . ~ .. ·. ·. .- .)11, th~ long run: . -- -- ·- - ,_ · ;.,., . ·. i .... :. Regfonal· ·coordination mechanism Legislative authority. The establishment of a project coordinating mechanism for the two GEF projects is in fulfilment of the stipulation of the GEF initiative for the .area that "a regional coordinating body vvill be _ chosen by mutual agreement among the implementing agencies and con~rned gov~rnments" (GEF;'Report by the Chairman to the April 1992Participants Me,eting, Part Two: Work Program, Third Tranche). Such a mechanism was also required by the 1982 Regional Convention for the Conservation of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden and its Action Plan. - Esi~blishment of a project coordinati71g ~clulnism. . ,{JNEP and UNDP ·undertook a GEF identification _mission to Yemen and Eg)rpt (24 Noyember-8 December, 1991). During project brief mission that a _- follo~ed (~O'June;--:5July, 1992), the prnposal: for the establishment of a regional coordination body for the two projects was discussed. UNEP presented an elaborated draft for discussion at a UNEP/World Bank consultation in Paris on 21 July, 1992. The draft was finalized at a UNDP/UNEP/WB meeting in Cairo in "', ,)993.. '•-, J .• 1,:.  Annex 2.. ·.. '\. Page 3 of7 ... · As stated in the GEF ~·pr9ject proposal that was e11d9rsed by GEf. Participants at their meeting in April_ 1992, "~ regional coordim1ting bo~y wil!. be chpsen .by. mutu~ agreement ariu;mg the implementing agencies and concerned governrr).ent. " ·The institutional stren~ening of PERSGA~ th~. project coordinating mechanis~, is an essential componept_withoutwhich the tWo projects would lack the. support necessary for ·any positive impact on the region~ a whole .. ·. . ,, . . . y;·:. . _,, , . , · . . 1'··· .-••• -.. The Egypt and Yemen projects will establish focal poirits to monitor the progress -of their regional elements and to liaise wjth PER$GA. ·-These ~0J9cel1 poin~.will proyide. PERSGAwith· tegular·status reports on project progress •. Such inforxnadoµ :will be, c~itic;:al for. _ident,ifying,_thtt steps necessary for replicat.int:; .the activiti_~s in _other countrie~ of the regi9_n. • · · · · · · i '.' : .· ·:· .. . " . . '" ':. " ·' . ': . ·:. ... . .'•: . ' ;. " ' ' .·· .' _1 " A~ its meeting in Febn,iary 19~2, ~e qEF Implemen~tion Committ~e (IC)_ en~orsed a proposal to allocate US $500 ,000 for. the .coordination of the. GEF. Red ·sea Regional .Framework.. , • , .1" ,• • • : , ; • • • • ,• • ' • ! . ,• ' •' , ' ' • . ' .· ' . ·, I. , ~ ' ~ Regional project coordinadon~r~l~ of PERSGA. It wm be en~ured:· fu~t ~- coordinating mechanism is established for the regional componel)ts of the two GEF projects by the three GEF partners-UNDP, UNEP . and the World Bank.. The funding for this mecpanism,wm be equally share<;l_between UNDP/,GEF and the World Baflk/GEF. . ' . . . ... ·''" . . .... , . . . ·.. .. . ' .. .. . ., ··.·.· .-,1 • ,. ' , ' • ·' j _' , • • . ,_, .', • . , , I ,, 'I . With the assistance of UNDP and the. :World ]3ank, UNEP will b~ responsibl~ for establishing the project ;prdinating mechanism within PERSGA.· The technical and mariagenierii capacities of PERSGA will be ~trengthened through the implementation of a wen~defin~ .trchnical assistance programme. PERSGA's 'role will also mclude coordfuatiori the· GEF projeets with' other· regional activities. The of ' specific o?jectives.' for this coordinating ,mechanism .~e given ~low. ' ·. r' ' . . ' ' . ' . . ·. . .. '·; . . '. ·: • . · ' \ . ;'.. '\ \ :. ·, i(:·-: . The coordinating mechanism within PERS GA is intended to be asmall ·and activity oriented unit that wiU functi.o~ as a clearinghouse wjthin the regional fr.amewor~. It. Will consist.of a Chief Technical Advisor acting as coordinator, assisted by an Assistant Coordinatbr who\vill function as operational manager, and an a regional, counterpart to be sel~cted by PERS(JA in consultation \Vitl;t UNEP. Short:;term specialists will be assigned to PERSGA for specific tasks related to the various activities~ PERSGA will liaise with the project executing agencies in Egypt an.cl. Yen:i~n w~o will provide. PERSGA with .regu~ai status repot:ts on project results. "" ··. · · · ·.. · · · · '· · ' · ' · ' ·· · .