Senegal - Forestry Project

Document of The World Bank FOR OFFICAL USE ONLY Repat No. 9616 PROJECT COMPLETION REPORT REPUBLIC OF SENEGAL FORESTRY PROJECT (CREDIT 1103-SE) MAY 31, 1991 Agriculture Operations Division Sahelian Department V Africa Region This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization.  CURRENCY EQUIVALENTSs Monetary Unit s CFA Franc (CFAF) Per US$ 1.00 Appraisal Date (April, 1980) s CFAF 210 Average over project duration t CFAF 329 Closing Year (1989) s CFAF 287 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES: Metric System 1 stere = 1 m3 of stacked roundwood 1 m3 (natural forest firewood) = 1.6 steres = 640 kg 1 m3 Eucalyptus firewooC = 1.6 steres = 720 kg 24 Eucalyptus poles - 1 m3 ABBREVIATIONS CCCE Caisse Centrale de Coopsration Economique (France); French Loan Aid Agency CNRF Centre National de Recherche Forestibre (Senegal); National Forestry Research Centre FAC Fonds d'Aide et de Cooperation (France); French Governmental Development Fund FAO Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations ISRA Institut Sdn6galais de Recherches Agricoles; Senegalese Agricultural Research Institute UNDP United Nations Development Program  THE WORLD SANK FOR OFCIL USE ONLY Waihingion. O.C. 20433 U.S.A Ollie di Ovctmt.Gowal OPMto ttt"Fki May 31, 1991 MEMORANDUM TO THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS AND THE PRESIDENT SUBJECT: Project Completion Report on REPUBLIC OF SENEGAL Forestry Prolect (Credit 1103-SE) Attached, for information, is a copy of a report entitled "Project Completion Report on Republic of Senegal - Forestry Project (Credit 1103- SE)" prepared by the Africa Regional Office with Part II of the report contributed by the Borrower. No audit of this project has been made by the Operations Evaluation Department at this time. Attachment "2 This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performcace of their official duties Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World lank authoriation.  PROJECT COMPLETION REPORT FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY REPUBLIC OF SENEGAL FORESTRY PROJECT (CREDIT 1103-SE) TABLE OF CONTENTS -Pate No. PREFACE ...................................... ..................a.....................a EFALUATION SUMMARY ..............*......... *l1 ... PART I PROJECT REVIEW FROM THE BANK'S PERSPECTIVE ............... I Project Identity .......... .... .. ... .. *...*.... *.*... .. .. .. 1 Background *............. .......* ... .................. Project Objectives and Description ....................... 1 Project Objectives ................ , . ..... ....... 1 Components 2 Project Design and Organization 2 Implementation .................... .................. 3 Executing Agency 3.................. 3 Credit Effectiveness 4 Unforeseen Factors Affecting Implementation 5.......too 5 Project Reorientation to ..... ..... . . .... 5 Financial Management and Accounts ........*.......... 5 Project Extension ***a* .. .6 Project Results 0000**..6 State-Managed Plantations .see........ 6 Rural Forestry .................... 7 Natural Forest Management 8 Training 8 Applied Research .................. 9 Planning, Monitoring and Economic Studies ......... 9 Impact ................................. 9 Economic Rate of Return .... ooote ** ........ 10 Sustainability ....O1.1. ........ Bank and Borrower Performance .1..................so....1 PART II PROJECT REVIEW FROM BORROWER'S PERSPECTIVE ............... 13 Relations with Donors 13 Relations with IDA ........................... 13 Relations with CCCE ...............13 Relations with FAC .... 13 Relations with UNDP/FAO 13 Impact of the Project ................... 13 Expansion and Protection of Senegal's Forest Resources ... ** * *.***** ......... ......o--- 13 Forest Policy and Strengthening of Institutions 15 Conclusions ......e .... ............. 18 This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization.  Tble, of Contents (Cont'd) Pare No. PART III STATISTICAL INFORMATION ................................................... 21 Related BanikLoans/Credits .................................................. 21 IDA Credlt Disbursements . . . .. .. . . . . .... . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . ...*.... . 23 Project Implementatlon *.........*...........*..*...*.*** Project Ccsts and Financing .......~...................., 26 Status of Covenants . ...*.....*...... ....*.*.. .*.*. *.. 30 Use of Bank Resources .......................... . ....... ..... .......... 32 ANNEXES 1 Calculation cf Wood Yields for Industrial 2 Calculation of Wood Yields for Rural Plantations ..................................... 36 3 Rural Forestry Component - Village Nurseries ....................................... 37 4 Rural Forestry Component - Plantings by Tree Type and Planting Arrangement in the Kaffrlne Region ....................................... 38 ATTACHMET 1 Comments from CCCE . . .. .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 39 ATTACHMNT 2 Comments from FAC . .. ... . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... 41 -HA~P - IBRD 15132  PROJECT COMPLETION REPORT REPUBLIC OF SENEGAL FORESTRY PROJECT (CREDIT 1103-SE) PRZFACZ This is the Project Completion Report (PCR) for the Forestry Project in Senegal, for which credit 1103-8S in the amount of US$ 9.3 million was approved on February 10, 1981. The loan was cldomd on December 31, 1989, three years behind schedule. Only US$ 7.99 million were diobtirsed and an amount of SDR 806,437 (US$ 1.05 million) was canceled. The PCR was prepared by the Agricultural Operatlons Division of the Sahelian Department of the Africa Region. The Borrower did not prepare its part tf the PCR (1I), although it had been requested to do so. Preparation of this PCR is based, inter alia, on the Staff Appraisal Report, the President's Report, the credit agreement, supervision reports, correspondence between the Bank and the Borrower and between the Bank and Cofinancers, and internal Bank memoranda.  - iii - PROJECT COMPLETION REPORT REPUBLIC OF SENEGAL FORESTRY PROJECT (Credit 1103-SE) EVALUATION SUMMARY Objectives 1. The Senegal forestry project was designed against a background of rapidly degrading natural forests in the areas around Dakar and in the groundnut basin. Recognizing the environmental and economic threat posed by the rapid destruction of the natural forest cover, the Senegalese Government developed a forestry master plan which aimed at renewing and expanding natural sources of fuel and service wood without further depleting natural forests. To help implement the plan the Government requested Bank assistance for a ro- Aforestation and natural forest management project. 2. In line with the Government's forestry plan, the project aimed at increasing the supply of fuelwood and other forest products to the urban center of Dakar and the rural areas in the groundnut basin. Specific project objectives were (a) the establishment of 2,000 ha of state-managed tree plantations; (b) the creation of 1,500 ha of rural family and 1,500 ha of rural community tree plantations; (c) improvement in management and productivity of 10,000 ha of natural forests; (d) financing of applied forestry research relevant to the project area, and (e) strengthening of .he Forestry Department's planning and management capacity through the establishment of a training center and a planning, monitoring and economic studies unit. ImRlementation Experience 3. The project was appraised in April 1980 and approved in February 1981. Project start-up was slow. After three reschedulings the project became effective with a year's delay, in July 1982. The original closing date of December 1986 was postponed three times and the project closed on December 31, 1989. Two years into project implementation it became clear that lower-than- expected rainfall and soil conditions unfavorable to the production of the fast growing, but exotic Eucalyptus Camaldulensis, would not allow attainment of the expected results in plantations. The project was therefore reoriented away from pure production objectives toward the reconstitution and protection of the natural vegetative cover in the forest reserves of the project area. Except for chronic financial problems, project implementation was satisfactory after reorientation. Results 4. The project failed to achieve the original production objectives, but it also generated a number of benefits which are not directly quantifiable. These include advances made in the development of techniques to reconstitute the natural forest cover in the Sudano-Sahelian zone; excellent training of forestry  - iv - technicians and extension workers, and the development of an innovative approach to engage the rural population in rural reafforestation and soil management. 5. After the initial failura of the state-managed Eucalyptus plantations, project activities focussed on replanting unsuccessful Eucalyptus plots with lower yielding, but more resistant local species, and on enriching depleted natural forests with bands of local species. About 1300 ha of local species were planted in full stands and 2,154 ha of natural forests were enriched. 6. Although rural forestry Eucalyptus plantations were more successful than state-managed plantations (mainly due to better soils in the lowlands), the project increasingly moved away from planting a maximum number of hectares with high yielding species toward teaching the rural population how to produce and protect trees and appreciate their economic and ecological value. Plantings under this component proved to be more cost-effective than industrial planta- tions. A full-stand equivalent of about 2,290 ha of various species were planted and 240 village nurseries were set up. 7. Performance under the natural forest management and the planning, monitoring and economic studies component was disappointing. Activities under the natural forest management component never proceeded beyond the elaboration of a management plan for one of the classified forests in the region. The planning, monitoring and economic studies unit suffered from an unclear definition of its activities, little support and interest from the government entity it was supposed to assist and the fact that effective project monitoring and evaluation were rendered impossible by the lack of an analytical accounting system. 8. Activities carried out under the training component were among the most successful of the project. Almost 1,900 forestry and extension personnel benefitted from well-designed, practical training sessions on a broad variety oi topics pertaining to forestry and natural resource management. 9. In contrast to the appraisal estimate of 13 percent, the ex-post economic rate of return is estimated at 1 percent. The main reasons for this difference are: (a) all state-managed Eucalyptus plantations had to be replanted with lower-yielding local species, (b) higher-than-expected costs for the initially planted Eucalyptus trees, and (c) no directly measurable output from the natural forest management component. Sustainability 10. Although the educational benefits of the rural forestry and the training component will extend beyond project completion, it is questionable whether the majority of directly-productive activities will be sustainable without further assistance. Renewed depletion of the newly established forest resources can only be prevented if they are managed as an integrated system of resources with the participation of those who exploit them. Although the project has contributed to a better understanding of the issues involved in natural resource management, it is doubtful that the understaffed forestry service in the project region will be able to manage effectively the newly-established resource base. Prospects for the sustainability of activities of the rural forestry component may be better, as indicated by the fact that 40 village nurseries were considered as autonomous at project completion.  -v - Findings and Lessono Learned 11. The Senegalese forestry project has shown thats pedological and climatic conditions in Senegal's Centre-Eat do not allow for cost-effective wood production in industrial plantations; other, more cost-effective ways to regenerate forest resources in the Sudano-Sahelian zone do, however, exist. They include tree planting on farmland and enrichment of natural forest reserves with local species; these techniques remain nevertheless too expensive to produce fuelwood under the current Senegalese wood price system. They are also unlikely to yield enough wood to address effectively the problems associated with the rapidly increasing urban demand for fuelvood; planting in and around farmland to produce building poles for local markets can be proritable, although these markets may quickly be saturated; in an environment where the degradetion of natural forests is caused by logging and extensive exploitation of forest resources by agricultural producers and pastoralists, forests cannot be viewed as a mere wood reserve. They must be managed as an integrated system of resources with the active participation of those who utilize them; the rural population is increasingly aware of the dangers of natural resource degradation and can be effectively mobilized to contribute to natural resource management.  PART I PROJECT REVIEW FROM THE BANK'S PERSPECTIVE 1. Proiect Identity Names Forestry Project Credit no.: 1103-8X RVP Units Africa Region, Country Department V Country: Senegal Sectors Agriculture 2. Backaround 2.01 In 1980 Senegal had a natural forest cover of about 14 million hectares, amounting to approximately 70% of the land mass. The dLtribution and quality of the forest cover was heavily influenced by climatic conditions and population density. Clearings for agriculture and wood production had lowered the forest cover to only about 50% of the land mass in the relatively densely populated areas of the groundnut basin and to less than 30% in the areas surrounding Dakar and Thies. 2.02 Firewood and charcoal met about 60% of Senegal's total energy demand. Charcoal was the key fual for urban households. With over one third of Senegal's 5.5 million people (at the time of project appraisal, 7 million today) living in cities and an urban population growth rate of 4%, urban fuelwood demand was estimated to increase by over 140% between 1979 and 1998. Combined with a steadily growing demand for firewood and building poles in rural areas, this daunting rise in urban fuelwood consumption put a heavy burden on the forests surrounding urban areas. The natural forests in an area of over 200 km around Dakar were being decimated and deforestation was rapidly spreading to more remote areas in the East where it contributed to erosion, loss of soil fertility, lower water tables and declining agricultural productivity. 2.03 Recognizing the increasing onvironmental and economic threat posed by the rapidly advancing destruction of the natural forest cover, the Government of Senegal, assisted by FAC and CCCE, developed a forestry master plan. The plan aimed at renewing and expanding natural sources of fuel and service wood and sought to strengthen the Forestry Department's capacity to implement effective forestry protection and production programs. In this context the Government of Senegal approached the Bank in 1978 with a request to help finance a reafforestation and natural forest management project. 3. Project Objectives and Description 3.01 Project Objectives: Against thli background of increasing demand for wood products and rapid degradation of the natural forest cover, the project'o objectives were to increase the supply of fuelwood and forest products to the urban center of D&kar and to the rural areas of the heavily populated groundnut basin. The project also aimed at strengthenLng the planning and management capacity of the Forestry Department.  - 2 - 3.02 Component:t The project comkrised seven components. (a) establishment and maLntenance of 2,000 ha of state-managed tree plantations 1n the forest reserves between Raffrine and Koumpentoum and maintenance of 600 ha of previously established state-managed tree plantations; (b) establibhment of 1,500 ha of rural famlly tree plantations and 1,500 ha of rural community tree plantations in Slne Saluum and Eastern Senegal; (c) improvement in productivity and management of 10,000 ha of natural forestsa (d) financing of an applied forestry research program dealing with issues relevant to the project area; (o) establishment of a training center to provide refresher courses for forestry agents and training of extension staff in rural forestry; (f) assisting the Forestry DepartmentIs Planning Division with (i) the elaboration and implementation of a regulatory system for the explastation of natural forests, and with (ii) monitoring and evaluating project activities; (g) provision of yearly project audits and consulting services to carry out studLes in collaboration with the Planning Division. 4. Project Design and organization 4.01 In light of the Government's increasing concern with defor:estation and the growing gap between demand and naturally sustainable supply of fuelwood, the timing of the project was clearly appropr'ate. 4.02 Initial project design, however, was overly optimistic and put too much emphasis on rapidly achieving unrealistically defined production objectives. While setting the objectLves, project designers had failed to pay enough attention to ecological factors which subsequently influenced project results. 1983 and 1984 were years with extremely low rainfall, causing many seedlings to die. Project designers had looked at average rainfall, but failed to ask the question of what the effects of rainfall shortage would be. In addition, soil conditions in most of the area chosen for state-managed plantations turned out to be unfavorable for the production of Eucalyptus Camaldulensis, even though a soil survey had been carried out during project  preparation 1/. In 1985 theme shortcomings were rocognized and the project was reoriented from pure production objectives towards the reconutitution and protection of the natural vegetative cover. 4.03 Due to the -ject's strong emphasis on wood productLon, the role and activities of prFuuction oriented components (state-managed and rural plantations) were more clearly defined and better understood by all parties involvod than those of the forest management or the planning, monitorLng and *conomic studies component. Consequently* neither of theme two components were fully operational during tho whole project life. 4.04 In retrospect, it seems clear that the project, as it was initially designed, focussed too narrowly on the value of forests as mere wood reserves. Not enough attention was paid to the fact that forests (especially in areas where extensive agricultural production techniques remain common place) constitute an integrated system of reserves (e.g. wood, fodder, soils, etc.) which must be managed as such. ThL became increasingly clear during the course of the project and was at least partially taken into consideration during reorientation. It must be highlighted that this shortcoming was not unique to the project in question. The forestry project in Senegal was in many ways a product of its time and reflected the approach which was then taken towards deforestation. 5. Implementation 5.01 Ex4cuting Agency: To assure efficient functioning of the project within a relatively heavy administrative system, it was decided that the project should be implemented by an autonomous project management unit located in the project area (Kaffrine) and responsible to the Director of the Forestry Department. The autonomy of the project unit proved to be decisive during project implementation, as it allowed for flexibility and rapid response when it became necessary to reorient the project. The manager of the project unit had previously been in charge of the FAC/CCC'E financed pilot project in the same region and could therefore assure a certain continuity between the pilot project and the new cofinanced forestry project. 5.02 Because previous projects in Senegal, including the FAC/CCCE pilot project, had experienced enormous difficulties and delays in obtaining the funds necessary to cover their expenses, it was decided that the project should be granted financLal autonomy over a revolving fund with a posteriori governmental control over expenditures. This allowed the project to cover a 1/ Because the original soil surveys were not available when this PCR was prepared, it was not possible to determine why the project wae carrled out in an area where a hard lateritic crust prevented Eucalyptus roots from growing deep enough. Possible explanations are that (i) ths soil survey had not been carried out thoroughly enough to detect that there were only limited pockets of soil deep enough for the production of Eucalyptus or, (ii) the soil surveys had been carried out correctly but were interpreted from an agronomic rather than a forestry point of view or, (iii) soil surveys were carried out correctly but not used properly by the forestry staff in charge of the state- managed plantations.  signifLcant share of lte cash needs which was particularly important at times when it was difflcult to obtain dLsbureement of counterpart funds. Availabillty of liquid funds was critical for the hlghly seasonal forestry actLvities, as the planting period was limlted to about six weeks and the whole season would have been lost if plantings could not be carrled out during thli time period. 5.03 Credit Effectlvenest Project start-up was slow. Credit effectiveness, whlch had been set for July 1981, was rescheduled three times and the credit finally became effective in July 1982. Whlle problems with the mobilization of counterpart funds slgnificantly contributed to the delays in credit effectiveness, it must be recognized that the lnitial timetable, settlng the effectiveness date only four months after credlt signature, was unreallstic. Given previous experlence with setting up projects in Senegal, lt is hard to see how one could have expected to meet the extensive llt of effectiveness condltlone (LncludLng recruitment of expatriates) wlthin this time frame. 