The ecological economics of sustainability : making local and short-term goals consistent with global and long-term goals

」，굳r&!--,／』‘,.&&&―··‘·．！…』［J&［·！，』‘-.,‘·」――…卜；Jㅕ1- 았 ACXNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors are Robert Constanza, Associate Professor at the- Center for Marine and Estuarine Studies, University of Maryland, and Ban Haskell-and Laura Cornwell, who are both Research Associates at the same Center. Herman Daly is Senior Economist in thi Environmental Policy and Research Division of the World Bank, and Twig Johnson is Acting Director at the USAID Office of Forestry, Environment and Natural Resources Department. Together they were the organizers for the 'Ecological Economics of Sustainabilityl Conference, the abstracts of which are presented here. Departmental Working Papers are not formal publications of the World Bank. They present preliminary and unpolished results of country analysis or research that are circulated to encourage discussion and', comment; citation and the use of such a paper should take account of,it* provisional character. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, to its affiliated organizations, or to members of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent. I Because of the informality and to present the results of research with the least possible delay, the typescript has not been prepared in accordance with the procedures appropriate to formal printed texts, and the World Bank accepts no respqnsibility for errors. TABLE OFCNTENT Introduction ....... ........y...................................................................... O0gniadn Of This Caaog ..................... 9..4 ..i............ 9 o............3 Authors and by Topic.... ... ......................,...4 Invited Session 1: AN ECOLOGICAL ECONOMIC WORLD VIEW ....4 Contributed Sesstons - An Ecological Economic Xorld View.....................5 EcoEconomics of Sustanable A~ am.......... Ec9l* ca Econonics of Suanable Develope ........................ .5 and EcologicalEconomic oT eoes..........6 Develping and EcologcalEconomc World View: Debate ...............7 QuestioninBasic Asntons~ ............. Managing tConimmosforSsalnabty..................................8 Invitd Session 2: ACCOUNTING, MODELING AND ANALYSIS 3..9 Contributed Sessions - Accounting, MOdeing and Analyss............ ...........10 l Economic Approach to Ntral Resource Acm ntng .........10 M I Eclial Econmic Systegm.....................................11 olcTnptalnofEcologicalooncAayi ~** **~**91 Measurement and Valuation of Natural Resources...........................13 Invited Session 3: INSTITUTIONAL CHANGES.............................14 Comrlbuted Sessions - Insuitutional Changes .........................................15 cntives and Disncentves for Acheving SustWinbNtky..................15 EcologicalEconomicSolutionstoEnvirnmealDegmanitan ............15 Integra1~ T lo ...............................1 Institutions To Sustain Biologicel Resources.................................17 Individual Responsibilties n Ad ~ Sustainability......... *.....18 Invie Abstracts ...........................................................1 Contib~e Abstrct ....................... ........ .............3 Index of Authors.......... ................. ................ ................8 Confe~ec Par~pants............................................9 -91 INTRODUCTION This catalog is a research tool. It presets the abstracts, classified by topic, of nearly 200 current works m Ecological Economics with authors' address and Institutional affiliation. The process that generated this document was not a library search, because the field Is too new. Nor is it a random sample of work in progress at various research institutions. Rather it was generated by a conference called by the Intemational Society for Ecological Economics (ISEE)l. The conference was held at the World Bank In Washington, D.C. on Wa 21-23, 1990. Major funding was provided by the Pew Charitable Trusts. Additional funding was provided by the Jessie Smith Noyes Foundation, the World Bank and US AID. Additional sponsors the conference included the Aspen Institute, the Coastal and Environmental Policy Poalof the University of Maryland, the Center for Policy Negotiation, the Coastal Soc , the International Society for Ecological Modeling, the World Wildlife FundtonervaionFoundation, the Nature Conservancy, the Global Tomorrow Coalition, and the World Resources Institute. The theme of the conference was "The Ecological Economics of Sustainability: Making Local and Short Term Goals Consistent with Global and Long Term Goals." Over 370 people from all over the world attended, many others had to be turned away for lack of space. Because of the intense and widespread interest in this subject, which we feel accurately measures its importance, the ISEE and the World Bank have decided to make these abstracts available in this form. It is our hope that by doing so we will facilitate communication and the formation of a network or community among man researchers in different disciplines who have converged in identifying "The Ecological Economics of Sustainability" as a top priority for the policy research agenda. The statement of aims and scope for the conference, to which these abstracts were a response, was as follows: There Is increasing awareness that our global ecological We support system is endangered Decisions made on the basis of local, short-term criteria can produce disastrous results globally and in the long run. There is also increasing awareness that traditional economic and ecological models and concepts fall short in their ability to deal with these problems. The International Society for Ecological Economics is concerned with extending and integrating the study and management of "nature's household" (ecology) and "humankind's household" (economics). Ecological Economics studies the ecology of humans and the economy of nature, the web of interconnections uniting the economic subsystem to the global ecosystem of which it is a part. It is this larger system that must be the object of study #'we are to adequately address the critical issues that now face humanity. This international, interdisciplinary conference focused on these concerns and provided a forum for work on these topics from around the globe to be presented and discussed. IFor information about Joining ISEE contact: Dr. Robert Costanza, Coastal and Environmental Policy Program, Center for Environmental and Estuarne Studies, Univirsity of Maryland, Box 38, Solomans, MD 20688-0038. Phone: (301) 326-4281 FAX: (301) 326.6342. 2 Ornnzatlon of Ti Catalog This catalog is organized similarly to the conference. It begins with a list of all the papers presented, organized by topic. Each day had a morning session with invited talks on a general topic and In the afernoon, several concurent contributed sessions on severalselated subtopics. The- authors' names, addresses, and the titles of their papers are listed alphabetically under each topic In the fast section of this catalog, beginning on page 4. Following this list of authors and papers by topic are the abstracts of all the presented alphabetically by author. The Invited abstracts are in the first grou, be g on page 19. These are followed by the contributed abtracts, beginning on page 34. Aindex of authors follows the abstracts, beginning on page 88. The page numbers in the Index refer to those places in the document where the author's name appears, either in the list of topics (the first number or numbers in the index) or int the list of abstracts (the last number or numbers). A list of all paricipants who attended the conference completes the catalog, page 91. The invited apers will ape in book form in early 1991. Selected contributed paperswllbep specia ssuesof the journal Ecological Economics in 191. If you wish to receive copies of the full papers before these publications appear, write directly to the authors. Ecological Economics of Sustainability: Authors and Tides by Topic AUTHORS AND TITLES BY TOPIC Invited Session 1. An Ecoogica Economic World Iew BOULIENG, KENNETH E, Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado at Bouldw, Capus Box 484, Boulder, Colorado 80309 What Do We Want to Sustain? 4nvirosmealism and uman Evaluations DALY, HERMAN I.. Environment Department, World Bank, 1818 H. Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 Towards and EnvironmentalVWEconomics EHRUCH, PAUL A.; Deparment of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, and DANIEL, LISA 4 Buna of Eoonomic Research, Federal Trade Comuission, U.S. Department of Commer Outgrowing the Planet FABER, M4 and MANSTETTEN, L; Afred Weber. Instita, Departnt of Sconomics, Unlversit* Ieiderg, rabagese, 6900 Heldetherg, Federal Republic of Germesy, and PROOPS, J.L.R4 Deparfment of Beca and Management Science, Uniaersity of Keee. Stqlordshire, 580, United Kingdo Towards an Open Future: Ignorance, Novelty and Evolation FUNTOWICZ, SILVIO 0.; Institute for Systems Eagincering, Joint Research Centre, Commission of the European Conmunities, 21020 lapra(VA), ITALY, and RAVETZ, JERRY R.; Department of Philosophy, The Universiy, Leads L82 9JT, United Kingdom A New Scientific Methodology for Global Environmental Issues HARDIN, GARRETr; Depatnent of Biological Sciences. University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 Paramount Positions in Ecological Economics JANSSON, ANN-MARI; Department of Systems Ecology, University of Stockholm, S-10691. Stockhohn On the Significance of Open Boundaries for an Ecologically Sustainable Development of Human Societies MARGALEF, RAMON; Department of Ecology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 645, Barcelona 08028. SPAIN Reconsideration of Basie Themes In Ecology Might Clarify Relations with Economics MARTINEZ-ALIER, JUAN; Department of Economics and Eonomic History,.Universitat Ant ma de Barcelosa, Bellatera, 108193. Barelona, SPAIN Ecological Perception, Environmental Policy and Distributional Conflicts: Some Lessons from History NORGAARD, RICHARD B.; and HOWARTH, RICHARD B.; Department of Agricoulttal and Resonsoe Economics, Eoergy and Resources Group. Univershy of Califomia, Berkeley, California 94720 The Conservationist's Dilemma Revisited NORTON, BRYAN; School of Social Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology. Atlanta, GA 30332 Ecological Health and Sustainable Resource Management TIEEZI, ENZO MARCHMTTINI, N.; and ULGIATI, S.; Department of Chemistry, University of Sia, Plan del Mantallini, 144-53100 Sieu, Italy Biomass and Entropy 4 Ecological Economics of Sustainab~lyty: Authors and Titles by Topic Contributed Sessions - An Ecologcal Ecosomie World View Efoloical Economfex of Sustainable Agr~enitr. DIETZ, FRANK; Department of Public Administrafion, Erasmus University. PO. Box 173g, Rotterdam, The Nesherands, ad HOOGERVORST, NICO; Agricutural Economics Research Institute, P-0. Do 29703.2502 IS Den Haa, The Netherlands Towarde a Sutaluable' Use of Nutrients In Agriculture FLORES RODAS, JOSt G. and SCHLICHTER, TOMAS M.; Centr Agronomco Tropicl De Investigaclon Y Enseäanza, TW~rilba,Costa Rica What is Sustalnablity and How do We Achieve It? A Case in the Central Ameuican Troples HALL, CHARLES, CORNELL, JOSEPH; SUNY ZSF, Syraeme NY, ad LEVIITAN, LOIS; Cornell University, hate, NY Lan* and Energy Coastrants and the Future of Costa Rica Agriculture NINAN, .N.; Institute for Socil amd Econoic Change, Nabhavi PO., Hägdore 560 072 &di Economics of Shifflng Cultivation n Idia HUGHES, DAVID; PENARANDA, WALTER; and BUTCHER, WALTER; Washington State University, JARADAT, ABDULLA; Jordon University of Science and Tecknolgy, and DAY, JOHN; Economic Rese~ch Services USDA Econouie Analyss of Farmng Practices that Increase Sustalnable Produetin tn the Barley Cropping Area of Jordan IGOE, JIM ; Department of Anthropology, Bstn University, 232 Day Sta~e Road, Doston, MA 0221S The Ecologeal lai of Economic Policy for Maasa Livestock Systems In Kenya JIANG, XEMIfNf; Departnent of Agriculud Economic, Maaskong Agricultura University, Wa City, China Some Fundamental Pråndples on Eco.economfds of Agricultural POMAREDA, CARLOS F.; Agricultural Pddicy en Planning. Intr-America Institute for Cooeration on Agrculu (MCA); P.O.39x 55 -2200 Corondo, San Jos, Costa Rica Instatutional Chaflenges In the Achievement of Sustainable Agrclture SHORTLE, JAMES . d MUSSER, WESLEY N.; Department of Agricuturd Economics ad Rurd So~.osogy The Pennmy~renia State University, University Part, PA 16802 Ecounomc Foundatons of Low-Input Sustaiable Agiculture SESHADRI, C.V. and HOON, CV.; Skri A.M. Murugappa Chettiar Research Centre, Tharanmui, Madras 600 113 India The_Ecological EconomIcs of Sustainabllty: Lessous Learned form Isolated Conmunaltes I 3UNGMAN, R.2.; Deparent of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institte and State University, Dlachburg, Van ad ERVIN, LT.; Department of Agricultural Economics, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409 Virginia Corn ProducersO Use of Insectäcdes to Control Corn Rootworms Even Though They Rotate Their Crops: A Case Study EWAMEN, ROBET Ecosns Ltd., Enviromental Management Consultants, P.O. Do CH-4M2, Zurich, Siåerlmnd Faunre of Irrigation Projeets and Coasequences for a Different Approach: A Case Study Ecolog~cal Ecnomics of Sustminafse Develppment ANDREASSON-OREN, INGE-MARIE; The Swedish University of Agricultual Sciences, Depanent of Econ ns, Do 7013. S-75007 Uppsala, Sen Wtlands and Sustalnable Development tn the Swedish Islad Gotland BLANCO, SERGIO; Deparent of City and Regkoal P.ing, The Uniersity f Pennsylvaia, Ph&u~pha-Pfefl~nIa The Eutroph~cation of Local Economes 5 Ecological Economics of Sustainability: Authors and Tfdes by Topic NFOaD, MICHAEL W.; Graduate School of Design, Harvard Uniwviy, 40 Quincy St., Cawrge, MA 02138 KOLATA, ALAN R. ; Department of Anthropology, lniversity of Chicago, 1126 B. 9th St., Chicago, IL 60637, and BRNNER, MARK ; Florida Mwean qf Natural History, Uiveruity of Floria Gainesville, FL 32611 ReVhbilitating Ancient Raised Fields I the Bolivian Altiplano: Palesecological and Archaeological Evidence for Sustainable Agriculture. BOJ6RQUEZ-TAPIA, LUIS A.; and FLORES.VILLELA, OSCAR Centrede Eelogle, LNAM. Apartedo Postal 70 275, Mexico 04510 A Method For Land.Use Planning and Conservation Ia Mexico BROWN, PETER G. ; School of Putl Aj,sW, MerrP Hal, Uniaersity of Marlmnd, College Park, MD 20742 Intergenerational Costs and the Grebabouse Effect ERSKINE, J. M.; Institute of Natural ResAources, University of Natal, P.O. Box 375, Pieterariburg 3200, South frica Environment, Agriculture and Economicss Achieving Sustainable Development In the Less Developed Rual Areas of Southern Africa GUPTA, ANIL L; Indian Institute of Management, Vastrapr. Ahmedabad India Sustainable Development of Indian Agriculture: Green Revolution Revisited RLINK, FEDERICO AGUILERA; GUTIERREZ, CARLOS CASTILLA; and PADRON, MIGUEL SANCHEZ ; Departaento de Economa Apticada, Universided de La Lagiusa, 38071 La Laguna, Teneife, Islas Canriws Spain Interpreting Ecological Economics In a Postmodernism Era: Sustainable Development Versus the Lack of Development Towards an International Ecological Order. MONK, TRACIE E.; 1917 S. Randolph St., Arlington, VA 22204 Conflicting Priorities: The Struggle for Sustainable Development In Indonesia NICHOLSON, GUY ; BiWlax, 6 Ind&a Place, K loof 3610 South Africa An Approach to the EnvIronmental Planning of Growing Third World Cities that is Compatible with Ecological Sustaluability SADLER, BARRY ; Lstite of the NorthaficiamWat, Victoria, British Colmambi, Canada An Impact Compensation Theory of Sustainable Development TOBEY, AM A4 United States Depart*ent of Agricate. Economic Research Service, 1301 New York Awne, NW Room 50, Washington, DC 20005-4788 Opportunities for Eav-anental Sustainablity In OECD Agriculture VAN PELT, MICHAEL J.., KUYVENHOVEN, ARIE; Netherlands Econoaic Istitute, RoetterdalWageningen Agricturar University, Roterdam, The Netherlands, and NIJEAMP, PETER; Free University of Aasterdan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Sustalnablitty and Project Appraisal -n Developing Countries: Methodological Challenges RoW'elg md &mkW Smnomic .torldd ew*. ThAesRI AMIR, SHMU L; Deparament of Applied Physics and Mathemarics, Soreq Nuclear Research Center, Yne 7061il, brael ThermodynamIes, Economics, and Ecology: An Analogy CARPENTER, STANLEY R*4 PAilosophy of Techology, School of Social Sciences, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, Go 30332 Sustaluablity and Forms of LIfe ROCHELEAU, DIANNE E.; Department of Geography, Clark University, Worcester, Ma Indigeness Ecological Economics: Projecting the Long Term View from Local Space SHOGREN, JASON F.; Department of Economics, Iowa State University, Ames. Iowa 50011, and NOWELL, CLIFFORD ;Depavent of Economics, Weber State College, Ogden, Utah 84403 Economics and Ecology: Comparison of Experimental Methodologies and Philosophles 6 Ecological Economics of Sustainabilty:y Authns and Titles by Topic SODERAUM, PETER ; Swedish University of Agricult~ral Sciences, Depatment of Rcoomcs, Ax 7013, S-75007 Uppsala, Sweden Neoclassical and Institutional Approaches to Development and Envronment TOMAN, MICHAEL and COSSON, PIERRE; Resources for dhe Futre, 1616 P Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036 The Different Dimensions of Sustainabfity: A Review UNDERWOOD, DANIEL A. ; International Center for Water Resources Mngement, Central State University, Wilherforce,0hio 45384 Lessons From Adaptabillty Theory For Sastainable Environmental Management VIEDERMAN, STEPHEN ; President, Jessie Smith Noyes Fo^dation, 16 East 34th St., New York, NY 10016 Building the Field of Ecological Economics Develoning and Ecological Economie World View: Debate ALLEN, P.M.; CLARK, N. and PEREZ.TREJO, F.; International Ecotechnology Resear~ Centre. Cranfeld lstitute of TechoWy, CraBeld De4frdM43 OAL,UNITED MODOM C-ange and Sustalnability: The Evolution of Wisdom COMMON, M.S.; Centre for Resource and Environmental Studis, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia A Pragmatic Approach to the Development of an Ecological Economics IL, J. LLOYD JR.; Epire State Colege, S.U.NY. , Candögua NY 14424 The Economic Trade Off-Growth vs the Environment MACPHERSON, D1.. AND THOMAS, .F.; CSIRO Divison of Water Resources, Private Dag, PO Wenbley, Western Australia 6014 Ån Inteligent Data aue for Order~ng n Ecologial-Eeeneamis Debate MAIEL-RIGAUD, GERHARD; Inmtite for Europen Environmental Po~cy. Aloy-Schulte.Str. 6, 5300 Don Interventious in Naturo-or Economy? On the Scientific Background of a Conflict Onestioninn Basic Assu ~ntions BAINES, J.T. ; Principal in James 8Dne, & AssociatesPO Box 8620, OautaiChristchurch, Aotearo,New Zean~d, and PEET, NJ. iSenior Lecturer in the Department of aemicl & -Process Engineering, University of Canterbry, 0tautaiChristchurck, Aotearoa,Mew Zea~4. Sustalnable Development and Stock Resources: Is There a Contradiction? (Energy Policy Within a Framework of Bustainable Development) ERIKSSON, KARL.ERIC and MANSSON, BENGT A.; Institute for Physical Resource Theory, University of Goteborg and Chalmers Univrsity of Technog. S-41296, Goteborg, Sweden Physical Concepts in Ecologicul Economics LOWE, IAN; Division of Science and Tecknology, Science Policy Researcm Centre, Grith University, Nathan. Drisbane, Queen~d, Austria, 4111 Economics of Sustainability: A Case Study LOZADA, GABRIEL A4 Department of Econ~uics, Tas A&M University, Cllege Station, TX 77843-4228 Lidtations on the Scope of Neodassical Resource Economics NAREDO, JOSZ MANUEL; ClEladia Lope Vilches, 12, 29033 Madrid, Span From the Economde System Towards the Economics of Systems REM, WILLIAM E.; The University of British Columbia, School pf Community and Regional Plann.g, 6333 Memorial Road, Vancouver, DC,Canada V6T IWS Why Economics Won't Save the World Ecological Economics of Sustainability: Authors and Titles by Topic SMITH, GERALD ALONZO; Center for a Human Economy, Makato State Uiver*iy, Mankato, HN 56001 What Rationality? Whose Efficiency? Manasiin the Commons far stainabilitv BERKES, FICRET; Iat:hte of Urban and Environmental Studies, Brock University. St. Catherine, Ontario 12S MI, Conada Sequential Exploitation and the Ecological Economics of Living Resources CAPISTRANO, A.D. and KER, C.4 University of Florida, Food and Resource Bonomics, Galierlle, Floride 32611 Global Economic Influences on Tropical Closed Broadleaved Forest Depletion CASTILLO, SERGIO; PRMC, CATIE. 7170 Twrlba. Costa Rica, Central America Management of an Ecosystem as a Multiproduct Asset In a Developing Country Context CHOPRA, KANCHAN and KADEKODI, GOPAL K4 latitute of Ecomic Growth4 Deah. India - - People's Participation and Common Property Resources: Some Refetections RAMMER, MONICA; Ask Laboratory. Depareent of Ndaral Resource Management. StockholU University. -106 91 Stockholm. Sweden Marine Ecosystem Support In Relation to Fisheries Management MAY, PETER 4 R. PalOandO. 269103. 22210 Rio de Janeiro. RU Brai Savage Capitalism International Market Alliances to Conserve Neotropical Forests SWART, RJ. and MAAS, RJ.M4 National lnaritate for Public Health and Environmental Protection, Bilthosen, The Netherlands From Global to National Climate Policy 8 Ecological Economics of Sustainability:sAuthos and Titles by Topic Invited Sension 2:, Accoitling. Modeling and Analsis ~AAT, LEON C4 Instite for avfronnsental Suudlu, Fra Universty Am~erdan, P,.