India - Policies and issues in forest sector development

Report No. 10965-IN India Policies and Issues in Forest Sector Development June 24, 1993 Agriculture Operations Division Country Department II South Asia Regional Office FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY MICROGRAPHICS Report No: 10965 IN Type: SEC Documwnt of the WorW Bak This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization.  ABBREVTATIONS AND AC&Qh2 ESMAP - Energy Strategy Management Assessment Program FAO - Food and Agriculture Organizadon FD - Forest Directorate FDC - Forest Development Corporation FPC - Foest Protection Committee GOI - Government of India GTZ - Deutche GesselUshaft fur Techniche Zusa=menarbiet IPAS - Integrated Protected Areas System ICFRE - Indian Council for Forestry Research and Education IFS - Indian 1Forest Service IBRAD - Idian Institute of Biosocial Research and Development JFM - Joint Forest Management NAEB - National Afforestation and Eco-Development Board NGO - Non-Government Organization NTFP - Non-Timber Forest Product NWDB - National Wasteland Development Board PCCF - Principal Chief Conservator of Forests SAU - State Agriculture University UNCED - United Nations Conference on Environment and Development CURRENCY AND AER E0UIAIM Average Exchange, R.te The currency is the Indian rupee. Average exchange rates per US$1: 1990 Rs. 17.5 1991 Rs. 22.9 1992 Rs. 26.0 April 1993 Rs. 30.7 Yam The Indian fiscal year runs from April 1 through March 31. Weights and Measures 1 hectare (ha) = 2.47 acres 1 kilometer (kim) = 0.62 miles I metric tone (mt) 1.1 short ton 1 kilogam (kg) = 2.2 lbs I quintal 100 lkilograms  FOR OMCIAL USE ONLY ,INDIA POLICICBS AND ISSUES IN FOREST SECIrOR 8I0EN Table of Contents Preface ......................................................... iii Executive Summ.ary .. iv-x Matrix Summarizing Key Recommerdations .. xi-xvi I. EN)IA'S FOREST RESOURCES .. Inrduction 1..1 Perspective on Forest Resources. ........................... 2 Trade-offs between Different Investments.. 6 Government Strategy.. 6 Lessons from Forest Development Efforts.. 7 II. PEOPLE, FORESTS AND THE ENVIRONMENT . . 9 Overexploitation of Forest Products.. 9 Agricultur/Forestry Interface ..12 Why People and Forests Are Not in a Sustainable Reladonship . .15 People and Protected Areas ..15 Managing Forest Resources at the Local Level. 17 Main Reconunendations ..23 III. PRIYATE FOREST DEVELOPMENT ..25 Faers ..25 Forest Industries ..31 Pricing and Marketing of Forest Products ..34 Main Reconninendations ..37 IV. IMPROVING PRODUCIVITY OF FOREST RESOURCES . .38 Planttions ..38 Management of Natuml Forests ..40 Priorities for Technological Support ..41 Information and Technology Trnsfer ..42 Main Recommendations ..42 V. PUBLIC SECTOR MANAGEMENT OF FOREST DEVELOPMENT ..... ......... 43 Legal and Policy Framework .......................................... 43 Forest Policy Decision Making ......................................... 44 Forestry Investments .............................................. 45 The Role of the Public Sector ......................................... 46 The State Forest Administrations ....................................... 47 Main Recommendations ............................................. 49 This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties. its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization.  ANNEES: 1. Occurrence of Forest Types in India . ............................... 50 2. Biodiversity Conservation ...................................... 51 3. Technologies to Improve Productivi of Plantaitons .............f........ 55 4. Selected Adiniistradonal Issues .................................. 59 List of Background Papers ............................................ 67 Biblography ............................................ 68 List of Tables Table 1.1 Current Forest Development in India by OwnershipAJse Categories Table 2.1 Community Forest Management Systems Table 3.1 Levels of Profitability and the Impact of Seedling Subsidies Table 3.2 Farm Forestry Model Table 3.3 Medium and Large Scale Woodbased Industries in India Table 3.4 Price of Eucalyptus Poles in Major Markets in Gujarat lable 3.5 General Market Price and the Price received by Eucalyptus Growers in the Arabari Range, 1985-89 Table 3.6 Import Tariffs for Forest Products Table A4.1 Training requirements for the West Bengal Forestry Project List of Figures Figure 1.1 Actual Forest Cover (1991 assessment) Figure 2.1 Urban and Rural Household Energy Figure 2.2 Seasonal NITP Availability Figure 2.3 Benefit Sharing in Joint Management Arangements Figure 3.1 Comparative Econonics of a Few Imported and Domestically Produced Items List of Boxes Box 1.1 Bank Experience in Forestry Box 2.1 Forest Protection in West Bengal Box 3.1 Incentive Policy Distortions and Practices Affectng Afforestation and Forest Management  -lii- POLICIES AND ISSUES IN1 FOREST SECIYRDE LOMN This document was preFared as an input into developing a future lending strategy for World Bank aided forestry projects in Inlia. It is based on experience gained in implementation and evaluation of a host of social forestry projects (Bank, Donor and GOI-financed) as well as the preparation of a few recent and upcoming projects covering a broader spectrum of activities both within and outside designated forests. Background papers prepared by Bank staff and consultants are swrnarized in the report' which also borrows from available literature. The report benefitted from substantial input from the Union Ministry of Environment and Forests (001). The Secretary of Environment and Forests Mr. Rajarnani, the Inspector General of Forests Mr. Mukherjee and their staff