Jordan - Water Supply Project

RESTRICTED ETURN CIRCULAT1NG COPY Report No. TO-357b REPORTS 01 RETURLID TL ARCWYVES DiVS1ON WITHIN ONEW This report was prepared for use within the Bank and its affiliated organizations. They do not accept responsibility for its accuracy or completeness. The report may not be published nor may it be quoted as representing their views. INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION APPRAISAL OF THE EIN SAMIYA WATER SUPPLY PROJECT FOR THE JERUSALEM DISTRICT HASHEMITE KINGDOM OF JORDAN November 27, 1963 Department of Technical Operations  CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS U.S. $1. 00 = JD 0.357 JD 1. 00. = 1, 000 Fils JD 1.00 = U.S. $2.80 JD 1, 000, 000 U S. $2, 800, 000 Abbreviations M = cubic meter Cu M - m km = kilometer 1 cu m = 264 U.S. Gallons 100 Fils per cu m = U.S. $1.00/1,000 U.S. Gallons  APPRAISAL OF THE EIN SA.IiYA. WATER SUPPLY PROJECT FOR THE JERUSALEM DISTRICT THE HASHEMITE KINGDOM OF JORDAN TABLE OF CONTENTS Paragraphs STMThARY AND CONCLUSIONS i - viii Ie I1NTtODU(T 0N 1 - 4 II. THE PROPOES BOiRRONrZR 5 - 9 III. PRESENT WATER SUPPLIES 10 - 31 Sources 10 - 16 Distribution Systems 17 Health Statistics 18 - 20 Water Quiality 21 Mana6ement and Organization 22 Finances 23 - 26 Water Rates 27 - 31 IV. WATER DEMAND 32 - 49 General 32 - 33 Population 34 - 38 Present Water Use 39 - 43 Future Water Demand 44 - 48 Possible Additional Sources 49 V. THE PROJECT 50 - 83 General Description 50 Source of Supply 51 - 55 Use of Water 56 - 58 Water Quality 59 Supply Works 6o - 64 Transmission Main 65 Distribution Reservoir 60 Village Connections 67 Present and Future Allocation of Water 68 - 73 Project Planning 74 Procurement and Construction 75 - 76 Management and Organization 77 - 79 Project Cost Estimates 80 - 83 VI. FINANCING PLAN AND FINANCIAL PROJECTIONS 84 - 90 Sources of Funds 84 - 86 Water Rates 87 Financial Projectiuns 88 - 90 VII. JUSTIFICATION OF THE PROJECT 91 - 96 VIII. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 97 - 100  TABLE OF CONTENTS (contld) ANNEXES 1l Health Statistics - Tables 1 and 2 2. Future Water Demand 3. Construction Schedule 4e Project Cost Estimate 5. Pro Forma Income Statements 6. Sources and Application of Funds 7. Financial Assuiptions MAPS 1. Map of Jordan 2. Map of Project Area and Proposed Works  APPRAISAL OF THE EIN SAMIYA WATER SUPPLY PROJECT FOR THE JERUSALEM DISTRICT THE HASHEMITE KINGDOM OF JORDAN SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS i. The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, acting through the Jordan Development Board, has requested a credit from the International Development Association to help finance the development of an additional source of water to serve parts of the Jerusalem District. The proposed credit would be relent to the Central Water Authority who would construct the project for the Jerusalem District Water Board, to be created, and transfer it to the Board with the corresponding liabilities (paras. 1-6). ii. A water board is in process of creation which will have the responsibility for the bulk sale of all water produced from the new Ein Samiya works and from the existing source now serving Ramallah-El Bira. At some time in the future it is proposed that the Board would also take over the existing distribution systems serving the cities and communities of the area and the Jerusalem Municipal water sources and distribution system. At that time, the Board would be responsible for the entire water service to the consumers (paras. 7-31). iii. Water is scarce in the area which would be served by the pro- ject. The situation in the Ramallah-El Bira section is particularly acute as shown by an average per capita use of 10 liters per day from the system and with individual consumers being without water service for intervals as long as 20 days during the dry season. Jerusalem area con- sumers receive only 36 liters a person daily. Future demand is expected to fully utilize the new source by 1966 (paras. 32-49). iv. This project is the first step of a program for meeting the water supply needs of the District. It would be directed at supplying the cities of Ramallah, El Bira, Jerusalem, and villages and installations of the area, comprising a total population of approximately 280,000. It would consist of facilities to collect and pump water from Ein Samiya spring through a transmission main 16 kilometers long terminating in a storage reservoir. From the reservoir the water would be diverted to Ramallah-El Bira and to Jerusalem. Villages located along the transmission main would also be served by branch lines (paras. 50-73).  - ii - v. Because of the urgency of supplying additional water to the area, bids open to international competition have already been taken based on plans prepared by an outside engineering firm retained as consultants by the government. These plans have been reviewed by and have been found acceptable to IDA. Construction, which will be the responsibility of CWA and supervised by the same consultants, has begun and is expected to be completed in 1964 (paras. 74-79). vie The total cost of the project has been estimated at JD 428,600 (US$1,200,000). The proposed IDA credit of JD 286,000 (Us$800,000) would represent approximately two-thirds of the total. The balance of the funds required will be provided by a loan from the government (paras. 80-90). vii. Because of the very acute water shortage in the area, service is denied to schools, refugee camps, industries, and construction during dry periods; because of the benefits to health and sanitation; and because of the need to supply new hotels and tourist facilities in the area, the project is fully justified (paras. 91-96). viii, With suitable provisions covering the organization and operations of the Water Board, and with proper assurance that the conditions set forth in this report will be met, the project provides an appropriate basis for an IDA Credit of US$800,000 (paras. 97-100).  I. INTRODUCTION 1. The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, acting through the Jordan Development Board, has applied for a development credit from the Inter- national Development Association to help finance the exploitation of an additional source of water to serve the Jerusalem District, one of eight major subdivisions of Jordan. A credit of $800,000 would cover approx- imately two-thirds of the project cost; a local loan from the Municipal Loan Fund of the Jordan Development Board would complete the project financing. 