Turkey - Women in development (Vol. 1 of 2) : Main report

Report No. 10299-TU Turkey Women in Development Report (In Two Volumes) Volume 1: Main Report September 25, 1992 MICROFICHE COPY CountryOperations Division Report No.:10299-TU Type: (SEC) CountryDepartmenttl Title: WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT REPORT Europe and Central Asia Regional Office Author: H-ADLER, S. Ext. :32765 Room:H5 103 Dept.:EC1CO 2 VOL. FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Dom Of tiw Wo.d Bank This' doctument has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in theeroace of their official duties. its contents may not otherwise be -disclosed without World Bank authorization.  TURKEY WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT REVIEW CURRENCY EOUIVALENTS Currency Unit - Turkish Lira (TL) US$1.00 - TL4100 (1991 Average) ABBREVIATIONS LIST CEDAW - Convention on the Elimination of All Discrimination Against Women DGWSP - Directorate General for Women's Status and Problems DI - Duncan or Dissimilarity Index EDI - Economic Development Institute of the World Bank ESC - European Social Charter FRI - Family Research Institute GAP - Southeastern Anatolian Project GT - Government of Turkey HIPS - Haceteppe University Institute of Population Studies IIBK - Turkish Employment Organization ILO - International Labor Organization IMR - Infant Mortality Rate LFS - Household Labor Force Survey MARA - Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs MOE -. Ministry of National Education MOH - Ministry of Health MOL - Ministry of Labor and Social Security NFTW - National Foundation for the Advancement and Recognition of Turkish Women NGO - Non-Governmental Organizations SII - Social Insurance Institution SIS - State Institute of Statistics SPO - State Planning Organisation SSCPA - Social Security and Child Protection Agency TDF Turkish Development Foundation TFR - Total Fertility Rate TRT - Turkish Radio and Television TSI - Institute of Turkish Standards TUBITAK - Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey UNDP - United Nations Develcament Programme UOE - Undersecretariat of Environment WE - Women and Employment Index  FOR OMCI4L USE ONLY Table of Content. Volume I. Main Report Bx-e,u,tku lymu 8,"i-xv I. The Situation of Women ln Turkey 1 A. Introduction 1 B. The Social, Polltleal and Feonomlc Posltlon of Women 1 C. Legal Status 2 D. Fertlilty, Nutrition and Health 4 1I. Women in the Labor Foree 10 A. Introductlon 10 B. Labor Force Datat Sources and Issues 1S C. Trends and Patterns ln Labor Force Partielpation 17 D. Gender Segregation in the Labor Force 24 B. Urban-Rural Dlfferences and Dimensions 31 F. Hours of Work 39 G. Bducational Attributoe of the Labor Force 41 H. Male-Female Barnings DLfferences and Soclal insurance Coverage 47 I. Pollcy Impllcations 47 SII. Women in the Eeonomr 54 A. Introduction 54 B Women's Work and Employment Patterns 54 The Agrliultural Sector 55 The IndustrLal Sector 57 The servlees Sector 61 C. Issues and Proposals Concerning Women's Productlvlty 63 Cross-Sectoral ConstraLnts 63 Agrlcultural Sector Constraints 67 Industrial and ServLcees Sector Constraints 69 ThL report is based on the fLndLngs of a World Dank misslon that vLiited Turkey ln July 1991. The miesion consisted of Sandra Hadler, mLsslon leader (BCICO), Yasmeen Mohluddin and Morton Btelener (consultants). Background materlal was provLded by Nlchael Nertaugh (ECiNR), Nedret Duratan (ECITU), Bulma Aksit, YLides Ecerit, amer Karasapan, Nurhan Sural (consultants). Secretarial support was provlded by Barbara Mondestin. of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwiw be disclosed without World Bank authorization.  nV. Education and Technical Trainina 71 A. Introduction 71 S. Structure of the EducatLon and Training system 71 C. Statut and Trends in Female Zducation and Training 72 D. Attrlbutes of the Out-of-8chool Population 78 S. Gendor Aspects of Education and Training Programs 80 F. Conclusions and RecommendatLons 83 V. The Role of Government and NGOo in Women's Develoment 85 A. Introduction 85 B. Development Plans and Government Policiea 85 C. Current Role of Government in Women's Development 86 D. Non-Governmental organizations 90 B. Conclusions and Areas for Intervention 92 References & Biblioaranhv 94 Box 1s Employment Equity Programs 31 Box 2: Time Use Surveys 53 Volume II. Annexes Annex Is The Legal Environment Annex 2s Fertility, Nutrltion and Health Issues of Women Annex 