facilitated the debate of issues presented in the report. The findings of the report were further discussed in two national workshops in April 1993. About 80 participants were invited to the meeting in Bangalore and 120 to the meeting in New Delhi. Apart from the Heads of the Forest Departments and the State Forest Secretaries, the workshops were attended by a number of prominent environmentlist and NGO representatives, staff from other Government Departments, Central Institutes (ICAR, ICFRE, IIFM, FSI), forest based industries and many of the major donors involved in Indian Forestry. The final version of the report reflects comments and suggestions received in the review process. In general there was consensus that the paper had focussed on the main issues and broad agreement on the ways to try to deal with them. Agreements were strong on the need for joint forest management, technological improvement, provision of improved planting materials to farmers, seedling pricing and the need to increase funding to forestry. Areas with a lesser degree of consensus concern involvement of industries in rehabilitation of degraded forests and the institutional changes needed witiin the forest departments to effectively take on the future tasks. 1 This paper was prepared by An Clark bd on a nubner of backgound papes. he main background papas wae prepared by Amoldo Contreras (Forestry Incentives), Norman Jones (Technology and Technical Support), Augusta Molnar and Malcolm Jansen (Forest and Wasteland Development).  -iv - 1. Vision. Indian forests are important because they provide fuel, fodder, some food and income to rural people as well as timber, environmental services and watershed protection. These forests are continuously degrading due to high pressures on the resource (India has only about 0.08 ha forest per capita). The approaches tried to address forest degraciadon have not been adequate to protect the resource to the extent required. If India's forests are to have a chance for sustainable management a new strategy is needed. This report outlines elements of such a strategy. It involves making villagers partners m forest management, stimulating the private sector to more actively take part in forest development, adopting improved technologies on a wide scale, ireviewing the forest administration to ensure effective implementation of forest policies, and setting development priorities based on the costs and benefits of different opdons. 2. Bnk Strategy. The Bank is at a turning point in its lending for forestry in India. In the past, forestrv projects in India supported mainly social forestry and watershed development activities. But such programs have had mixed success, and are inadequate in scope to address the complex issues affecting forests. A broader approach is needed which will protect and improve existing forests, and encourage private forestry. The Bank's forestry strategy has changed recently to focus on sector-wide projects combining policy reforms and support for a wide range of forestry investments and related activities at the state level. Two such forestry projects were approved for India in Spring 1992 following extensive study of issues affecting sector performance in the states of Maharashtra and West Bengal. Further state forestry projects are envisaged over the next few years. This review provides an overview for Bank staff and Indian policy makers to understanding and finding ways to address key forestry issues. It builds on experience gained through Bank projects world wide and uses case studies from the above mentioned Indian projects to illustrate issues and potential solutions. The review will be updated as more experience is gained in the sector. 3. Foresry Performance and Problems. Indian forests are under immense pressure to supply forest products to a growing population (850 million) in a land scarce situation. The Forest Departments are trying to protect 22% of India's land area. This has proved very difficult through the traditional methods as mentioned above. Many poor people living in and around the forests depend heavily on them for subsistence needs and income from gathered forest produce. Forest are not equally distributed in India. Some areas still have quite considerable forest resources, while others have none at all. Fuelwood is still the most important form of household energy in both rual and urban areas and represents 90% of the demand for wood. As the population and incomes are increasing the demand for fuelwood as well as other forest products is growing rapidly. The fuelwood deficit is large and the forest industries are facing raw material shortages forcing them to operate well below capacity. Forests have been overexploited to meet the various demands, including illegal removals which is one of the reasons why productivity in natural forests and plantations is low. A large part of India's livestock population grazes in forests which causes serious damage to regeneration and young plantations but there are no realistic management altemadves yet. Forests are also the only remaining source of agriculture land and encroachment and shifting cultivation of forests are prevalent.  _v_ 4. Iss. There is a tremendous urgency to finding ways to manage forests sustainably in the face of current pressures and to augment the raw material production. Despite large-scale wasteland afforestation and farm forestry schemes the production from those areas has not significantly relieved the pressure on forests. Four sets of interrlated issues are key to breakdng the negatve patterns leading to continuous degradation of the resource. These issues encompass: (i) interactiJns between people, forests and the environment; (ii) fnancial and economic incentives for sustainable land management including forestry and tree crop development; (iii) technological factors that limit the yields that can be obtained; and (iv) the insdtudonal famework including tie respective roles of the public and private sectors in forestry. Although many of the forestry programs that were taken up during the past decades have worked reasonably well there are still many areas of possible improvement. 