2. This project is limited to the development of a new water source at Ein Samiya and the delivery of the supply in bulk through transmission and feeder lines to the municipalities of Ramallah, El Bira, and Jerusalem, as well as to nine villages situated generally between the source and Ramallah as shown on Maps 1 and 2 in the Annex. This would be one step of several which are required for making avail- able more water for the communities of the Jerusalem District, including the principal cities of Jerusalem and Bethlehem, Other and more com- prehensive undertakings are contemplated and necessary investigations are in progress. However, the immediate need for more water in this general area is so urgent that the government has requested interim consideration of the Ein Semiya project, without awaiting the completion of time-consuming investigations and studies needed for the solution of the over-all and long-range district problem. 3. Management assistance planned for this and similar projects receiving IDA credit in Jordan will be channeled through the Central Water Authority (CWA), an autonomous agency of the gonernment with country-wide authority over water resources and administration. 4. This appraisal is based on information submitted by the borrower and his consultants and on a field investigation made by members of the staff of the Association and a consultant retained by the Association in September 1962.  - 2 - II. THE PROPOSED BORROWER 5. The borrower would be the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, which would relend the proceeds of the credit to the CWA. 6. The project would be constructed by CWA and transferred to the Jerusalem District Water Board for operation when the project is com- pleted and the Board organized. The repayment obligations of the IDA credit and the local loan would also be transferred. 7. The Jerusalem District Water Board, as now proposed, will be an agency composed of members which represent the municipalities and villages, except Jerusalem, to be served by the system. The exact composition and mechanisms for operation are now under study by foreign consultants em- ployed by the government and their report will be forthcoming in the immediate future. It is expected that the Board will act as the adminis- trative agency responsible for the production and distribution of water. The Board would be empowered to establish rates for water; to negotiate loans; enter into agreements; and to transact all business in connection with operation, maintenance, expansion, extension, and administration of the water facilities under its control. 8. The District Water Board within one year of its creation will take over the control, operation, and maintenance of the existing water source, transmission and distribution facilities serving Ramallah, El Bira and adjoining areas. It will also take over the new Ein Samiya source and facilities and will contract with Jerusalem for sale in bulk of water surplus to the needs of Ramallah, El Bira, and surrounding areas. The Board will allot quantities of water for sale to Jerusalem and establish rates both for bulk and direct sales to all consumers in accordance with policies and procedures to be developed. It is understood that at such time in the future as a new major source of water is developed by OWA which could serve Jerusalem, this source would be turned over to the Water Board and at that time Jerusalem would become a member and would turn over its existing sources and distribution facilities to the Board. 9. The Central Water Authority, in carrying out its responsibility for the technical aspects and construction of the project, has already employed consultants, received tenders, awarded some contracts after review by the Association, and begun construction.  - 3 - III. PRESENT WATER SUPPLIES Sources 10. The principal sources now used for the public water supply in the Jerusalem District are Ein Fara, Ein Qiniya, and a temporary supply from Hebron. 11. Ein Fara, a group of three springs owned by the Municipality of Jerusalem, is located about ten kilnmeters northeast of Jerusalem. This source produces approximately 2,150 cu m (cubic meters) per day according to data for fiscal year 1959-1960. This source is the principal supply to Jerusalem. It also supplies bulk water to the Ramallah-El Bira Water Supply Company which serves the Municipalities of Ramallah and El Bira and a considerable suburban population lying between Jerusalem and Ramallah. IWater from the Jerusalem system is also supplied to the out- skirts of Bethlehem. 12. Ein Qiniya, a spring located about five kilometers northwest of Ramallah, is owned by the Ramallah-El Bira Water Supply Company. During the two years from July 1960 through June 1962, it supplied an average of 340 cu m per day. However, the minimum observed yield from this spring is only 70 cu m per day. 13. During the late summer of 1962, a temporary pipeline was laid from Hebron 30 kilometers southwest of Jerusalem to deliver part of the water from a group of wells to Bethlehem and Jelrusalem. Pipe and equipment for this line were provided as an emergency measure by the U.S. Government from military surplus and installed by the Jordanian Army under the direction of the Central Water Authority. As of September 1962, this line was supplying about 1,200 cu m per day to the Bethlehem area and an equal quantity to Jerusalem. 14. In addititn to these supplies, another source has been Solomon's Pools. These large cement-lined reservoirs are located about four kilometers southwest of Bethlehem and have been used to serve Bethlehem and the neigh- boring communitie, of Beit Jala and Beit Zahur. They are fed by old Roman kahrezes, or collection galleries, in the nearby hillsides. This source cannot be considered a dependable supply, since these pools have been virtually dry for several months during long periods of low rainfall. Also, at critical times water has been trucked from other wells and springs of low yield in the Bethlehem and Jerusalem areas, to supplement the public supply and at other times principally for institutional and private use. The most noteworthy of these is a well having a reported yield of about 40 cu m per hour. Unfortunately, the water from this well has a reported nitrate content of 30 milligrams per liter which makes it somewhat hazardous for human consumption, particularly for infants. Hand-carrying of water from some of these minor supplies is common.  