5.04 Among the factors causlng extenslve delays ln offectlveness were dlfflcultles wlth the completion of project preparation activltles, (soil surveys and the deslgn of an adequate accounting system) and problems wlth obtalnlng effective government guarantees regardlng the financial autonomy of the project. The latter also affected the signature and effectiveness of the CCCE credlt, itself a condltion for effectiveness of the IDA credlt. The decree glvlng the project manager autonomy over the revolvlng fund (with posterlor government control) was lisued with delays because of a dLoagreement about whlch Lnstance in the Government should have the power to authorlze project expenditures. Slow government action ln openlng a speclal project account with the Treasury and in depositing the inltial counterpart contribution further delayed credit effectiveness. The problem was finally solved when CCCE agreed to finance the initial Government contribution through an exceptional ald program. 5.05 In line with the projectes lnltial production orientatlon, the state-managed plantation and the applled research components took up thelr actlvities shortly after credlt effectLveness. The start-up of the state- managed plantations component was facilltated by the aselgnment of local staff who had galned experlence under the preceding FAC/CCCE project. Maintenance of exlsting state-managed plantations was inltlally rendered difficult by the lack of equlpment. The rural forestry component started during the 1983 plantlng season, but its activities were severely hampered by a shortage of staff during the first two years. Initial problems of the plannlng, monitoring and economic studles component were due to the fact that the role of the forestry economlc advisor, assigned to assist the plannlng facility of the Forestry Department ln Dakar, had not been sufficiently defined during project preparation. 5.06 The expatriate advisor to the project director left the project after lese than two years. His pooltlon was canceled and replaced by two expatriate field pooitions, one allocated to the natural forest management component and another one assigned to the rural forestry component. The natural forest management component did not effectively start operating until 1984.  -5- 5.07 Unforeseen factors affecting implementation: Two unforeseen factors significantly influenced implementation of the production oriented project componentst (i) a repeated shortage of rainfall in the project region and, (Li) soil conditions which proved unfavorable for the cultivation of the fast growing but exotic Eucalyptus Camaldulensis in most of the area chosen for Lndustrial plantations. This severely affected the progress of the state- managed plantation. component which had been doeigned with the assumption that high wood yields could rapidly be achieved by planting this species. Two years into project implementation it became clear that low survival rates (around 40%), stunted growth of the surviving plants and excessively high planting costs 2/ made industrial plantations in this part of Senegal an uneconomic enterprise. 5.08 Protect Reorientation: After the 5th supervision mission (January 1985) the project was therefore reoriented away from unrealistic production objectives for fuelwood and building poles towards the reconstitution and protection of the natural vegetative cover in the reserve forests of the project area. Project implementation succeeded satisfactorily after this reorientation. 5.09 Both the Bank (and other cofinancers) and the project management must be commended on their flexibility and ability to reorient the project. Key questions are, however, why the risks of erratic rainfall were not more realistically taken into account during project appraisal and why the areas suitable for Eucalyptus Camaldulensis were so drastically overestimated. 3/ The choice of Eucalyptus was based on encouraging results obtained on small plots in the lowlands and on pilot plantations of the FAC/CCCE project. Trials during this project were also limited to smaller plots and not enough time was allowed to await and evaluate final results. 5.10 Financial Management and Accounts: During most of its duration the project was plagued by financial problems of three kindss (i) inadequate accounting and financial management, (ii) problems with counterpart resource mobilization and disbursement and, largely as a result of the latter, (iii) frequent mismanagement of the revolving fund. 5.11 Although an accounting system proper to the project had been designed by a consulting firm during project preparation, significant difficulties were experienced in implementing the system. This translated into enormous delays in recording of expenditures, inadequate financial management and the virtual absence of an analytical accounting which would have allowed to monitor and analyze the costs of different project components. The contract of the expatriate administrative and financial expert was not renewed in 1985 and after an unsuccessful attempt of replacing 2/ Direct costs for Eucalyptus plantations amounted to about CFAF 450,000/ha, while the SAR had foreseen a direct cost of only CFAF 168,000/hal High costs for Eucalyptus plantations were mainly due to capital intensive planting and maintenance techniques and difficulties with land preparation caused by unfavorable soils. 3/ See Footnote 1/ for possible explanations of why the area suitable for Eucalyptus plantations may have been overestimated.  him with a local expert his duties were assumed by the project's accountant and his assistants. 5.12 The project experienced repeated problems with the disbursement of counterpart funds. Disbursement regularly occurred with substantial delays, even though CCCE had exceptionally assumed their financing during the first two project years. 5.13 The shortage of government funding repeatedly led project management to abuse the revolving fund, which in turn led to a general cash shortage. Substantial delays were also experienced with tho submission of requests for reimbursement from IDA and CCCZ and subsequent replenishment of the revolving fund. This further aggravated the cash shortage problem and led to significant delays in payments of local staff and suppliers. Combined with delays in procurements, the postponements of payments rendered many local suppliers reluctant to submit further tenders. 5.14 Project Extension: Delays in credit effectiveness, unexpected financial and material contributions from the preceding FAC/CCCE project, the appreciation of the dollar and slower spending than anticipated made for much slower credit disbursements than estimated at appraisal. Slower spending was largely due to the fact that planned project facilities were never fully constructed and that less machinery needed to be purchased because production techniques after project reorientation were less capital intensive. As it was expected that some of the newer activities could be continued under a follow- up project and implementation was satisfactory after the reorientation, the project closing date was postponed three times. This allowed preparation of a follow-up natural resource management project within the framework of the ongoing project. Slow disbursement of the IDA credit and ensuing project extensions rendered a redefinition of IDA and CCCI pari passu rates necessary. 6. Project Results 6.01 Evaluation of the project's output is rendered difficult by its reorientation and the absence of newly-defined output objectives at the time of reorientation. In addition, limited quantitative information is available on actual achievements and their costs. 6.02 Evaluated against the original objectives, the project was clearly not successful, as it failed to increase availability of fuel and service wood to the extent projected. The project should, however, also be evaluated in light of its benefits which are not directly quantifiable. Such benefits include advances made in the development of techniques to reconstitute the natural forest cover in the Sudano-Sahelian zone, training of local forestry technicians, and the development of an innovative approach to engage the rural population in rural reafforestation and soil management. Finally, it must also be recognized that the forest which was reconstituted in the project area has had a positive impact on the ecological stability of farming systems surrounding it. 6.03 State-managed plantations: operation of this component occurred in three phases: (i) planting of full stands of Eucalyptus on freshly-cleared  - 7 - land during the first two project years, (Li) limited plantation of full stand Eucalyptus and trials with local species durlng the third and fourth project years and, following project reorientatlon, (iii) reconversLon of initially planted Eucalyptus plots with slower growing but more robust local p ciae and enrichment of degraded natural forests with bands (rather than full stands) of local species. 6.04 Because of insufficient rainfall and unfavorable soils almost all 1,200 ha of full-stand Eucalyptus planted during the first four project yei-S had to be replaced with local species. Where possible, dead Eucalyptus tress were cut to produce poles and av attempt was made to sell them on the local market. No stock was taken of the number of poles produced this way, but there were reports that they were selling slowly. a total of 1,300 ha (including 240 ha from the previous FAC/CCCZ project) were reconverted from Eucalyptus to full-stand plantations of local species between 1986 and 1989. About 2,154 ha ef depleted natural forests were enriched with bands of local species and, during the last project year, 300 ha of plantings on farm fields (bands at a distance of 50 m) took placo. 6.05 Increasing efforts were made to associate the rural population adjacent to these piantations with the work carried out. Farmers were contracted to cultivate the spaces between tree bands during the first, second and sometimes even third year after planting. This arrangement permitted to save on maintenance costs of newly planted trees 4/, taught farmers that it was possible to cultivate in the forest without destroying it, and allowed for higher crop yields than on ordinary fields. 6.06 Five tree nurseries were created under the plantations component. Three of them were active until project completion. They produced over three million plants of Eucalyptus and local species. 6.07 Rural ForestrX: Although rural Eucalyptus plantations were more successful than state-managed plantations (mainly due to richer and deeper soils in the lowlands) the project's reorientation also affected the approach taken to rural forestry. The objective of planting a maximum of hectares with high yielding species increasingly gave way to the objective of teaching the rural population how to produce and protect trees and appreciate their ecological and economic value. 6.08 This translated into a move away from handing out a maximum number of Eucalyptus seedlings to teaching individuals and groups how to grow a variety of seedlings in their own nurseries. No physical targets were set, because it was decided that farmers had to recognize and define their own needs. Production of seedlings in village nurseries started in 1986t by 1987 all seedlings used in the rural forestry program were produced in village nurseries, and by 1989 village nurseries were able to sell seedlings to the project for use under the natural forest enrichment and reconversion component. 4/ Allowing farmers to cultivate between the tree planting lines helped reduce plantation costs by almost 50% from CFAF 149,000/ha to CFAF 78,000/ha.  - 8 - 6.09 After project reorientation significant efforts were also made to diversify the activities under the rural forestry component. Besides production and plantation of tree seedlings, activities increasingly included interplanting of vegetables and trees, construction of firebreaks, plantation of tree strips on agricultural and fallow lands, erosion control and protecting the regeneration of the natural vegetative cover. First steps towards village land management were taken in two villages. One of the rural forestry component's principal merits thus clearly is the innovative participatory approach which it developed to introduce the rural population to effective methods of rural forestry and natural resource management. 6.10 While the project operated through its own extension workers in the Kaffrine region, attempts were initially made to work through local development organization. in the Department of Tambacounda. These organizations gave, however, priority to other activities and rural forestry results remained unsatisfactory. It was therefore decided to open a project branch in Tambacounda in 1987. 6.11 Little quantitative information exists on rural forestry activities and the benefits they yielded. A full-stand equivalent of about 2,290 ha were planted under this component (initial project objective was 3,000 ha, but ignored other activities), about 240 village nurseries were set up of which 40 could be considered autonomous at project completion and about 200 villages were reached by the project's activlties. Rural plantations proved more cost effective than industrial plantations: the costs of planting a hectare of full stands on farmland amounted to under CFAF 80,000 per hectare, while those of industrial plantations (local species) amounted to almost CFAF 150,000 per hectare. Farmers used most of the wood from Eucalyptus planted on their land to produce building poles for the local market. 6.12 Natural Forest Management: Performance under this component was disappointing. One of the reasons for this was the lack of a readily available framework for the management of forests under the ecological conditions prevalent in the project region. The project was not given formal authority to proceed with the management of the Koumpentoum forest until the vast majority of the area had been extensively exploited. After some preliminary work it was decided that field activities should be put on halt until a management plan had been established. Inventory work proceeded so slowly that the actual forest management plan was not completed until September 1989. During the elaboration of the forest management plan, complex technical studies (e.g. overly sophisticated forestry and pasture inventories) were given preference over the search for a multisectoral and participatory approach to natural forest management. 6.13 Training: Although the activities and scope of this component had not been clearly defined at the outset, it turned out very successful. The seminars and refresher courses for forestry personnel in and outside the project were of high quality and extremely practice oriented. They covered a wide range of topics, including traditional forestry techniques, economic, sociological and extension issues related to forestry policy and new approaches to involving the rural population in natural resource management. Almost 1,900 forestry technicians and extension workers benefitted from this component during the course of the project.  - 9 - 6.14 Applied Research: Although this unit produced some useful experiments and technical notes, it was lacklng a coherent operational framework and failed to join efforts with other research institutions in the area (notably ISRA and CNRF). During the first half of the project the unit mainly focussed on experiments with Eucalyptus and local species. After the reorientation it increasingly assisted the plantations component with the selection of appropriate local *pecies and planting sites and the establishment of project nurseries. The unit also carried out an inventory of the plots planted under the state-managed and rural forestry components. It failed, however, to produce a synthesis of this information and thus did not allow conclusions to be drawn on such important issues as relative importance of different species planted, average survival rates, expected wood yields or cost effectiveness of different operations. 6.15 Planning, Monitoring and Economic Studies: This unit suffered from an unclear definition of its activities and little support and interest from the government entity it was supposed to assist. In addition, its relationship to other project components was never clearly defined. The unit's major task consisted in monitoring and evaluating the activities of other components, especially with respect to their cost effectiveness and sustainability. This task was rendered impossible by the project's unsatisfactory accounting system and the absence of detailed analytical accounting. The unit's main achievement was a study on fuelwood prices which later served as a basis for a new decree on prices for wood cutting permits. The unit ceased to exist after the departure of the expatriate economist and the reorganization of the Ministry of Nature Protection. The remainder of the funds which had been allocated to it were used to finance the preparation of a follow-up natural resource management project. 6.16 Impact: The project resulted in the reconstitution of a full-stand equivalent of about 2,226 ha of natural forests (1,589 ha of full stands in local species and 2,154 ha of enriched forests) and rural plantations of a full-stand equivalent of about 2,290 ha. However impressive these figures might be, it is clear that they only had a small impact on the reconstitution of Senegal's forest cover. The full-stand equivalent of 2,226 ha reconstituted natural forests amounts to less than 2% of the total area of reserve forests in the project area (the actual area touched by the operations amounts to about 7% of the natural forest reserves in the area). 6.17 In the absence of information on actual wood yields of the project plantings, the following example with relatively optimistic wood yield estimates of 2m3/ha/year for local species and 5m3/ha/year for successful Eucalyptus plantations shows that the project's impact on wood production is minimal compared to growth in demand. Under the above assumptions project plantations would yield about 13,800 m3 5/ of wood per year compared to an expected annual increase of urban fuelwood consumption of about l00,000m3. The message is clear: large-scale industrial wood plantations are too costly 5/ The 4,043 ha planted under the plantations component amount to a full- stand equivalent of about 2,226 ha of local species. 71% of the 2,290 ha full-stand equivalent of rural pLantations are Eucalyptus and 27% are local species. Total wood yields would thus be about 2,226x2+0. 71x2,290x5+0.27x2,290x2-13,818.  - 10 - to address the rapidly increasing demand of household energy in Senegal. Other strategies, such as promoting alternative household energy sources and a wood price policy consistent with the economic value of wood must be used to address these issues. 6/ 6.18 On the other hand, the reconstitution of the natural vegetative cover and the rural plantations have had a poeltive ecological impact and prevented the forests ln the project region from being totally depleted. The enriched forest reserves have yielded direct )snef its to the rural population in the area in terms of higher crop ylelds on land cultivated between tree lines, increased availability of forest products and the acquired know-how in rural forestry. 6.19 The project has also had a positive impact on human resource development among local forestry technlcians and extension workers. It has contributed to a better understanding of the iesues involved in natural resource management and to the development of a more global and participatory approach to resource management in the rural areas of Senegal. 6.20 Economic Rate of Return: Calculation of an ERR comparable to the one at appraisal is rendered difficult by the aboence of project data on wood yields from any of the planted species and enormous differences in project cost data from different sources. Because of the poor quality of the accounting system, it was not possible to determine project costs by component, so that the calculation of rates of return by project component is not possible. Table 6b in part III shows that the ERR taking only into consideration increased wood production (and thus ignoring all other benefits due to lack of data) is about 1% under the most reasonable (but probably still optimistic) wood yield assumptions. 7/ The main reasons for the difference between the projected (12.8%) and the actual ERR are (i) all state-managed Eucalyptus tree plantations had to be replanted with lower- yielding local species; (li) higher-than-expected costs for the initially- planted Eucalyptus trees and; (iii) no directly measurable output from the natural forest management component. 6/ Although project specific data to calculate the minimum necessary price of charcoal which would allow full coverage of wood production costs do not exist, data from the Urban Household Energy Strategy Study give an indication: production costs of wood range from 11 to 21 CFAF per kg of standing wood, depending on whether this involves rural reforestation, development of natural forests or state-managed plantations. This would require a Dakar retail price of charcoal between 77 and 133 CFAF per kg of charcoal. Under the now decree regulating wood cutting permits, retail prices for charcoal are expected to amount to about CFAF 64 to CFAF 68 only. 7/ ERR calculations assume wood yields of 2m3/ha/year for local species and 5m3/ha/year for successful rural Eucalyptus plantations. The SAR had assumed wood yields of 6m3/ha/year for state-managed Eucalyptus plantations and 4m3/ha/year for rural Eucalyptus plantations.  - 11 - 7. Sustainability 7.01 Future productivity of the state-managed and rural tree plantings will to a large extent depend on the quality of maintenance and management to be provided by a local forestry service which remains understaffed and underequipped. In an environment where extensive agricultural techniques and wood cutting are common practice, higher yields on forest lands, availability of fodder for livestock and, of course, wood reserves are likely to reinforce depletion unless a global and integrated resource management strategy is developed. Although the forestry project ha. contributed to a better understanding of the issues involved in natural resource management, it is questionable whether the current resources of the Senegalese Forestry Service will allow to manage effectively the newly-established forest resources. 7.02 To what extent the rural population which participated in the rural forestry component will be able to keep it. activities up without further assistance is not known. The fact that 40 village nurseries were autonomous at project completion suggests that prospects for surtainability of the activities under this component are better than for the state-managed plantations. 