~os 7161, Aut^dn, 1007 MC Nerkerlandö Ecological.Econoint Models for Sustafnable Regional DevelopMfet CLARE, COLIN W4 laarkare of AppOfed Ma~earla, The Universky of British Colubia, Vacoief0, VT 144, British Columa, Canad Blage Against Sustainable Development CLEVELAND, CUTLER .; Deparnt of Oeography and Center for Bery and Unvron~ental MadEr, BStron Universkty 675 C~,-~~egtra Av.. Boston, MA 02144 Natural Resource Scareity and Economic Growtb Revisited: Economic and Blophyscal Perspectivea d'ARGE, RALPH C. and SPASH, CLIVE 2 Dpar~nent of eanomIcs, Bo 39. UnOversity Utaden, Univerity of Wyon#i, Lfram*le, Wynlng 82071 Compensatng Feture Generato~s for Adverme EconoMMIC Impads EL SERAFY, SALA; Tåt Wormd Bn1, 1518 mi Bwae, N.W. Wrkltesn, DC 20433 Time Environment as Capital HANNON, BRUCE; Dpanunet of Geography, Univusky of Mllinois, Ubana, I, 61801 A General Acounting Framework for EClogleal Systems U EilN, oRE; Neherhids Central Bureau of B ~atistica, Prineu Beatr~rlamn 428^ 2270 AZ V~orbu ShOuld Nat~onat Incoe be Correted for Environmtal Lsses? A Theoretical Demma, et a Praectioa Salution MCGLADE, JACQUEfiNE; Theoukal Scaloi W~rkig 0rep, EPA. Jäl~s~,FederM Repui Gfm.ny The Iv~sible Criss The Need fur-New Medes of Analysik Sa Mdeming Ca Resour s MICH,WILIM 4 So of NWe j ~ ~ Res=os, The 0ki# a~e Univeru~ry, Ca.abu, Ohii 43210 Ecotoglea Egineerng - An Envronmetat Methodhlogy ror Sustalmabity aud modvsty PESKIN. HENRY M. Edgevete Auae lnc., 1210 Edgeae Road, Sier Spring, MD 20910 Alternatdve Evrnsentat and Resseac Accaunting Approaches PROOPS, JL4 Departmet of Ecm~o,o- and Manaenu Science, Universty of Keele, St<ordh ire, B~S 5O, United Kngd^, FAE, M.; and MANSTETTEN, R4 Aled Weber- Insdiu, Deparaiseat of ornls, Univeratär Keidelerg,Orabeagase,690 Heidebeg, Federal Repu~ic ~f~ 69a09y -Naonal Accosm~lg, Time and the Envhronment ULANOWICZ, ROBERT E4 Unfr.rafy of Mayand Chesapeake B~ilcal faberoy, Sulamonr, MD 28M 38 Dfscoumted Viaes of Ecosystem Resources 9 Ecological Economics of Sustainability: Authors and Titles by Topic Contributed Sesuions - Acounting. Modeline and Analysis EloniWCal Economic Agoroach 3t Natural..Resarce Acncountin BECK, ROGER; HARRIS, KIM and ERAfT, STEVEN; Deparsneat of AgriBasiness Economics, Southern Ilinois University, Carbondale, III. d2901 US.A. Establishment of a National Wildlife Refuge fom 'an Economist's Perspectives Methodological Insights CUNNINGHAM, A. B; and FRIEDMAN, M.; Instie of Natural Resaources, University of Natal. P.O. Box 375, Pietermaritabar8 3200, South *rica Prime Moverst Women and Wild Plant Resources FRITELSON, ERAN ; Apogee Research Inc., 4350 Bast-West Highway, Suite 600, Bethesda, Maryland 20814 An Alternative Role for Economic Instruments: Sustainable Finances for Environmental Management FRIEND ANTHONY M.; IndtWre for Research on Envirnment and &eon&my, University of Otaw, Otawa, Canada Natural Resources Accounting (NRA) and the System.of National Accounts (SNA): Synergism or Antagonism? GILBERT, ALISON i IS - Free University, P.O. Box 7161,1007 MC Amsterdan, The Netherlandr Satellite Accounts for Botswana - Theory and Logistics GOSH, SOUMENDRA; New Mexico State University, Lax Cruces, New Mexico, 88003 Efficient Food Production and Natural Resource Managethent Through Improved Credit Access to Women Case Studies la Kenya GROENFELDT, DAVID J.; World WIldhfe Fax4 1250 24th Street N. W. Washington, D.C. 20037 In Search of Sustainable Watershed Development Strateies for Local Management In South and Southeast Asia JOHNSON, RICHARD L and DOUGLAS, AARON .4 US. Departent of the Interior, Fish and WBhWService, National Ecology Research Center, 4512 MlwnVay Avenue, Fort Collis. CO 80525-3400 Conceptual Problems in Estimating the Social Returns to Noanmarket Water Resources XINGrDNNIS M4 IC Incorporated, 9300 Lee Highway. FairfW, VA 22031 io-Economics of Wetland Restoration: A Framework for Applied Research ELEMAS, V.; College of Marine Studies, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, OTT, JS.; Environwental Research Institue of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 22209, GROSS, M.F4 Gettysburg College, Genysbarg, PA 17325, BARDISKY, M.A. University of Scranton, Scranton, PA 18510 Mapping Coastal Marshes and Determiaing Their Health on a Global Scale Using Satellite Remote Sensors PILLET, GONZAGUE; Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen & University of Fribourg, Fribourg, SwitErland, BARRANZINI, ANDREA; Department of Economics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, HALL, CHARLES; State University of New Yo* at Syraceue ESP, Syracue, Now Yor, GREPPIN, HUBERT; Department of Botany, University of Geneva, Geneva. Switzerland , SANDOZTERRAZ, SYLVIE; Department of Geography, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switmrland Assessing Some. Economic and Ecological Evaluations on Environmental Issues with Special Reference to Switzerland TOLEDO, VICTOR M4 Centre de EcologIa, UNAM, APDO 70-27S, Mexico A Conceptual Framework for the Xcological*Economlc Analysis of Rual Production 10 Ecological Economics of Sustainability: Authors and Titles by Topic THRUPP, LORI ANN; Energy and ResoUes Program, Universiy of Cal(fbrnia, BerAduy. Caifornia 94720 The Political Ecology of Natural Resource Strategies In Costa Rica Modelling Ecololial Economic SyAtems ALDEN, DAVIDI Department of Economics, University of Keele Keel SqafWrdshire, T5 SIG, United Kingdom The 'Greenhouse Effect' and World Agricultures Using Computable General Equilibrium Models to Examine the Implications of Climate Change for Agriculture BANKS, STEVEN M.; Department of Geogrophy-Geology, IInois State Unlwrstty, Normal, Illinois Natural Resource Booms and Third World Developments Modelling the Response of Export Agriculture Via the Expansion Methodology CHARLES, ANTHONY T.; Saint Mary's University, Department of Finance and Management Science, Italax, Nova Scotia 8313C3 CANADA Sustainable Fisheries: Management Paradigms and Blo-Soclo*Economlc Models CONNER, J. R.; STIJTH, J. W.; HAMILTON, W. T. and SHEEHY, D. P4 Dept. of Agricultural Economics, Teas A&M University. College Station. Tear, 77843 An Integrated Ecologic.Economic Model for Planning Sustainable Grasing Animal Production Systems GROSS, LORNA 84 Kemse State Cotege, 229 Main Street Keene, NH 03431 The Production Specification in Economic Growth Models IKEDA, SABURO ; Int. of Socio-Economic Planning, University of Tauba, Takabs, 1baraui 305, Japan An Empirical Model Framework for Sustainable Resource and Environmental Management in Coastal Area LEE, DANNY and PAULSEN, CHARLES; Resources for the Fature, 1616 P Street NW, Washington, DC, 20036. Integrated Ecological and Economic Modelling for Fisheries Planning In the Columbia River Basin MCKONE, THOMAS E4 University of California, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 5507, L-453, Livermore, CA 94550 Tracking the Global Fate of Industrial Emissions on a Macintosh Using STELLA GURMAN, VLADIMIR L and SAFONOV, PAUL I; Program Systems Institute, Institute Control Sciences, USSR Academy of Sciences. Profsoyanaya.117806Afoscow, USSR] Interactive Modelling of the Ecologic.Economlc Regional Development SAVORY, ALLAN; Center for Holistic Resource Management, 800 Rio Grande Boulevard, N.W., Suite 10, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87104 The Holistic Resource Management Model SKLAR, FRED R. Belle W.Baruch lastitute for Marine Biology and Coastal Research. University of South Carolina, Georgetown, SC 29440. and COSTANZA, ROBERT; Center for Environmental and Estuarine Studies, University of Maryland, Box 38, Solomwns, MD. Modeling Natural and Human Impacts on Wetlands SOUTHWORTH, FRANK HILLSMAN, EDWARD L. DALE, VIRGINIA K FROUN, ROBERT H. JIMENEZ, BRAULIO D.and O-NEILL, ROBERT V. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, P.O. Box 2008. Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831 Modeling Land Tenure Patterns, Highway Infrastructure Policies and the Ecological Impacts of Deforestation In Rondonia, Brazil WALKER, ROBERT; Department of Geography, Florida State University, Tallahessee, FL 32306 A Behavioral Model of Tropical Deforestation Under the System of Concession Logging 11 Ecological Economics of Sustainabslity: Authors and Tiles by Topic VAN DEN ERG JEROEN and NUKAMP, PETER; Fra. Unive~ty Am~sterda, PO. B~x 7161, 1007 MC Amstam, T%e Netherlds Aggregatt EconoumicEcological Models for Sustalnable Development Energy Anelgåin Eclogienl Econamins COU LTER JOHN; Enropy Maagnent Services PSy Ltd, 7 Yabak Crescent, Shaker Pak, r~sbane 4128, As*alia Eonomic Activlty on an Energy Landscape DENZLEO, ERIC; Center fir Energy ad Environental Studies, Boston University, 675 Cm*~onwea Avenue, Boston, MA 02215 EMergy and EconoiGc Analys8s of Phosphrous Scarcity and the United State Phosphate Rock Industry FAUCHEUE, SyLVIE; Cntre-Économde-Espace-Environnement, Université de Paris . Path~n-Sorbonne, 90, Rue de TOlic, Paris. Sustanabmity tn Light of an Eco-ergettc Analysis GIAMPITRO, MARIO; Insditto Nation.!e della Nutrisn., Roa, Itly, ad PIMENTEL, DAVID C 6lege of Agricuure and lP Sciences, Cornell Uniersity. Ith~a, New York Energy iciency : Assessing the Interactln between Humans and their Environment DERENDEEN, RO RT A4 linois Natural History Suresy, 607 East Peabd Drive, C^pagn iL 61801 Mnetary Comtlåg of Energy-Related evironmental Effects: Examples from Several States and f*om Norway KAU VMANN, ROERT; Ceter for Energy and Environental Studies, 675 Commonwealth Avene, Boston University, Bo.ton, MA 0221$ mis~on of Carboa Dioxide From Economale Activity: The el^, Sectors and Nations of Origin KOHLMAIER, O.M. and LODEKE, M..E4 lästitut fr theoretsche und physikalsche Chemie der Johan. Woftg-eq ~the Unåeru.tt, Niedrurseler Hag, D-6000 Fran~ artkMn 50, West Germaay On a Synergetes Approach to Lorens Distribution Curves of Income on the asis of Microstate Statistics MÅATUMI, KOZO; Research Fellow, Department of Applied Mathensatcs and Physics. Faculty of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606 Jepan The Law of Diminishing Return Radically Recenstructed: Its Physlo-Chemical Foundation and IW~plcation for the Reseurce and EnvåronMental Constralft tn the Future Economy ODUM, HOWARD T4 Environmental Engineering Sciences and Center for Wetads, University of Florida, Gainesville. Florida A Comparison ef EMERGY (spelled with an "M") Analysis and Input Output Embodled Energy Acc*Tatins ODU, HOARD T. and ARDING, JAN; Environenta Engineerigg Sciences and Center fr Wetlands, University ,«~lrW Gan^s . ~,Flrd EMIRGT Anaysis ef Shimp Mriculture and Foreign Trade ln Ecuador PATTN, N NARD C. Department of Zoolomy and Instit~te of Ecogy. University of Georgia, A~he, Georgia 30602,1 Input-Output Ap roach to an F1:logical Utillty Theory Pelle! Iunlications of EcoloieEoncmJie Analyi ABLER, DAVID G. ad SMORTLE, JAMES 8.4 Department of Agric=mtural Economics and Rurl Sociology, The Pennsylvania State Uni~ersity, University Park, PA 16802 Environmental, Trade and Farm Comnodity Policy Linkages EVERETT, MICHAEL 94 Department of Econ~ic~, East Tenessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37601 The Po~tical Economy of Environmental Movements 12 Ecological Economics of Sustainability: Authors and Tites by Topic BUTZERCHARLES R.; World Bank, 1818 H Street, Washington DC., ECKAUS, RICHARD S.; Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge Massachusenls, 02139, LAHIRI, SUPRIVA; University of Lowell, and MEERAUS, ALEXANDER; GAMS Development Corporation A General Equilibrium Analysis of Policies to Reduce Carbon Emissions Through Increase ia Efficiency HARRIS, JONATHAN M.; Economics Department, Boston University, 270 Bay State Road, Baton, MA 02215 Global Institutions and Ecological Crisis LINES, MARRI and TAMARO, MARCO; Facalty of Economics and Department of Environmental Science, University of Venice, Veake. Italy Atraslnes A Non Point Source Pollution Problem PASTUK, MARILIA; MONASA, Ltd., R. Teixeira de Freitas. 31, o. andr, RIo de Jametra, RJ, Bratil Ecology and Social Inequality In BraWi SOUSA, CLARA DE and PERKINS, PATRICIA E4 Faculdade de conoMAia, Universidede Eduardo Mondane, Mapuro, Mouambique Environmental Effects of the IMF Economic Program in Mozambique, 1987-199 MNLOUrement and Yalustion o &tural Resources BERGSTROM, SOREN; Assistant Professor, Stockhohn University, Stockhohn, Sweden Sustainable Development Accounting: Taking Advantage of Rigorous Theory BISHNOI, S. and GAUTAM, D.D.; Laboratory of Plant Ecology. P.O. Department of Botany, Dangar (Autonomous) College, Bikaner - 334 001 (Raf.), India. A Case Study of Arid Zone (Rajasthan) Economic-Ecologic Conflicts vs Harmony Under the Impact of the Indira Gandhi Canal Project FOLKE, CARL; Asko Laboratory, University of Stockhm, S - 106 9I, StocMolwm Sweden The Societal Value of Wetland Life-Support GOTITFRIED, ROBIN; Department of Econaics, The University of the South, Sewanme, Tennessee 37375 The Value of a Watershed as a Series of Linked Multiproduct Assets JOHN, KUN H.; WALSH, RICHARD G. and MOORE, CHESTER 0; Dept. of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 805233 Comparison of Alternative Nonmarket Valuation Methods For An Economic Assessment of A Public Good KETEAR, KUSUM; Associate Professor of Economics, School of Business, Seton Hail University, South Orange, NJ 07079-2692 Hazardous Waste Sites and Property Values ia the State of New Jersey VAN DER STRAATEN, JAN; Tilbrg University, P.O. Box 90153, 5000 LE TilburgIlHotland The Policy of the Netherlands Regarding Acid Rain in a Single Internal Market. 13 Ecological Economics of Sustainability: Authors and Titles by Topic Invited Session 3: Instlitutional Changes BORA, GYULA; University of Econouics and Polkical Science. DiWitro * Idr 8, Budapeat 1-1050, Hungary Contradictions fi the Environmental Policy of Eastern Europe: the Case of Hungary CAVALCANTI, CLOVIS; Fundaewo Joaquis Nbaco, Ruea Dos Irma, 92' Recife, PES2071, Brail Government Policy and Ecological Concerns: Some Lessons Learned From Brazil CHRISTENSEN, PAUL; Deparxent of Economdcs, Hofitra University, Hapstead, New York 11550 Increasing Returns and the Management of Sastainability CLARK, MARY L; Department of Biology. College of Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182- 0057 Rethinkiag Ecological and Economic Education: A Gestalt Shift COSTANZA, ROBERT Center for Envirmnental and btuarine Studies, University of Mary&lad. Box 38, Solonwons, MD. Implementing Institutions to Assure Sustaluability of Ecological Economic Systems CUMBERLAND, JOHN H.1 Director, Bureau of Business and Economic Research, University of MarylanA College Park, MD Intergenerational Transfers and Ecological Sustalnabitity FARBER, STEPHEN; Economics Deparxent, Loisiana Stere University, Baton Rogge, LouIsiana 70803 Economic Incentives for Preventing and Adapting to Ecological Changes GOODLAND, ROBERT J4 The World Bank, Washington, D.C. 20433 Sustainability of Hardwoods from Tropical Moist Forests PAGE, TALBOT; Environmental Studies, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912 Environmentalists and Economists and Philosophers and Biologists PERRINGS, CHARLES A.; Department of Economic, Univrsity of AcMa Private Bag, Ackland 1, New Zealand Technological Change, Uncertainty, and Time in Environmental Management VARSHNEY, C. L; Schoot of Environmental Seces, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Dehl, 110 067 India Indian Agriculture and Sustalnability ZUCCHETIO, JAMES J.; National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. Ecological Economics and Education ZYLICZ, TOMASZ; Ministrjy of Environment, Wawelika 52154, 00-922, Warsaw Poland The Role for Economic Incentives In International Allocation of Abatement Efforts 14 Ecological Economics of Sustainability: Authors and Titles by Topic Contributed Sessions - Institutional Changes Inentives and Disincentives for Achieving Rustainabilty ALESKEROV, FOUAD T.1 Institue of Control Sciences, 65 Profsoymnaya, Moscow 117806 USSR Tax Formation For Improvement of the Ecological Situation In a Region COLBY, MICHAEL E. 2104 North Quantico Street, Arlington, Virginia 22205 Economics and Environmental Management: The Case for Envronmental Taxes CRAIG, PAUL P..; DUNLOP, BETH; CONLEY, CRAIG and GLASSER, HAROLD; Sustainable Futures Research Gro. Deparment of Applied Science, University of Cal(fornks, Davis, CA 95616 Apparent Consumer Discount Rates HEDMAN, SUSAN; School of Public Affairs. University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 Reversibility as a Weighting Factor i Integrated Least Cost Planning Methodologies JOHN, KUN H.; WALSH, RICHARD G. and KLING, ROBERT W.; Dept. of Agricultural and Resource &onomsics, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, CO 80523 The Le Chateller's Effect Ia Environmental Economlest A Critical Evaluation of Environmental Policies for Sustainable Resource Management LONERGAN, STEPHEN and HAITI, MICHAEL; Departmnt of Geography, Univrsity of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700, Victoria, B.C. V8W 2Y2 Canada Market Oriented Strategies for Reducing CO2 Emissions: Taxes, Price Inducements and Regional Impacts MCKELVEY, ROBERT; Mathematical Sciences Department, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812 A Bayesian Approach to the Conservation of Biological Diversity MUNROE, MARTIN J.; Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78711 Public Policy and Biomass Transportation Fuels: Economically Useful Information From - Energetics PETERSON, STEVEN. C.; Ecology & Environment. Inc., 368 Pleasantiew Drive, Lancaster, New York 14086 Economics of Global Warming Abatement: Contributory Value of Forest Ecosystems as Carbon Sinks PETZEY, JOHN; Deparament of Economis, University of Bristol, 40 Berkeley Square, Bristol BS8 lIY Charges vs Subsidies vs Marketable Permits as Effelent and Acceptable Methods of Emuent - Controls A Property Rights Analysis SHOEMAKER, ANDREW R.; University of Virginia School of Law , and TOWNSEND, KENNETH N4 Hanpden- Sy&s College, Hanpden-Sydsey, Virginia 23943 The Chinese Environment; An Analysis of Environmental Policy Problems within The People's Republic of China TIETENBERG, TOM; Dept of Economsics, Colby College, Waterville, Maine 04901 Managing the Transition to Sustaluability: The Potential Role for Economic Incentive Policies Ecolonical Economic Solutions to Environmental Deredation BOJ6RQUEz.TAPIA, LUIS A. and ONGAY, ENRIQUE; Centro de Ecologra, uNAM, Apartado Poala 70 275, 04510 Mexico, D.F. Mexico International Leading and Resource Development In Mexico: Can Environmental Quality be Assured? CHAN, ARTHUR . and MILLS, SHERRY K.; College of Business and Economics, New Mexico State University, Las Crwer, New Mexico 88003 An Energy Content-Based Information 4ystem for Municipal Solid Waste Management 15 Ecological Economics of Sustainability: Authors and Titles by Topic FENTON, ROBERT and BROWN, WILSON; University of W*(peg, Winnpeg, Canada, 1SB 259 The Uncertainty and Externalities of Catastrophic Loss: Measurement, Interpretation, and Decisions HEMPEL, LAMONT C.; Associate Director, Center for Politics and Polley The Claremont Graduate School, Claremon*. Calfornia 91711 Implieations of International Carbon Dioxide Abatement Strategies for Sustainable Development KAUPMANN, ROBERT; Center for Enerjy and Environmental Studies, 675 Commonwealth Avenue. Boston University, Boston, MA 0221S Emission of Carbon Dioxide From Economic Activityt The Fuels, Sectors and Nations of Origin KOZLOF, KEITH; Departmeom of Agricuttural and Applied Economics. University of Minnesota, 1994 Bqord Avenue, St. Paut, MN 55108 The Political Economy of Information in Targeting Measures to Reduce Nonpolat Source Water Pollution KOMMEL, REINER and SCHOSSLER, UWE Ph*iwkaltches lnstitna der unlversitat Wursurt, D-700, Wursburg, PRO Beat Equivalents of Noxious Substances: A Pollution Indicator for Environmental Accounting MOREHOUSE, WARD; Council on International and Public Affairs; Intermediate Technvoy Development Group of North Ameriea; School of International Affairs, Colnbia Universiy, New York, NY. Equity and Ecology In the Great Global Clean*Ups A Soperfbad for Toxic Workers RAPPORT, DAVID J. Instlure for Research on Eavironment and Ecmy. Simard Ieil University of Ottawa, Ottawa KIN dNS Canada, and HILDEN, MIKAEL; Statistics and Economscs Section, Finnish Game and Fisheries Research Institute, P.O. Box 202, SF-00151 Helsiki, Finland Patterns of TolaporallSpacial Propagation of Ecosystem Pathology In the Gulf of Bothula MARTIN, LARRY; 1442 Harvard St., NW Washington, DC 20009 The Gross National Waste Product SHARP, BASIL MJ.; Department of Economics, University of Auckland New Zedand Global Pollutions An Assessment of Transferable Permits SIMONIS, UNO E.and LEIPERT, CHRISTIAN; Wisserchtsnntrunt Berlin fur Smialforschung, Raicpietak4fer 50, D-1000 Berlin, Federal RepuNic of Gernany Environmental Damage and Environmental Protection Expenditures: The Example of the Federal Republic of Germany VAN DER STRAATEN, JAN; TIHburg University, P.O. Box 90153, 5000 LE Tiburg/Hlland The Policy of the Netherlands Regarding Acid Rain In a Single Internal Market. WEBER, JEFF and MEISTER, ANTON; Depar"ant of Agricultural Eemonics, Massey University. Palmerston Nort, New Zealand Managing Natural Resources, Institutional Change, and Sustalnability in New Zealand: A Case Study Ecologicalf Integated TechnoIogy ANGERER, GERHARD; FraumeferInstitAt for Systems and Innovation Research, KartsrAe ,West Germany Capability of New Technologies for Future Environmental Protection * The Example of Air Pollution ANNAN, ROBERT H4 Phoaovoltaic Technology Division, US. Deparment of Energy, 1000 Independence Avenue S.W., Room SF-81, Washington D.C. 20385, BURR, RALPHs Geothermal Technology Division, US. Department of Energy, 1000 Independence Avenue S.W., Room 511.065, Washington, D.C. 20585, and CABRAL, ANIL; Meridian Corporation, 430) King Street, Suite 400, Aleandria, VA 22302-1508 Rational Power Developments The Integrated Electric Utility CONLEY, CRAIG and CRAIG, PAUL P4 Ecology Graduate Group, University of Cdifornia. Davis. CA 95616 The True Cost of Electricity: Implications for Least-Cost Electricity Resource Planning 16 Ecological Economics of Sustainabiity: Authors and Titles by Topic DALE, BRUCE E. HOLTEAPPLE, MARK A. and RYKIEL, EDWARD J.; Texas A4M University, Coltege Station, Texas, 77843 USA A New Technology for Sustainable Production of Food and Pel from Blomasun Energy, Economics and Ecology. FINNELL, JANINE A4 KENNEDY, TED 0.; DEGROAT, KEVIN and CABRAL, ANIL; Meridian Corporaie, 4300 King Sbeet, Axandria, Virginia Considering Social Costs in Utility Decision Making: Alternative Approaches and Implementation GLASSER, HAROLD and CRAIG, PAUL P.; Applied Science Department, University of Caf(fornia, Davis. CA 95616 Problems with Plastic Trees and Ways to Think About Recycling Them KIIALIL, ELIAS L; New School for Social Research, SprinlelK MO Beyond the Widow's Curse and Marie Antolnett's Folly: A Physical Model of Production and Resources MACLEAN, JOHN C4 548 Massachuse s Avenue, Boston, MA 02118 Factoring Eavironments' s,fternalities Into Electric Power Supply Decision-Making MROZEK, CARL; CoUege of Environmenal Science and Foreory, Syracuse University Syracare NY 13210 TVIVideo: The Magic Box for Mixing Environmental Education with Development RUBINO, MICHAEL C4 Blaewaters Inc. and Palmeno Aqaacitre, 4350 East Wear Itwy, SUe 600, Bethesds, MD 20814 Sustainable Aquaculturet Shrimp Farming VYASULU, VINOD; Profsser and Head, Social Services ManAgement Unit, Institure for Social and Economc Change, Bagalore 560072, India On Choosng Environmentally Sound and Self.Rellant Technologies: Reflections on Indian Experience ZIPARO, ALB1ERTO; Center for Eropean Econonic Sladies, Northeasters University, Boston, Mass. The Environmental Planning of Energy Projects Institutions To Sustain Biological Resources CALE, WILLIAM 0.; Indaa University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, Pennsylvania 1570$ , and KATZMAN, MARTIN T4 Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831 International Initiatives for the long*term preservation of tropical forests. FRAZIER, 5; Unversidad Nacional, Apartedo 1353, ieredia, Costa Rica Ecological Economic of Marine Turtles: Challenges In Sustainable Exploitation of a Resource Which Is Both Local and International IRIGOELIAS, EDUARDO; Centro de Estudios Para La Cowervion de os Recrss Naturates, A.C. Chiapas, Mexico Ecological and Socio-Economic Implications of the Trade with Wild Parrots: The Mexican.USA Case JANSEN, DORIS J4 WWF MuUiwpeces Proct, P.O. Box 8437 Carway, Harare, Zimbabwe Sustainable Wildlife Utilization In the Communal Areas of Zimbabwe: Economic, Ecological and Political Tradeoffs SOUTHGATE, DOUGLAS; Department of Agricaltural Economics and Rural Sociology, Ohio State University, 2120 F# Road Cokunbs, Ohio 43210-1099 How To Promote Tropical Deforestation: The Case of Ecuador T SAS-ROLF8S, MIKE; 23 Etro Park, 6 Eton Road 2196 Sandhrat, South Arica The Economics of Rhino Conservation 17 Ecological Economics of Su stainability: Authors and Titles by Topic WEBER, A.W.; Wildlife Conervation In national, Bronx, New yor 10460 Nature Tourism Ia Rwanda: The Extension and Limits of Gorilla Economics Individual Resaonsibilities in Adleving Sua inaility DAY, LINCOLN H4 Department of Demography, Australian National University, Canbera, A.C.T. Australia Departing from Resource-Intensive Lifestyles: Problems and Possibilities FRIEDMAN, M.and POLLEIT, E. A. ,atiture of Natural Resources, University of Natal, P.O. Box 375, Piterswaribrg 3200. Repub k of South Arica 