15. Extensive use is made of private cisterns in Jerusalem, Ramallah and El Bira during the few months of each year when there is rainfall. 16. The foregoing data indicate that the average quantity of water now available from existing sources of public water supply to serve Jerusalem and District is 4,890 cu m per day. During periods of little or no rainfall, which normally persist for eight or nine consecutive months in each year, production from these supplies is greatly reduced below the average. Distribution Systems 17. Jerusalem, Bethlehem, Ramallah, and El Bira all have distribu- tion systems which are considered to be inadequate. These distribution systems are to be studied as a later phase of the over-all problem facing these communities. Because the need for additional water sources is so clearly manifested with even the present distribution facilities, no detailed investigation appeared necessary at this stage. Health Statistics 18. Available data on incidence of water-borne and water-related diseases in the Jerusalem District (Annex 1, Table 1) show that typhoid, paratyphoid, and the dysenteries have been continuing public health problems. Figures contained in the Jordan Statistical Yearbook for 1961 show that the leading cause of death for all ages in Jordan as a whole was the gastro- intestinal diseases. Tha statistics do not permit a breakdown of these figures by district but it is believed reasonable to assume that essenti- ally the same situation prevails in the Jerusalem District as in the rest of Jordan. 19. The total case rate for typhoid, paratyphoid, and dysentery in the Jerusalem District is high compared with other parts of the world as shown in Annex 1, Table 2. 20. Information on the exact incidence of Trachoma in this district is not available but spot surveys in several districts have shown up to 100 per cent infection among the children. Reported cases for Jordan in 1960 numbered over 96,000. Body cleanliness and good personal hygiene, difficult where water is in short supply, have been found among the pre- ferred methods for controlling this eye infection which can lead to blindness. Water Quality 21. Ein Fara is the only one of the existing slupplies for which analyses are available. A chemical analysis of a sample collected August 28, 1962, Hhowed the water to be of good quality, without color, and low in turbidity. The total dissolved solids content of 270 milligrams per liter and hardness of 190 milligrams per liter, although moderately high, are within acceptable limits.  Management and Organization 22. Except in the case of the Municipalities of Ramallah and El Bira, the present operation and management of public water systems is the respon- sibility of officials of the individual communities. The water system serving Ramallah and El Bira is owned by the Ramallah-El Bira Water Supply Company. The Municipalities of Ramallah and El Bira together own about two-thirds of this company and the other third is owned by two private companies. one in Ramallah and the other in El Bira. Finances 23. Since the Water Board has not yet been organized, there are neither historical nor financial data of its operations. 24. In the operation of this project it has been agreed that the Dis- trict Water Board would take over the Ein Qiniya source now serving Ram- allah and El Bira by no later than July 1, 1964. Any new sources developed by CWA in the future for the purpose of supplying any of the municipalities, towns or villages in the Jerusalem District, including Jerusalem municipality, will be transferred to the Board for operation and maintenancee 25. The fixed assets of the Ein Qiniya source are estimated to be about JD 20,400. Information on the operating costs of this source is not avail- able, but it is expected to be less than the operating costs of the new Ein Saniya source because of a lower pumping lift. 26. The distribution systems of Ramallah and El Bira will be trans- ferred to the Board by no later than April 1, 1965, including all assets and liabilities thereto. The financial figures available show a 1961 book valuation of JD 741.000 for this system. Water Rates 27. Water rates charged to consumers in Ramallah and El Bira have varied widely through the years as shown in Table 1. The bulk rate price for water delivered to the Ramallah and El Bira water systems from Jerusalem has also decreased. 28. In addition to the general rates given in Table 1, there are also special rates to military camps and to refugee crnps. In the case of military camps, the Army pays Jerusalem 100 fils per cu m for water used and pays the Ramallah-El Bira Water Supply Company an additional 18 fils per cu m for transmission to the camps. UNRWA also pays Jerusalem 100 fils per cu m for water used by refugee camps, and in addition it pays the water company 30 fils per cu m for transmission. A rate of 100 fils per cu m corresponds to a rate of about US$1.00 per 1,000 U.S. gallons.  - 6- Table 1 Historical Water Rates for Ramallah and El Bira _ Fils per Cu M Bulk Purchase General Selling Price for Water Price to Period from Jerusalem Consumers April 1, 1950-March 31, 1953 162 250 April 1, 1953-March 31, 1955 120 200 April 1, 1955-November 30, 1959 120 280 December 1, 1959-November 30, 1960 100 160 December 1, 1960-June 30, 1961 100 140 Min.2 cu m per month. 120 If consump- tion exceeds 15 cu m per month. July 1, 1961-Present 100 150 Min.2 cu m per month. 29. During an IDA staff visit in November 1960, near the end of a prolonged dry period, it was reported that water was being trucked from outlying springs and being sold at a price of 500 fils and higher per cu m. 30. The Ramallah-El Bira Water Company has additional charges con- sisting of a connection or subscription fee of 2 dinars for each service and a meter rental charge of 100 fils per month. No charge is made by the company for individual service connections up to 25 meters in length. Additional lengths are paid for by the individual subscribers. 31. The current general rate for delivered water in Jerusalem and Bethlehem is 120 fils per cu m.  -7- IV. IATER DEMAND General 32. Although the Ein Samiya project is intended primarily to alleviate an acute water shortage in the Ramallah-El Bira area and to supply water to outlying villages, it will increase the supply available to Jerusalem. Furthermore, the District Water Board should be given authority to allocate water from all supplies under its jurisdiction to the c>ommunities compris- ing the water district, according to their respective nieeds and willingness to pay appropriate rates. It is pertinent, therefore, to consider the general needs of the district as well as the more specific needs of the Ramallah-El Bira area. 33. As part of the over-all district study, a detailed survey of the present water use and future water demand in the communities to be served by the Board is planned, but data are not yet available. Sufficient data are available, however, for a general appraisal of the need for this ad- ditional supply. Population 34. Available population data from the 1952 housing census and the 1961 census for the Ramallah, Jerusalem, and Bethlehem subdistricts, which are expected to comprise the water district, are given in Table 2. Table 2 Populations of Ramallah, Jerusalem and Bethlehem Subdistricts 1952 1961 Total % Subdistrict Population Population Increase Ramallah 110,076 113,691 303 Jerusalem 85.550 110,005 28.6 Bethlehem 56,677 56,344 -o.6 Total 252,303 280,o40 11.0  - 8 - 35. Comparable data for individual municipalities within these subdistricts are available in only a few instances, as shown in Table 3. Table 3 Populations of Principal Municipalities 1952 1961 Total % Municipality Population Population Increase Ramallah 17,145 14, 759 -13.9 El Bira n.as 14,510 n.a. Jerusalem 46,713 60,487 29e5 Bethlehem 19,155 21,668 13.1 Beit Sahur n.a. 5,316 n.aq Beit Jala noa. 7,304 n.a. Total nea. 124,0o44 noa. Considered together, the three largest municipalities had a total increase of 16.7 per cent. 36. The populations given for Ramallah and El Bira include a refugee camp in each of these municipalities and the population of Jerusalem subdistrict also includes a refugee camp between Jerusalem and Ramallah. Army camp populations, although using water from the public supplies, are not included. 37. For the nine villages northeast of Ramallah to which it is proposed to supply water from Ein Samiya, only 1961 census data are available, as given in Table 4. Table 4 Village Populations 1961 Village Population Deir Dibwan 2,812 Beiten 1,017 Ein Yabrud 1,501 Yabrud 349 Silwad 3,215 Rammun 1,186 Et Taiyiba 1,677 Deir Jarir 1,474 Kafr Malik 1,_346 Total 14,577  - 9 - 38. The available data give no indication that a particularly rapid growth can be expected in the future for the water district as a whole. Therefore, in the appraisal of the immediate project, only a nominal population increase has been assumed. This assumption, how- ever, should not be considered as pre-judging the growth rate on which the water needs of the area should be based in any future over-all study. Because of the tourist influx and the resort facilities at Ramallah, a considerable demand for water will exist which is not reflected in these population and water demand projections. Present Water Use 39. As already stated, presently used water sources are estimated to provide an average of 4t,890 cu m per day. The number of people served directly by these supplies is not known. It is believed that by one means or another most residents of the area either receive the water directly or indirectly from the existing systems, supplementing their needs from individual cisterns. 40. It is reasonable to assume that the aggregate of the avail- able supplies serve a total population of about 1h4,000, whi.ch includes the cities of Ramaz.lah9 El Bira, Jerusal.m, Bethlehem9 Beit Sahur, Beit Jala, and 20,000 civilian and army personnel residing along the Jerusalem- Rama'l.ah road, 41. Metered pro.L!ction and consuiiption f-i{gures of the Rama.l.lah- El Bira Water Company ul to JTUCe 1962 indicate that unaccounted-.tor-water has been averaging 20 per cent and consumpti.on has been averaging 480 cu m per day. In terrms of the total popuLat.ion of 29,000 of theso two to,mi5 plus another 2090OC0 aJcng the Jerusalem-1R,mia3lah road, consu=nition wouLd he only 10 _2itoe:gs per pErson per day. This rate is ex-tro-arne.y small but not surprisingly so in view of the fact that water may be received as in2requently as every 18 to 20 days by many householders and that during the summer the company is unable to serve at all the refugee camps, an UNRWA school, factories, and building construction. House tanks are universal and reuse of wash water is common. 42. Jerusalem, Bethlehem, Beit Sahur, and Beit Jala are served with 4,290 cu m daily for a total population of 95,000, equivalent to 45 liters per capita daily. On the assumption that 20 per cent of production is lost or unaccounted-for-water, per capita consumption averages 36 liters a day. 43. It is estimated that about 70% of the villagers have cisterns and that the cost of hired labor for lifting water from the cisterns to house tanks is about 80 fils per cu m.  - 10 - Future Water Demand 44. The government's consultant for the Ein Samiya project con- siders that the average daily future domestic demand in twenty years will be 200 liters per capita in the towns and 100 liters per capita in the villages and camps, and that 50 liters per capita will be inadequate to meet the demands in the towns five years hence. He has proposed that initial allocations of Ein Samiya water be on the basis of consumptions of 40 liters per capita per day in Ramallah and El Bira and 20 liters in the villages and camps. These figures are considered to be too high. 45. It is prudent for this appraisal to adopt more conservative allowances for the immediate future, particularly since present dis- tribution systems will need to be extended and reinforced before they can adequately supply the demand. Consequently the projections shown in Annex 2 are established as the basis for the considerations of this project. 46. For 1965, the first year of project operation, it is assumed that the daily per capita water consumption for the Jerusalem-Bethlehem area will increase from the present 36 liters to 40 liters, and during the course of the following five years will increase by 20 per cent to 50 liters. It is believed reasonable to assume that the provision of a more liberal supply for Ramallah and El Bira will increase the per capita daily consumption from the present 10 liters to 25 liters in 1965 and to 40 liters within the ensuing five years. Village water consumption is assumed to increase from 15 liters per capita daily in 1965 to 20 in 1970. 