·. '· · . . . I., Objectivd'. activities~ inputs and ·outQuts .I _;·- ,; Objective ·1: Capacity building through regional training programmes for trainers. " .. ' . . . . . . . . . . ·, ,,· . ;· ':,, ·_i. ' ' •• '".~ :. ~::'I'•. Regional workshops: . Both the Egypt and Yemen projects will implement training programmes for variety of a· activities including Elt\, protected area management, and public ,awareness enhancement. A programme to prepare national personnel to become trainers hnplemented through ·will be the ·three workshops listed below. It .is expected that ~ese trainers .will implement the ,, appropriate' national trainirig 'programmes' as defined fu 'the ptoject'documentS for the two projects. It is also anticipated that iridividuals from oilier PERSGA member countries will participate and benefit from these courses. The_ workshops are designed to enhance the regional capacify in all PERSGAcountries· to manage·the ina:ririe environment and facilitat~ the exchange of information. 45 'Annex 1 ,, . hie 4 of7- -· - -. ·., '" ' ·""· - ::,,: · (i) -: Survey and.-,;w,:,1(onng Wo;kshop:' This dne~w~k ·workshop ~ill' be held in the first year of 'the Yemen project to review ·environmental survey, and monitoring techniques used in both -· the· GEF projects, and" to introduee -'other PERSGA member countries to appropriate \', ·... !: techniques.' This review ahd critique wili include ·field survey ahd trials, and provide a basis :.··.~, ~ ·' ., \ ' ' for the development of standardized methodologies which are broadly acceptable at the ' ,.. ; , - .' .. "·" · regional levei. (ii) EIA workshop~ This: one~week workshop will be held' in the second year of the Yemen i. project to review the problems-associated with coastal area development, the prevalence and -, . ' practice of EIA in the Red Sea region, and anticipated· future requirements. Case studies will .play a key role in the analysis. Th~ workshop will address issues such as the identification ' . ..c:;>f potential ii;Ilpacis, .the prediction and . measurement of. impacts~ the identification of -monitoring requirements·, and communiCation of impact a.Ssessment results. General EIA the guidelines· for the region will be developed, although it is recognized that requirements may ·differ.from country td country.·. ' .. · · · - '·· ' . - - ' (iii) ,Maiiagement ofprotected areas workshop. This one-week workshop will be held in the third year of the Yemen project to review the extent of marine and coastal protected area networks . in the PERSGA_ region, and to determine the need_ for_ more such areas. The following ' topics, among others, wilrbe considered: ' ' ' ' . -. ' r ~ ' • ' ' • • .• ; Problems aniopportunities for. mari~e : ., ; protected . . . . - areas iI{the Red Sea region ' ' ~ ' ': ' ' • De~~iopment of a -coirullon anatytic~ framework' for the identification of. key biophysical ' features . and socioeconomic parameters ' . . each. PERSGA for, . : :. country . ' . ' ' • ' D~sign of mar~~ 'protected are~ _netwci~ks, • ;1· .· '·. . . ·- . • :- ', ' ' and rel~ted te_se&-cll arid management pians . ._· - . t • . '•' '' ' lnfugration of marllie protected J. • . ·.·' ." '' . area concerns in the riationat and regional process. .... '. . . 11 - ' • - · ·'/npurs: - Three consultancy months,' one for each workshop .. ' - I Outputs: Training of approximately fifteen to twenty PERSGA country experts in the subject areas covered by the workshops. · Objective 2: Instltutlonai ~einfo~ee~e~t ~f PERS GA·~· ., , Activities: Establishment of a 'furictionJ secre~iat for PERSGA . i '(i), ' ' I ': - . ~ ' J - ' • ' •. • • : (il) a .Prepar:atioi:i of thre~-year 'worki>hm)o~ the identification' of priority measures related to '•I .regioml( en:Viro~entaI issues iil. oi~er' to: ' . ' . ' . • Ensure the.active participation of.lllember co~ntries in PERSGA and the Action Plan 46  Annex·2 Page·Sof7 • Leverage funds from international and regional financing institutions for the iitiplementation ... - .,. " of the Regional··Convention for the Conservation of the Red Sea and Gulf ofAden. . ' . . ·.: :- '!