4`he Possibilities of Achieving Sustainable Rural Livelihoods In the Context of a Migrant Labour Systems Some Lessons From an Integrated Rural Development Project In Kwasmul, South Africa HITCHNER, BENJAMIN; Center for Economic Education. Glosboro State Coflege, Glausboro, NJ 08028-0761 Man Centered Economics HAENKE, DAVID; The Ecological Society Project of The Tides Foundation, Inc., Rt. 1, Box 20, Newburg. Missisrippi 65550 Economics as the Galan Disease: The Diagnosis and Care Through Ecological Economics PHILOMENA, ANTONIO Fundaglo Universidade do Rio Grande, Laborat6dro do Ecologica, ras Alberto Tareas 161. arto Allegro, Bril What should be Taught In Ecological Economics? PEET, N. J. Deportment of Chemical and Process Engineering. University of Canterbary, Christchurch New Zealand and PEET, L M.; New Zealand Workers' Education Arsociaion, Inc., Canterbury, New Zealand With People's Wisdom: Community Based Perspectives on Sustainable Development SCHROYER, TRENT. Ranupo College of New ersey, 505 Rampo Vallq Road Mahwah, NJ 07430 Ecological Economics of Sustainability WELLE, PATRICK G. Department of Economics, Bedji State Unilersity, Beni, MW 56601 Translating Household Stewardship Values Into Ecological Stewardship Goals: Some Empirical Evidence 18 Ecological Economics of Sustainability: Invited Abstracts INVITED ABSTRACTS BRAAT, LEON C. Institute for Environmental Studies, Free University Amsterdam, P.O.Box 7161, Amsterdam, 1007 MC Neeiands Ecological-Economic Models for Sustainable Regional Development In the course of the 1980's, the concept of 'sustainable development' became the key concept in areas such as economic planning and environmental protection. In most definitions sustainable development combines two basic notions, i.e. ecological sustalinability and economic development. Ecologically sustainable economic development is defined as those changes of economic structure, organization and process towards maximum welfare which can be sustained by the resource systems which the economic system has access to. At the global, biosphere level, sustained development is constrained by the total of resources present on earth and the energy supplied by the sun. Ecological-economic systems at a level below the world system, however, have the opportunity to add to their own resource base through trade and exchange. This network and resulting regional interdependencies offer possibilities to broaden the sustainable development base and to decrease discrepancies between regions. In the paper two questions related to de issue of regional sustainable development are addressed: 1) what is the optimal, sustainable combination of uses, and at which level of intensity, of a region's own resource base? and 2) what are the consequences of expanding the economic production and consumption levels beyond the original regional carrying capacity? The first question pertains to the dynamics of resource systems as well as to the potential and problems of multiple use of resources. The second question suggests a focus on degradation of ecosystems through excess exploitation to support export flows necessary to pay for imports and through environmental stress, such as pollution, as a consequence of excess productivity and consumption. The paper introduces a generic regional model, presents explorations of the dynamics, constraints and consequences of various economic development scenarios, and illustrates several of these issues with a case study in the Netherlands. DORA, GYULA University fEconomics and Political Science, Dimitrov t tdr 8, Budapest H-1050, HngWary Contradictions in the Environmental Policy of Eastern Europe: the Case of Hungary In spite of existing measures and valid acts for environmental protection in Eastern European Countries, the state of the environment is getting worse and worse. The reasons for these contradictions ar political, economic and sodetal. To improve understanding we have to reconsider the three theoretical arguments and approaches often cited as guarantees of an effective environmental policy. These are social ownership of means of production, mechanism of planned economies, and the system of political institutions. In planned economies the state is the principal owner of the means of production and it runs and regulates the economy at the macro level. But socialist economies can be characterized by limitc4 sources and unlimited demands therefore the capital allocations are decided by a set of different priorities, which are motivated mainly by political and subjective factors. First of all, the infrastructure for environmental protection has suffered from a low priority in the process capital allocation. On the other hand, socialist ownership, from an economic and organizational point of view, means that enterprises have relative autonomy. Enterprises also have definite economic tasks and goals, first of all to maximize their output. Often the efforts and interests of the enterprise to fulfill this goal contradicts with ecological interests. State intervention is necessary to regulate the enterprises in order to produce environmentally benign behavior. In the case of Hungary the basic principle of state intervention is that the polluter should pay. This is realized by emiss.m standards, fines, and penalties. But because of the misfunctioning of the poional system, this basic principle can't operate in an effective way. The outlook for the future is more optimistic because of the changin political and economic system. 19 Ecological Economics of Sustainability: Invited Abstracts BOULDING, KENNETH E, Inrdlute ¥eAvrOatS nCe, University of Colorado at 8.der, C~ips Box 484, oudder, Colorado 80309 What do we want to Sustaln? Environmentalim and Human Evaluations The sustlnablilty of blological evolution on this planet, punctuated as It seems to have been by catastrophes from which it recovered, is a fascinating story of which we have very ~mperfect knowiedge. The~ seems little doubt, however, that the huann race is an ecological catastrophe, s~mply because its intelligence has enabled It to spread over the whole planet and to produce very large numbers of artfacts which have an ~mpact on blological populations. Most evolutionary catastrophes seemu to have been followed by an increase in the complexity of organisms, perhaps because of the empty niches created by the catastrophe itself, and one wonders whether this is a possible gide to the future. 1e unique chacteristic of the human race is its capacity for forming complex Images not only of Its iediate environment but of the whole planet, and its abillty to put evaluations over these Wager ~nges. Environmentalism as an ideology Involves putting human evaluations over the poible future states of the total planet. If these evaluations ae adverse, suggesting a worsening of the state of the planet, then the queston arses, what changes in human behavkor and institutions may result? We already see some changes In individual behavior, like concerns for recycling and blodegradability and the cutting back on fluorocarbons because of the ozone effect. ibese changes affect only a small part of the human race and a critical queston is whethe the leaming can be much further extended to change the behavlor of those whose actons are constrained only by their percepdon of their immedlate benefit. It is worth asking what new institutions might be necessary to achieve these objectives, even though the answersmaynot be easy to find. The role of economic institutions In this process Is obviously of great importance, but also hard to Identify. An important qestion here is the extent to which the institutions of society feed back on the perceived welf~e of deciskon mak~rs and the overal effect of their decisions on the total system. Market institutions have the advantage that decisions the result of which are not favorably regarded by potentlal purchasers have fairly rapid feedback Under central planning feedback is much slower and diasarous decisions can be made without the onseqnces falling on the decision maker. This perhaps may account for the present diAinnment with central planning. It may be that we are looking for some optimum combination of political or threat power, economic power, and what Ihave called "Integrative power," to lad us either away frem cat~trophe or towards a situation in which caa will actually sustan the evolutonary process. CAVALCANTI, CLOVIS Fund~doJo~ pdm Nabuco, Rua Dok irmaos,92' Recfe, PE52071,Bra~il Government Policy and Ecological Concerns: Some Lessons Learned From Brazil The paper is anttenpt to offer som= empirical background for discumon about what should be done to attain genune human progress in Brazil and the entire planet It starts from two sitnatlons of reference (the historical formation of Brazil and the Amazon's recent development) to show what kinds of governmental policy were concelved and Imp~ented and the ecological concerns they aroused. No exhaustive list of possible defining elementa of the policies Is given, but a synhed vision of reality is suggested by a euamination of relevant envirow~ntl ~issues. The overall conclusion of the paper stress the u at y way (to say the e) that ecological problems were delt with in Brazil since colonial times. Some explanadons for that behavlor are CHRISTENSEN, PAUL Depw~nent of Economics, H*trn Univity, Hempsead, New York 11550 Increasing Returns and the Management of Sustalnability Ihe neoclaical economic theory which damintes resource and environmental aays ad policy ls bsed on atmistic and mechanisd assumptions about individuals, firms, resources, and technologies which we nt the complex and pervasive classical production theory, for example, end~ely feglects (1) any pysical fi of the matrals, energy, and information inputs (including the" which transfonm enagy, materials, and infonatin), (2) the physical connetmivity (complementaity) between these inputs within produMein techniques, and (3) the sequenal nature of producton activities (geophyuical and blogical producton 20 Ecological EConomics of Sstainability: Invited Abstracts systems and the stages of ex~ractlon, processing, ad fabdca In ecoic systes). It also neglec (4) the Implications of energetic and Informad~n processs for the non-equililbrium, self-reinforcing behavor of economic systems. Partly for ideological rehsons and partly for roasons of athemat nt tractabilty, neoclasslcal theory has conined itself within a world characterized by diminishing retuns and negatve or self-limiting feedb~ Since the industrial revolution, economic actlvity has combined tecfnological and informatonreplicadon and innovadon with the large-scal exploliton of environmental and "stock" resources (including fosil fuels). As the classical economlsus, Alfred Marshall, Allyn Young, Gumar Myrdal, and Nicholas Kaldr well knew, Internal or sectoral economic relations are often characteri~ed by Increasing returns, p~sidve fee wi or self-reinforcing processes of disequilbriun growth. The older classical tradition of economic theory, whch was set out from a nascent materals and energede foundation, developed an asymmetric analysis of diminishing ret^ns in extraclon and agricultural sectors and Increasng return in manufacturing. The 1ter ws based on the assumpdon that mchines and sids could be replicated over dme. A relnterprettion of this famework from a bio-physical and information perspectve can provide a "new"ilnzerpretation of the operation of producdlon and market processes in relation to resource availability (ud environmental sustainability). Since resource prices in tfis apoech am driven by macrdemand and techology and move with the business cycle, the view that market prices provide an Idex of scarcity Is coMsiderably wantned. Increasing returns in te economic care reinforces the view that resource, economy, and nvirmn iteracns must be managed to preserve ecosystem integrity and funcLon. A physical appoach to resource ad envrome management Is given support against the excessive relance of neoclassleal theory on extending the sphere 0nndkt interacdons and private property rights. CLARK, COLIN W. lum~e of Applied Mathemadas, The University of Br~Ik Columbia, Vacouver. V6T 144, Brts Colubia, biases Against Sustalnable Development The speed with which the phrase "sustnble development" has been adopted indicates widespread recognition of the necessity of achieving su~anai ty, as well as tacit recognition of the likelhood that much exisd~g development may be far hm usalnabl. The problem of unders~ die so and e o form ranged against susmtinablity therefore M major Inprtance. This paper analyzes the implications of the three major blaes against utalni ty: common property extemalities, future disconting, and uncertainty. Thes interrelated, synergistic bäaes are very firoly imbedded In .ourc ep way of life, based on the damnd for ever ecoomic growth. Overcoming them promes to be difficult ind~e Certan pre-agricultural sociedes eeded in maintaining mutlna e use of resources, for example by employing varous relgious taboos, uand also throgh defense and expansion of hundng territodes. Nowadays there are few opportunites for expansion of territories, and religous taboos lve long been forgotten. Yet me methd must be found to induce modern society to recognize and appeciate de intrinsic economic values of natural capita - values that are automatially equated to zero for common-property resuce assets, and ften severelyunderes forruy ownedreobec fds auncertainty. Ibe~pledon of natural apital can yleld r~mendns profits for exploiters, but de privae proits frequetny to severe social loses, goemed by reducing the bas stack of natural capital. Much of appanpteai ro*th may in fwct be1n illusion baed ona failme toaccount for reducons innatural capita (Daly and Cobb, 19g9). The socioeconomic biaes agaInstu development .us somehow be overcome If fegoal of sustnnnility b to be reached. Unfornmaely very little atentlon has yet been pald to how these b~ues may be CLARK, MARY E. Depar ent of Biology, CoUege of Sciences, San Diego State Uniersity, San Diego, CA 92192-0057 Rethinklng Ecologleal and Economc Educatfon: A Gestalt Shift Neoc~seit econmic theöry is bued on only limited recognion of two boundary conditions that in the long-run construin all economic systeas liMlts of the environment and limits of the human psyche. This short- run ~inring has broughtus faceo-face with long-runenuom both cnvronme ad s a We rea new under of the purposes and c que of econoic activty. This will require more than simply resr ourand sopyschologcl lmits. W canno solve 21 Ecological Economics of Sustainability: Invited Abstracts our inpending rses just by inventing a single value system that will incorpomte cost-benefit trade-offs in the environment and in our social institutions. Such trade-offs presume som kind of facile subsitutablity among all the identifled components In the ledger, making comparlsons between quantiflable aregate outcomes the basis for decsons. It Is a prescription for disaster. An alternative approach is to project a desired set of social and envronmental goals and ask, what sors of economic acivities would most likely lead to these goals? Tfis requrs a gestalt shift In the assumptions uderlying Western p to economics, ecology, and social psychology. For this shift to occur, de education of planers and decision-makers - ad of theera u g~ - must include the following: 1. Grounding in ecological principles of sustanable systems, to which ecologists have pald too little attention; 2. Grounding In psychosocial factors creadng stable sociedes -ad In Wroaches to self-geerated c~ange, which most societes must udertake to become "sustainable"; 3. Traning in critiqung the lmitations of present economic thea.y, thus bridging from present to future gestals 4. Traning in ldentifying the appropriate socio-economic entities for establishing local, bioregional, and global sustainablity, and their lnteraction. This amalgamation of the disciplines will require abandoning many assumptions in current Western thntring which so doninates today's intemational arena. CLEVELAND, CUTLER 3. Department of GeographY and Center for Energy and Environmental Studies, Boston University. 675 Counonweath Ave., Boston, MA 02144 Natural Resource Scartity and Economic Growth Revisited: Economle and Blophysical Perspectives The neoclassical model of production assumes that capital and labor are primary inputs to production. Consistent with this assumption, the neaclassical model of natural resource scarcity assumes that real resource prices or capital-labor extraction cost are the appropriate empirical indicatos of scarcity. In their seminal work, Barnet and Morse found that capital-labor costs per unit of extractive output declnd throughout most of this century, a trend they attributed to "self-generating" technological change. A blophysical model of the economic process assumes that capital and labor are intermedate inputs produced ultimately from the only primary factor of production: low entropy energy and matter. A bophyslcal model of scarcity posits that direct and indect energy costs of resorce extraction increase with depletion because lower quality deposits require roue energy to locate, upgrade, and otherwse tMsform int useful mw materis. I repeated Barnett and Mormes from a biophysical perspective using energy costs to measuro changes In the quality of extractive output In U.S. agriculture, forestry, fishing, and mining industries. In most cases, energy costs per unit of output increases with depletion. Results show that labor and capital costs dec~lned because large quantities of suplus f~ssl fuel subst~tuted for and n s the productivity of labor and capital. Sa ncreases In energy costs were found in agricultre, fisherles, and the oling of etals and fossil fuels. 1 discuss possible trends for future costs In light of the resî that the energy costöf fossil fuels tham lvess alsorising. COSTANZA, ROBERT - Center for Environmentl and Esuarine Stådes. University of Maryland, Box 38, Solomow, MD. Implementing Institutions to Assure Sustalnabillty of Ecological Economie Systems -As~uing muannblty of ecological economic systems depends on our ability toake local and short term goals and incentivcsiko economic growth and privat. interests) consistent with global and logg ter= goals (like sustainabily and global welfare). Traditonal susinable culures have used systems of taboos, religious m~os, etc. (anived at largely through trial and error) to bring long term goals and constraints into the local, short torm decision making process. Our global environmeal crisis is such that we don't have the time or the flexibility to use trial and error or to cop vely Instill the appropriate taboos and mores. We mest develop institutIons that can use our czren, ucenain, scienificdi of the pssible future imkplicatn of current~ativities to adjust thelocal,short term~dcislon making process quckly and effectively. We shoud 22 Ecological Economics of Sustainability: Invited Abstracts Establish a hierarchy of national and global economic planning goals (with sustainability as the primary long term goal) to replace the current ONP mania. Economic growth in this hierarchy is a valid goal only to the extent that it is consistent with sustainability and other goals further up the hierarchy. Ecological economists can help develop and popularize these goals. They can be operatlonalized b:* having them accepted as part of the political debate, and implemented in the decision making structure of institutions that affect the global economy and ecology (like the World Bank). Develop better global ecological economic modelly capabilities to allow us to sec the range of possible outcomes of our current activities. Ecological economists must play a major role in this. Adjust current prices to reflect long run, global costs, includft ancertainty. To paraphrase th popular slogan, we should: model globally, adjust local incentives accordingly. In addition to traditional education, regulation, and user fee approaches, a flexible assurance bonding system is proposed to deal specifically with uncertainty. Allow no further decline In the stock of natural cpital. This policy will encourage the technological innovation that optimists are counting on while conserving resources in case the optimists are wrong. CUMBERLAND, JOHN H. Director, Bureau f Dusiness and Economc Research, University of Marylad, College Park, MD Intergenerational Transfers and Ecological Sustainability Neither market economies nor centrally directed economies will necessarily maintain stocks of non- renewable resource and environmental*ecological systems at levels adequate to assure intergenerational sustainability. The prevention of long-run decline in welfare may require making Intergenerational transfers. Planning effective means for making transfers to future generations must be centered not only upon monetary and fiscal measures, but more Importantly upon real resources relevant to ecological sustainability. Among the sustainability-relevant resources which might be transfered are capital equipment, knowledge, genetic stocks and reserves of non-renewable resources. Transfers of these kinds of assets will probably be necessari for sustainability, but they may not be sufficient to assure intergenerational equity. Another type of sustalnhility-relevant transfer which should be explored is that of large-scale complex funptioning ecologies such as estuaries, rain forests, game preserves, and river basins. The protection of these ecologies and their transfer to fture generations would involve costs and benefits whose intragenerational as well as intergenerational distribution both merit detailed evaluation. A public choice approach is suggested in order to develop transfer policies which are scientifically valid, economically efficient and distributionally equitable between regions, interest groups, and generations. dARGE, RALPH C. AND SPASH, CLIVE R. Department of &oomics, Box 3985, University Station, University of Wyoming, Laramle, Wyoming 82071 Compensating Future Generations for Adverse Economic Impacts In previous papers, the authors have argued that there are likely to be adverse economic effects to fture gati Iresulting from tropospheric warming d'Arge, Schulze, and Brookshire (1982), Spash and dArge (1989). It has also been proposed that on intergenerational equity grounds, transfers of real resources are needed among generations to bring about compensation for losses in the future. Spash and d'Arge (1990). In this paper, these results are extended to the case where there are both gainers and losers in the future. In this case, the represent can, at least propose, that part of the future loss be offset by part of the future gain. If individuals in present society gain in knowing they have lId&to compensate future generations, then the optimal strategy for the present is to start a climate compensedon fund now even though there are uncertainties as to the magnitude of losses or the distributions of gainers or losers. This is an application of the Andreoni "warm glow" hypothesis appropriate to certain classes of public goods Andreonl (1989). It is argued that Intergenerational climatic impacts are one type of "warm glow" public goods. The general conclusions of this paper is that based on latertemporal efficiency consideaton, there should be an tergenerational transfer of resources for compensation unless the present generation severely restricts the buying of fossil fuels and introduces other practices that will eliminate antpogenically induced cimatic warming. If this is impossible, compensation is justified by most ethical and economic principles. Because of classical and new problems in valuing public goods, It is currently impossible to quantitatively estimate the amount of optimal compensation. Thus, a problem exists of estimating actual necessary com on which should be based on: actual damages to fature generations, reliable wealth or commodity transfer mechanism and the value to the current generation of the transer. 