47. As will be discussed later, Annex 2 gives the estimated re- quirements on two bases, with and without supplies to the villages. 480 For the demands given in Annex 2, Table 5 shows the estimated production requirements in excess of those which can be met by present supplies.  - u. - Table 5 Estimated Water Requirements Cubic Meters Per Day Total Fiscal Year Required Available from Total Ending March 31 Production Present Supplies Deficiency Including Service to Villages 1965 6,780 4,890 1,890 1966 7,340 4,890 2,1450 1967 7,900 4,890 3,010 1968 8,1460 4,9890 3,570 1969 9,060 4,890 4J.170 1970 9,650 4,890 4.,760 Without Service to Villages 1965 6,5 0 e4,890 1,610 1966 7,C40 4,890 2,150 1967 7,580 4,890 2,690 1968 8,120 4,890 3,230 1969 8,700 4,890 3,810 1970 9,280 4,890 49390 While the presently available information regarding demand is rather general, it clearly indicates that there is a need for tho additional 2,300 cu m per day furnished by the Ein Samiya project. Possible Additional Sources 49. Other possible additional sources of water for Jerusalem and District are currently being investigated by a team of hydrogeologists and engineers. The most promising large source is the so-called wilderness borehole, located 16 kilometers east of Jerusalem (see Map 2). Drilling has not been completed and there is therefore no assurance that this bore- hole will be sufficiently productive to justify the great expense which will be involved in the high-head pumping of water from this source. Two exploratory holes of 800 meters depth are planned. If it is found feasible to obtain a supply from this source, an estimated two and one- half years would be required for design and construction.  - 12 - V. THE PROJECT General Description 50. The Ein Samiya project would consist of supply works, chlorinating facilities, main and booster pumping stations, trans- mission main, branch feeder mains to the villages, and a distribution storage reservoir. Through these facilities an average of 2,300 cu m of water would be produced and delivered daily to the Jerusalem District, Source of Supply 51. The proposed source of supply for the Ein Samiya project is Ein Samiya spring which lies 16 kilometers northeast of Ramallah in the Wadi Samiya (see Map 2). It issues in surface debris and boulders at a level of about 2 meters above the bed level of the Wadi. 52. Intermittent records of flow from the spring are available for the period from March 1955 to November 1958 and from June 1960 to August 1961. Observed flows have varied widely from a minimum of 900 cu m per day to a maximum of 9,140 cu m per day. The yield of the spring has been found to be closely related to rainfall, particularly that which falls toward the end of the wet season. 53. From a consideration of rainfall and an analysis of the observed flows from the spring, the borrower's consulting engineer has estimated that the spring is capable of an annual yield of approximately 840,000 cu m over a long-term of deficient rainfall. It has further been concluded that by drawing upon the storage in the aquifer above the level of the spring, the aquifer would be capable of yielding 1,100,000 cu m annually over a short-term, possibly up to five years. A review of this analysis indicates that these are fair estimates of the probable yield of the spring under the conditions noted. 54. Although there are expected to be periods during which it will be possible to withdraw no more than 840,000 cu m annually from this supply, it is proposed to install works with a capacity of 1,100,000 cu m per year, or 3,000 cu m per day as a means of utilizing the larger yield during those periods when this is possible. 55. To permit suitable adjustment from time to time of the rate of withdrawal, it will be necessary to maintain careful records of the conditions which affect the permissible withdrawal. For this purpose, provision is to be made for recording (a) the quantity drawn from the aquifer, (b) the water levels in the aquifer, (c) the rainfall on the catchment or charge area, and (d) the quantity overflowing to runoff as surface water.  - 13 - Use of Water 56. The water from Ein Samiya spring is now used primarily for irrigation and the watering of cattle. It is also used for laundry purposes at the spring and as a supply to the village of Kafr Malik by carrier. It is estimated that cattle watering may require lOO cu m per day and, it is estimated that with suitable control, irrigation requirements would total about 150,000 cu m over the five months' summer cropping season. 57. Two exploratory and one producing well have been drilled a short distance away by CWAo It is proposed to use for the moment the small producing well, which reportedly taps a separate aquifer, to meet the cattle watering and irrigation needs. It is possible that there may be a 10 to 20 cu m per hour surplus available. 58. A maximum quantity during the dry summer months of 39000 cu m per day could be withdrawn from the spring. During long periods of less than average rainfall, water could be withdrawn at an average daily rate of only 2,300 cu m. Water Quality 59. Results of chemical analysis of a sample of water collected from Ein Samiya spring on August 26, 1962 indicate that the water is of good quality and suitable for domestic use with no treatment other than chlorination. It has a hardness of 225 milligrams per liter and a total dissolved solids content of 800 milligrams per liter. Both are rather high but are within acceptable limits. Supply Works 60. To tap the aquifer which feeds the spring, it is proposed to excavate a well 1.75 meters in diameter and 60 meters deep near the spring. The well is to be lined and provided with a valve inlet from an upper aquifer which was tested at 20 cu m per hour (480 cu m per day). This inlet would permit the controlled release of water from the upper aquifer to the well. 61. Two electric motor-driven submersible well pumps will be set in the well. One would have a capacity of 125 cu m per hour, to be used when there is an overflow from the spring, and the other will have a capacity of 90 cu m per hour, to be used when the level in the aquifer is below the level of the spring. ;  62. These pumps will discharge through a 12-inch steel main to a covered 200 cu m capacity steel surge tank located on the roof of the proposed generator house. Chlorine will be fed to the inlet of this tank. A pipe connection will also feed water from the surge tank to a cattle watering trough through a float-operated valve. 