8. Bank and Borrower Performance 8.01 The Bank (together with other cofinancers) bears responsibility for overly optimistic project objectives and a somewhat inappropriate assessment of project risks. The SAR mentioned the danger that the rural population might not be motivated to participate in rural plantations as the main risk. No mention was made of the risks of drought (or at least inadequate rainfall) and the rlike involved in replicating on a large scale reforestation techniques which had been successful on some pilot plantations. 8.02 Once it became clear that the conditions in the project area were not conducive to large-scale industrial plantations of fast-growing exotic species, the Bank and cofinancers were quick to respond and showed commendable flexibility with respect to the development of less conventional techniques and redefinition of project objectives. 8.03 Supervision missions generally followed up well on the production oriented activitiee but seem to have put less emphasis on issues like effective monitoring and evaluation or assessment of various techniques developed during the course of the project. Similarly, not enough emphasis and follow-up was given to the urgent need to develop a pricing policy for wood products consistent with the scarcity value of this resource. 8.04 The borrower provided very proficient and highly motivated staff for project management and for field work. The Government also showed great willingness to abandon unsuccessful project activities and reorient the project. However, problems with disbursement of counterpart funds emerged frequently and led to severe cashflow problems at the project level. In addition, slow proceseing of requests forwarded to the Ministry of Planning often made it difficult to effect timely procurements and obtain quick replenishment of the revolving fund. An unclear definition of responsibilities among different government bodies associated with the construction of project facilities prevented regular follow-up on these  - 12 - constructions and led to procurement delays, problem with governmental quality control and poor performance of some contractors. As a result, some planned buildings were never constructed and others (for example the training center) remalned half-finished at project completion.  - 1.3 - PART II PROJECT REVIE1W FROM BORROWER'S PERSPECTIVE IX. Relations with Donors 9.1 Relations with IDA Until September 1989, the Project Operations Unit had every reason to congratulate itself on its relations with IDA, even at the critical point which preceded rewriting of the objectives and working methods of the project. However, difficulties emerged the following month with regard to payment of the initial advance, with eight months elapsing before seasonal workers received their final wage payments. 9.2 Relations with CCCE Relations with CCCE were excellent at all times. For example, all credits made available to the Project Unit under the "guaranteed borrowing arrangements" were very closely monitored by CCCE, and this explains how the Unit, in late 1988 and again in late 1989, had the agreeable surprise of finding its Treasury deposit account replenished with a total of CFAF 80 million, the sum it had lost through a reallocation of the proceeds of the Credit. Without this financing, the Unit would have had a difficult time of it as the project came to a close. 9.3 Relations with FAC In order to be able to meet the obligations it assumed under its agreements with the Government of Senegal, FAC contracted with CTFT for consultancy services to be made available to the Project Unit. Relations with FAC were very satisfactory at all times and especially from 1985 onward, after the second team of technical assistants arrived. 9.4 Relations with UNDP/FAO These relations were very satisfactory throughout the project and made it possible to operate the Training Center under the best possible conditions. X. Impact of the Project 10.1 Expansion and protection of Senegal's forest resources The following areas were reforested in the course of the project: approximately 5,050 ha of government-run plantations and 2,540 ha of  - 14 - plantations run by individuals ,r communities in rural areas -- altogether a total of 7,590 ha. It is not yet known what yield can be expected from them. Assuming that the 2,540 ha of rural plantations will yield 7 m3/ha/year (the figure recorded for the best eucalyptus stands) and that the 5,050 ha of local species will yield 2 m3/ha/year, then the 7,590 ha can be expected to give approximately 28,000 m3 of wood annually. However, the most recent estimates indicate that annual consumption of fuelvwood and construction wood in Senegal will total 3.4 million m3, of which 1.6 million m3 will be wood fuel consumed in urban areas, the main culprits as far as inroads into the country's forest capital are concerned. The figures given in this paragraph and the following one are taken from the study S6negal: Energie domestique, 616ments de strat6gie, issued by the Ministry of Industrial and Artisanal Development in August 1987 (pp. 25, 35 and 71). Urban consumption of wood fuel is likely to increase at a rate of about 100,000 m3 per annum, totaling 2.7 million m3 in the year 1998. The country is usually regarded as possessing 14 million ha of forests, but the stands from which urban demand can be met total about 3 million ha (regions of Koalack, Tambacounda, Kolda, Ziguinchor and Saint Louis). These 3 million ha produce an estimated natural surplus of 2 million m3 a year (0.94 m3/ha/annum, a 70% offtake rate). Fuelwood consunption in urban areas in the coming years is therefore going to exceed the natural surplus produced by exploitable forest reserves to a greater and greater degree. In 1992, demand is expected to total 2.2 million m3, exceeding the natural surplus by 200,000 m3 -- and so resulting in the destruction of an equivalent proportion of forest capital. The 28,000 m3 of wood produced annually on the project plantations would reduce this deficit by 14%, a figure that is a long way from being negligible. The four systems of forest management tested in the course of the project show that there are other ways of reconstituting forest resources in the Sudano-Sahelian type of zone than by resorting to state-managed plantations of eucalyptus. Reforestation in agricultural zones and enrichment of natural forests with local species are other alternatives. Although it remains to be seen just how productive they are, they certainly cost less.  - 15 - Furthermore, whatever their value in terms of wood yield, these plantings have led to the appearance of new forest, similar in composition to the original forest, over an area of more than 5,000 ha. However, this reconstituted capital is clearly threatened by the same types of degradation as caused the loss of the original forest, and it should therefore be protected in the course of the new PICOGERNA project. The signs of this degradation are numerous: massive clearing and the presence of charcoal burners in the immediate vicinity of the new plantings, damage to local species in areas where there is excessive presence of livestock, and persistent brush fires all around. Millet and groundnut yields obtained without fertilizer from forest soils also give an idea of the attraction these forests are likely to have for farmers in search of fertile land but without the financial resources to buy fertilizers. Although it clearly gives cause for concern, this situation in any event demonstrates that the value of a forest and the returns to be obtained from it cannot be measured merely by the volume of wood it produces. Given the still very extensive types of cropgrowing and stockraising systems used in this region of Senegal, the forest is first and foremost a collection of resources in reserve -- soil, wood and fodder (to mention only the most important) -- and it is very difficult for the moment not to manage it as such. 10.2 Forest Rolicy and strengthening of institutions The means of direct action on Senegal's forest policy available to the Project Unit were comparatively limited, although they were instrumental in implementation of the desired reforms. In the field itself, the project also helped show that it was not unrealistic to hone that the rural population could manage its forest resources more economically. Backed by the project, farmers who engaged in intercropping operations in the newly planted forest areas were able to prove that crops could be grown in a forest without destroying it. More importantly, the extension programs included in the project's rural forestry component, which focused on tree cultivation and the various techniques of natural resource management, provided individuals in rural areas with skills they may not have needed previously but which ecological degradation has made necessary from now on. The Project Unit chose to explain and to instruct, taking the chance that there were individuals in the rural world concerned at the degradation of natural resources or motivated by the possibilities afforded by the new knowledge being disseminated.  - 16 There is every sign that such concern does indeed exisc. Although it has not given rise to any comprehensive vision of natural resource management on a national scale, it is manifesting itself in the voicing of very specific needs arising out of concrete problems. The continuous presence of project extension agents in the field, their awareness of development problems, and the confidence created by successful experiments both on plantations and in nurseries encourage awareness of needs and lead to the acquisition of new skills. All the same, there is room for improvement: simplification of nursery materials and techniques; takeover by nurseries of the business of supplying seed and equipment; and adaptation not only of planting techniques (indirect seeding early in the season appears to be the most practical solution for small farmers) but also of the choice of species (not all of them are satisfactory as hedges). Further room for improvement will doubtless be discovered and instruction will hqve to be provided for farmers in such areas as tree management (size of hedges, size of forage trees), fire prevention, keeping down of grass, and erosion control. This gradual type of approach, which respects the freedom of initiative of rural communities and individuals, appears to be the natural path toward more appropriate management of natural resources (although in the early stages it is inevitably selective, since some communities and individuals remain untempted by such change). It can also be regarded as paving the way for regional development plans, founded on what is doubtless a more realistic way of proceeding than using studies and surveys as a basis for intervening suddenly and massively to create a new setting which the rural target groups would hardly have time to comprehend. The instruction-based approach is also preferable to that of other projects, which, to counter the lack of interest in reforestation among the rural population, multiply the benefits they offer (distributior. of plants, reimbursement of planting costs, food-for-work programs, and equipment) in order to encourage local people to plant trees. These two approaches, whose one goal is the reforestation of more and more land, trade on the distressed economic situation of the target groups, which they remedy temporarily. However, they have no lasting educational impact, since the rural population does not really plant for itself, nor does it abandon those very habits which lead to the squandering of natural resources. The damaging of ecological resources and the economic difficulties faced by the rural world clearly go hand in hand. Project staff were constantly reminded of this, either when new forests suffered at the hands of impatient users or when communities preferred to have help with the problems they saw as most urgent (e.g. water supply, soil fertilization, development of off-season crops).  - 17 - Marketing conditions and prices, the terms of trade, the vagaries of the climate, and soil deterioration have come together in recent years -- more in some areas than in others -- to impoverish farmers and undermine their chances of achieving higher standards of living. Although reforestation was its chief goal, the project also helped bolster local economies to some degree: planting programs created numerous job opportunities, both seasonal and permanent; food-for-work programs were set up; and growers were given subsidies on plants and nursery materials (under the rural forestry component). Reconstituted forest areas, approximately 5,000 ha, are a potential new source of land, pasture and trees which neighboring communities should shortly be able to profit from under better management conditions, especially as a result of the Koumpentoum forestry development plan. On plantations established since 1986, growers have already had an opportunity to put in crops among the trees, achieving significantly higher yields than on regular farmland. Finally, the nurseries established (approximately 250 each year since 1986) and the 1.6 million trees planted by project beneficiaries have brought some of them gross gains of up to CFAF 100,000 a year from the sale of eucalyptus plants or poles. Eventually, these new activities and new plantings will prove to be sources of higher incomes (orchards, fuelwood, enclosure of bottomlands, soil fertilization, animal feed, etc.). In this way, the project has helped in the quest for immediate solutions at economic strangulation points. In Kaffrine Department, since SODEVA has now disappeared, the rural population can count only on NGOs (16 subproject loan applications were presenced in 1988, channeled through the Centres d'expansion rurale) and on various grant programs. In the Tambacounda Department, SODEFITEX has expanded its operations to include all crops and stockraising, and is also supporting producer associations and their public-interest projects. The possibility that rural communities may eventually be made accountable for the management of forest areas makes it all the more necessary that the rural economy should be set on a firm footing. In both direct and indirect ways, the project has also provided an opportunity to reinforce the abilities of those institutions in Senegal which are responsible for its forests. The importance of the Training Center at Kaolack, the only institution in Senegal specifically concerned with refresher training for forestry agents, is recognized by everyone. Its existence is fully justified  - 18 - not only by the isolation in which foresters work but also by the level of their initial training. The project components focused on government-run and rural forestry gave the Forestry Department the opportunity to acquire new skills. As well as being an important gain, the approach developed to rural forestry is also an asset that can be built on further in the course of other operations. The plantations which were reconstituted and enriched with local species of trees are also very important in the sense that chey provide Senegal with initial experience in the cultivation and management of these species. The plantation areas affected by the project constitute a capital fund of knowledge, of which every possible advantage should be taken. On this score, it may be noted that the very extensive involvement of se Applied Research Division in monitoring activities in government-run forest areas and in the execution of project works, while possibly not indispensable, undoubtedly reduced the time devoted to the business of evaluations -- for instance, of village plantation cost prices, success with local tree species, and the future value of forest stands. Forest development is obviously a long-term business, but this project has provided lessons on which tue eventual success of the venture will depend. Finally, the Koumpentoum fo:est program has thrown new light on one field of knowledge, namely the manarement of natural forests, which must obviously be a fundamental part of any . forest management policy suited to the conditions existing in Senegal. XI. CONCLUSIONS Given the scale of its government-run reforestation component, this project was highly labor-intensive. At its peak periods, 600 workers a month were needed for an entire quarter. The payroll for seasonal and contractual workers alone amounted to CFAF 1.206 billion, over 90% of it spent in Kaffrine Department. The completion of the project will therefore have a severe impact at all levels of the population in this Department. Thanks to the project, a high proportion of rural inhabitants, and particularly women's groups, have become sensitized to the need for reforestation.  - 19 - Community or individual niurseries, and community or family plantations, have been established almost everywhere, and the income they produce has begun to improve living standards for certain communities. Throughout 1990, despite the completion of the project, the AVAFs who were kept in their jobs (with a view to the requirements of the PICOGERNA program) oversaw the establishment of 147 nurseries (107 in Kaffrine and 40 in Tambacounda) expected to produce over 200,000 plants, consisting of all species (and more than 7,000 fruit trees). This is proof of the sustainability of sensitizatior. and extension programs. Because of its systematic protection of all man-made forest stands and their associated natural stands against bush fires and excessive encroachments by outsiders, the project has contributed largely to the repopulation of the forests by game birds. Even large carnivores have been seen. Forage and thatching materials for roofs are available to communities occupying an area extending as far away as Birkelane, and livestock can be watered at the Malem Hodar and Kaffrine tubewells. These improvements can be ascribed to the impact of the project on just three forest areas, namely Kaffrine, Sagna and Malem Hodar. Priority has to be given to preserving project gains through the PICOGERNA program, in particular by monitoring the last plantations established, in 1988 and 1989, and protecting them against fires. In conclusion, it should be noted that failure of the eucalyptus plantations led the Project Unit to experiment with new stands consisting of local species, better adapted -- as far as both their cost and their characteristics are concerned -- to the conditions prevailing in eastern Senegal. To these stands, which helped reconstitute some of the natural forest cover, can be added the new tree plantations established by rural communities and individuals at reasonable cost and with good yield potential. The rural forestry experiment conducted through the project has demonstrated that it is possible to teach the rural population how to manage natural resources more economically. However, at the same time, it highlighted the need for a development program that will consolidate the overall rural economy, otherwise production activities will continue to involve exploitation of natural resources on an unsustainable scale. The integrated approach adopted through the PICOGERNA program meets this need.  - 21 - PART UII STATISTICAI INFORMATION 1. Related Bank Loans/Credits Loans/Credit Title Purpos Year of Approval Drought Relief Project Bushfire control sub- 1973 Cr. 446-SE project to conserve dry season pasture and retain tree cover. Sine Saloum Agricultural Promote intensification of 1975 Development Project agricultural practices. Also Cr. 549-SE/ provided financing of rural Ln. 111-SE tree plantations. Eastern Senegal Livestock Promotion of pastoral groups and 1976 Project assistance for improved grazing Cr. 633-SE and water management techniques and development of firebreaks. Small Rural Operations Provision of funds to 1980 Project small groups of rural Cr. 991-SE producers for a variety of productive activities, including establishment of woodlots. Second Agricultural Development of various applied 1990 Research Project research programs, including Cr. 2107-SE a research program for natural resource management.  - 22 - 2. Project Timetable Item Date Date Date Planned Revised Actual Identification 1979 Preparation 1979-1980 1979-1980 Appraisal Mission 1/1980 4/1980 4/14-5/4/1980 Credit NegotLatlon 1/1981 11/1980 11/21/1980 Board Approval 3/1981 2/1981 2/10/1981 Credit Signature 3/1981 3/11/1981 Credit Effectiveness 7/11 3/1982 7/1/1982 5/1982 Completion 6/86 12/31/1989 Credit Closing 12/1986 12/1987 12/31/1989 12/1988 Comments: Identification: The Government of Senegal first approached IDA with a request to assist it with reafforestation efforts in 1972. A project identified by FAO in 1977 was not deemed adequate for Bank financing because it focussed too much on exploitation rather than afforestation and forest management. In 1978 the Government of Senegal asked IDA to help finance a project for reafforestation and natural forest management. A joint IDA/CCCE reconnaissance mission visited Senegal in February 1979 and recommended that preparation work be started on a project for possible external financing. Preparation: A Project Preparation Facility of US$50,000 was approved in September 1980. It provided financing for soil surveys and the establishment of an accounting system. Effectiveness: Credit effectiveness had to be rescheduled three times because effectiveness conditions were not fulfilled in time. Particular problems arose with the effective establilhment of an accounting system and the initial deposit of counterpart funds. Completion: The project's reorientation, the appreciation of the USS and the fact that supplementary financLal sources became available from the preceding FAC/CCCE pilot project made for a much slower disbursement of the IDA credit than foreseen. Because project implementation was satisfactory after the reorientation and because it was deemed that a follow-up natural resource management project could be effectively prepared within the framework of the ongoing project, credit completion was postponed three times.  - 23 - 3. IDA Credit DLiburs-mnts Cumulative EstLmated and Actual Dlaburements Bank FY and Estimated Revla d Zat. Actual Actual as % Quarter Cumulative Cumulatlve CumulatLve of Natimated from BAR March, 1983 (US$ million) FY81 1 0.05 (a) 0.05 (a) 0.05 (a) 100% 2 0.05 (a) 0.05 (a) 0.05 (a) 100% FY82 1 1.20 0.05 (a) 0.05 (a) 4% 2 2.25 0.05 (a) 0.05 (a) 2% FY83 1 3.37 0.27 0.30 9% 2 4.82 0.50 0.37 8% FY84 1 5.07 1.50 0.60 12% 2 5.97 2.00 0.85 14% FY85 1 6.92 3.00 1.14 16% 2 7.87 4.00 1.29 16% FY86 1 8.82 5.50 1.57 18% 2 9.30 6.00 2.02 22% FY87 1 7.00 2.38 26% 2 7.50 3.01 32% FY88 1 8.00 3.48 37% 2 8.50 4.37 47% FY89 1 9.00 5.13 55% 2 9.30 6.06 65% FY90 1 6.73 72% 2 7.99 86% Date of Last Dlsbursements May 11, 1990 (b) Notest (a) Project Preparation Faclilty (b) An undlibursed balance of SDR 806,437 (US$ 1.05 mllion) was cancelled ln May 1990.  - 24 - 4. Project Implementation Indicator AppraLeal Actual Estimate State Managed Tree Plantatlonst (a) (e) Land prepared and planted (Zucalyptum)(ha) 2000 1200 ReconversLon (ha) (b) 1300 Pure stands of local specLes (ha) (b) 289 Enrichment (ha) (c) (b) 2154 Llne plantatLons (ha) (d) (b) 300 Pure stand equLvalent of local species 2226 Pilot State-Managed 600 360 Tree Plantations (f) maintenance Rural Family and Communlty Tree Plantations (g) (h) ha of full stand plantation equLv. 3000 2290 of which eucalyptus 3000 1638 Natural Forest Management Prelimlnary Works (ha) 10,000 (i) Firebreaks and Tree Marklng 10,000 (i) Forestry works 16,000 (i) Notes: (a) After three plantlng seasons lt became clear that persiatent drought and unfavorable soLls wouldn't allow to achleve the estimated results with industrial Eucalyptus tree plantatlons. Consequently, the project was reorlented from fuelwood and bullding pole production to the reconstLtution and protection of the natural vegetatlve cover ln the gazetted forests of the project area.  - 25 - (b) Due to thls reorlentatlon roplantlng of unsuccessful Eucalyptue stands wlth local species and enricbment of natural forests with local specles became important activities which had not been foreseen at the time of project appraLsal. Consequontly no appraLsal estLmates exlst for these actlvltles. (c) gnrichment consists of plantlng strips of local specLes at a dlitance of l4x4 metors (as opposed to plantlng ln full stands wlth a dlitance of 4x4 metors). (d) Line plantations are plantatlons on farmed fields with a dLstance of 50x4 meters. (e) No revised estimates for plantlng and reconverslon were made at the time of the project reorlentation, as it was decided to proceed on an experimental basls. (f) The project was expected to maintain the 600 ha of Eucalyptus tree plantations grown durlng the FAC/CCCE pllot project. However, 240ha of these plantatLons also had to be replanted wlth local species. (g) At the time of appraLial lt was estLmated that each cm of thne two components would result ln 1,500 ha of plantlng. Actual project results do not allow to dlfferentiate between community and family tree plantations, as the data for the Tambaco mnda regLon was not kept separately for the two components. Data from the RaffrLne region lndlcate that approximately half of a 1 1 plantings were executed by famliles between 1985 and 1987. (h) At least 1,684,000 seedlings were distributed over the duratlon of the project. Accounting for losses and following the BAR assumption of 625 plants/ha, one arrives at an estLmate of 2,290 ha of full-stand equivalent. In reallty, however, a signlficant share of rural planting was realLzed as strip, infarm and other plantings. Also note that about 2% of trees planted under the rural forestry component were frult trees, not necessarily planted for wood production. (i) This component didn't effectively start working until 1985. Durlng thli year 234 km of fLre-breaks were reestablished and 187ha of natural forests were enriched. After these LnitLal activities it was, however, declded that further plantlngs should not be undertaken untll a management plan for the Koumpentoum forest was elaborated. The plan was barely fLnished at the time of project completion, so that no further plantings took place under this component.  - 26 - 5. Project Costs and Financing ___________________________ A. Project Costs Appraisal Actual (b) A/E Estimate (a) US$ million Civil Works 1.62 0.64 402 Machinery and Vehicles 1.62 1.05 65X Field Forestry Works 4.86 7.28 150? Expatriates and Consultants 4.28 2.99 70Z Other Operating Costs 4.72 4.15 882 Total Project Costs 17.10 16.12 94Z Notest (a) Contingencies included in each expenditure category (b) Best estimates based on project balance sheet upon closure. Project accounts and audits do not allow to separate costs into domestIs and foreign currency components. B. Project Financing Appraisal z Actual X Estimate (a) US$ million Government 1.80 10.5? 1.71 10.6? IDA Credit 9.30 54.4Z 7.99 49.6? CCCE Credit 3.40 19.9? 2.17 13.4? FAC 1.80 10.5? 2.05 12.7? UNDP/FAO 0.80 4.7Z 1.39 8.6Z Carried over from 0.00 0.0? 0.37 2.3? previous projects (b) 0.00 0.0? 0.43 2.7? PAM program (c) Total Financing 17.10 100.0 16.12 100.0? Notes: (a) Actual financing based on 1989 audit report. The average exchanges rate of the project duration (FCFA 329/$) was applied. (b) Machinery, Equipment, Furniture and inputs from FAC/CCCE pilot project. (c) Value of food from world food programs distribured to participants of rural forestry program.  - 27 - 6. Proiect Results a. Direct Benefits Indicator Appraisal Xstimated at ZFtimated at Zstimates ClouLng Date Full Development Rural Forestry area 3,000 ha 2,290 ha 2,290 ha planted (ha of full stand equivalent) (a) Industrial Plantations 2,000 ha 2,226 ha 2,226 ha ha of full stand equi- valent planted (b) Natural Forest Manage- 10,000 ha 0 ha 0 ha ment (ha managed) (c) Wood Production: - Rural Forestry (d) 192,000 m3 27,330 m3 147,165 m3 - Plantations (e) 192,000 m3 28,447 m3 96,306 m3 - Natural Forests 285,000 m3 0 m3 0 m3 Total 669,000 m3 55,777 m3 243,471 m3 Village NureerLes established NA 240 240 of which autonomous NA 40 NA Training Seminars NA 112 112 No. of particlpants in seminars NA 1867 1867 Notes: (a) The appraisal estimate foresaw mainly plantlngs of Eucalyptus trees. The actual plantings in the rural forestry component consist of 71% eucalyptus, 27% local species and 2% fruit trees. (b) The appraiLal estimate foresaw plantings of Sucalyptus tress. The aecual plantlngs conslst of local species. The 1200 ha of Sucalyptus trees whlch were planted and subsequently were replanted wlth local specLes are not lncluded in the above flgure.  - 28 - (a) The natural forest management component never got beyond the establishment of an inventory and a management plan for the Koumpentoum forest. No incremental wood production can thus be expected from the work carried out under this component during the project period. (d) No figures of actual wood production are available. The above estimates assume a wood yield of 5m3/ha/year for Uucalyptus and 2m3/ha/year for local species. Fruit trees are assumed to have been planted for fruit production, not for wood production. (s) Wood yields for local species are assumed to be 2m3/ha/year. Wood yields from the early harvested Eucalyptus tr-ee are assumed to be 2m3/ha/year over 3 years.  - 29 - b. Economic Rate of Return of Productlon Oriented Compononts (State-Managed Plantations, Rural Forestry and Natural Forest Meonagomnt) Wood Yield Assumptions (1) ECONOMIC RATE OF RETURN IF State-monaged Local Specloo Euealyptus s Eucalyptus Cutting Eucalyptus Cutting Euclyptuo state-oanaged Rural In Yoers 5 10,15 In Years 6 11,16 Plantations (2) nnd rural Plantatlons Locel Specleo In Local Sp eoe In plantations (3) (3) t yoer 20 (4) year 20 d8/ha/yr m8/ha/yr m3/ha/yr 2 2 5 0.7# 1.0X 2 2 a s 1.7X 2.0# 2 8 6 2.1X 2.8x 2 8 6 2.9X .2X 8 2 6 0.8X 1.1# 3 2 6 1.8X 2.21 a 8 5 2.2X 2.4# s 8 6 : 8.1X 3.S# Notes: (1) No project date on actually achlevd or expected wood yllds Is available therofore the ERR'is calculated under various assumptions. Likely scenarios appear to bo wood yields of 2,2,658/he or 2,2,e 8/ha for each of the above categorlo. The most likely ERR Is thus about 1X. (2) It Is assumed that Eucalyptue treo planted In state managd plantations at the beginning of the project yielded 2a8/ha/yoar for three years before they hod to be replaced. (3) Wood yields per ha of full-stand equivalent (625 plants/ha). (4) Scattered observations In the project ares see to indicat, that thie Is the more likely cutting schedule. The other schedule (6,11,16) was assoumd In the SAR. (5) Project costs of tho forestry components were derived fro audit reports. They are likely to be understimated becauso audit reports only account for amortization of vehicleo machinery, equlpment and infrastructure, not actual expenditure. CGenrally, the some forofgn exchange compononts as In the SAR were assumed. The foreign exchange premium ued is 401. (6) The data avallablo do not allow to calculate ERRo for individual components. The overall ERR io obviously quite heavily Influenced by expenditure on the natural forest *onagement component which did not yield any directly measurable output during project lmpleentation. (7) Due to lock of data the above calculations Ignore benofits other than wood yields. The above calculotions also assume that fruit tres were planted for the fruit and not for wood production. Their wood ylolds are thus not taken Into consideration. Fruit troe plantations amount only to 1.90 of rural plantations. Foregone production on land on which farmers planted their tree In Ignored, but It can be arguod that benefits from incroosed yields from production between newly planted tree line my just about net out forgone production on other land. (8) It Is assumed that 80X of wood yields from Eucalyptus are used for building poles and 20X for firewood. In the case of local species it Is assumed that 90X of wood yields are ue d for firewood and 10X for building poles. (9) Due to lack of project data the economic price of wood io adjusted from the SAR. It io calculated In 1989 prices with a for*'gn exchange premium of 40X whero rolevont. All othor assumptions pertaining to the economic price of wood are unchanged from tho SAR. The adjusted economic price of building poles Is about CFAF 20,600 per mg and CFAF 14,200 per m3 of fu-lwood. ,-W  7. Status of Covenants Section No. of Credit Covenant Status Agreement Sect. 3.01 The borrower should carry out the Project through Complied with the Forestry Department. Sect. 3.02 (a) Director of Forestry Department assisted by an Complied with until 1985 when expatriate economist. economist left and was not replaced. (b) Project Operations unit at KAFRINE Complied with (c) Project provided with: - Operations Manager Complied with - Forestry Technical Adviser Complied with until 1983, when position was abandoned with agreeient of donors. - Finance Expert Complied with until June 1985. - Natural Forest Management Specialist Complied with. - Workshop Manager Complied with. - Forestry Researcher Complied with. (d) - Counterpart to the Economist Complied with - Counterpart to the Expert in Charge of Finance Complied with. and Administration. - Counterpart to the Forestry Researcher Complied with. - Counterpart to the Forestry Training Specialist Complied with. (e) Borrower makes annual budgetary allocations to Partially complied with, often significant cover operating costs delays in disbursement of counterpart funds, leading to cash flow problems in project unit. Sect. 3.03 (a) Project account within the Borrover's Treasury. Complied with (b) Initial deposit Complied with, after CCCI financing. Sect. 3.04 Consultants Complied with. Sect. 3.05 (a) Insurance Complied with (b) Goods and services to be used exclusively for the Complied with. Project.  