23 Ecological Economics of Sustainability: Invited Abstracts DALY, HERMAN E. Environment Department, World Bank, 1818 H. Street, NW Washlagton, DC 20433 Towards an# Environmental Economics Environmental economics, as It is taught in universities and practiced in government agencies and development banks, is overwhelmingly microeconomics. The theoretical focus is on prices, and the big issue is how to Internalize external environmental costs so as to arrive at correct full-cost prices. Once prices are right the environmental problem is "solved"--there Is no macroeconomic dimension. Cost/benefit analysis in its various permutations is the major tool for estimating full-cost prices, so in practice as well as theory we remain within the domain of microeconomics. There are, of course, very good reasons for environmental economics to be closely tied to microeconomics, and it is not my Intention to argue against that connection. Rather I want to ask If there is not a neglected connection between the environment and mar- cnmis A search through the indexes of three leading textbooks in maaroeconomics reveals no entries wnder any of the following subjects : environment; natural resources; pollution; depletion. One of the three does have an entry under "resources", but the discussion refers only to labor and capital, which, along with efficiency, are listed as the causes of growth in ONP-natural resoures are not mentioned. Evidently ONP growth Is thought to be Independent of natural resources. Is it really the case, as prominent textbook writers seem to think, that macroeconomics has nothing to do with the environment? How can this situation be understood historically and methodologically? If there Is no such thing as environmental macroeconomics, should there be? Do parts of it already exist (revised national accounts, input-output tables)? What needs to be added (carrying capacity as a macrNMIC concept)? What policy implications are visible? EL SERAFY, SALAH The World Bank, 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20433 The Environment as Capital Inasmuch as the environment contributes to the productive process, even when It is not appropriable, it should be considered as a factor of production. The paper will consider the contribution the environment makes to production, and examine the substitutability between environmental elements and factors of production, notably capital. The paper will emphasize the necessity of keeping environmental capital intact, for propr national Income measurement, while distinguishing between renewable and non-renewable resources. To keep renewable environmental capital intact, provision should be made for its depreciation. Depreciation, however, is inappropriate for depletable resources, and the paper will explain why. The paper will end with a recommended approach to integrating these capital conservation concerns in environmental accounting, stressing that we should proceed without delay to incorporte ascertain able environmental degradation into natlanal accounting, however Impredisely, fully realizing that such an approach will remain partial, but is bound to be expanded gradually as our knowledge of the facts improves, and as we bring moenvironmental concerns "into relation with the measuring rod of money" EHRLICH, PAUL R. Deparnent of Biological Sciences, StArford University, Staford, Calfornia 94305 DANIEL, LISA M. Bureau of Economic Research, Federal Trade Commidon, US. Depariment of Commerce Outgrowing the Planet Recent decades have seen rapid economic growth on a global scale, accompanied by a rise in per-capita standans of living. Orowth, unfortunately, has been accompanied by a monotonic decline in the functioning of the ecosystems that support the human economy. This decline can be seen (among other places) in rates of sell erosion, in the depletion of Ice-Age groundwater supplies, in the loss of biodiversity, and in the changing composition of the This decline in the capacity of life-support systems is neither iew nor newly noticed. Nonetheless, with a few outstanding exceptions, economists have turned a blind eye to the correlation between growth and environmental deterioration. Many Ignore the problem because they do not recognize the degree of damage ecsystems are suffering or because they do not see the relationship of that damage to economic growth. some apparently do not even 24 iit ]ä tal må 11 ki.- 04 Ecological Economics of Sustaiability: Invited Abstracts FUNTOWICZ, SILVIO 0. Institute for Systems Engineering, Joint Research Centre, Commission of the European Commmniles, 21020 Ispra(VA), ffALY RAVETZ, JERRY R. Department of Philosophy, The University, Lees LS2 WJT, United Kingdom A New Scientific Methodology for Global Environmental Issues The extreme uncertainty that affects many of the issues in coping with the disturbed global environment makes our traditional scientific methodologies less applicable to current problems. The use of computer models, inherently untestable but yet the best tool available, illustrates our dilemmas. We use a simple diagram based on two attributes, "decisions stakes" and "systems uncertainties", to illustrate a threefold classification of kinds of science. First is the Applied Science reminiscent of Kuhnlian puzzle- solving, and then Professional Second Order Science, characteristic of the new sciences of cleanup and survival. In this last case, facts are uncertain, values in dispute, stakes high Lid decisions urgent. We may describe such sciences as being uvolved when, paradoxically, Ihard" policy decisions depend on "st" sciendfic inpus. A new methodology for Second Order Science will require "extended peer communides", for the quality assurance of its facts involves participants outside the classic peer communities of experts, Including investigative journalists and laypersons as well. Similarly, "extended facts will be relevant, including evidence that is initially anecdotal as well as Information that is of restricted publicity for one reason or another. By these extensions Second Order Science can lead to greater democracy in the scientific endeavor, complementary to that of the diffusion of science by traditional popularization. GOODLAND, ROBERT J. The World Bank, Washington, D.C. 20433 Sustainability of Hardwoods from Tropical Moist Forests The International Tropical Timber Organization, an increasing number of foresters, and most environmentalists realized that current hardwood logging from tropical moist forest is unsustainable. Tropical forests are being lost so fast that consumer boycotts and other trade constraints aim to reduce this Irreversible damage. The Tropical Forest Action Plan, on the other hand, in Its present form, seeks a massive increase in such logging. In some countries, logging is one of the major causes leading to deforestation. We present the case for a phased transition to hardwood plantations, while improving the sustainability of selective logging as a temporary expedient, until such plantations mature. The transition should be rapid in those countries where forests are rapidly disappearing and where logging is the main cause. The transition is less urgent where tropical moist forests are stable. HANNON, BRUCE Department of Geography. University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 A General Accounting Framework for Ecological Systems Accounting of material and energy flows has long been an important tool in ecosystem ecology. But each material is usually handled separately and independently. The connections between materials, energy, and plants, animals, etc. have not been incorporated into the accounting framework, and "service" or information flows (such as flower pollination by bees) are usually ignored. We developed a general accounting framework that addresses this deficiency. In our framework, each connection (both physical and Information) can be unambiguously assigned, quantified and qualified, and an input-output balance is easily checked and maintained for each product. Costly independent data collections can be integrated Into this common framework to amplify their original usefulness and provide the investigator or ecosystem manager with enhanced understanding of the entire ecosystem flom which they were taken. The integrated data also allows various ecosystem models to be constructed efficiently, without unnecessary and costly duplication of effort. I present detailed guidelines for construction of such a framework, followed by examples and applications. 26 Ecological Economics of Sustainability: Invited Abstracts HARDIN, GARRETT Depanment of Biological Sciences, University of Cal(fona, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 Paramount Positions In Ecological Economics in data-rich ecology and economics purely empirical research is inefFicient, and even misleading. E.T. Whittaker has shown the necessity of such "impotence principles" as the Second Law. These cannot be proved re; they place the burden of proof on those who deny them. In certainty they range from the Second Law of Thermodynamics to Parison's Law. Acceptance of them Is the "default position" of a progressive science. "No free lunch" belongs to a family of conservation laws that traces back to Epicurus, 3rd century B.C. The theoretical development that came to physics in the 19th century had to wait until the 20th in economics. k lay was caused by two factors: the apparent magic of technology, and the illusion that usury creates wealth. It remained for Soddy (who was championed by Daly) to show fti only debt ca Irease eaponentially. Conventional measures of income and wealth are built on the myths of ONP and ODP. Many people are now working to replace these myths with material truths. Until tis replacement Is made all economic policy is built on sand-hence the conflict between environmentalism and economics. This paper offers a concise roster of the default positions that should guide a truly ecological economics. HUETING, ROEFIE Netherlands Central Bureau of Statistics, Princess Beauidean 428,m 2270 AZ Voorburg Should National Income be Corrected for Environmental Losses? A Theoretical DIlemma, But a Practical Solution Increase In production as measured in national income is generally called economic growth, identified with increase in welfare and conceived as tha indicator for economic success. It obtains the highest priority in the economic policy in all countries of the world. At the same time across the world increase in national income in accordance with the present pattern is accompanied by the destruction of the most fundamental scarce, and consequently economic good at man's disposal, viz, the environment The paper will 1. outline which information should be given in the publications of the National Accounts In order to avoid misinterpretation of the changes in the level of national income by politicians and the public. 2. Examine whether it is possible to correct national income for environmental losses. 3. Come to the conclusion that such a correction runs up against the impossibility to construct shadow prices for environmental functions which are directly comparable with the market prices of goods and services produced by man (the valuation problem). 4. Propose a practical and well defensible solution for this problem, viz. estimating the costs of the measures - including direct decrease in activities - that are necessary to meet standards for a sustainable use of the functions of the environment. 5. Sam up the advantages and disadvantages of this solution. JANSSON, ANN-MARI Department of Systems Ecology, University of Stockholm, S-10691, Stockholm On the Significance of Open Boundaries for an Ecologically Sustainable Development of Human Societies This paper addresses the question of how natural and artificial boundaries affect environmental quality and perfornance of systems of nature and humanity. The point is made that a sustainable design of a region is one with free flows of energy, money, and information between nations. When countries with different resources, cultures and specialities are able to interact through an open exchange, development constraints due to limiting resources in single countries can be released. Examples are drawn from the Baltic region, where recent weakenings of political boundaries have led to increased movements of capital, people and ideas between the seven littoral states. This will open up now possibilities for international cooperiuion to solve problems of resource scarcities and environmental pollution in a mutually rewarding way. Increased compatibility of economic systems may facilitate self-organizing processes that increase the efficiency of resource use and pollution control. Only by developing feedbacks that enhance the life-supporting capacity of the regional ecosystems can be industrial society be successfully maintained. 27 Ecological Economics of Sustainability: Invited Abstracts MARGALEF, RAMON Dp~r¥nent<coogy. UMvers* Of mBcelona, Diagonal 645, &~celo 08028,$PAIN Rectnsderatton of Basic Themes in Ecology Mlght Clarify Relations with Economics Ecological a md ecnmc systems contann replicable subsystems. Economics deals with markets, prices, ad sm s , as now most of them ae. Interaction coeffilens in the models canot be constant they changes a Con axe of the effectiveness of life In recovering, as informadon, a frcton of the energy (entropy) exchanged n the systems and in their So Information grows a a power of the dimnnnes of its tfr support, compted over space and dme; thus, sie and persistence may be advantageous. It i cheaper to cop; information than to create It throgh natural selection. Evolution and uc n e not only nec to expln how ~atur Is becoming but they cumo stop if life shall ae~nnue. Acquisition of Wwformation never ~eases ad no machine,bological or otherwise, cm t=n twice runnining exactly the same. Systes dange combines 1) dlow ad self-organlzative wnderlg towads complexity, and 2) a non ifferetiable faln the unknown, as respose to d p e d. Nothig ca mbe fticipated about the cofiguradn of ah act~al squ~c of ds n The atos in a system curry on separate a pling programs over a cotum set of eveOMs af buteracden. Ecologlsts need theoret~cal ames to dea with mne.y, exenal energy, and generation of regular long termchange. MARTINEZ-ALIER, JUAN Deparient of ROnicr and Econnic History..Universitat Autonma de Barcelona, Bellatera, E-0g193, Barelon, SPAM Ecological Perception, Environmental Policy and Distributonal Conflicts: Some Lessons from History Ecological Is socially moulded In the social scices, we know that neither history nor geography have pald mch a~tntion to ecology, but there have been somm critiques of ecnmics from the ecological point of vew.Such aitques have been d~rected against both na m and Marxian economics. ~nnmic values assigned to diacmnic extemnalies (such sexhauston of non-newable resoures, global warming, or radoactive pollution) would be so arbitrary that they cannot serve as a base for rational vkr a~ p . Lack of ecom nm In11ty exists not only In market economi s but also In ce~rally pinne (as Otto Neurath po~nted out in the 1920%). ExtenalitIes, defind a uncertain social costs transferred to other social groups, or to future gen^rations, must be perceived before they are valued. The n~on of "positioa goods" is also discussed. The p8per r h a aenn policies basod upon a presumed ecnm ~ radonality. On the other hand, It also argues ginst the new attempts by InternatIonal ec to base policies only on an ecological raidonality (in terms of carryng capacity norms orsustalnablity"). Such attempts are blatantly ideological because they forgt that the differences in the exosomatic cnnnmipion of energy and materials in the hnman species, and the trttal distribution of the homan species in the globe, are not explaned by ecology. MCGLADE, JACQUELINE T~eoreical Ecoloy Woria Group. KFA, Juelich, Federal RepuMc of Gerny The Invisible Crisk: The Need for New Modes of Analysis tn Modeling Coastal Resources 'Ibe dynamical arater of natural ecosystemexpltadonreflecoffi~d effectof the limitednature of resources, Interannual variability, and the play of ecnom forces under open and fret accss conditions. Common features within these syutems ae perverse cycles, with perodic gluts and hmman dim=esses. Because of fre acess, people eMer the system casily, especially when resoumce levels high. But with heavy Investment of captal md a d tinn means theses ame dviduals cannt leave soredly when theirnumbers exceed hose that can be uane by dmltu ny rinking resource productivty. 1e process ofdts effect on h~uan popn~atla, is not restrctd to aid ~ands, bet extends into expltaion of any natural resource. In this paper, It It argue that without property righs the economic growth that Is stimnutd by free access can never be truly conlted to create an opporn~ity for sustainabe development. Under imted access and individual opertyIonea ennamic growth can be seen tobe well descrbed by amorm "Ne nit approach"; h ~=ovadns can be seen to allow ~ Mdconl over the living and hence permit Intiniflatinn the ue of living renees much as tho found in the coastal Zone. A sedes of models we show for marine resources 28 Ecological Economics of Sustainability: Invited Abstracts throughout th world ranging from small pelagic fisifs to high priced luxury shrlmps. These models demnonsrate the need for integration through houizontal exchanges between the ecosystem and independent and speciazed producers and consumers. The use of market mecanims achieves amore geeralized ne flclency in the alocation of the factors of piduction (land, labr, and capital) by facilltating their use in proportion to their relative scarcity. It is concluded that without a radical shift in the theoretical framework for development, the crisis that isalready present in the coastal ane mode of exploltation will go unseen until It goes beyond thoecritical stage. MITSCH, WILLIAM . School of Natural Resorces, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 E cologi0 Englnwering - An Envirenmental Methodology for Sustainability and Biodiversity Traditional ar to the conrol of environmental pollution involve large commitment of technology and long-term InvesMments that make heir c~ninual mse an conoirJe, eneto, and possibly an envronmental labilty in a sustalnable economy. Ecologkal ogtedngh b been defined as the design of bo~st society with Its natural environment for the beeit of both. It Is the p~ecriptive rther than descriptive discipn. of ecology in that t utizes ecological principles, tho setf-design or sWforganization~l capblities of natural ecosystems, and the sustaiNbility of solar based ecosystems raLer than fossil fuel based tecimologies to achieve m quawy. The concept of ecological engineering has co-evolved in both the United States (unsustanable, industrialized moderately-papulated economy) and China (partially snst~inable, agrarian heavily polated economy). Examples of cological eMgineeng from each culure will be presented and overall a c will be cmp Each a c has different ecological principles guiding It and each approach Is built on different economic and social structure. There are possibilities of merging of the two approaches into an ecological engineering approach for long-term susunability of environmenal quality. Conserving biodiversity and ecosystem health in the land~enpe supports ecological engineering applications. Conversely. ecological engineering conserves blodiversity by giving it clear economic value. NORGAARD, RICHARD B.. AND HOWARTH, RICHARD B. Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Energy and Resources Group, University of Cal{'ornia, Bekeley, Calfornia 94720 The Conservationist's Dilemma Revisited Though high Interest rates discourage the long term management of slow growing resources (forests) and the protection of long term environmental assets (biodiversity), high interest rats also discourage investment in projects which transfom environments (dans) and In projecs which are necessary to extract resources (oll wells). Thus the relationship between interest ratos and conservation, protecting the interests of fure generations, and sustainable development is ambigous. We show that the conservationist's dilemma results from a m~sspeclfication of the problem. Economists heretofore have not distinguished between decisions concerning the afficient use of this generation's resources and decisions concening the reasslgnment of resource rights to future generatIons. All decisions over thne have been simply reated by economists as Investment questions, as If all resources were always this generation's resources. We properly speefy the economic questions Involved, clearly dsd s between equty and efficiency. and then show why discounting Is appropriate with respect to the efficient use of this generation's resources but is inappropriate when this generation is primarily concemed with redistributing resource rights to future generations. Further, we show that when rights are reassigned between generations, interest rates themselves change. We conclude that the assgnment of rights to the future is the Instrment of conservation and snaIty; intrest ratos are derivative. NORTON, BRYAN School fSocial Sciences, Georgia Instite of Technology, Atlant, GÅ 30332 Eological Health and Sustainable Resource Management 29 Ecological Economics of Sustainabifity: Invited Abstracts A cn u ap W tmanagemtrequWes a di~tlncin betwenRem Man the nanagement of a resource-producing cell such as a field or fishery, and Enirm ealManwhich Involves concem for the lager systems which envirn those cells. Mainhtream natural resource economics denes sustainability mainly by reference to undiminied outputs of economically marketable products and emphasizes productivity crlteria In judging management regimens. This approach is appropriate In many cases for guiding Resource Management but, taken alone, It provides no guidance regarding the protecon of the larger, evon tal context of resource-producng acvities. Aldo Ieopold, and most environmentallts fofiowing hlm, have appied a contextual approach in whch resource-producing cells are understood as subsystems of larger, slower-changing (but still dynamic) ecological systems. According to this approach, Resource Management should be limited when resoume-producing activities approach a threshold beyond which they alter larger systems and instigate rapid change in environing systems. Metaphoricay, this result is referred to as "illne" In the ecologal community, but the rules and criterla for describing these liits lve uver been itated precisely in ecological tems. A definition of m~=cosysten health", based on biologicaly form~late teria for judging larger ecological systems, wil be proposed and integrated into å hhichiaca approach to nvrownenta ~ ge 4nt. PAGE, TALBOT Envirnnsental Sudies. Brwn versity, PwMdence, *hode IslaW 02912 Environmentalists and Economists and Philosophers and Bologists One of the lessons that biologist have taught us in the last 150 yeus ls that theru are no sharp boundaries between us (mmana) and other species. Further, the notion of the individual Itself has blurred, both fram bolow and from above, from studies of genetics and evolutonary blology and from studies of primate and other animais'social behavior. These two insigls are usualy offered as positive, descriptive, or explanatoy statements about the way the world is. But they have important implications for our vale theodes and policy prescriptions. One approach is to extend the traditional mora conceps of rights, duties, utilty, etc. from humana to other species. But a problem with this appioach is that these tradional moral concepts we individualistic. An altemative approach is to run the extension the other way and ask what happens to the truditional moral concepts when the individual and species lines blur. 