63. The initial scheme was to generate the electrical power for the pumps at site as the more economical solution. However, the local power company came forward with a new price of 9 fils per kilowatt hour, conditioned on a lump sum contribution from the water supply project for the cable connection. Standby generating facilities are not considered necessary. The pumping station at the spring will include separate rooms for housing chlorinators, workshop, office, and store rooms. Duplicate chlorinators of the vacuum type are to be provided, each with a capacity range of 0.2 to 1 milligram per liter. Chlorine dosage is to be con- trolled automatically from the flowmeter and a chlorine flow recorder is provided. 64. Two pumping stations are proposed for lifting the water through the transmission main over a high point at an elevation of 500 meters above the spring level. Each station is to include three electric motor-driven pumps, each having a capacity of 60 cu m per hour against a total head of 262 meters. Two pumps operatLng together would provide a delivery which can be varied from 90 to 120 cu m per hour. One pump would serve as a sta.idby at each station. The booster pumping station will be located app:-'oxUiately 1 kilometer from tile main pumping station. Transmission Main 65. A 1)0-inch transmission main will extend for a distance of somewhat more than 16 kilometers from the main pumping station to a distribution reservoir at El Bira. This transmission main with suitable valves would be laid above ground except at road crossings and other locations where covering protection is needed. It will be a coated steel pipe with bolted couplings. Distribution Reservoir 66. It is proposed to install a 5,000 cu m capacity distribution reservoir at El Bira. This reservoir would supply the Ramallah and El Bira distribution systems through a proposed 15-inch steel main about 2,000 meters long and supply a transmission main extending towards Jerusalem. The Jerusalem main would be a 6-inch steel pipe initially and would extend 1,250 meters to connect with the existing 6-inch line which now carries Ein Fara water from Jerusalem to Ramallah. This line to Jerusalem may later be paralleled or replaced as part of the over-all water supply improvements for the district.  - 15 - Village Connections 67. The project provides for the installation of branch feeder mains to serve nine villages lying generally between the booster station and the distribution reservoir. The branch mains will be 2 to 6 inches in diameter and most will serve two or more villages. Meters are to be in- stalled and the villages charged on the basis of volume of water withdrawn. Whether this is done immediately as part of the project will depend on the willingness of each village to contract with the Water Board for water and on agreement to pay the established rates. Cost estimates have been made on the assumption that nine villages will be connected at once. Kafr Malik now obtains its water from the Ein Samiya spring and some provision must be made for this village in any event. Present and Future Allocation of Water 68. It is proposed to relate the allocation of water between the vil- lages and towns to the population and the existing facilities for distribu- tion. At times of low rainfall when only the reliable yield could be with- drawn from the spring, the quantity available would be 2,300 cu m per day. 69. In the financial projections which follow, it is conservatively assumed that no more than 2,300 cu m per day would be withdrawn. Table 5 on page 11 indlca:-;s that a demand for this quantity will exist by 1966 if the -lllages are oupplied and by 1967 if the villages are not supplied. 70o The suppnly available for Jerusalem would be increased by making availtb.~le tha!: part of the Ein Fara supply which is now delivered to Ram- allah, recently averaging about 150 cu m per day, and would be further incre,-seqd by that part of the Ein Samiya supply not used by Ramnallah, El Bira, and Vhe vil]ages. 71. The E-n Saniya project would increase the total quantity of water available in Jerusalem and district from 4,090 to 7,190 cu m per day, representing an increase of 47 per cent. 72. Because of the lack of data showing water demand by each month for each of the cities and villages concerned, it is difficult to forecast exactly what the winter season demand for water from the new system will be. Since the sale of water must be assured, if the project is to be fi- nancially viable, the Ramallah, and El Bira Municipalities must agree that they will make firm contracts for the purchase of bulk water and that they will also turn over their existing sources at Ein Qiniya to the Jerusalem District Water Board. Jerusalem Municipality will also have to make a firm contract to buy the water surplus to the needs of Ramallah, El Bira and the nearby towns in quantities and at rates to be set by the Water Board. 73. Before the village branch lines are included as a part of this project, assurance should be had that each village is prepared to pay the cost for all water taken from the system.  - 16 - Project Planning 74. Project planning has been performed by a British firm of consult- ing engineers under a contract with the Jordan Development Board, for which the Central Water Authority is the supervising agent. The same consultants also have an agreement with the Development Board for carrying out the engineering design, supervision of construction, and resident inspection of the project. They also are engaged in the long-range stuidy of the Jeru- salem District water supply. Procurement and Construction 75. In response to an invitation open to international competition, bids were received by the Central Water Authority in October 1962 for the supply of pipe and major items of equipment required for the project. Bids have also been received in September 1963, in international competition, for the civil construction. 