•,: . . . . ' '·•' : .. ·' ·.· •,. ·; . . - . ; : i ·- ·' .. ' ' .. :" ,. f . ; ~~ .• ' (iii) Sensitization of member governments to the importance of iriiplementation of the convention. .... .-.... ··, 'tt -: ~\: - -1,.:.:' : •.. Inputs: Chief Technical Advisor (CTA) for PERS GA for one year to coordinate regional activities for the firstyear ·of the projeciS':· ·,-, ·: '_r";L.- ,. · · · ,,_ ~;.. ·-. , · f. • ~ : r I ' ·; : As~istantCooi;dinator for .th.r~ years~ per,{orm ~e .function of an operational manager for < '. ~' -' I ' '~ .. . . .:fegional proj~ct. activiti,es . .and to :_a~~~si):h~: CTA'.. m_: dis~hargmg'_~i~ 'dutie~.. ~d day-tO-day ·",responsibilities .. ,.·\ . :.· ...... ," .. ·, 1,;,··'-""·'·:·:··i . :.. •·• .... · ·.. , .. ' Outputs: ·:·· ' .. : '.·' .,, : . .,;.: .. .. -, ',j·'':C-1 ... , ·:· • An updated Action Plan for the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden, and ~ three~year workplan formulated and implemented · • An increased understanding among PERSGA member countries of the importance of 'the Action Plan and its implementation • Two to three programmes and project activities ~efined for implementation • :Committed funds for the implementation of the~e programmes and project activities. Objective 3: .Planning for future expansion of the Red Sea framework using the Yemen and Egypt models. Activities: • Assessment of the Egypt and Yemen project models in terms of lessons learned, cost- ,effectiveness, and replic&bility in· o~er PERSGA countries·. · . . • Design of suitable pilotprojects in two or thr~ PERSGA c6untries. onthe basis of.the above assessment • · Preparation of a regional project ·proposal to be submitted for funding to regional and ·international fin~cial organizations~ including GEF. .· Inputs: A consultant for the. last two months of the project to undertake the assessment.. · ' 47  Annex 2 •! . . ,Pag·· ' {6. ~ ' •. of 7 '" .·. · ·; .Outputs: . -,.·. • Assessment report on· Egypt and Yemen projects including lessons learnt, cost- effectiveness and replicability • Pilot projects for selected PERSGA countries ),_:: - ' •,',J' . . . • Submission of phased regional proposal .to potential donors . . .. . .• ,• .. Institutional fr~ework. evaluation and budget The reglorial co~ponentwill be'implemerited.througha Letter of Agreement signed[ ; ·.' J:;,;titutio~z.frdJnework. - by OPS and UNEP :under i:he Yetnen GEF:project. ·The tegionill activities will be undertaken by PERSGA according to a ~emorandum of Understanding between_ UNEP and PERSGA. 'PERS GA will function under:!· the general guidance of UNEP. · . . .· . , : ' . . . •. . . .. Evaluation. Regional activities wm be evaluated peri9<flcally. PERS GA will submit progress reports to; UNEP every six months. These report:S will be reviewed.by:the Wo~ld Bank and UNDP, and evaluated at· intera~ency ·m~tings. . .-,.,,, ' ..-i. .. ..;·' "' ,_· ·.;·i . ... , . ' . .... -! 't ;' . ~ ',, ., .: ... '',i 48  Annex 2 Page 7 of7 Bud2et Estimate . ' . . : 1 •. GEF contribution Chief Technical Advisor (Coordinator) ·US$ 150~000 12 months (first year) '. ,·, Operational Manager 36 months (full duration) (Assistant coordinator) · · US$ 150,000, i':r '. · Travel of project- funded experts US$ 15,000 . Asses~~ei1t consultant . US$ 20,000·· ·'1'-, 2 months ' . . . . Workshops · US$ 135 ,000 .... one workshop per year Operations . US$ 30.00Q 36 months (full duration) TOTAL . US$ 500,000 PERSGA contribution Cash In kind (to be costed). Coordinator counterpart . 36 months Office transport 36 months Office facilities 36 months Utility costs · ·36 months Stationery and incidentals . · 36 months 49 Annex 3· J>age 1 9f5 Annex 3 ,, ,·r. ,;:· j •' ~· .J 'I ' . :., ' ,' ~ ·PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS ·oF .'·l',i THE YEMEN RED SEA COAST : '! " .. ·.· The· information presented here is drawn·· from surveys dated 19853 and· 1991. 