'Ie purpose of this paper is to explore the alternative approach. I suggest that for the world the blologist describe value concepts les highly individuated become relatively more useful and Important, for example concets of opportunity and sustanihity. It also becomes clearer why some policy questions, whch are ofden viewed as problematic in current economic analysis, are indeed problemati in the traditonal framework. These problems include one of optimal population species er and intergenerational equity. PERRINGS, CHARLES A. Deparnent of Economc, Unirsity of Aucanud,kPrite Bag, Auck~and 1, New Zealand TechnologIcal Change, Uncertainty, and Time in Environmental Management Many of the most intractable enkonmental problema are those in which the utilization of environmental resources in novel waya has effecta that are higbly uncertain in both telr spread and duration. The greater the uncertainty as to the effects of tecIologically innovative use of environental resources, the greater is the difficulty in evaluating associated environmental damage or estimating the marginal social costa of resource use for the purposeofsetting correcive taxes. The wider and more durable ae the envirn n effects of economic acvides, the less ls the scope for a market solution involving the allocation of property rights. Problems involving uncertain env~ronmntal effects that may be global in spread or may endure for genertiona accordingly require responses that go beyond existing evaluation techniques, nstrumenta and Institud~ns. This paper discusses the scope for extending the role of economic Incentives in theseciutance without prejudicing the interests of future generations. It considers the Inglittional requirements of an Iteradve approach to the evaluation of envhnmentdamage whch mantalna flexibility in the face of a rapidly changing data base, hut ensures against a puely reactive response. The main case addressed here is that where the probability of disrant but potentially ta*ophic n damage is admittd, but is thought to be very low. It is this case which existing apprUa~hes are least capable ofadeing. 30 Ecological Economics of Sustainability: Invited Abstracts PESKIN. HENRY M. Edgevale Associates, mc.,1210 Edge~ale Road, Silver Spring, MD 20910 Alternative Environmental and Resource Accounting Approaches In response to perceved Inadequacies In the ability of the national economic accounts to provide adequat= masUesof social and w ~nnic performance in the face of er m and natuml resome dg tin a of strategies have been suggested. Some are rather conservative in that they call for only minor adjustments to the curamt presentation of data whe others call for substantnl changes in accounting frameworks. After reviewing the mjor waknessen in the abillty of conventional economic accounting systems to reflect tal and natural resource degradation, each of the proposed is described and evaluated. The evaluation is both in terms of the ability of the approach to address deficiencies with conventional accounting system: and In terms of the demands on data and skilsneeded for implementation. This evaluation leds to two principal findings. First, it is apparent that none of the proposed systems is able to addss the full ~cope of concers with conventiona accountng systems. Indeed, ther me crtain conce s - specificaRy those that relate to the falusre of the economc account to accomodat the interes of fuwe geeratons Sthat are not ssed by any of the suggested systems. Secondly, it is clear that thes systems differ widely in their costs of implementation. The implication of both these findings Is that there is no best system. Adoption of any of these alternative wll depend on which environmental and natural resorce concems have the higher priorities and on the wMingness to devoteeffort towards data development. EL SERAFY, SALAR The World ank, 1818 H Street, N.W. Wahington, DC 20433 The Environment as Capital In response to perceved inadequacies in the ability of the national economic accounts to provide adequate masuresof social and economic performance ln the face of environmentl and natural resourced on, annmbe of stregies have been suggested. Some are rather conservative in that they call for only minor adjustments to the current presentation of data while others cali for substantial changes in accounting frameworks. After revewing the major weaknesses in the ability of conventional economic accounting sysem: to rflect eni m and natural resource degradation, each of die proposed approaches is descrbed and evaluated. The evaluation is both in ters of the ability of the approach to address deficiencies with conventional accounting system and In terms of the demands on data and sk^lls n~ee for impementatinn This evaluation leads to two principal findings. First, it Is apparent that none of the proposed system: is able to addres the full scope of concem s with conventional accounting systems. Indeed, there re certain concems - speciflcally those that relate to the failure of the economic accounts to acconmodate the inmrests of future generations - that are not addressed by any of the suggested system:. Secondly, it Is clear that these systems differ widely in their costs of implemnitation. The implication of both these findings is that there is no best system. Adoption of any of these alteratives will depend on which environmental and natural resource concens have the higher priorities and on the willingness to devote efort towards data devehpment. PROOPS, J.L.R. Deparnent of Economics and Management Science, Univerity of Keele, Stafordshire, STS S,G, United Kigdom FABER, M. and MANSTETTEN, R. Ared Weber- Insdtut, Department of Eonom,MC Unversitdt Heidelerg, Grabengasse, 6900 Heidelberg, Federal Republic of Germany National Accounting, Time and the Environment Natdonal is an area of controversy. In this paper we explore the conceptual foundatin of thase diffculties. The fundamental requirement of a system of national accouts is that national income equal national product. This requires strong ssumptions about the nature of price formation if the use of ad hoc 'halaning' items is to b avoided. In particular, if balance is to be achieved then die prices used must bo the shadow prices derived 31 Ecological Economics of Sstainability: Invited Abstracts from an optimling economy. That balancing tems are generally therefore reflec~ tho devadon of meal o~ from the neoclasial ideal. An Mponant e ne~ t in final demand is capital goods, whose fmetlon ts to mnhnc consumpion possiblties In the fature. To achieve accoundng bulanco, the shadow price of capital acculaon must be established. This implie th sven stnger conditon that fr national accounts to be, and to reman, ln balance, tho quantities and pices used must deriv from lnterempa l apsimlnt in the economy. The ne y of tdag tm into ofid o in onpU naonal accouts becmes even mars clear when fte productve role of tho natural envkonment is heo valuad n of tho scks ad flows of the natual world mus be an intertmmporal va~uatlan If they me mt to add to de problens of natonal accounting. Our analysis of national accounts Is ilusated with ~nputoupu tables derived from a nco-Austrian model of hIte~emporal choiceand producto TEZZI, ENZO, MARCHETTMI, N.; and ULGIATI, . Dp01*et of Casy, UAnity of Siea, Pi= de Mn OMW, 4-53100 SE.a,lta< Bloau and fntr~py Today he role of ontropy aid th liaits of name Indc s to reconsid our oncepdns of evolutlon, progn ad cotrueeton of Waterial tdngs. The correct s of science dos no coslet in dondnadng nat, but rather 1n lyving in harmony witio it. Econmic fra trade and mi ft n m fored to admt ther limts, lditonal econom ~ cogtina to think of vulinted growth and trn ~. in technology; bu nature has cycles that follow other rls and oer time. rad~tional economis?s dh~k of speciallsation as a positive vaus and a s»m of effkc ; bu n e w e u awcl nis a hatkto the tablity of livng ystM Ecoo d ~ m dmtheir tota incapaclty to think in terms that tranand details and short temm thought. Thermodynamic and biology Iipose a trawitin en us towuds a state of minimm prdotian of entrapy and consorvadon of res=ces. Therefore It Is necessary to maintain the energy flow at a low level, slowing down tho entropic process, favoring d n at ag a smas a well as using Uenewh~ reunmms. Th production of energy and chemkc*ls from bimass In an integrated agro.Indnsrial system Is a good examnple of this Idea. Indeed the organisation ofuan integrated systemtrequlres tho definition of tho optdmal 'exchange ~ between agdwcuture, Inutry, by-products recycling and rurning of arganic natter to the sol. 'e choice of tho basic parameers of the project (time, scale, distance) can minm the use of non-renewable energy somes and nalals and mauimize the use of solar energy. An integrated systm, that will fit to tho prod~cdon capacity and requrnnts of a given ua, is less vulneable to market fluetnatns Innlation andtoh re Is stability Is increased, due to minor eanplifietin Flow analysis of the exchanges taldig place ln the system makes it possible to plan and legislat& riM~n senenrnm~n ad envhvi~mtavnae ove mdinl syse of prodft~n ULANOWICZ, ROBERT E. Un~sity of Marylam Chesapeake Biologk~ a Lboratory,Solomons, MD 206880038 Discounted Valucs of Ecosystem Resources Rannan and Costamza previously have shown how valus can be msigned to ecosystem conataents once die- values of the exogenous inputs are known. A difficulty with such "supply-side" analyses is that the values of primury Inputs are usualy ambiguous at best. The values of sams ecosystem ouputs, however, are set by the commercial maets in which the harvets ar sold, or can be nably estimated in other ways (e.g., total effort and expenditues devoted to a recreatinal fish catch). A "dc dsi" ca~~ntatin of tho discounted values of ecsystan componennes (in u)heretofre has been ~ nidelunfeasible=e=nus what appored to be of unavoidable heran th n it used to meas=r the varlous exchanges. Howover, It is possible to idendfy a basis of elementa common to all system componensa that avods compalng "apples with oranges" and facilitates the calculadon of values as they me discounted down the tropic web. That is, given a particular ecoystem utput «y known vale, what ls the contributory value of all ecosyenc n that want lnto producing the final output The calculatons also reveal which primary Inputs e controlling the kinetics of tho system, thereby affarding valuablo informaion to aquatc ecosyem managers who must decide upon appropdate nutrient control 32 Ecological Economics of Sustainability: Invited Abstracts VARSfNEY, C. K. School oEnvlronmental Sciences,Jawakrlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110 067 India Indlan Agrculture and Sustalnability Increase in food production to keep pace with rpidly growing popntation genertes enrnous presure on agri a and envkrnnat systems. Like any other sector, sweeping changes have occurred since World War 11 t agricultural production technology. Modern agriculture, apart frn m~nlight, places hevy dem on fossil fhel energy. Owing inputs of energy subuidy, fenilzers and pesticbdes have fa reacing ecological and nvkrnnental consequences both at local and global levels. Some of the complex problems of envirnentaf decay appear to be directly related to the cuirntly practiced sategies of agricultura production. in vlew of the finite scks of fossil fuels th growing requitement of agticultwal inputs in berms of energy ~nhsidy and agrowicals present serous problemu for sexabnible development, which has been advocated by the World Commission on Environment and Develop . Sys the coupling among agrculure, energy and enronment s necessary for developing sutanable agricuture. This paper attempts to evaluat the treds of energy sibsidy inpu$ in Indian agriculture and hi ghts ls environental coeq . ZUCCHETO, JAMES J. Nadona Acadey qScinces, Washkitgln, D.C. Ecologffal Economics and Education This brief paper addresses the emerging concerns that exist regarding the environment, economic development, and education in the United States. In discussing these issues, It points to needs that e required at varIous levels of edatn from the public school system on up to high school, to undergrduate and graduat level education. In this discussfon, attention Is focused on Incorpoating an ecological economnic pepective Into the cuuicula, on training teachers in such an area, on the problems doing interdisciplinary work and at~ning tene for junior faculty, and on attracting students Into such cross-cutting endeavors. The paper is qualitative. It is still difficult to define what ecological economics might mean In the context of education and hence to recommend actons that might be taken to introduce such material into different edonal levels. ZYLICZ, TOMASZ Mitry Fwironment, Wwelska 52154,00-922, Warsaw Poland The Rolt for Economic Incentives In International Allocation of Abatement Efforts There is a large body of ierature on how to ophimize the allocation of abatement efforts within a state era homogeneos regi~n. It has been proved that under the standard su the ast con solution can be arived at bycharges (subidies) or trading permits. The efficiency proof rests, among other things, on the assumpton that there exists an agency granted with the authority to tax or to ndally allocate permits. Coasan brn may offer a solutio-in the absence of such an agency, but It applicability is Itimited. Ihus, as long as a group of countr is lacting an appropdate supranational authouity, the only viable emission reduction programs wc those based on voluntary reductions from an historical reference level. The 30%-Club of European countries reducing their S02 emissions and the planned 50%-Club of the Baltic countries serve as examples her. A siilar solution has been adopted In the cae of limiting (freezing) NOxenin. On the other hand the policy towads CFCs favor developing countries vis a vis the developed ones ud grants the former with les stringent on future use of these chemIentl. In any case the Implicit allocaton of abatenent effort does not have to comply withefficiency ritera. A question arises whether an Incentive scheme could be applied in order to pu these programs towards an optimum, le. beyond the point accessible by mann of volutary reductions. lTe autor explores such possibilities discussing them ina broader contet of insitutional refonns In todays wodd. 33 Ecological Economics of Sustainability: Contributed Abstracts CONTRIBUTED ABSTRACTS ABLR, DAVID G. and SHORTLE, JAMES g. Deparnent of Agricultural EconAics and Rurl Sociology. The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 Environmeutal, Trade and Farm Commodity Polley Unkages lvronmental impacts of agdecltural producion pra~does me becoming Inrasingly inportaut, and yet Ute is known about linkages between envhonmentaJ, trade, and fam commodity policies. This paper studis how governmutOs can beet socount for these anvironmental Impacts. It anlyzes the economic efficiency and political viabilty of cstdetians on agricultural chenicals in the .C. and U.g. under various farm trade and conmodity policy scenados. A par~tal equilibrium simulatio mode of agd=ltmo is construoted, with four un : the E.C., the U.S., other major gran eporters, and the rest of the world. Economic oTe cy for acch region te evaluuted by adding up the estimated mon.et value of changes in produccr surpIus, consumer surplus, ovemment rovoau4 *nd enväonmental qualty. Political viability is eva~uated by constructing a public, doc funoon. The function Is a weighed sm of the four vadables used to evauat. economic Officioncy, with weghts based 6n the estimated political importance of each variable. 'Th pIper also analyme economic and political incentives for the EC. and the US. to coopoai in jontly roducing the use of agricultural chemical , Environmmntal policymakng in the BC. and U.s. is indeled in two ways, first as a - - oncooprativo pm and then as a cooperative pm. ALDEN, DAVID Dep tment of Eononics, University of Kele, Keele, Stafordrhire, S G. United ingdom The 'Greenhouse Effect' and World Agricultures Using Computable General Equilbrium Modes to Examine the Implcations of Comate Change for Agriculture The 'Greenhouse Effec" will have subsantial, and economically important, implications for world agriculture in the coming decadea. Changing pauerns of clirnate will lad to changes in possible gobal crop patterns, and also to changes n market prices for agricultural commodides. This paper exploros thee effects wihin a general equilibrium framework. A simple computable general equilibrium modl of a hypothetical world Is used to Ilustrate this approach. Possible erop yield changes, resuhing from a nu~ber of climats scenados, ae used to drive the Thdel le ouputs from the model are likely crop production and the corresponding market-clearing prices. Thes osuggest the necssary typs of maxket-intervention required to ~manny' the tranuition in the long-term. ALESKEROV, FOUAD T. Institue of Control Sciences, 65 Profsoyumnaya, Morcow 117806 USSR Tax Formation For Improvement of the Ecologlal Situation ln a Region The achievement of general goals of ecologik-economic systems fbnctioning should be based on a permanent solution of control proems. An ~mportant rol between them plays the consanction of adequate con~o mechanisms allowing to make local and short-term goals consistent with global and long-term goals. The diffeent ways of tax formadon are inciuded in control mechanisms. Taxes allow to reglate anthropogenic impacts on the environment, stimat e nature conservation measures and the development of wasteless technologies to be fulfilled, ensure the rational using of resoumes. Let us describe how, e.g. the taxes on factories which pollute the atmosphere can be formed on the gional level. The difficuhy of this problem depmnds on different composition of exa~sts of different factor.es, on the fact that even if die amount of exhausts of oach factory is on admissible level the summarzing effect of pollution can be out of this rang. pinally it is necessary that the taxes do not depend on the mors of initial data, i.e. te ax formadion procedure is to be robust in some sense. The other Important factor which make the solution of Ide problem ~uch more difficult is the cessity to take into account the permanent exhausta a weil as the probabilty of sudden ones arising becavse of the fault of purification devices. In the paper the måechanim of tax formation on the factories is desribed Including this above-metioned factors as wei as such features of a region as relief, wind rose, the distribution of popn~ation on territory subject to polluon. The properies of the tax formation *echanisa and the behavior of participants using this mechanisms during a long -d are studied. Ecological Economics of Sustainability: Contributed Abstracts ALLEN, P.M.; CLARK, N. and PEREZ-TREO, F. aerarnid Ecotechnolog y Research Cenre, Craid Institute of Techalogy. CraIéld fe#rd MK43 OAL. UIT ED RINGD0M Change and Sustalnablity: The Evolution of Wisdom Eological sanctur results from the evolutonary pocess. It is charac~edled by a resilece which ~rs from tho diversity which both drives und is generatd by evolution. Recent advances in our understanding and simulation of such processes tal as that not only is short tenn optimann harmful, hut long turm opuindation cannot bo defined becaus of the in~tdsiC uncertaintles of the evolkdonary pnocess. In this caso, what should gide V s in our actions? Sustuinability has wo faces. Tho firt seeks tho way to a stadonary system, where åmn's exploation is simply balanced by natural growth. It corresponds to a dangerous w~slon a resuscitadon of the conoepts of 'maxinun snstalnata yleld' that has dogged fisherles science for s long. The second view of ~ansblity cor-ponds to an acceptance of chaage as being Inovitabl, but supposes that wisdom can preval in human actions. Sub wisdom, rathr than opposing chage, can only be associated with constant monitoring of events, a greatr understunding of the processes and mechanisms that rganize and creati ecosystems and an ability to consider the complx consequences of our actions. This in turn requires a reconsideration of both our valuc systums, and and economoi mechass though which they act. In tis pper wo present an approach to bsch wisdo ba md o the conc~pts of ecotchnology- the applisi &f scientio knowledge to a problemk ond Its comtex. AMIR, SHIMVEL Defr t of Ap ktd hywics gnd makthemsice, Sorq Nucaresa Center awer y06, Israel Th«emodynamcs, Economics, and IEologyr An Analogy is study shows that neoclasscal economic theory and elassical thormodynamics are analogous theories. In addidon to challenging a prevalent observation, analogling economic theory to mechanics. tho slgnificace of this viewpoint Is twofold. First, concepta and principles used by one field are easily transferablo into the other. In this way familiar concepts gua new neuni. Second, given tho structaul anaogy that exists between economic and ecological system, these concepts and principles becomorn s of ecosystem analysis as weli. Stcady stae properties of any syste, economio or ecological, can be analyzed assuming the system behaves as if it maximizes a constrained *objective" function. This approach identifles thermnodynami potentials with effilency (present value) prices and market "equilibrium" (steady state) prices with thermodynIaic potentials. 