5. While the needs of local people have been taken into account in designing forest plans, people have not been sufficiently motivated to coopert to reach development goals. Furthemore, the village forests which used to supply them have vanished thereby increasing the pressure on public forest lands. A new approach has been identified in which villagers, particularly local women, and the forest administradon become parmers in forest protection and management. The approach requires furtier development aad adoption on a wider scale. Without providing options that allow people to obtain the products they need in a sustainable fashion, they will not protect any forest areas. While fringe forest populations are users of the forest resource they are also the first line of defence against illegal extraction. Mutually reinforcing links exist between increasing populations, insufficient agriculture growth and environmental degradation in marginal areas of india. 6. The private sector has not contributed as much to developing the forest sector as it could have done with clear incentives. Farm foresty development has considerable potentiaL However, a number of govemment regulations and practices make farm forestiy less profitable than it could be and has contained development of industrial forest resources by both farmers and industries. Protection of the forest based industries, aimed at developing them, has led to a situation where many industdes are relatively small in scale and obsolete technologies are stll used. Consumers pay for this inefficiency through higher prices and scarce forest resources are wasted. Pricing and marketing of forest product also needs attention. Provision of raw materials on highly concessional terms to forest industries has led to high demand, wastage of raw materials, and a large loss of revenue to the states. 7. Afforestation programs on public as well as private lands hive suffered from technological weaknesses which have limited the productivity and the impact of those efforts. Forestry technology needs to be improved in India. The most important gaps are: the quality of planting materials; lack of appropriate models and modalities for regeneration of degraded forests with people's participation; planting practices and a range of models for commercial and farm forestry production; and a weak information transfer process. There has not yet been any widespread success in involving women in forestry initiatives, even though they constitute a group that has much to gain from increased access to forest products and income-generating enteipises. Many of the identified weaknesses stem to some extent from institutional and financial constraints within the forest administration. 8. The public sector has attempted to take on all roles in the sector (policymaker, protector, producer, extractor, processor, provider of products, etc.) but that is a neady impossible task. Govemment policies and investments have not induced people to adequately manage or develop forest resources and policy impact analysis has not been sufficient. Although large-scale afforestation efforts have been made outside designated forests the investments have not been  -vi- adequate to sustain the resource. Forestry development has fwuther been affected by fragmentadon of programs, contradicdons and overlap among them. An effective policy can only work if there is an adequate institutional structure and capacity to implement it. The structure and procedures employed by the forest administration have in many respects remaied unchanged for decades and need review to effecively meet the challenges ahead. 9. The most Important forest policy goal for the next decades will be to improve forest protection and management. The forests provide a number of important environmental services (protecdon of watersheds, source of plant and animal biodiversity, stabilization of fragile soils) and there are strong policies to conserve and expand this resource. However, the pressures on the resource are so strong, that apart from a limited number of areas of important biodiversity, it will be impossible to protect forest areas unless the benefits of this conservation are perceived by the public, especially those living near the forests. Further efforts along the tmditional lines are not likely to prevent degradation of the forestry resource and will not solve the many forestry problems. It is necessary to enlist the cooperation of local populations and other agencies in forest protection, management and development. To accomplish this the government has to use the tools at its disposal to create an environment that will encourage forest users and farmers to take greater interest in forest development. If all actors staed working together now, it would be possible to maintain the current levl of forest cover and improve the quality of the resource, even in the face of current pressures. 