4 ,·f, Physical and biological setting .. Along the Yemen coastline in the southern Red Sea, the continental shelf becomes· very broad. Instead of the narrow and steep shelf typical of most of the Red Sea, the sea floor here slopes gradually, . . wi~ shallow w~ter exte.ndin~ . ~any kilome,tres .fnt() fu,e sea. This .shelf collects. lapq-derived sediments from . the extensive Tihamah plains·~ 'and also 'generates large quantities of sediment from plant and ani~al remains. Sediments, mainly land-derived, dominate the subtidal and intertidal habitats of the Red Sea coast of Yemen.s. . \ '. As the amount 'Of fine sand lind mud' increa8'es toward the north, mangr~ves are seen to increasingly . domiriate the·Yemert coastline .. Environments riear the shore are rrJ:ainly sedimentary, producing low- or visibilicy wate~ which is not favourable for coral' reefgrowth algal production'.on the sea bed. The most significant reefs are therefore found away from the shote, Reefs' are mostly limited' to the southerµ coastline, where they occur as patches in offshore·locatioris. Although latge expanses of limestone platform continue to be found, they are increasingly likely to .be :domes of pre~Holocene limestone uplifted by rising, · underlying salt domes, rather than of growing reef. In many areas, fringing reefs have been replaced completely by broad. and dense stretches of mangrove. ~artller south; the w~ves ~d currents are. very strong; creating what is termed a. high energy environment. Such waves move large.amounts Of sand, debris and other material. As a result, the shores are severely scoured· and inte.rtid~ .Hfe is.,redu((ed. Coral reefs. ar:e.Jound in . greatest quaptities in the southern third of the Yemen Red Sea.coast. They usually occur around offshore islands, inducting those near the southern Farasan bank and toward the Bab el Mandeb. In these areas, outcrops of limestone can be found offshore. Few of these are actively • • growing ,• reefs, ,,and - ' many , - are covered I"' with algae instead of . corals. · About. a quarter of the coa:st of Yemen along the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden seems fringed with shallow. reefs. or limestone outcrops,. These tend to exist mairily ·around headlands and certain straight · sections of the. c9ast Mangroves are abundant only in well sheltered embayments. Most of the· remaining ·. coastline is made ... .... up of sandy" . lligh ~.nergy beache~- ... ,, ... . 3 . . .IUCN, "Preliminary Coastal Zone Management Recommendations for YAR" pp. 7o and "The Distributiilh of Habitats and Species along the YAR Coastline" pp. 110. Yemen Arab Republic Marine Conservation Survey, IUCN/Red' Sea · and Gulf of Aden Environment Progranime. Gland, Switzerland a~~ Ieddah, Sal\di Arabia, 1987. , . 4 Hydraulics Res~rch (Wallingford) Ltd., Republic of Yemen: "C~astal Erosion and· sil~tion Study." Finai report prqiared for Gene.ral Corporation of Yemen Ports (GCYP), Hodeidah, MiniStry of Transport, .1992, pp. 250. · ·· s Sheppard, C.R.C., A.R.G. Price and C.1. Roberts, Marine Ecology of the Arabian Area: Systems, Communities and Processes in Extreme Environments, London: Academic Press, 1992, pp. 359. 50 ' : ·~ ' J:j.  Anilex3 Page·2 of s The offshore areas near Yemen are richer. iri'. biodive~sity than· offshote ~aters anywhere else in the Red Sea. This biological wealth is not, for the ,most part, due to a healthy groWth of plankton from within the Red Sea but from plankton blown in through the Bab, el Mandeb frOJll the Gulf. of Aden, where it arises Jrom nutrien~ ri~h upwe~lings. M.o~t of this plankton driftS up 'slowly µntil the northerp border., where it sinks. Some of it, however, is eaten by certain fish whfoh forin an important part. . of . Yemen's '' fish resources. ·.,.,_,· Principal regions . •"' '\ -.'