'ffe anlysis demonstrates, however, that the theory cannot detealan tho eacu form and specfoiadons of the *objectve" fbnctions. *Objective" functons are the unalog of wwea.h, and they are classified into three categories: Internal energy-like, frec energy-like, and entropy-likm functions. ho Owealth of any system, thermodynamic, economc, or ecological, la steady state is osant, bet global *wealth" may rema te same, ducreaso or lamres. according to tho above mentioned classes. This change la globa "weaW gives ris to the discouning phenomenon. The discount "1t is tho iladve tIme rate of chungo of "weah". This rato mst bo the sams for all the components of the system provided the system behaves efficiently when governed by tho "right" accontag medium, c~ntid "wealth. A ~thogh ihe "right" function must be deterined empically, the unalogy is powerfl. Por example, it proves that ny thermodyauncally ureversible (all res~ system that works acording to an internal energy-like riterion cannot work u » y accordiag to an entropy-like (or free energy-like) ~riterlon. This implies that Prigogi's piciple rgrdg the mininatin of entropy generation la the steady state may not be general. Moreover, this analysis proves that ineffliciencies will develop ln the interfac between the economy and the ecosystem whenever only one system behaves as if it is guded by an internal energy-like function. Since the economio theory of vauc and tho themnodynamic theory of ost fkuctions ae shown to bo a single theory, It is suggested that fUrther research at the interface of counomis und thermodynmics may open up promising perspectives for analyzing the optimal se of natural resources. ANDERAMON-GREN, INGE-MARIE Tke Swedis Uni~ersy of Agricultara &ience, Deparent fEconomic, 8o 7013. S-75007 Uppsala, Sweden Wettånds and Sustalnable Development tn the Swe~ish Island Gotland In Goand, loctuin the Bafic, the aain htiw to economic growth is tho supply of an acceptable q«ulity of drilakg water. Due to fanmer' am of fenilizer the omenations of nitat ln grond water me high. The farmers are inporant not wny In an envkoanna perspective bet alo economically. Agriculture accounts for a consideable part of os~ regional product. A redoon i m the am of fertilisrs, is. acceptable water q~ality, is therefore achieved at tho epx~se of economic growth for the entie Island. Howover, restoraton of wends is shown to be a cheap me for reducing the lakage of nitrogen into tho grund water. The pmpos of this peper is therefore to analyo the of wetlads for 9ns9alnuc,e gowth la Gotland. relndnary results are presented from a dynamic opdsnbarian mnedel where tho wealth of current a d futro generatioons i rar~aon the am of water. Tho long run goul is 35 Ecological Economics of Sustainability: Contributed Abstracts convrted into short tenn goals by mmans of a social accoundng matrix, where wedands are fuctioning both as flow and stck offect. '11 stack effecm rovide eavironmental inveutmnot far futre 8 ANGERER, GERHARD Fr~ Imkofer-InsUtu for Syst~ns nd Inno~ndon Research, Karlsru e ,Wt Germ Y Capabillty of New Technologles for Futura environtental Protection • The ixample of Air Pollution The global endangerig of our life support systen has reached a lovel which fore responsible seat to volce sodons wamings. The polludon of air, water and sols, the de n of stratosphed omon., de alteration of gsrsehouse radation equilibium, and l~nti c~hanges duo to defores~g of tropical ain woods we at pressnt the major viamental problems. In front of this background, possbilities and measures to stop intolerable anthropogenous envirnmental k~pacts are a major subject of public discussion. Ie proposed pper is intended to givo a small contribton to this tMpic ad will show for the PRO, whether, and to what extent, she pollution of air may be reduced with the help of new indleo a ir pollution by S0 and dust has been conasderably rduced im eady. A rdan of the NO2k 'a the for&hcoming years is ln sight, nainly because of tho overdue decision to forc tho us of oatalytic rduction for waste g of automobiles (se Fig. 1). But for other agent the situaon is not similarly favorabe Among these ae heavy metals and organi compounds like chlorofluorocarbons (CC), chtorinated and non-lorainated solvents, bensole, polycblodnated dioxines, polyycli aomatic hydrocarbons and polychlouinated biphenylL In a recent sody, sponsored by the Pedoral ~inistry of Research and Devolopment, our institute aalyzed the potendal contibution of new avhonmental technologies, developed up til now, to rodes tihe emIssions into thw air of a mumber of agento. The results are extremely ineorsting. They show that for umay sources powerful teimologies me available to contwl emissIon , bet on tho other hand also technology gaps becamo visible, which mst be closed in tho forthcoming years. Fig. 2 shows the situation for four toxic heavy metal& The height of each column represents the emission quantity relative to that in 1986. Tho figures on the columns givo the emissons absolutely in metri tons per yea. Tho left row of columns show the emissons for 1986, the middle row the emissions expected in 1995, and tho right one gives the emission lewis which could be achieved If available environnental technologies wee used conssently. On can eaily see that a te"hnology gap ex~sts for the control of mermy, wheress considerble redction potontials are pressat for the others. In the proposed piper thes. findings will be substantiated and discussed in more deta and for aditional agent. Al in al, one can gay that new tMchnologies will play an Important ro. in furm. efforus for envihmetal protetion and the repair of aeady existing damages. They offer a real chance to get progressiv. environmental loadings under conuel, withot essenta y loss.s of th achived welfare and life standard. Nevertholess, technolog eu must be acanmea by the necessary behavor change, and it should not be forgoen that technology s will tie up oonsmlrayl monmar reaOmes. ANNAN, ROERT e. Pho*toltai Technology Division, U.S. Department of EWgy, 1000 Independence Avenue S.W., Room SF-081, War~ington D.C. 20585 BURl, RALPH Geothermal Technology Division, U.S. Deparn of nergy, 1000 " ~dpendence Avenue S.W., Room S-06, Waington, D.C. 205&i CABRAL, ANIL Merian Corporation 4300 King Street, Snate 400, Alexandria, VA 22302-1508 Rational Power Development: The Integrated Elettric Utillty This paper discusses a recently initiated a program for integrating renewabe enurgy technologies into the electric power seoctor in developing coontris. This program offors a near-term opportunity for achieving an economnc, envhonrnaly cleaner power supply system using Omfrntly commercial technologles. An integrated electrio utily consisting of an optimal mix of radlönal and reaewable enegy power system. has sg=fl-ant advantags over conventional elewnification mthods. Renewabl eegy power plants can signlimanly rduce or ebnu te podnedon of harMul waste producs. They can bo built quickly in response t dannd and is mall« inonmets. lhy oan be sted clos to demand centm« to sve miney-grdo and off-grd appu reducing the impaets and coss of extending tho gud. But, very few doveloping countries are sing thes technologies. De reasons incude unfandliarnty; no sauifactory planning methodologies linited tochnology porformance informaton; no capah~iy to design, evaluate, imp~4ana operate, or manage thes. projects and no suitable financing mehana~. Recogniuing that a mnti-disc~plinary approach is needed to overome hse obles, tho Departem of Energy inita the multli-agency Itegated Elewnic Utility Program in 1989. The program addreswes information and traing 36 Ecological Economics of Sustainability: Contributed Abstracts needs, financing, techncal assitance, and methodology development. Poof of concept is provided by a U.S. model utility. DAINES, J.T. Principal in Jones Bams & A= ~ciates,PO 8ox 8620, Ou~akstchurck , Aotearoa.ew Zeland PIET, NJ. Senor Lecturer in tie Deparnent of Ch~nical & Process Engineering, Uni~uiy of Canterbwy. O ~ ~ ~Xkristchurch, AteVoaNew Zealan. Sustainable Development and Stock Resources: Is Thore a Contradiction? (energy Policy Within a Framework of Sustalnable Development) This paper des~ribes a framework for intorpreting sustainable devolopment, and applies It to a discussion of engy policy. hs main purpose is to integrate concepts and bk argumnts that aro usually troated in quite sepurato debating armnas.Our approach to this topic begins by accepting that the process wo call devolopment is a dynamio environment-society process. Social and economic development are possible s a result of managing the natural environment, but this environment is not itself under social control. Its manplation involves rika. If society is to continue to benefit from exploning natural reso~es, wo mst appre~late better the environmental repercusions of our activities, and recogniso ecological principlos more for~ofully In our institutions for rosource managemnt.t is this perspective that provides the context for intrpeting "ecological relationships - society as part of the hiosphere, not part Ikom i.The intograted conceptual framework that wo use enables us to draw connectio s between the physica, social and political aspets of the development process, and Unta the institutional requrments for making short term lo~a objctives consistent with long ter , global goal. The paper goes on to exain the important topic of nonrnewable energy resourccs, and concludes with sme propomals for the managmont of stck resources such as oeogy. Economic instrumsnt are seen as necesary hut not always sufficient components of the institational arrangements required to implmnent sustainable development policy. BANKS, STEVEN M. Departent of Geography.Geology, Iffinuk gate Uniersity, Norma. linois Natural Resource Dooms and Third World Development: Modelling the Response of Export Agriculture Via the Expansion Metbodology Models sed in social science research, incding those employed in natural resorce analysis, assum that the parametes of a specif~ed modlremain stable even as the conte a in which th model is applied chang That is, wo build models, explore relatonhips between variales, and presribo policy solatons under the assumpden that there is underlying spadal and emporal s~ability in the paramters of our models. Howver, ther is no roasn to ana sac stability. This study intoduces the Expansion Methodology to the field of natural resource and envkromontal analysis, as both a on~cnn paradigm and a nehndolog~al techniqae. The Expansion Me~hod provides a quantiative technique to empiricaly estimate the effeels of varlations ln the contexts in which models are applied. A case study of the impacas of the petroleum boom in Nigeria pon the stagnation of the expors of agricultual commoditics is provided. By employing de Expansion Method as a researb tool, the nu complexity of natural resource booms on other subsetors of an econoy are revealed. The rosult of the study suggest that perolmum exporfi have had differental impae upon agdcultural expor, ny stnltaaing the growth rate of soms, while stagnadng tho growh rate of other. The focus of the paper is on the use of the Expansion Method as a new tool for rese~ch in natura resorce analysis, and the operationaliadon of die xnJÖodology via die Nig~dan cass study. RECK, ROGER; HARIS, KIM and KRAFT, STEVEN Department of Agrilusiness Economics, Southern iinois University, Carbondate. I. 62901 U.SA. Establishment of a National Wildlife Reftige from an Economist's Perspective: Methodologlcal Insights Using s ~nay data and economic theory, tho autos participated in the envbonmental assessment of a proposed nadonal widlfe refuge. The development of die economic component of the environnental assessn~nt revealed a number of challenges confronting conomism. The paper discu m a number of thes. challenge and offrs sugga~do for meed~g the . The challengus include the collection of data relevant for the assesament of unique ecological areas, the ostånation of how benets and cosa change in relation to the si and confgration of the prposed refuge, the assessment and integration of consumptive and p benei and cosa, and the analysis of primary and secondary impaa in sparse economic regions. BERGSTROM, SOREN 37 Ecological Economics of Sustainability: Contributed Abstracts Stockhob University, Stoc.ohn, Sweden Sustainable Development Accounting: Taking Advantage of Rigorous Theory Sustaneble Development Accounting is a research projet where we apply taditional double mntry accounting and an ecological model structurel on the problem of sutanable development. The main advantages of uuing a uigorous accounting framoework are: 1) it forces consistent and comprehensive classicadon of data, and 2) It promotes creadvo onsr of key indicators for effikency and wealth. ln the paper it is sessed that economic analysis nainly sa queetn of how to organize Information in a goal- oriented way. It is showed that the business Orm analogy works witbout any need for red~odan to a nifled masure, Le. money. Varous solutions on general accoundng problens ar discaussed in reladon to sustuinable development. Som of dese problems are: - Dning the accounting unit. Equivalents to ownership, nit of operation or unit under ~igle command shold bo speied. - Equivalents to business events. Processes, to be recodd, will be Identified a ~coring to other standard m dien thos. in busines firm. - Strategio relkvance vs. relability. Treditional moneary accounting is of~ ood on relability and quesd~aablo on strategic relevance. Here it is mor e other way ar nd. - creatve use of the accoustbtg stcure, array of key indicators on sustainable development am presented. 1.QIginey from Daly, H., Steady State Economics, Freenmn, Sa Francisco, 1978. BRERU, FIKRET lsut of Urban and Enviroowwtal S ~udies, Brock University, St. Ca~harine, Ontario L2S 3A, C~nda geqjeutial ExpIoltation and the Ecologeal Economics of Living Resonrees A genera patfina of sequential exploationt - from the more accessible to loss and less acc~ssible area, and from the most vaable to the les and valal species - appoars to be a common featre of many cases of living resources development The ida of a succession of r=sourc exports from successive geogaphical fronters was iniiaRy formnated to explain the development history of Canada's major resore exports, far, fish and forest prod^cts. It appears, however, that the sequental explion of living resources Is not a phenomenon unqa to Canada. Rather, the pattern fits the development history of a large number of resoues, from whales to wid orids. Resource usem involved in sequential expilation behave as If discount ratos were infinitely high. This dien makm it radonal to depletb stacks of living resources over the short-term and move on to new resource frontiers. Living resorces me thus used as if dihy wae non-renewable, instead of being used . The mmnagement challenge is to find ways to discourage seqential explotation, and to encourage user behavior consistent with low disomnt rats. A critical factor is the regim under which tho resource is hold because uses behave differently under diffrent regines. DINFORD, MICHAEL W. Gr~dusar School of Design, H~ard University 48 Quncy St., Cambridge, MA 02138 KOLATA, AIAN R. Departent of Anthropology, University of Chicago, 1126 £. 59th St., Chicago, IL 60637 ORENNER, MARK Florida Mumn of Natural Hitory, University of Fiorida Gainesvile, FL 32611 Rehablitatiag Ancient Ralsed Field* tn the Bolivian Altiplanö: Paleoecological and Årchaelogical Evidence for Sustalnable Agriculture. AR danitions of sastainabilty include long time periods, which am expressed in teau of several hman generation#. A faw ancient ev oisadens carried out agricultural praeoes that apparently sustained poiMtan growdi for m than t genera Rehabiltaton of dies. mehods Is sonetimes proposed to increase food producion, but the ecologioal and institutional systems that aowed long periods of high yeld ame usualy unknown. We usae quvati,taiv paleuological and ohalo ieods to test die hypothesis that te eIaihshment of ancient raied field. anted in a decrease in ag ---sye degra~atlon, and as a oonsequence provded long-term, ustainabl food yilds for an increasing popaladon. Physical evidence indicates that raised field that were in produon over nearly 1000 years in the Lake TitiMca basin captured or produced blogically available nrients that would have otherwise been maaported to the lake, inreased heat consevation in a system that is subject to noctumal frees year-round, and probably prevented sou ulwn~aton du to lake-water intrusos or brrgation practices. Archaological evidence indicates that die cultare was highly organiagd to manage die labor-intensive raised field systems, and bad sop cated, empirical undstandin of hydranlic engincering and agriecosystem ecology. We ag. that this widpread form of ancient agricaure is a ponity 38 Ecological Economics of Sustainability: Contributed Abstracts sustainable practice, and that interdisciplinary palcoecclogical and archaeological studies are important tests of the sustainability of other proposed techniques. BISHNOI, S. and GAUTAM, D.D. Laboiaory of Plant Ecology, P.G. Deparnent of Boeay, Dwager (Awronow s) College, Bikaner - 334 001 (Raj.), India. A Case Study of Arid Zone (Rajasthan) Economlc*Ecologle Conflicts vs Harmony Under the Impact of the Indira Gandhi Canal Project Arid regions are areas which tend themselves partIcoularly well to the investigation of problems. Rajasthan lies approximately between 24 degrees and 30 degree latitude and 60 degree and 78 degree longitude occupying an area of about 3,58,150 sq. km. North Western part of this state is desert locally known as Thar. The Indira Gandhi Canal aims to usher in a new era for the people living in the desert and will convert the barren land into a large granary. The man made desert will be converted to green again by man made river, Indira Gandhi Canal. A case study is being conducted around Blkanwr to know the impact of lodira Gandhi CanalPoject (IGCP) on desert ecosystem under following headings: I. New equilibrium of herbaceous vegetation, the primary producers and the basis for the range management under post rrigational ecosystem. 2. Change in microclimate and fauna and flora of the desert. 3. Seepage and water logging will cause capillary rise of salts. 4. New ecological balance and parametric study of economic growth of this canal irrigated areas. With the flow of Canal water hydrophitic and mesophydc weeds like Eichornia crassipn, Typha angwtata, and Saccharum spontanian will become the order of the day, leading to the fast evapotranspiration of the stored and logged water. The race of urbanization and granary based township shall lead to a development of economic capital of IGCP in this am. BLANCO, SERGIO Deparent of City and Regional Planning, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania The Eutrophication of Local Economies This paper has the intention of providing ecological perspectives on economic activities. Economic processes will be described in ecological terms. In Nature, eutrophication is a slow and gradual process that converts lakes into grasslands or forests. Accelerated eutrophication however, occurs with human intervention. Large amounts of chemical fertiliers spread on agricultural soils is carried by running waters to lakes whoe these nutrients produce a blooming of the algae. Since dead algae are food for existing aerobic bacteria, these bacteria begin to multiply very rapidly. The rapid increase of aerobic bacteria depletes the available dissolved oxygen in the water, producing the collapse of the aquatic system. Similar processes occur in native cultures when economic aid comes from external sources to raise local standards of living. This process of economic eutrophication transforms self-reliant people, who live in relative sustainable equilibrium with their surroundings, into participants of the world market system. The price for this access to now abundance of consumer goods is often paid with the destruction of their local sustainable resources. This paper will observe similar repercussions of foreign economic aid on local cultures from an ecological - not developmental- perspective. 39 Ecological Economics of Sustainability: Contributed Abstracts ELITZER,CHARLES R. World ~n, 1818 H Skreet, Washlngton D.C. ECKAUS, RICHARD 8. Mawshusetts Instiute of Technology. C~ Äbridge Mmachuseus. 02139 LAHIRI, SUPRIYA University of Lwell MEERAUS, ALIXANDER GAMS Developent Corporation A General Equlibrinua Analysis of Policies to Reduce Carbon Emisalons Through Increase ta Efficiency Policies designed to deal with envirowmtal hazards mus tako into account the direct and nheet effects on overall econom~ performance. his requres a "ger eirium analysis which traces all the cosequences of such policies for economic decisions. The paper is a demonstration of the potential In using this approach in invesdgating a particular type of environmental policy, rather than a definitive study. The particular policies that will be investgated are reductons in carbon emissions through incrcases In the efficiency of use of petroleum fuels. A multisectoral, intrtemporal, programming model embodying substition possibilities in produ~don and cnnm~ will be used for the analysis. 11e model to be used was not oiginally designed for the present purpse and the setting of the model is rather special. For these reasons, the numerical results should be Interpreted as only illustrative. The analysis will differentate between two sources of increases In efficiency: (1) those that are essentially costless, requ~ng only Improvements in the qualty of adjustments and maintenance of equipmen and (2) inreases in efficiency that require ~reiofning' of equipment. Bocause the model distingnistes a number of sectora and a number of technologies within each sctor, It will be posible to be selective In the specificadon of the location of the changes in efficiency and in the costs involved. It will be demonstrated, through alternative solutions of the model, that it is possible to project the potential reductions in carbon emisalons and the consequences for aggregate economic growth of such policies, as well as the implications for particular sectors. BOJ6RQUEZ-TAPIA, LUIS A.. and ONGAY, ENRIQUE Ce~o de Ecologia, UNAM, Ap~rtado Po~ta 70 275,04510 Mexico, D.F. Meaico International Lending and Resource Development In Mexico: Can Environmental Quality be Assured? Mexico, as other developing countries needs foreign capital to counter the current economic orisis. Large developmental projects are currently being planned and executed. Reguladon of rapid economic expansion is fundamental for sensible development. However. the international banking community is imerested in individual and profitable projecta, so environmental impact a t (IA) are conducted after major planning decisons are aheady taken. Thus, development is not the result of holistic planning, bet the aftermath of the "trigger" effeoct of pardcular pLojects. This paper examins the changes needed for appropriate IA and regional land-use planning for the protetion of environmental quality in Mexico. A new definition for environmental quality is proposed: the losses caused to society for the execution of a project, different from any possible loss du. to ia intrinsic function. Also, the capacity of the Mexican environmental legislation to protect biodiversity is examined. Since oritical obstacles exist for bioconservation within the curent leitrin modific~aos to the environmental law are suggested. BOJ4RQUEZ.TAPIA, LUIS A. and PLORESVILLELA, OSCAR Centro de Ecolog , UNAM. Aprtado Postl 70 275, Mexico 04510 A Metbod For Land-Use Planning and Conservation In Mexico A large proportion of the Mexican natural biodiversity is at risk by large internationally financed foresy projecs. Although they have been proposed as a new naual resource development strategy, with respect to bloconservation the projets reflet lack of sufficient land-se planning and environmental Impact assesumnenrs A nethod has been designed to provide usefl biological information for sensible land-se planning and impact asessments. The approach identifaes centes of diversity by combining data obtained from a computer data base, the UNIRBMEX,and from publiUhed maps (d~mme, topography. and lithology) through a geographical information system. In essenc, the method is a modi~cation of the gap aalysis major changes are: the use of endemic species, the scale of the map, and the use of multivariate statis to analyz. the distribution pattern of the centers of diversity. The centers of divesity are then proposed for the creation of miple se modules, which form the bas of a nework of natural proteted meas. 40 Ecological Economics of SustainabilCty: Contrbuted Abstract BROWN, PETER G. School of Pu~ic Aairs, MorrI Hal, Unersity of Maryla , Colege Park, MD 20742 