10. There are many inherent conflicts between users of forests. Policymakers have to decide on trade-offs between different uses and users keeping long-term sustainability in view. GOI prioritizes environmental conservation and meeting the needs of villagers in its national policy but state governments have pressing needs for revenue and for meeting industrial and commecial wood commitments. Local users have no or very few alternate sources of energy, employment or income so it is not accable orpossible to exclude them. A key issue in tribal areas iSto develop insdtutional links between forest departments and tribal development authorities that will lead to settin and working towards realistic objectives. The government also needs to develop new ways to address inter-sectoal problems such as energy and livestock. Examples of solutions to the energy problem include reaching agreements on alternate supply where possible - staring with urban and industrial users who pay for produce, and adaption of energy saving technologies to suit local food preparation habits and locally available fuels. Coming to gnps with the heavy livestock grazing in forests through management methods such as rotational grazing and increasing the overall fodder production is very importanL Agriculture directorates must be given clear responsibilities for augmenting fodder production and livestock programs cannot continue to operate as if there was no conflict with wasteland and forest development programs. 11. A number of steps need to be taken to make the forest strategy outlined above possible. The areas that need most attention can be grouped into five categories: (a) improving incentives for local participation and private development; (b) improving the technological means to solve production problems; (c) increasing the effectiveness of public sector forest management and development; (d)prioritizing areas to protect and develop; and (e) topics that require fiurher analysis. The actions required under each of these categories are discussed below. A matrix summarizing the recommendations in each area is attached.  -vii- A. ovinyg lIntinves to Protect and Develgg Foests 12. Viliagers are much more likely to protect forests when they have a say in forest management and receive a significant proportion of the benefits. This point has been shown to hold true in a number of joint forest management (JFM) arrangements in different parts of the country. It is time to expand these experiments on a larger scale. GOI is encouraging joint management and so far eleven states have passed regulations setting out the modalides and allowing forest administrations to share revenues from forest lands with local populations. Increasing avaiLaIbiity of commercial NTFP is key to motivate peopl to protect trests because it provides an annual income flow. A cooperative attitude from the forestry staff is also important. Women are a strong potential lobby for forest protection so it is important to include them in discussions regarding joint nanagement arrangements. NGOs can provide valuable help in this process. One of the main constraints to involving NGOs in forestry programs (apart from the often prevalent mutual distrust) is difficulty in providing funds in a timely manner to support NGO work. Most NOOs are short on funds and therefore need advances. To date, JFM airangements have almost exclusively focussed on heavily degraded lands. Relatively better forests also need protection and the returns to both govemment and villagers would be much higher on such lands. Priority should be given to establishing joint management where it has a good likelihood of success (willing local population, viable rootstock) and around national parks and sanctuaries and environmentally sensitive areas. Care should be taken to keep the cost of the models reasonable to allow replicadon over a wide area within current budgetay constraints. 13. Farmers will want to plant more trees if they can spare the land and it is more profitable for them than other crops. The first step to increase private sector motivation to plant trees is to identify and remove a number of regulations and government practices that act as disincentives. They include: (i) legislation governing state govemment rights to private forests; (ii) restrictions on felling trees on private lands; (iii) transit pass requirements; and (iv) mandatory sales of forest produce to the government in states where such exist. Some states have already removed transit pass requirements for the most popular farm forestry species. The most important ways to increase returns from farm forestry is to improve the quality of planting material and to develop agro-forestry models suited to different regions and conditons. Subsidization of seedlings should be discontinued because it is costly, has not been as effective an incentive as thought and it discourages quality seeding production. The impact of the subsidy may be negative since the quality of seedlings provided is often extremely low. Extension services for farm forestry and tree crops will be important as more sophisticated advice on management and models are required. Access to credit for farm forestry also needs to be improved. Women are an important target group for social forestry development on private as well as public common lands. An increased number of female forestry staff would improve the chances of reaching those women. Development of suitable market information systems would be helpful to farmers as prices vary significantly between markets. 14. Further libealizing selected trade and tariff banriers and concessional pricing of raw materials from public forests will encourage the forest industry to become more efficient and improve incentives for private forest development. However, unless the industries feel confident about the future policy environment including the raw material supply situation they will be loath to make investments to upgrade their plants. Forest industries can alleviate the raw material shortage to some extent by lining up with farm forestry and/or by growing their own supply. A mechanism is needed that will allow non-government entities to assist in the rehabilitation of degraded forest lands. There is limited scope for industries to access public wastelands for tree planting since most have alternative uses or are encroached.  -viii - -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-II i ~~B. in&ovS Productiv.ty 15. Improving the quality of planting materials is one of the most important factors to increasing productivity and quality of forest plantations on both private and public lands. It is easy to do by using better tree seeds and nursery management in accordance with available technologies which require only minor adaption to Indian condidons. The improved planting material will be more expensive to produce than current seedlings, but it will be well worth the extra investment. Other techniques which can improve the productivity of plantations includes paying more attention to planting practices. Site amelioration is often needed on degraded sites. Establishment of a data base for matching species with agro-ecological zones and conditions should be a high pIiority. 16. Development of better models and techniques to rehabilitate degraded forests is also a high priority. Particular emphasis should be given to rehabilitation of degraded forests through protection, or protection plus en-ichment planting. Such models are much less costly than full afforestation models and also do well in joint management arrangemer.ts as a variety of N become available for collection within a year or two, only. Sinice the government does not have the resources to replant the vast areas of degaded forests at once, this can be a very useful model to protect the areas in the meantime. More work is needed on the potential for expanding NTFP, on methods for propagating the trees and shrubs that produce them, and on how to include them in multiple product forest plantations. Multi-product models (trees, bushes and grasses) tend to maximize diversity and provide more environmental benefits the traditional models. 17. Forestry research needs to be strengthened considerably to support the desired development and provide solutions to field problems. This strengthening needs to begin by providing increased status and autonomy to the research function, increasing the qualifications and continuity of state forest research staff and improving links to central forest research and other research efforts in the states and the world. Within the broad priorities set out above each state needs to set its own priorities - with the importance of each topic related to area coverage and likely benefits. It is suggested that forest field staff be given more say in formulation and evaluation (annual) of research programs. Sociological research needs to be canied out in parallel with idenification of technical and economic options for the above programs. An assessment of how best to develop an effective extension mechanism for trees (forestry and hordculture) to farmers and local villagers is also needed. The mechanism should as far as possible de in with existing research and extension systems. C. Better Public Sector Forest Management 18. The state governments should review how the responsibilities and the tasks done by the forest departments can be restructured to give them a more reasonable workload and better address priority concerns. They need to define which of the tasks allotted to the forest department are legitimate govemment concerns which cannot be handled by any one outside the public sector (listing which agencies) and concentrate on them. They should also list tasks which could be undertaken by other actors such as NGOs and the private sector (including private individuals, farmers, cooperatives and industries) with appropriate suppot Examples of areas that clear:y need to be managed by the public sector include regulation, monitoring, protection, some aspects of technology development and extension. Areas which could be addressed by the private sector include inter alia operation of forest industries, production of seedlings, afforestation and some forest research. Many NGOs are technically weak but their assistance can be helpful as a complement to government activities, particularly as a link at the grassroots. Functions which could be performed by other government departments such as farm forestry research and extension should also be reviewed.  -ix- 19. The effectiveness of public forest management can be increased. The key will be to coordinate forestry programs between implementing agencies and review the forest administration's intemal organization. It is questionable whether FDCs and other boards or corporations should remain semi-independent, be pvatized, or merged with the forest directorates' overall work ptogramns. Adoption of joint management will require re-orientation of forestry staff and changes in the working procedures. While most of the forest directorates' work can be carried out by generalist staff they need specialized support in certain fields (e.g. forestry research, resource assessment, management of protected areas, marketing). Government needs to think about how to address this issue and its implications for staff training, organization and promotional prospects. The training of lower level staff needs particular attention. There is also a need for a forum where professionals from different states could debate forestry topicsfissues of common interest. Forest department staffing appears high for certain categories and states may need to address this