76. It is believed that with orders placed in early 1963, the main supply works should be completed early in calendar 1964. The village feeder mains may be installed during calendar 1964. The construction schedule is set forth in Annex 3. Management and Organization 77. The Central Water Authority will administer the construction phase and operate the system until the Jerusalem District Water Board is organized. The Board will operate the project thereafter under the general supervision of the Central Water Authority. 78. Because the Board will have to begin operations with no background, with no offices, no personnel, no records, no regulations, and no precedent in Jordan, advisory assistance is necessary over a period of time and should begin immediately. Guidance in the form which enabling legislation should take could facilitate considerably the work and functioning of the Board. It is advisable that the assistance in management begin at the earliest possible time and continue for a period of possibly three years. The pro- ject estimates include $118,000 for this purpose. 79. Management assistance to this project, as well as to the others, will be channeled through CWA. At least one chief management consultant or specialist will be employed by CWA for at least three years. CWA will also employ additional management consultants as required to properly set- up a management department and to assist the Water Board and the municipal- ities. Project Cost Estimates 80. The total cost of the complete project, with provision for service to the villages, is estimated at JD 428,600 (US$1,200,000), including interest during construction, as summarized in Table 6 and as shown in further detail in Annex 4. Of this total, 65 per cent, of JD 278,200 (US$779,000), is cal- culated as the foreign currency cost.  - 17 - 81. Construction costs include certain spare parts which are to be provided with equipment, provision for the purchase of a truck and a limited amount of maintenance equipment and spares. A contribution to the Department of Public Works is also included towards the total cost of im- proving the access road to Ein Samiya. 82. The construction cost estimates are firm, based on bids for most of the foreign equipment and recent experience as regards local costs. In view of this, plus the. fact that the construction will be finished in one year, only 10 per cent contingencies have been included. 83. The cost estimates include provision for engineering costs covering design, general supervision, and resident inspection of construction, and for management services. Table 6 Summary of Project Costs (In Thousands) Foreign Exchange Costs Local Total Item 1US.$ JD Equiv. Costs JD JD Total Construction Costs 586.3 209.4 126.2 335.6 Engineering Services 75.1 26.8 - 26.8 Management Service 117.6 42.o 4200 Subtotal 77920 27.2 126.2 0T|7 Interest during Construction - - 8.1 8.1 W4orking Capital - - 16.1 16.1 Total Basic Project 779.0 278.2 150-1j 428.6  - 18 - VI. FINANCING PLAN AND FINANCIAL PROJECTIONS Sources of Funds 84. Sources of funds for financing the costs of the complete project, including interest during construction and working capital, are summarized in the following table: US$ Equivalent JD Sources Thousands Thousands Per cent IDA Credit 800 285.7 66.7 Other Sources 400 142.9 33.3 Total 1,200 428.6 100 85. The proposed IDA credit would cover two-thirds of the total costs associated with the project. The other funds for the project will be made available by the Government through the Municipal Loan Fund of the Jordan Development Board. 86. The financial projections in Annexes 5 and 6 are based on Government relending of the IDA credit at 4 per cent interest for a period of 23 years, including a three-year grace period, and that re- payment of principal and interest would be in 40 equal semi-annual payments. Local funds will be made available at standard Municipal Loan Fund terms of 4 per cent, one year's grace and 8 annual capital repayments. Water Rates 87. The sale of water to be supplied by this project will be at bulk rates to the several municipalities. Since the costs of distribu- tion within the municipalities must be added to the bulk cost, a rate of about 100 fils per cu m would result in a retail rate probably of about 130 fils per cu m. This latter rate is similar to the rates in effect in parts of the District at the present time. The subsequent financial projections have been made using the 100 fil rate. Financial Projections 88. The pro forma income projections (Annex 5) indicate that a 100 fil bulk rate for water from Ein Samiya would yield a return of better than 9 per cent on fixed assets every year after the first. The operating cost ratios shown >o good.  - 19 - 89. The debt service coverage as shown in Annex 6 is poor, and, although the revenue projections have been made on a conservative basis, attention has to be directed at possible approaches which could be taken to obtain a more favorable position. Future additional debt will have to be limited, It should also be recalled that the Water Board will inherit the fixed assets associated with the Ein Qiniya source. Because accurate information is not available as to the value of these assets, nor on the operational costs, the projections have been made disregarding these facilities and considering Ein Samiya as an entity in itself. Never- theless it is reasonable to assume that because the District Water Board would control both sources and would have thL& right to vwdaust rates for all water produced from them, the debt service position should be stronger than reflected in the ratios for Ein Samiya alone. 