Intergenerational Costs and the Greebouse Effect &conomic approaches to intergenronal aspeots of greenhouse Offect are evaluated and found wandag. Difficulies with thee appr hos includ i dlmannut and mdotvadonal about how persons in the present vale the futre. An alternave framework to market approac that emphaslzs an's evoludonary origins and fidaciary responsibilities Is preseated. CALE, WILLIAM G. Indiana University OfPennslvania, Indana, Pennsyrla isymy KATZMAN, MARTIN T. Oåt Ridge Nifonal Labortory, Oak Riige, Temessee 37831 International inltfatives for the long-term preservation of tropical forests. Tropical fremts are the storehous of tho bulk of tho earth's species, eritical to woådwide climato control, atmosphed" gas eobange, regional hydology patterns, and representativo of th most .omplee Eving systems on earth. Teiy are being deoyed at a ra in mcm of 100,000 k"2 per year, an aa abot the sim of Oceat Brtaln. External pressures to preserve the.. forests ae doomed to fal because non of these provdes an inoentive stretue for members of th soverega status whkch contan them. Even recent deas involving 1dt-foeatum " awaps conain no guarantees byond the good will of the regim. in power, and no cerainty that the next govrnment would not find it in is interest to xploit thos area presumed to have been preseved. This peper c*=tlenge. thes. presnes and proposals. An alternativ s 1s offeed which would rete a muldnadonal consotium of nations cetribting to long term annuides payable to nations holding trpical foreata in trust. An ~aplo Is offered for Branitan AmaonL This plan would cost approxmately 2% of preent Unted States foreign aid. It would provid fuds for cquia dåon, m n reseamb, and enforcemet to presmve 10% of BRaiian Amanla for 50 year. A yearly flow of eash, job , and an annuity valued in the hundreds of mUlona of dolars provid the incentive for any government to honor the ageement over the long term. CAPISTRANO, A.D. and KMER, C.P. University of Florid,Food nd Ro~rce Economics. Oak~neille, Florida 32611 Global Economie IOfuenes on Tropical Closed Broadleaved Forest Depletfon The paper reviews major glohal economic development which may have enaored the depledon of tropical forests from 1967 to 1985. Data from 45 tropical developing cound~ ame used to quantify tho influence of c~anges in rel epange rate, debt service pay~gnts, cereal self-mdf~cluncy. wood and agrc mal export pris~, inom and popadan on formt depleton. The magnind. of indsial logging in natual closed broadleaved formts Is used as an Inditar of torat depledo . The tudy ped~d la divided into four subperiods. The infuence of global eonom oanltian on the r~tianhip between forest deple~on and the above variab~es in ea subped~d is tested using Chow's test for aMutual ango. Result indicate that international economic conditions ~gured significantly in the d ~elode of ~opical foresis dwing tho study perod. Agdural expansion into forested lands in respons to food self-nff~niy needs was a major factor explning forest depledon in the 1970s. Real exhange rate devaa~ns in the lat 1970s and oarly 1980s led to the "mining" of tropical fm^ests. Coutrary to popular bellef, highr income was associated with mome, not lss forest depleton. CARPENTER, STANLEY I. Associas Profesor, Phlosopy of Teology, School o ial Science, Georgia Tech, AMenia, 0.30332 Sua inaity and Form of Life During the latter half of the twentieth century, philos of science have had a lat to sy about the inoommenur of compedg sointlfio thewd. This paper applies edom=ane of thee d caslo s to the cocept of "mad~ .ty. The issu of the relative supedrvo y of stable-state economi theore. to growth-orented mne of economic policy, visa-vis the *sustsinebll~y" iss Is addresed in term of the thesis. Whie It is not agued that intra-theored mmn prev meaningful discusons between rival ~madtl it is argued that ny consensu that is achieved involves mr.etn tcaia adjustmen to he com~pedg oom~nend vendons (by rmnego adg the ~lis of the rginal social prodsct", for example). Rather, the Witgn pont is d~ned that coming to understand tho issues in the «~"adnabi näy dbat involves "grasping the pon" of each comped~g apprach. It wil bo agued that -sme.i y", as an example of an nle concep as I fmdens ihi rival econond theodes, can 41 Ecological Economics of Sustainaiity: Contributed Abstracts best be analyzed as a *form of if". This move will be shown to involve normative factors whch ae missing from tho technical dispotes over model adequacy bot which ned to be Included if inclo views of *sutainability" are to be grasped and genuln attempt at reconiliation attempted. CASTILLO, SERGIO PRMC, CATIE , 7170 T~r4alba,Costa Rica,Catrl AmCrica GOTTFRIED, ROBIN Depwoent of Economics, The University of the South, Sewane, Tennesee 37375 Management of an Ecosystem as a Multiproduct Assem In a Developing Country Context Several difficulties exist in tho econom litorat~e n the valoe of an ecosystem. First, few authors rigorously address the interrelations between tho goods and services p~vided by an ecosystem. Second, economsts toni to approach ecosystem valuc in trm of consomer and producer surplus, concepts particularly difflcult to measre in developing countres. Finally, tho lierat r generally has not viewed ecosystmn valoes from the perspectve of the rolb of dhe system in development. This paper anmpts to develop a methodology which treats the ecosystem as a multiproduct asset and which enables one to xaminne the implications for development of varius ypm of ecosystem utilltion. The paper odiies a recursive linear programnming model which maxim~ze the net present vale of the flows of the entire packag of interrelated ecosystem good and services over tim subject to various blophyscal, souloeconomic and ecologcal constraints. The model assumes that all the human produtive activities in the endre ecosystem can affect in various ways the quantity of ecological goods and services produced by any one parcel in tho system. The ecological outputs of a pucel in torn constitute an input to the economys prod~don of goods and servIces. People alao consomo a subaet of the ecological outputs indiretly without the use of economic Inputs. The paper discusses how to include uncertaynty risk and sustainability considerations in the constraintB and ends with a discussion of the advantages and shortco~inge of the model. CHAN, ARTHUR . and MILLS, SHERRY x. College of Business and Econ s«, New Meco State Univesity, Las Crces, New Mexco 88003 An Energy Content-Based Information System for Municipal Solid Waste Management It is a well-established pro that in order to selet the proper method, or combinatib n of m ~thods, of waste disposal, feas~bility stdes must include an analysis of the quantity and content of waste ourrently generated. The accoracy of this analysis is indispensable in projecing furr waste generation and developing a fleoible solid was managament program. However, given the disparat natre of matedal ommonly found in the mncipal wast stream, the prevafling practice of estim ng and reportig total waste and ils compsition in terms of weight (tons) or volume (cubic yards) will give rism to imprecision and difficulty in interpredng the data that me gathered. This coould result In neglecting to select or implement the most effective waste managent strategy. This paper will suggest analyzing waste by establishing a different data reporing system based on measering the energy coutent of wast. mateals. This alternative system will allow municipal decision makes to biner evaluate different methods of wast disposal by specifically integrating energy/reaource conservation into the waste disposal management decisons. Examples will be provided in the paper to demonstrate the osefulness of the energy coontet measure. In addition, capital budgeting techniques and economi and accounting concepta of opportnity costa and replacement costa will bo applied to tho examples to show tho entire evaluation process. CHARLES, ANTHONY T. Saint Mary's Uniisy, Deparnen ofFimee and Management Science, Halifa, Noa Scoda 83H3C3 CANADA Sustalnable Fisherles: Management Paradigms and Io-Soco-Econonde Models The concep of *sustanabilty" has a lengthy history in fishery managoment. While in ality, mmangment of fishery r=sou~os is al too common, de idea of "OaitInabwo yields is essntially universal in fishery thnting. With ma~inabitity now becomnig a stated objective of society as a whol, it is important to understand, and to draw lesnn frm the nent paradigms and analytical models prevalent in fishe~es and other renewabl resource indusries. On tho one hand, natural lmitations on resource une by thise indstries have been bmer recognized tian, say, limiltations on sol, air and waer qualiy. On the other hand, he very referece to "resonrce use" highlight treatment of fish, t=n and wildlife a matedal which tak en valu only through hman explotation. This dichotomy in the approach to reneble resource ma t producs a range of differing philosophes, r~flected by the Conservadon, Rarlonatzation and Socialgommnniy paradigms. Each of thes. paradig a emphanlme a different socital objctive; maintaning ecosystem health, gemerating economic w«alth, and expanding the social fabr of resomrce onmmnLtian This paper explores thise objectves and paradig, emphasizing the ro* tey play in current conf~u over fishery an t and development. 42' Ecological Economics of Sustainability: Contributed Abstracts The cas is made that full mplementation of a *suana fishri~ policy necesites the aeadon of brad new multi- objectve perspetives, which in tur can be usful in other setrs of the economy. Thre is more oed than ever for s~ltble scientific methods to ad in Implementing new a h,t ajor changes b*e required in h pevalent methods for analy~ing fisery sys~s. Existing models, esseatially uni-disciplinary In naure, mst make way for integrated bio- soco.economic approaches. Recent fishery research on this thc= will be presented, together with broader implicadons for the modlling of sustainability. CHOPRA, KANCHAN and KADEKODI, GOPAL IL Intilute of Ecomnic Growth, Delhi, Indi~ People's Partcpation and Common Property Resurcus Somt Reflectons Pardcipation is tho introduction of a new set of p into the desion makng process with regard to resource allocaton or distribution. The public gods chact and high policing and preservation costs of state management make partdcipatry managemnt of common property resos as a poio attemative. A distnction is made between p&ticipation as a process and an institution. As an evolutionary process, It embdes the dynamis of introduction and understanding or norms, of persuasion, conflicts and violation of rules. Simultaneously, the degrec of participation and its measurement make it an institution. Two cas stnd~s of parcipatory development, one based oa sharing of common property resource management between government and village communities, and the other on pooling of privata property resources into common property are studied. The "iks between common and private property management. the Importance of catalysts such as common problems and leadnhip, and the possibilities of replicadon are evaluated. Depnding upon the possibiles of sharing or pooling of resomces and thi linkages, the pardcipatory model is sustainable as an alternative to other models of rural development. COLBY, MICHAEL L 2104 North Quanco S&tr, ArlIngIn, Virginia 22205 Economics and Environmental Management: The Case for Environmental Taxes It is commonly perceived that the conventional legal approaches to environmental managment of the past 20 years - "command and contror types of pollution regulation such as bans or restrictions, qualty mnduds, emission standards, product standards, technology prescriptions, and envronmental kmpact statements - have been unduly expensiv (Ineicient) and in many cases disappointingly mffecdve in preventing the most serious and widespread types of "environmental" problems, ln the pursuit of sustainable development, new, more efficient, and moro effeotive meaniom for integr~dng sound envirnnmental managemet into economic development aro boing sought. This paper discusses the differences in economic and eavhnmental effects between conventional regulation, markr meohanma, and a third approach, "en =tåmeal taxes." Dstinctions between the thre approaches are made, the cas of tropical deforstation is reviewed, "environmental taxes" dned, and examples of such taxe and their advantages are given. Special atmention Is given to the concept of a "greenhouse gas" tax, focussing on steering effects and issues of indexing and equiy btwen industrial and developing nations. A summary of criterla for the design of environmental taxes is provided. COMMON, M.S. Centre for Resource and Envronental Studie, Australin National Uniersity, Canbera, Antrulia A Pragmatle Approach to the Development of an Ecological Economics The processes by which social decisons aff~edag the natural environment are made will reman political in naturt, with all participants influenced generaly by ides and information from a variety of sources. Decision makers require analyd and factual inputs on particular problems. Onc motivadon for an ecological economics is the perneption that at neither the general nor the paticular levels is extant economics a sadsfactory framework, thougi at both levels it is influtist In Australia the Federal Govemment has ouatbish the Rsource Aome 'mmision as a standing body to which it can refer pardcular issues for advice and - co n . The firat reference was made in December 1989 and concems "options for the use of Austrlia's forest and dber reso:es", which have been vigorously debated in recent years. Using the task facing the Commission ss a pardcular easple the paper models iis anantisis reviews the exant economic approach, and agnes that its individualist foundations are inap prate. It is suggested that more progress will bo made by way of modelling for the consined opiimtin of a properly social oojectiv uion. The natue and farm of the functdo would iself be a mutter for political oansiematian and dehat, as would many of the constraits. It is argued that looking at a variety of pardcular problems In this way rpresuat a pragmatic approach to the development of an ecological economics. Ecological Economics of Sustainability: Contributed Abstracts CONLEY, CRAG ud CRAIG, PAUL P. Ecloy raduae Grop, Unie«s~ity efCala,Davis, CA 95616 The Trme Cost of EledtIetyt Implicutios for Leat-Cost E~utrldty Reso~re Planning Tho geal of least.cost elc~ricity uusomc planning is to rovkl enagy service at tho lowest-cost. The d ~finidan of leamtost is epanding to knude not just tradional ecomomnd costs (*.g., fuel ud eql~mat cosa) bet alo social cost or extern~lities (e.g., air omis~lons and habitat imp~ts). Rmcnt aeepts to value anins suggest that a S for ths cost in dlar tmmns will have signif~ant impac s on tr=s lust.cos strategiW. This paper describsa a fram~ for valuatng tho enehanann costs associated with o nu~ity producton over the typ~cal electric utfity planning horian of 20 yars. Pmrther, this paper explores how this framework night be incorposted lnto taditional hmast-est pbanning approahe. bsus associat d with placing dollar valis on Intangie cosa associated with eetriciy p~oduction ud with incorporating these costa into rsoure planning are discussod. Key Issues includo the assumptions made in the valuation of emissons, the Implications of different vaton ipproaches and lves, and Sbarriers to social last.cost planning. CONNE, J.1. STUTH, J. W.; hAMILTON, W.T. and SHEEHY D. P. Dep. of Agricksal Ec~onics, T a AM University, Colge Station, Teas, yyM43 An Integrated Ecologte-Economic Mode for Planning Sustalnable Grauing Animal Production Systems The Resource Systums Planning Model (RSPM) i designed to facilitate planning for anern~nlo land rsoumo us at tho local land management unit lovet. The modl firt integrates sol and dlmic cnditoan with fog invenators nd analysm. to determin ecologcally basod herbivore carrying capacity. Socio-cultural goals and constraints and the ecologcally basod anut carrying capacity ne then used to design sanble livestock puoduction systems. RSPM usa this informa wh infort on local production pratices, costs and prod~ct prices to anamy~sconomic feasblity of conversion from th cuent to an altrnativ sustainable prodon system. Data obtained from no of RSPM with a representative sample of hocal land mmn t can be used to design and/or adopt region-wide polies, progams and institutions to fan Impleme~taan of cologica y and economically susraninat grazing lad production systems. The fit ue of RSPM was in tho USA whee it ha. been adoptd by tho USDA4CS for use natmon-wide as their G~raing Lad Appications (OLA) deciuion support sysem. Currenty, pilot studis o underway to illustrate its potantial for us= in at-maning the rapid ecological dcline and deserification of tho grass stpp., ecosystem in tho Inner Mongoihan Autonomous Region of China. COULTER, JOHN Entrpy Mnqe~e Service Psy Ltd, 7 Taraba~ Crescen, S aer Park, Brisbaa 4128, Astralåa Ecoörde Acivity o az Energy Landscape Boonomics today bog nw approiches. In this paper the risis is economics is reviowed and tho causa delineated. It is shown how fundamental aspecs of economic activty wure subsumed by early economist simply bene they seemed so obios and invarable, ud why, *l~ough develop =ents in techology and scals and scop of econonic activhy. this aspeta have now becom significant ud in some case. dominant paramtrs which must bo included when measuring, pr~disting and regulating economic activity. A now appoach, viewing economic processes nking place o an energy landcape, is pr~posed. Here, tho a~tivity of "producn is p-e~ived in a quMt different way. n this approch, boundaries in spaco, nornally in the form of cubic ees, accredited with the a wributos of tho enorgy hovels that can bo identied within them, ad this is m~eapray condensed to an *enorgy lamincp" where high forma of energy continosly level off with lower energy forma in h oi . Economic activity is ganged as a mmo adjunct of this natua, universal phenomenon. It is com~thidt that whe eo iom actors will sti determino th"ir plan of action usng money turms to mnaum and compar th~ir antputs ud ehas w inpus in makets, they, ud moe petnmily tho economic analyns ud policy makm who would hop to regulate the conomy, should recogi that the d~edan of all natural acdon ud human activity in raukomig mader is dqendmnt on a ~ond that can be explained as a leve~ling of enrgy. Strategiss should be directed towud sensibly inaging opimal bne~ts of tho degradation, rather than prtending that tho laws of physics can bo rescinded, ud that po~cesses of " dtio within a toherabl k eatitude of mat and mu~ginal solf-adj~nnt no samtunabk. 44 Ecological Economics of Sustainability: Contributed Abstracts CRAIG, PAUL P.. DUNLO, BETH; CONLEY, CRAIG and GLASSER, HAROLD SOtM~nable Futures Research GroSP, Depaanent of Applied Science, Unersity of California, Davis. CA 95616 Appare~t Consumer Discount Rates Ecological sensitivity manats mdnindladan of envkonmental 48pa ~ associated with rsonre usO. Economic guidelines rg. decison making based on mn~ial total cost. Neitber orientation offers a comfortable capanamon of decisons by American consumers on apptinco purchases. Numerous studies show that consu er decisions can be interpreted in econoo tem only by assuming discount rates approaching or exceeding 100% per year. Even ecologica~y sinsiive individuals ofton appear to make appliance decisioas on the basis of needs of the moment. Failure of both the ecological and the oconomiing padig appear to relate to poor availabllty of information, neod to make decisions on short notice [e.g. if a refrigator or water hoter als], or otal ack of control [need to me whatever appliances are provided In rental aparuents. Loss oftem mentioned are impatience and Jack of self-discipll. A direction for resoluion may be ound in Kenneth Anow's suggestion that ethical considerations play a rtical const~ve role in economics. For the US oute the prognosis is lss than promising CUNNINHAM, A. 1; and FRIEDMAN, M. Insue of Natural Resources, University of Natal. P.O. Box 375. Pieermariburg 320 South ica Prime Moverms Wens and Wild Plant Resources This papr OxpIores the roie of women as resource managers in rural area in south-oastem Africa and the possibilities that eit for plant resource conservation under existing ecological and sce condidons. In this region, women are major gatherer of wild frgit and grens, hrveters of fielwood, thatch grass, and crafwork resources (grasses. sedges). They also fil an Important social role as divinrs (Izangoma) using specific medicinal plants. Men, however, tradtionaily are hunters and berders, using planas as p wine tappers, - basket weavms and for ht building. Unlik diviners, most traditional doctors (i~nyanga) are men, oftn using a different range of medicinal plants. Thes differeces can be as~ribed to a variety of factors inluding sexual diffurentatan of roles, ind incroasingly, social changes wrought by the migrant labour system, which has affe~ted a high proportion of households in certain areas. In such cases, women have increasingly had to take over tasks such as hut buidig thatching and palm wine tapp~ng as well as infornal sector ~ading (~rans, palm wine, medicinal plants) which have become marginal activities for men. Thus women, who have always ben major users of plant resources, play an even goster role In harvostag plante than ever befor, as wild plant resources contribate to the subissnce survival of nst rul hoahn~ This harvesting can have a devas~ating effect on plant resources vulnerable toòver-exploitadon. As resource users, however, women are often fully ware that heir resource base is being depleted, but ar forced to do so in order to stay ave. bmplemntadon of resoure manag=nt programs has to Involve rural women, taking Int account al~ernativ. econo options open to them as well as the long term consequences of rmoe depletion. This has happened all too raely in the past, and Is a necessity for suon ful conservation and resomce manag ent programm in the future. DALE, BRUCE E. HOLTZAPPLE, MARK A. and RYKIEL, EDWARD j. Texas A&M University, Cole Staikn, Texar. 77843 USA A New Technology for Sustainable Produtlon of Food and Faed from Blomassm Energy, Econoics and Ecology. The world is bese with the gwing list of intrrlated problems: dek deforestation, caon dioxide badup, decreased biodiversity, sol erosion, so and water contaminadon, air pollation, and rash disposal. These and other problems are connectd by powerful interkaons among eaergy, economics and ecology. A recent technical innovation which promisos to be a major faceor in the miuigation of these problems is the ammonia fiber explosion (AFE) process. The AFfli process un~ocks tho vast reservoir of food and fuel in biomaus such as trees, crop residues, grsses and the organic portion of trash including newspaper. This discussion explorms the potental impact of AFEK technology on energy, economics and ecology, sing conversion of gasses to protein foods and fuel ~hanoi as the case study. Som~ key re~uts are as follows. Energyt If p ~ennial Smaesch as coastal Bermuda grass are sed in an Integated AFMK teahuent process, we can expec to produce 1,000.5,000 kg of protein and 2,000-10,000 lite of fue ethano per hectire per annum depending an lma. and couivation pur~tdes. Since the major energy inpat is ronewable solar and since we can assiga a portdon of the overall nergy requrements to food produc~ion, the overall energy efliciency is at least 10 anita of liquiad fue (ethanol) produced per unit of liquid fel input. l ~ many conaies, incuding the U.S., <here is sufficient exoss wahle land to replace all ~ ~sorao faels with b~as ~taol. Ecunomcs: The AFMK process is profitabl return on invesimnt (ål) is 50-80% whon waste maea ae apgraded to ruminant ana feeds and ROI is up to 30% with ethanol at $0.26fliter (octane enhaner value) when protein is a coproduct or with tipping fem for t~ah d~sposal. If indirect coss of fossil fuel combustion or balance of payment cost ame added to ethanm valums, m higher ROIs resu . 