after in-depth review. Hiring in outside experts or contracting out tasks should be considered wherever possible. Improved procedures, management information systems and increased delegadon of financial powers would also make the organization more effecdve. There are often problems relating to timely release of funds, which is critical in a time-bound activity such as plantng. The current short-term target-oriented focus needs to change to one of high quality and long-term sustainability with a consistent system of rewards to achieve these goals. D. DMM:1=n1 Pdorides 20. Forestry planning needs to be viewed on a state-by-state basis since conditions are diverse and forest resources far from equally distributed. Each state should prepare a forest strategy and development program based on areas that are critical to conserve at all costs, forests with relatively intact cover which would also be a priority to protect and degraded forest areas. In the future all forestry investments must be made on the basis of prioritized forest management plans which is not the case now. Priorities will need to be set to detemine where to focus protection and joint management efforts, where to start development activities, and areas that are low priority because they are too difficult or cosdy to treat. The state plans that are being prepared as an input into the National Forestry Action Plan are an important step in this directon. 21. The better quality areas and areas which are easier to develop should be taken up first. Many good forests are in danger of degradation unless suitable institutional mechanisms are developed to protect them, and a large area of degraded forests could likely be rehabilitated through protecton only. Trees should not be supported for their own sake. Economic and environmental trade-offs and social sustainabiity should determine the kind of development to favor on particular locations. It may be that multi-product mixtures of trees, bushes and grasses, or fruitbearing trees/bushes, or other crops would be the best land uses in certain areas. It is suggested that the provision in the Forest Conservation Act which restricts use of non-forest species be relaxed to allow such development where appropriate especially in context of JFM. The forest administrations should concentrate on protecting and developing the fort.; + lands. Farmers can take up farm forestry plantations themselves including production of required planting materals, if provided extension support Since results of afforestation efforts on non-forest public wastelands have not been up to expectations, more focus should be placed on forest lands in future afforestation efforts. 22. Biodiversity conservation could be improved through a spectrum of interventions to meet differing needs. Some areas require total protection while others can tolerate a higher degree of intervention by local people. A three-pronged approach includes: (a) extension and improvement  of the protected area network; (b) increasing benefits to local populations in and aound protected areas through joint management and other eco-development activities; and (c) Including biodiversity obecives in management of muldple use forest lands. It is rocommended that the Namonal Afforestason and EcDevelopment Board develop a strategy for experimentadon with multi-use forests. 23. Increased investments need to take place in forent maagement and development and in a number of supporting functions in order to cary out th above stegy. The suppordng functions include but are not limted to seed handling and processing, nury f uc, and staff and NG0 training. Funds need to be provided for imporvnt sivculture operadons which currently often are neglected, joint management of forests, expanded poms for reailitation of degraded forest lands and for biodiversity conservadon efforts. Funds will also be required for equipment and operation of research progams in priority areas required for upgading technological knowledge. A greater porton of revenues from forest exploitation and development projects USing forest lands should flow back to forest development. It is suggested that funds fiom the many different forestry schemes be consolidated by the government and some funds could be reallocated from current plantation progmms and policing efforts toward the above priorides. E. Areas forFurtherAnalii 24. Several topics which have been discussed in this report require furiher analysis before recommendations can be made about how to tackle identified prlems: (i) a data base needs to be established on pricing and marketing of forest raw materis including quantities trends, and the market for farm forestry produce; (ii) a better understanding of actual rens from fam forestry and non-timber forest products under different conditions is required; (iii) a better understanding is also needed of the current uses and levels of encroachment of public wastelands; (iv) governments need to analyze the constraints that apply for forestry development from non-forest policies (tax, industrial, land tenure) and find solutions to rmove disincentives; (v) mechanisms for involvement of the private sector in the development of degrded govemnment forest lands; and (vi) to revise the protected areas system an adequate information base as needed to evaluate the importance of biodiversity in different areas, level of proction requred and the areas coverage needed for particular ecosystems.  p umyoad iiMMa& (fl'. kC  xfl;UitOCt5 ZOiNP3 3330* 44S*,dOnp0t*U$ P* * Ub4S4t1r uo:wn'rozd  q5*flddt St4*0* V ' dS#lltbnpul ""pen * (q) 01 *01033 pet Ott' ueItflloz' tie :23.:::: :;':iI cant . 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