90. The financial assumptions used in the preparation of the Pro Forma Income Statements, Annex 5, and Sources and Application of Funds, Annex 6, are given in Annex 7. VII. JUSTIFICATION OF THE PROJECT 91. Although a comprehensive demand survey for Jerusalem and district has not been completed, there is extensive evidence that an acute water shortage exists in this area and that even with additional supplies which may be found and developed, it will continue to be a water-short area. 92. The present water shortage is particularly acute in the Ramallah area where consumers are able to get water from the public supply only intermittently at intervals of as much as 18 to 20 days and where refugee camps, schools, and other essential needs cannot be supplied at all by the public system during dry summer months. Such a situation can adversely affect the health of the community by seriously limiting the quantities of water available for minimum hygienic needs and by forcing the residents to resort to supplies of questionable safety. The prevalent use of cisterns constitutes a further potential health hazard to the extent that they are used for supplying drinking water, 93. If the general area is to grow and prosper, there is a long-range need for much more water than is presently in sight. The Jerusalem area, because of the Holy places, has one of the most highly-developed tourist businesses of the Middle East, which places much greater demands on public water systems than would otherwise be the case. A number of hotels now exist and large new ones are already under construction or planned. Ram- allah is to some extent a summer resort, which further burdens its water system at a season when water scarcity is the most acute.  - 20 - 94. There is little doubt that there is an urgent need, and that a demand exists for the water at the water rate suggested. Other possible sources will not only take longer to develop but in all probability will be more costly. 95. This first step to meet the over-all district needs iwill increase the total supply by nearly 50 per cent, will pave the way for sorely needed distribution system extensions and improvements which cannot logically be made until more water is available, will further the economic growth of the communities, and will produce health benefits by increasing the supply of safe water for villages and communities now without any readily accessible supply. 96. In addition to the resulting benefits which relate directly to water supply, the project would pioneer in the development of an area organi- zation which would integrate the control of all water sources in the Jerusa- lem area. VIII. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 97. Existing supplies to the Jerusalem District are grossly inadequate for even present needs. Present restrictions on use are most severe and hinder development of the area, particularly as regards tourism. 98. The project provides for development of Ein Samiya spring as an additional source which will alleviate to some extent the present shortage. Further sources must be still sought but they will all be more expensive and the Ein Samiya supply increment is urgently needed now. 99. The Borrower has agreed to the following conditions: a) Funds will not be released until written assurances have been obtained from the Municipalities of Ramallah and El Bira that they will follow satisfactory financial and managerial policies in accord with the project; b) Local loan funds will be made available for the project to CWA at an interest rate of 4 per cent and eight annual repayments after one year of grace; c) The Jerusalem District Water Board will be established not later than April 1, 196h, and will have the powers, separation of accounts and functions, management and staff as necessary for diligent and efficient operation; d) The transfer to the Board of the existing Ramallah-El Bira source will be no later than July 1, 1964. The transfer of the distribution systems will be no later than April 1, 1965, and the transfer of all new water sources developed in the future in the area will be transferred upon commissioning by CWA;  - 21 - e) The transfer to the Board of the sources and distri- bution system of Jerusalem will take place when the Board can supply a major portion of water to that municipality; f) The Association will be consulted prior to the nomina- tion or change of the Board's General Manager; g) The City of Jerusalem will give written assurance that after allowance is made for the water consumed by and revenues produced frma Ramallah, El Bira and surround- ing areas, it will take surplus water at such times, in such amounts, and at such rates as the Water Board equitably establishes in order to insure the financial soundness of operations. The City of Jerusalem will further agree to receive supervision and assistance from CWA on the maintenance and expansion of existing sources and distribution systems; h) No further long-term indebtedness will be incurred un- less net revenues in any 12 consecutive months in the preceding 15, exceed 1.5 times total projected debt service requirements; i) The accounts of the Board will be audited by an outside accountant; J) Water rates will be maintained so as to cover operating expenses, including taxes, if any, interest, maintenance, depreciation, debt repayment in excess of depreciation, normal extensions and a reasonable part of future expan- sion. To this end an initial bulk rate of 100 fils per cu. m. will be established and a 74 per cent operating ratio maintained. When the existing sources are taken over and again when the distribution systems are taken over, revenue requirements will be reviewed and an ac- ceptable operating ratio established; k) GWA will employ satisfactory consultants in the construc- tion of the project; 1) The Water Board will use in its operations the services of management consultants provided through CWA. 100. On this basis the project provides a suitable basis for an IDA credit of $800,000 to the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan to be relent to the Central Water Authority initially and later transferred to the Board at a four per cent interest rate with a three-year grace period and a twenty- year amortization period.  ANNEX 1 JERUSALEM DISTRICT - EIN SAMIYA WATER SUPPLY PROJECT Table le Morbidity Data for Jerusalem District, 1953-1961 Total Cases per Year Reported Number of Cases Population* 1,000 Typhoid Paratyphoid Dysentery Total Population 1955 151 44 575 770 1956 275 24 437 736 1957 237 67 67 371 1958 62 11 48 121 1959 41 31 58 130 1960 68 117 165 350 1961 120 89 171 380 345,s241 1410 *Reliable population data available only for 1961. Source: Statistical Yearbook, Jordan Government Department of Statistics, 1961. Table 2. Comparative Disease Rates for Various Parts of the World Disease Rate - Cases per 1,000 Population Area Year Typhoid and Dysentery Paratyphoid Alone Total Puerto Rico* 1958 0.009 0.005 o.oOl Taipei, Taiwan 1960 0.068 0.026 0009 Northern America* 1958 0041 0.094 0.14 Middle America* 1958 0.230 1.260 1.49 JERUSALEM DISTRICT, JORDAN 1961 0.605 0.495 110 South America* 1958 0.495 0