. ··- . The coast can be divided into three' distinct. biological Zones 'that reflect the. mobility of their sediments. · · · , ·· Nonhern zone. From the northern border of Yemen tO approximately as far as As Salif (15°18 '); the waves are less strong ·arid move mainly the softer 'sediments.' Such alow energy env:irc>nmentis' similar to that of the offshore subtidal areas .. Mangroves were present in most of the sites examined in this zone. They represent the most frequently found vegetation, and are particularly well develo~ it:i areas with good freshwater input. Avicennia marina (black mangrove) is the most conurion speCies, ffiixed occasionally with Rhizophora mucronata (red mangrove)., Some extensive areas of mangrQves represent fairly stable environments. th~t have evolved over several decades.. .. · ,. , · . ~-- ,, . · :.· · · ; ,· . " Although these mangroves are stunted, ·they frequently. prove,a valuabl~ ·tesource for local coastal communities which utilize them either directly (for example, for fuel ·or ·construction) ,or. indirectly, by depending on: their productivity for fisheries. (This latter contribution remains unquantified.) Mangroves also play an important role. in the stabilization of Coastlines by reducing the. energy Of waves and currents and holding. the lower sectiments in plaee :with rootS; .•They 3Iso serve as wmdbreak~' and protection from coastal storms. .. . ' ' '. '.. . . •, .. :,,'• '. ... . . . . . .. ' .-'i 't' • •' • •'.I' • ', .'';: •\' ·The northem'C>ffshore areas are made up of mainly .soft sedimentary environment~. About a third of the sites possess seagrasses of nine species, which contribute further to stabiliziilg sedinients. Only about 20 percent of the offshore habitat is · composed of hard substrate, which is mainly limestone outcrops colonizect by brown and red encrusting algae. In areas where seagrass beds are not well developed, the sea bed is usually domina~ by muds containing communities of small species. Poor water clarity in this section of the coastline prevents the development of fringing coral reefs, although occasional patch reefs can be found further· offshore. Central zone. Mangroves are less common jn the central area of the coastline; from south of As Salif to just south of Al Khawkhah (15°15' to 13°40'). Freshwater dependen~ vegetation is the most visually dominant at many sites. Sediments in. this zone are generally more coarse and mobile, with occasional boulder/grave' form~ti()ns. · The sarid on several beaches has consoJidated to produce 1-· to 3:-metre wide steplike form~tioils, indicating a higher energy enviroruiteni than the northern'zone. · Palins. extend inland to more than i kilometre in many locations, sometinjes, reaching die high. water marlc.: 11tey can 'frequently be undercut by coastal erosion processes. · , · ·" · · ·. · . ·· . ·... · · · · · Offshore environments tend to be barre~~ with few areas of well developed seagrass beds. As a consequence, substrates near the shore are more mobile. Few areas of fringing reef exist, and hard substrates were found at only 10 percent of the sites .. These are colonized by brown algae, with only 51 Annex·3. Page 3 ofS occasional coral colonies., Half the offsho~e are~ examined were principally extensions of the sand/gravel shoreline grading into the sea~ . . '. ' . . .. ' . "·'' The ·productivity of' this·: zc>ne. is beli~ved to ·. be · ea~sed by · nutrients brought in .through the Bab-el·:Mandeb. Although'the contribution of coastal 'processes tO productivit)r ·has no~ been quantified, it . is likely t0 00 small. . .. . 'I •; ,' , Southern zone. The southern area, stretching from halfway between Al Khawkhah and Al Mukha to Dhubab (13"37' to 12°58'), still has mainly soft shorelines. The coastal vegetation is poor, dominated by s'alt tolerapt plants which play a small .role in consolidating coastal sediments. The.rest of the. vegetation is _made up of occasional mangrove and.palm communities, while the beaches are composed of medium grain·sediments. Much Qfthe offshore environment is dominated by hard substrates, and 33 percent of the sites-visited .contained fringil)g reefs interspersed with. seagrass beds. The remaining sites are hard limestone substrate . col~nizedby' mixed coral Qi broWn algae: Water. clarityjn this zone i~:generaJly higher than the other areas:. ' . ' ' , ' . . .J.. • . • ' in . '· Criticat