3: Labor Force Deflnitions Annex 4s Women in Industry Annex 5s Women Ln Agriculture Annex 6: Credit Survey (ii)  9bantgs ia Table 2.1s Trends in Labor Force PartLolpation by Cender, 1955-90 18 Chart 2.1: Trends in Labor Force Particlpatlon by Gender, 1955-90 18 Table 2023 Female Participation Rates ln Turkey and Comparator OECD Countries, 1950-90 21 Chart 2.2s Female Participation Rate. Ln Turkey and Comparator OCD Countries, 1950-90 21 Table 2.3: Female and Male Partlcipatlon Rates by Age Groups, 1955-90 23 Chart 2.3: Female and Kale Participation Rates by Age Groups, 1955-90 23 Table 2.4: Distribution of Total Labor Force by Worker Status and Gender, 1960-90 26 Table 2.5: Distribution of Total Labor Force by Occupation and Gender, 1965-90 28 Table 2.6: DLitributlin of Total Labor Force by Sconomic Sector and Gender, 1965-90 29 Table 2.7: Participation Rates by Urban-Rural Areas, 1955-90 32 Table 2.8s Urban-Rural Participation by Gender and Age Groups, 1988-90 33 Chart 2 8: Urban-Rural ParticLpatlon by Goender and Age Groups, 1988-90 33 Table 2.9: Dlitrlbution of Urban-Rural Labor Force by Worker Status and Gender, 1990 35 Table 2010s Dlibritutlon of Urban-Rural Labor Force by OccupatLon and Gender, 1990 36 Table 2.11: Dlitribution of Urban-Rural Labor Force by Economic Sector and Gender, 1990 37 Table 2.12: Weekly Hours of Work ln MaLn Job For Those mployed, 1990 40 Chart 2.12: Weekly Hours of Work by Residonce, 1990 40 Table 2.133 DLstrLbutLon of Total labor Force by Education and Gender, 1970-90 42 Table 2*14: Distrlbution of Labor Force by Education, Roeldence and Gender, 1990 44 Table 2.15: Female Participation Ratlo by Educational Attainment, 1990 46 Chart 2.1S: Pemale ParticLpatLon Ratlo by Educational Attainment, 1990 46 Table 3.1: Distribution of Labor Force by Beconomic Sector, 1990 55 Table 3.2: DistrLbution of Employed Women in Cowmunity, Social and Personnal Services by Occupational Groups, 1990 62 cAmeZJIV Table 4.1: Share of Female Xnrollments in Education and TraiLning by Level and Type of Program, 1987-88 73 Table 4.2: Enrollment DefLcits for Males and Females ln Basic Educatlon by Level and Source, 1987 75 Table 4.3: A RegLonal ComparLson of Female Schooling and Llteracy 76 Table 4.4: Promotion, Repetltion and Dropout Rates by grade for Males and Females, 1987-88 77 Table 4.5 Growth of Enrollments ln Formal Education and Training for Males and Females by Level and Type of Program, 1980/81-1987/88 78 Table 4.6. Illiteracy Rates and Gross Enrollment Ratios by Region nd Provinces for Males and Fmales 80 (LiL)  1. This report is intended to serve as the baLss of the World Rank's support to the Government of Turkey for LmplemntLng lts pollcles to enhance the partLiLpatLon of women ln the economlc dwevlopoent process. it provLdes background LnformatLon about the sltuatlon of women ln Turkey, lncludlng legal and health lssues, and examlnes Government strategies to Lneorporate women Lato national polLcLes and program. The maln focus of the report, however, La on lncreaslng and ralolng the quallty of women's partlclpation in the labor force. To thli end, the report glves particular attentlon to enhanclng women's labor sklls and income-earnLng potentLal through educatlon, tochnical tralnlng and credit; and to openLng thelr access to hlgher paying jobs ln Lndustry and agrlculture. Straggaic Considerat ions and Direct ions 2. Turkey can beneflt slgnlfliantly ln terms of lncreased productlvity, enhanced famlly welfare and reduced populatlon growth by focusuLng more on the development potentlal of lt. women. To this end, the report advances three general propositions. 3 investments ln women will promote economlc development. Because of the crltlcal role women play ln their famlly's health and nutrltlon and ln the educatlon of children, the b-neflts from Lnvestment Ln women's development tend to be spread more wldely throughout soclety and across generatLons; o Women contribute far more to the economy and to the family than is reflected Ln offLeLal statletlcs. Recognlzlng the role of women ln the development process (through the adoptLon of better atatLstLcal LndLcators) wl11 help policy- makers in making lnformed decLeLons on resource allocatlon. Simultaneously, lncreaslng the visibLilty and awareness of women's contributions in the public and prlvate sectors, as Government has recently begun to do, and through the use of the medla would facilitate the integratLon of women in the development processa and