7. bPratus of Covenants (Cont'd.) Section No. of Credit Covenant Status Agreement Sect. 3.06 Borrower provides IDA with; (a) Plans, specifications, reports, contract documents Mostly complied with. work and procurement schedules (b) Program of the works and documents in connection Complied with with studies (c) Records, visits and information Partially complied with. Frequent delays and incompleteness in record keeping. (d) Half-yearly progress report Complied with. (e) Completion Report Not complied with. (f) Publicity on awarded contracts Complied with Sect. 3.07 Acquisition of land necessary to carry out Project. Complied with Sect. 3.08 Seedlings provided to farmers at cost Only complied with towards end of Pro;ect. Sect. 3.09 Provision of machinery and equipment to rural Partially complied with. comaunities upon partial repayment from proceeds of wood sales. Sect. 4.01 H (a) Separate accounts for POU Partially complied with, often significant delays and inexactitude. Establishment of accounts often left to auditors, absence of analytical accounting. (b) Retention of all records Complied with. Sect. 4.02 Auditing Complied with Sect. 4.03 Maintenance of roads, facilities, equipment and Complied with. vehicles. Sect. 4.04 (i) Review of the stumpage pricing policy not Study on price/tax policy completed, not later than December 1982. though with delays. (ii) Raise of the current prices of wood cutting Price raised in 1987, but significantly permits by the end of the project to less than stipulated. approximately 302 of sale price.  - 32 - 8. Use of Bank Resources: ______________________ A. Staff Inputs FY80 FY81 FY82 FY83 FY84 FY85 FY86 FY87 FY88 FY89 FY90 FY91 Total Preparation 4.1 4.1 Appraisal 32.1 14.6 46.7 Negotiation 0.7 0.7 Supervision 1.5 11.0 7.3 7.3 7.8 5.3 9.5 8.2 6.7 2.5 0.1 67.2 Other 0.9 7.9 0.4 0.1 0.8 0.7 10.8 Total 37.1 24.7 11.4 7.4 7.3 7.8 6.1 10.2 8.2 6.7 2.5 0.1 129.5 Note: No MIS .nformation is available for FY79 during which the identification mission and other preparation work took place.  D. MISSIONS Perforeance Rating mbnthl No. of Days in Specialization Pyp. of Year Persons Field LeDresented (a) Status (b) Trend tc) Problems (d) Identification 02179 1 8 PS Preparation 1 09175 1 3 PS Preparation 2 11/79 1 7 FS Preparation 3 04180 1 1 VS Appraisal 04180 4 20 PS, VS. FT. E Post Appraisal 1 02/81 1 2 PS Supervision 1 el 07181 1 3 VS - Supervision 2 10/81 1 3 VA - Supervision 3 e/ 06/82 2 3 VS. PA - Supervision 4 11/82 1 4 E - Supervision S el 03/83 1 7 FS 2 2 MV Supervision 6 el 11183 2 9 FS, VA 2 2 HFT Supervision 7 11/84 1 1 VS - Supervision 8 e/ 01/85 2 11 PS, FA 2 2 MFT Supervision 9 el 12/85 1 7 VS 2 MV Supervision 10 e/ 01/87 2 6 FS, VA 2 FT Supervision 11 04/87 2 4 VS 2 Supervision 12 el 12/87 1 7 VS 2 MY Supervision 13 f/ 05/88 2 7 VS, LS 2 MV Supervision 14 el 12/88 1 7 VS _ Supervision 15 e/ 01/90 1 6 VS 2 MF (a) FS - Forestry Specialist VT - Forestry Training Specialist E - Economist VA - Financial Analyst LS - Livestock Specialist (b) Statuss 1 - Problem Free or Minor Problems 2 - Moderate Problem 3 - Major Problems  (c) Trend: 1 - Improving 2 - Stationary 3 - Deteriorating (d) Types of Problems: F - Financial H a Managerial T - Technical P - Political 0 - Other. (e) Full Supervision Mission; carried out jointly with CCCE. Above figures only include IDA staff time. (f) Combined mission for identification of follow-up project and supervision of ongoing project. c:\wpSO\doc\mhsenpcr.tab  Caleulation of WVod Ytolds for Industrial Plantations Total wood production (full grown): Eucalyptus yields: 2 aS/ha/year for 3 years Eucalyptus: 7,248 Local species yiolds: 2 m3/ha/yoar for 26 years Local specioe: 89,058 Total: 96,366 Year 1982 1983 1984 1986 1986 1987 1988 1989 Total Eucalyptus (ha) 266 442 458 116 1,208 wood yield yr1 400 884 9g0 232 2,416 yr2 400 884 906 232 2,416 yr3 406 84 906 232 2,418 7,248 Reconverted 28J 820 460 2d6 1,806 (diet. 4x4) Local species so 166 10 11 32 289 pure tands (dist.404) Enriched 196 618 56m 56 340 2,154 (diet. 414) Form Plantfag 306 3' (diet NWx4) Full stand equivalent a * Go 242 408 473 024 371 2,226 of local species Wood yield local 0 * 106 44 932 947 1,249 742 4,45U species yrl 0 a 200 967 1,864 1,894 2,498 7,423 yr2 * 0 206 967 1,864 1,894 4,926 yr8 0 0 206 907 1,864 3,031 yr4 0 6 20 967 1,167 yr5 0 6 206 206 yre 6 0 Total wood loel op. 21,199 Total wood yield 28,447 ----------- -----------------------------~~1  Calculation of Wood Yields for Rural Plantations Total wood yields (full grown) Eucalyptus wood yiold: 6 .3/ha/year for 15 years Eucalyptus: 122,828 Local wood yiold 2 .3/ha/yoar for 20 years Local Species 24,337 Total 147,165 Year 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 Total no. of sedlings 61,600 320,0W 287,006 190,000 285,000 261,000 310,000 1,664,000 ha equlvalent 83 436 390 268 860 341 422 2,290 (625 plants/ha., 85X of sedlings planted) (1) X of Eucalyptus 106s 95X 8SX 76X esx s0X 6eX 71.5X ha equivalent 83 413 332 194 234 171 211 1,688 incr_mental wood production 415 2,087 1,869 969 1,171 853 7,136 (ass. 5.3/ha/year) X of local species es 5X 13X 23X 33X 47X 471 27X ha equivalent 0 22 61 S8 117 161 199 608 incremental wood production 0 44 101 117 236 323 820 (ass 23/ha/yer) X of fruit t 0.0 OX 2.061 2.4X 2.41 2.7X 2.9X 1.9X he equivalent 0 0 a 6 9 9 12 44 Total wood production 0 415 2,526 4,28S 6,872 6,778 7,964 27,330 Notes: (1) Ihile it is known how many plants were actually planted in the Krffrine region, It Is only known how many were distributed in Tabacounds, to account for losse only 65X of seedlings *r, considered. 1xl  37 ANNEX 3 PARCE PROJECT RURAL FORESTRY COMPONENT VILLAGE NURSERIES 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 Kaffrine: No. of Nurseries 8 90 157 186 204 No. of Plants Produced 8228 155059 244651 229000 270500 X of Eucalyptus 85 76 69 50 50 Tambacoundas No. of Nurseries 0 NA 33 50 NA No. of Plants Produced 0 17499 49487 62300 NA I of Eucalyptus 0 71 48 54 NA Total: No. of Nurseries 8 NA 190 236 NA No. of Plants Produced 8228 172558 294138 291300 NA v of Eucalyptus 85 75 65 51 NA Note: The rural forestry program started in 1983 but production of plants in village nurseries ald not start until 1985.  RURAL FORESTRY COMPONENT Plantings by Tro. Type and Planting Arrangemnt in the Kaffrino Rogion Year EUCALYPTUS LOCAL SPECIES FRUIT TREES TOTAL Co_munity Fnmily Coemunity Family Coemunity Family Comunity Family 1983 18,600 34,600a 0 I 0 0 28,6" 34,60 1964 NA NA NA NA NA NA 168,760 88,126 1981 185,882 93,419 22,576 2e,262 0 0 k2S,178 113,7W1 196 70,484 46,348 21,448 14,528 544 1,307 92,476 61,183 1987 94,69W 64,900 34,400 22,700 G6M 2,300 129,960 89,886 1968 68,411 63,866 44,449 34,679 2,723 2,998 156,683 91,633 1960 71,742 06,813 62,817 68,096 8,630 2,603 127,689 128,412 w w l  ATTACHMENT 1 - 390 Page 1 of 2 COMMENTS FROM CCCE World Bank Paris, March 15, 1991 Washington, D.C. Attention: Mr. Graham Donaldson Division Chief, Agriculture, Infrastructure and Human Resources, Operations Evaluation Department Refs.: Your letters of February 25 and March 14, 1991 Re: Project Completion Report, Forestry Project (Credit 1103-SE) Dear Sir: I read your draft Project Completion Report on the PARCE (Project for Forest Management and Reforestation in Senegal's Centre-Est) with interest. CCCE evaluated this project at the end of 1988, and the resulting April 1989 report will have been forwarded to you. In the main, we concur with your conclusions. It could have been indicated under "Background" that the PARCE was preceded by two generations of forestry projects. Like these, it focused on reforestation using exotic species and applying the results of tropical forestry research which, in Senegal as in other Sahelian countries, revealed their shortcomings in the following two areas:' the behavior of eucalyptus when grown in the soils of the region, and planting cost control. Like subsequent projects, PARCE also provided for forest management activities and rural forestry. The former were unsuccessful because of a lack of experience with the preparation of simplified management plans, and the latter served to confirm how important extension activities were to tree-growing in farming areas. 1/ These errors have been partly offset by timely experiments with Sahelian forest species for restocking plantations.  - 40 - ATTACHMENT 1 Page 2 of 2 The project also foreshadowed future projects, which nowadays emphasize multipurpose forest management (i.e., agrosylvopastoralism) and the involvement of local communities. This is currently viewed as the most promising approach for the long-term management of the remaining forest stands in Africa. Nevertheless, it requires changes in forestry policy with regard to legislation (with local authorities assuming real responsibility for the forest resources on their lands) and the various subsectors (i.e., wood processing, the self-financing of management areas, and the termination of extraction outside the management areas), following the pattern applied. in Niger, for example. Currently, this approach is ruled out in the case of Senegal (possibly because of the charcoal producers' lobby, which is not referred to in the report by the Directorate of Water Resources and Forests). Finally, the example of the PARCE shows that henceforth land use planning (am6nagement du territoire) must be regarded as an essential basis for the management of forests as ecological reserves (safeguarding watersheds, water resources, farmland, timber, etc.), in view of current trends toward overpopulation and the degradation of natural resources. Very truly yours, /s/ J.C. Deveze  - 41 - ATTACHMENT 2 COMMENTS FROM FAC DATE: March 12, 1991 FROM: Ministry of Cooperation and Development: DEV/RUR-H TO: World Bank ATTENTION: Mr. C. Donaldson Division Chief, Agriculture, Infrastructure and Human Resources, Operations Evaluation Department RE: PARCE Project Completion Report (Senegal) We have received your Evaluation of the forestry project implemented in eastern Senegal, and have no particular comments to make. As regards the conclusions referring to the desirability of a shift from production activities toward a forest management approach involving local communities and taking account of other users (i.e., pastoralists), these issues are addressed in the PICOGERNA (Natural Resource Conservation and Management Project), which we are cofinancing. Is/ Courtant  )__ A ___ - 1?OO ~1430 SENEGAL '330 iJ > ttMAURITANIA FORESTRY PROJECT - PROJET FOREST/ER PROJECT AREA - ZONE DU PROJET r) / wt /"* rt Project area boundurl Sylveapostorol reser,,es f Deport nent coSPtOs SENEGAL Lise/p dueeitr olet Reservessy/vopostord/es C dte/niudi OrtrSet Forest reservee selected for the stte -mnaiaged tree piartatconcopocct National park Regonral copitals .13-00' m ~ ~~Forks clssdis d1iosies poor/ie vowpsiptiotttns foresftires on regle Role no/oal l'- Cheft /,i, dip region M _tALi Forest reserve selected for thenalwural forest moanagement componensi j Forest reserves _ Detorrtenent bouadones 7RCtJOCT l _F ofte clssee chosie pour /i v'tetf egiminteja forit naturefe sl w ieserves ftorestires 4ence/es di *Patri,nenf \7d AREA t) ) Project headquarters _ Main roads - Regmonal bosundaries siege du proeti Routes princpae/is -cc',IesC d rei,on A& Project training center * Raitlwa n_ernstcon 1 boundary N. ~~~~~~Cintre du format toO du pro/if ChoIncn 0di fir intro9natio,cnalbouna/ry GUINSA SISSAU "~~~~~~~~~~~ o ~Project tree nurseries ~,Rivers ' ^._.- T w r } * O a<,.,#e,ffesegeutesset,.ee,s ~ ~ ~~~~~ip\ : ,c ors de ou,, > GUINEA BISSAU / GUINEA _*;* n 16r00'olft>*1tl/tt