habitats of Ye~en's· northern coast . ,: ·',;'.I·_, an . A critical habitat; 'as defined by IUCN and UNEP, usually refers to. ecologfoally signHfcant area that may be easily damaged or threatened. Emphasis: is placed on critical ·habitats. for· two ·reasons.. First, they are wlnerable. They contain living communities which require specific and sometimes narrow· ranges of physical conditions for survival. (for example, a narrow range of wave :energy). Second, being highly productive in a biological sense, they proyide .valuable·resources to ·man ·and are of great scientific value . ·' . ",i . . The use of the term critical habitat does ·not necessarily m.ean that the habitat is endangered; nor does . the lack of the designation imply that· it is no.t hnportant.. However,., critical habitats are in ge~1eral easily damaged, which invaria.bly reduces or even eliminates, their biological value and their value to humans. Many such habitats provide an important link in the chain of protein production. The· ~~ critic~ habi.tilt:S iii Yemen ar,e: · . . . ·I' ,1 ; •• • • · Mangroves · · • · · ·· Seagrass beds· ·• · Fringing coral reefs · • ·. · . Offshore patch reefs· · · • Intertidal mud flats • Wadi systems and freshwater dependent vegetation • .Areas of large algae attached .to hard sea bed (for example, ·Sargassum) •· Mud flats. ·· . The last 'category.. Of JPU~ fla~, which .Can often. b~ overl~oke~, probably represents <the ~Ost productive sea floor habitat of Yemen. , Mud fiats are usually. completely covered by mats of cyanoba~teria and alga~ which,f"i.X nitrogen . r~pidly~· ~d support rich invertebrate fauna used by migratory birds. Being ' located mainly in the intertidal region, mud flatS are especially Vulnerable to oil pollution. ' ',', . 52  Annex 3 Page 4 ofS '. All the critical habitats listed, above must feature in any environmental protection plan f()r the coast, given their biological importance and· their value to mari. : ' · · · · · ·· · · ·· · · · · ·' · · .:·. ··.··· · I ' '' • '. ,· '',, !, ' ;;:· f_, .,'.' '·',,.'. 1'.." ,· Sediment movement ·:I ~- ' ~ ':~ : •• ·" • 1. The mobility of sediments defines manyJeatures of the Red Sea ooast. The .quarter oftli~ ~astline containing fine sands and muds contains :an abundan~ of life, unlike .the remaining areas dominated or strongly affected 'by a regime of mo~ile. sand which is abrasive to life. · . . . .. ~ At several locations, there is substaritial net·movemenfof sediment toward the Many north. 6 . locations also ' show a marked.· progradation of the· shoreliiie toward· the'· sea. · ·This has :implications for· l harbours, water intake and other industrial structures; Italso prevents the .formation of biologically rich · . areas along the coast, since few species can tolerate the abrasiveness of m9bile. sand.~. Mobile sediments create a dynamic coastline that does not favour the growth of mangroves and reefs; eyen small' movements of sediment can impede growth. Large movements move the position of the: coastline itseif by cortsiderable . distances ·and.prevent the development of importimt habitats.·. · . · · · · ··. I' ' · , \ ,. I • , I ._- ; ,I , 1 .Of. I)espi~ the inhibiting effect of scouring, several sites exist where significant habitat. deve,fopment has occurred. TQese are especially valuable for Yenieil both in.biological terms, ;md Qecaus.e they represent only a small. area compared to the stretches· of sandy coasts.··. ,, ... ' Environmental problems characteristic o'f the coast · Taking into consideration the known range of habitats and critical habitats, and current and projected levels of. coastal use, two main kinds of possible environmental problems candbe predicted; _1 • • · • ' • Dredging and shore construction . .·· Sedimentation from. dredging ~d shore· cbnstniciion •tb6unpnly has adverse effects well beyond the area of direct activity. .High energy conditions· in certain areas along the Yemen Red Sea shoreline: have led to the low occurrence of few species. In such areas, the direct harmful effects of dredging and shore construction may be expected. to be low. However, several areas of fringing reefs, which could be affected by additional sedimentation, also occur in such high energy sites. Low energy areas support a greater wealth· of a variety of species, and present ~: greater concern in this context. Although these are already sedimented areas, any· large additional input of sediment, or disturbance of existing sediment, may cause a serious disruption of natural processes. A third group of habitats are the clear water reefs, especially those offshore, which can suffer a severe reduction in species variety and abundanee from increased sedimentation. , Natural changes in the pattern of sediment movement, erosion, and deposition also occur along the Yemen . shoreline. Substantial lateral and longshore ·movements,· which .may . in. many . cases be in an approximate annual equilibrium, .have cau~ed. a s.ubstantial net longshore ' ,• . ·. df.!n . ' in 'several , places'. ·.. ·'. :'. Excavation ·, : ' 6 Hydraulics Research (Wallingford) Ltd., Republic of Yemen: "Coastal Erosion and Siltation Study." Final report prepared for General Corporation of Yemen Ports (GCYP), Hodeidah, Ministry of TranSpOrt, 1992, pp. 250. 53 Annex 3 · Page S ~fS o~ perpendfoular constructions, combhled with these natural movements, are likely to result in permanent changes in shoreline position in some areas. This could completely wipe out many productive habitats. Oil. Oil has been identified as the main pollutant likely to cause the devastation of habitats on the Yemen Red Sea coast. Discussions of oil contamination in this area are to be found in some of the relevant literature. 7 · The effects of oil damage on intertidal habitats in partS of the Arabian Gulf coast are well documented and provide an excellent model for what could be expected following a major oil spill off the Red Sea shoreline of Yemen, given the similarity of large expanses of intertidal habitats in the two areas. Large oil_spills are a serious concern. No effe<;tive oil spill contingency plan has been formulated · despite the existence of bodies such as ~ERSGA, and the attempt t9 create an oil spill facility at Djibouti. Major spills anywhere off the Red Sea ~oastline require the freighting of equipment from the Arabian Gulf coast. One oil company active in Yemen even has a.plan to freight equipment from Europe in the event of ,an emergency.. ,. Low level and chronic oil contamination is also a problem. High energy beaches are. most easily treated, but the low diversity habitats which usualiy fall outside environmental protection plans would be damaged, unless they also happened to be important recreational areas. Low energy habitats such as algal flats and mangroves are often badly affected even by moderate spills, and are difficult or impossible to treat. The prevention of localized contamination by the deployment of a few booms ·seems the only practical way to cope with this problem. 7 UNEP, "Management and Conservation of Renewable Resources~ the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden Region," . UNEP Regional Seas Reports and Studies, No. 64, 1985, pp. 83; IUCN, "Preliminazy Coastal Zone Management Recommendations for YAR," pp.70 and "The Distribution of Habitats and Spc:Cies along the YAR Coastline," pp. 110, Yemen Arab Republic Marine Conservation Survey, IUCN/Red.Sea and Gulf of Aden Environment Programme, Gland, Switzerland and Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, 1987; and Sheppard, C.R.C., A.R.G. Price and C.J. Roberts, Marine Ecology of the Arabian Area: Systems, Communities and Processes in Extreme Environments, London: Academic Press, 1992, pp. 359. 54  : '. \. .. / •I ,· '  0 ITITd1D . mt~d Nations D u. . ' ' . evelopment P. . . GEF/Execur . . . rograrrme . One United N1v13t?oordinator j• a ions Pl New York NY aza . Telephon~: 2 10017 USA Fax: (212) .9(0612) 906-5044 / - -6998 " \ I ·~ ' . ( ,. / I . \: ..;:- \~ .. .... r • ~ ~ ...... f / l'< ~ / .»- ·- ... 'i .' ' ~ _'{. _ / ). / .,. ~~ .17 .L ,, - >-- . I : ,. ..... "' . ( . •' Printed on recycled - Paper .