45 Ecological Economics of Sustainability: Contributed Abstracts Ecology: Production of fol using the AFEX process is ecologically benign compared to fossil fuel production and contributes little to CO2 buildup in the atmosphere. Because AFEX can deal with a variety of biomass feedstocks, processing plant design and operation can be integrated with local ecological systems. The case study demonstrates that fuel needs can be met with processes that are compatible with both short- and long-term ecological considerations. Perhaps most importantly, APEX demonstrates that ecological and environmental values can be meaningfully integrated with economics and energy demands to foster sustainable development DAY, LINCOLN H. Department of Demography, Australian National Uniwrsiy, Canberre, A.CT., Astralia Departing from Resource-Intensive Lifestyles: Problems and Possibilities Any attempt to ensure a sensible response to adverse environmental impacts or to redirect human behavior along less environmentally deleterious channels, must necessarily clear a formidable aray of obstacles. These range from (1) the physical (e.g., road systems and the layouts of towns and cities) through (2) the institutional (e4., the economic system and the system of social stratification) to (3) the ideational (e.g., people's assumptions and priorities about what is acceptable or unacceptable, good or bad. desirable or undesirable). Each is in one way or another conducive to the continuation of resource-intensive practices. Yet, countervailing forces do exist if not to a degree that justifies much optimism, at least to one that justifies cautious hope. These rclate to (1) the turnover of both physical stocks and human generations, (2) the possibilities that exist for informing people and changing their values, and (3) certain possibilities that the political structure affords for controlling or preventing various types of resource-intensive activity. I propose, in this paper, to discuss both these sets of conditions: the obstacles to making human behavior less environmentally destructive and the possibilities for overcoming these obstacles. DENZLER, ERIC Center for Energy and Eviownental Studies, Boarso University, 675 Commonwealth Avene, Boom, MA 02215 Energy and Economic Analysis of Phosphorous Scarcity and the United States Phosphate Rock Industry In this paper. an argument is developed for the increasing economic scarcity of phosphorous from commercially produced phosphate rock using biophysical and standard measures for resonrce scarcity. The importance of phosphorous for cellular activity in biological organisms is noted, as is the economic importance of phosphorous as an agricultural fertilizer. The history of the phosphate rock industry within the United States is briefly explored, locking at production for signs for decreasing physical quality. I then look at the economic effort of production expended by the industry as measured by inputs of labor, capital, and energy. The results of this empirical analysis indicate that average ore grade for United States mine production of phosphate rock has been declining since the mid-196tYo. While combine costs of labor, capital, and energy per unit of output declined rapidly from 1919 through the 1940's. costs per unit output leveled off through the I950's and 60s, and began to exhibit increases in cost per unit output during the 1970's and early 1980s. The implications of possible increasing economic scarcity within the phosphate .ck industry are then discussed. DIETZ, FRANK Erasmus University, Departme of Public Ad&nistration, P.O. Box 1738, Rotterdan, The Ntherlands HOOGERVORST, NICO Agricultural Economics Research Institute. P.O. Box 29703. 202 LS Den Haag, The Netherlands Towards a Sustainable Use of Nutrients In Agriculture The application of nutrients in agricultural (plant) production has caused serious environmental problems. In various regions of Europe, instances of entrophication of surface water, high levels of nitrates in groundwater and acidifying depositions of ammonia have been related to the agricultural use of phosphate and nitrogen. The present application levels of these substances (contained in chemical fertilizers and animal manure) are not in accordance with an ecologically sustainable agriculture. The objective of sustainable agriculture can be obtained by developing standards for nutrient application which are in accordance with the carrying capacity of the local environment. This paper presents a concrete proposal for the development of such standards. It will also elaborate on the way in which these standards can be implemented in European agriculture. In this respect it is suggested that systems for nutrient accounting at farm level are being developed. This will provide information about the magnitude of nutrient losses (or emissions) to the environment. Nutrient accounting could also serve as a basis for environmental policies containing a mix of charges, subsidies, standards, permits And action prescriptions. The proposed approach will be illustrated with an application for agriculture in the Netherlands. 46 Ecological Economics of Sustainability: Contributed Abstracts ERIKSSON, KARL.ERIC and MANSSON, BENGT A. Institute for Physical Resource Theory, University of Goteborg and Chalmers University of Technology, s-41296 Gtebrg. Seden Physlcal Concepts in Ecologleal Economics Processen in ecosystems and in economic systems have important physical aspets which we s~ential for forming a theory. These processes involve converuion of energy and matedals and formadon or brkdown of structur . The conversion processen are of physical nocssity dissipative, i.e., they involvo prodution of entropy. Structure formation/breakdown can be conveniently described in information theory termn. Information theory ls closely tied to statistical mechanics and can be considered an a physical theory. Materials/energy balances have a tradition within ecology and within economics; the desoripdon fram including ulo effopy and str~=ure is developed in the paper. This is done fist for stationary and periodic processen, secondly for procen for which time dependence is essetal. In ecological economics it is essential to treat the sociotal system as dinct from the natural systems in which de me aembe Moreover, in the socital systems the human spher must be treated as distinc from the tehnnere. Besides this linmad*s" of ecologcal economics, ther. are other physical a~pecms of a dyna~al natur. n the studies of dynamical systems, a new thery is emerging, and some resuhs of special interet to cological economics are revlewed, In particalar theory of synergetic processem. ERSKINE, j. m. Institute of Na~ral Rsources, University of Natal, PD. Box 375. Pietermariburg 320, South «frica nvironmont, Agriculture and Economics: Achieving Sustainable Development ln the Less Developed Rual Areas of Southern Africa As an agdultual sector expands and adopts new echnology or a populadon involved in subsistence agriculue enlarge rapidly, thor. are often adverse environmental consequences. Exuaination of land use trends in southern Africa indicates that nol erauion, deforestation, polution of surface and grond water, and destrcdon of wildlfe habitat are serious problems in the less developed rural areas of the region. Cases of the problems include population pressures, inadequate mgrkets, poverty, and the effets of governmnt policies. This paper roviews some of tho evidence on agricutural development and abuse of the envronment in the loss developd rural are a of southern Africa and, with reference to specific cas sudien discusses It from an economic perspective. This is foilowed by an examinatdon of dovelopment policies, both those whbch have contributed to envhenmental degraation (for example, «bettermenu t planning) and those which have a ~empted to naentin or inprove envh.,nmental qualty (for example, integrated ral development and establishment of rral service centres). A research framework is presnted for analyzing alternativ, environmental management policies based on the use of a systems approach, integm ted catchmnt systems modeling. This approach can be used to examine economic, insttutonal, and environmenial reladonships within a subdrainage area of a river basin and to analysen strategio s for addraing several environmental problems - soil erosion, deforesation and water polluton - ither ingly or in combination, and for mitigating the environmentUl a~mnes of small-scale agriculture A prim advantage of the approach is tha institutkonal chang can be rapidly examined since the human impacts on the environmntal quality of the catchmnat serv as a feai loop for changes in the social system. EVERETT, MICHAEL D. Deprnent f Economics, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37601 The Political Economy of Environmental Movements As scientists and pressure groups reassert their concem about p~ssible environmental limits to rapid economic and technological growth they face a number of polidial economy issues: How do major envkonmental movements which rmsuh in substantial environmentoal protection come about? How do opposing foren aise and countr envkonmental movements? What nt impact do thee two forces tend to have on long run enrnmental qualty? Economic modets of potica behavlor can provid som insights to these questions. This paper will utilme a very bas, easy-to.foow modet and apply it to the history of environmental movements up to the present to llugrate some of the theoretical ~nsights. As such, scientists working on environmental probleMs may fänd the papor of interest, ahugh it will make no effort to ri ly test postulate of public choice models. 47 Ecological Economics of Sustainablty: Conributed Abstracts FAUCHEUX, SYLVIE Cow e-Écenmie- äipaceEnvirownaa, Universié de Paris L P~thon ~erbone, 90, Ru de Tolbac, Paris. gusltaability in Light of an Eco-Energte Analysde Our paper mplains in what repect the eco-energeti appach is a plausiblo tool for implementdg the concept of austainability. 1- Suaatnabe Development: The Connecdon of "~n~nently Realr and "Ekologicay Rear" Dlnonsions. 1.1- Sustainabily must be perceived in rea tunrs, or more exaody in ter=s of what we designare as *oconomicay rest" and *cologically roat" dimensos, two concept which weil eapin 1.2- o-aem-getioc vanaton, which cannot be reduced to m ~netary vauadon, conatitutes a relaonship between the "economica y reat" and the ~ecologicaly rat" dmensions. In more, managemat tools can bo deveoped for both *finide" and "~rpy (according to the twnms used by H.E. Daly, usng d anaysis a stating o 2- Eco-nergeue Analysis as a Tool for Implementation of SusmanahnMky. 1.1- A number of eco.e-erged indicatam for sus~nabity can be introduced: a) from an ecological point of view, moch as: - Avaable "Energy" Supis (AES) which allow to meas and to gude My as opposed to the limit imposed by "6nitud"; - Generation of Minimal Entropy (Nm), from which, by subracting the Effetive Entropy Emted (No), one may obtain an indicator of austain- abilty a opposed to entropy. b) from an oconomic - of vew, mch as Energy Surplus (Sr). 2.2- Equpped with these typos of indkcators, we can draw a typology of the various degres of smtani~sky and we can establish the maib heads of a macroeconomic modet for nsinma~ y in eco-ngede ters, which is the topic of research which we me antually pmaing within the EEC's Fast Economy-Biophere Program. FEITELSON, ERAN Apogee Resea h Inc., 4350 East-Wet Highway, Suite 600, et~esds, Maryland 20814 An Alternative Rote for Economie Instruments: Sustalnable Finances for Envlronmental Management Economi insruments, such as effiluent fees and tradable discharge permits (TDP), have ofton been suggestod by economist a efficlent or cost effetive meas to control polluuon. In recent years such instruments have received inmasing attntion due to their growing poltical accepabn~ity. Stil, their usage in pra~dco has been tentative. The interest in possible application of mch instruments has led to a set of studies regarding their practical potential. These studis indicate that economio instruments require smbstantl govemment involvement, entaling high aministration cost, requre resrictions so as to prevent significant deteroration in recoptor arena, and have ambivalent effeots on innovation adoption. Consequndy. the eficiency gaina from mch instrumment may besmaller than potental g identified in earfler studies. In addidon, the distribudonal impacts of mch instruments and their possie advoram effeet on market contesability reduce their attracdveness in some casos. These finding mise the qu~sin: what is the desired rob. of economic instrumens for environmenta gols? In recent yeas the demand for environmental srvices has increased dAmati~ty. Curreat legislatio aqd studis indicate that desired envronmentul expenditures are likely to inrease. At the same time environmental programs face increasing compeln from other progran for a dechlining pool of general revenues. Onc outcome of these processes has been the arch for alternaiv. somos of fnda for envronmntal pr~gus. Furthermore, as the competiden for general revenue fnda incases, the allocadon of mich fonda for environmeatal programs becomes les predictable. This may endanger many long term envkonmental pogpam which requhe stable funding. This pper suggest that economic instruments may prove one me of dedicated funda for many enviroomental goaki. Consequendy. studi s of cnvironmental program ~nancing as well as studios of economic instrument may well explore the posuible role of economic instruments as fiuancing tools. Some examples of the potentat of mch tools for estuary cleanup programs ae discussed. FENTON, ROUERT and BROWN, WILSON Univeruity of Waipg, Winnipg, Cada, R35 2g9 The Uneertalnty and Externalitles of Catastropble Loss: Measurement, Interpretation, and Decisions Catas~ophic losses, frequently po%ution-related, are udden, sgnifcantly reducing GNP. The challege of securing fonda for invest~eats to prevent or attennateasc losses arises from the dif culty of measuring and Interpreung the benefts, problems themselves rooted in positiviade economics, the informational difficules of facing cata~trophe, and bage extema~lties. 48 Ecological Economics of Sustainability: Contributed Abstracts In n atmpt to make a judgmntal decison a positivene, mat evaluadon schem sak a *iNgle figu b~mad on expected values or aneraudal flgus. Subjective probablllties ylelding ai; oag danswern, au manipulated to get a single figur; so doing ~eads to high- and low-range probability estimates. Convenience also demand risk netralty, often yaing an unexpecbedly modest result. Governmments hold back idformadon for fear it o1d in ielf higger the cata ph. Doing so di~torts both coutingmnt valu i marbet and expert ~ studies. The normal mxpected valu calculations fan aharply once the prevenabl c o has occuned and a system set in plac to prvent a recuren^. T1 difference beween prevendng a catatropm ~ and prventing Ib recurnce is usually olgai nt requing an opdmal tiuing model. Became die caoatroph can aris fom several ours, investment in morcedng a aingle sorce may not reduce oval proahl~ suffielently to warant that investment, leaving significant unram~d externatln. fINNELL, JANINE A4- ENNEDY, TED G4 DEGROAT, KEVMN and CABRAL, ANIL Merdlur Corpnti.n, 4300 Kag Seet, Aler~ria, Virga Considerlng Social Costs 1n Utillty Decislon Making* Alternative Approaches and Impleaentation Historically, marke energy pri~a have not fufly accounted for all temultant coa imposed on ~ociety. Due to incuaed envhonmental impat, interet In thes. coats la growing. Thia paper synthesias* euidag approach.s to social cosdag; inoluding 1) Charaterlaation of mpats: 2) Relativ ranking and weiting of technologes 3) Adapdag emisaion aatar costa as a proxy for valuing indetermae aocial couts; and 4) Ful economic accindng Speci* cost calculationa are summarized, and illustrato the sign~fcant changes In technology cost competivenens that resua. Opdion and issues for introducing this Informadin dto am are discussed. For both domn~de and Interadonal implementaon, valuing external coats of energ producdon uldmately requirea resolution of ~ager oncepral isaues . the ~quity and compeuiveness Isses of applying social costa to sectos in isolation . the capuwes of individual udtise to effec~vely implement the information .d ein uencc that the existen e and atrength of a regulatory manat will hav on methodology selection. Becaas of d relatively immat= ate of d acience and cmrent lack of manat, a moderat. hy~dd app~oach is suggmated to Introduce reasonable social cost eadmates into the resource acqustion proces while facl~tating a po~iy consensus. Additdonally, incorporad~g these criteda into resource deciaons heighten the importane of operating charaoter~lda such an dispatmbity and diverity. rquring addidonal planning adjusatn . FLORES RODAK JOSÉ G. and SCHLICHTER, TOMAS M. Centr. Agraennico Tropical De Investigacin Y Enseñarra, Turrlalba,Costa Rica What bs Bug ftalna ty and How do We Achieve it? A Case in the Central American Tropia Despit many other definiions of sustainabilty, this paper considers the subjeoct in ecological, econoic, social and institutional temw. The purpose of this ardcle is to present a swatogy for the smainabl development of the dvem cosyatems of d Central Amedian Tropi~s, baaed on dieso elements. The s~ategy conaists of a domaan of field aotviie in die Cenotal American Region that focus on dm use of conervation for m=stinable development ad~vitis in vmius demons on reas. These demon armas are o~ In th angve ofdth Pacif c Coast of Nicaragu , the Atlandi coasal resources of Panama. die Biosphere Resarve of Talamanca, Costa Rica, and in the newly crated Biosphe Reserve of de Peta in Gutmata Despe die diversity of these ecological, economi~, social and åuiational systems, there are sm comma n methodologies being applied, auch as those of comprehensive natural and human reso . aurveys, rapid appaials, and economic valuadons, that help identify and establish priorids among suta~ahin development option. An inegal part of this stmategy is the active participation of gras-~oot organisation. and com~unies, that äve in and a~ound dies. cosystems, indhe survey, planning, execution and taling processes involved. AlthoUgh the auategy is bälsg implemented in its iniat piase, this paper present. some of tie preliminary result that show exiting and promising opportuaies of austainable development for dies. demontration area, including auch opdons an mangrove manmment and uftil~aonp and agronomic praed~es of understory promising spees, among other. FOLKE, CARL Asde Labortry, Unsrdt ofSckhola, . 10691, Secklar, Swede The Seletal Valne of Wetland Life-Support The sooietal valme of a Swedish weland syatem was analyed with repect to di funional moles for ecoomic acdvities such as cmnalg'~nesents and pollanma maintaining d level and qualiy of drinking water, poceseing sowage, serving 49 Ecological Economics of Sustainability: Contributed Abstracs as a filter to coasmal water, sustaining geneti 0aterials and pserving endangeae species. Du to amtn~vo uploiuatoons the mjor part of the life-s~pport fumations have been lost. We evaluaxe the loss of life- suppo in terms of reduced solar eney fting ability (Groa Pdm~y Produodon) and deteriontion of ~tored cavhnmental cpal, and compare it with the total use of Industrial energies in tho economy ahn~d at replacig the wedand's produeton of envkoaemental goods and services. Such substitutes incude Irdgatio dams. water trnsports, weil drilling, water pwurficatlon, sewage treatment planta, fertilizers, fish fårming, and efforts to save cdanged spees. The annual kndustrial engy cost of 20-45 TJ is approaching the annual loss of Gross Primary Producdon of 45-110 T). mpressed in units of the energy quality (fssil fuel cquivalents). However, the envkonmental capital - tho atored peat - has been deterorated with an annual lass of 7985 TJ, or about 175- 400 times the costa of fossil fuels. We emphasi that ocosystau perfon a lot of valable and necessay work for fre^, and that fossil fuel based technologics should bo developd to supplement and enhance this support In ed of trying to replace it when it has been destroyed, thmeby rea&ocating samme fousil fels to other part of th economy and at the same time reducing envronmmntal degradation. FRAZIER, i. UnendNcioal. Apartado 1353. Mdia,Costa Ri e Ecological Economie of Marine Turtiest Challenges in Sustatnable Explottation of a Resource Which Is Both Local and International Marin tures have becom a caeke ieIebre ln conuurvadon cholas; lage, distinctiv, and essentially harnmless to people, they ae emotionally attractive to vew. Although there are only eight specics, a vast international community of biologis=, om conservationist, dedicates tremendous time, effort, and reso es to protedkg these animal and their habitats. However, n both developed and undeveloped countries, the difficultis in managing cono~ically sustanable populations are increasing unbridled. Several problems are fundamental: onflcts with other financally lurative stivities (e.g. ohrip fisheries and tourist hotels); high oconomi Incentives for products from common resources - notable in distressed economics (e.g. poaching for eggs and skins in Paffic Latin America)- and major habitat perturbations which inwidentally - hut insdiously - threaten marne turtes (e.g. rampant marine pollation). lite economic value of maria. ture prodUcts is frequently ovedooed. in small, Thd World co=nis whem consumption is national, annual values may be tem of thousands of dollars; in Mexico local consumption of just turtie egg is over one milhion dollars yearly. Where turte producta are mxported from the country of ~dgin (e.g tortos shel and skins), other factors further increase the economic value, at the sam time confounding the chances of sustainable exploitation. FRIEDMAN, M.and POLLEIT, E. A. Institue of Natural Rsucer, University of Natal, P.O. Ox 375. PietrnSritrburg 3200, Re pub of South Africa The Possbllities of Achieving Sustainable Rural Llvolhoods tn the Context of a Mgraat Labour System: Some Lessons From an Integrated Rural Development Project In Kwazulu, Sonth Africa Tisa paper will invostigate the constraintB to and possiblities of achieving sustanh1e rural livelihoods in the oontext of an economic system which is to a larg extent based on mdgatory labour. The paper arges with Kramer (1988) that thre are multiple levels of sustainability, and that we cant discuss what sustainablity is, or how we can achieve it withot also askng whos susainability we e talking abeut and at what leve it can ocr. The austainability of entke systems is not only limited by the east sustainable level (Kramer, 1988), the lowest level is also ritically affected by conditions perpetuated at the highest level. nis paper deines what is mant by sustainability and draws from the experience of an integrated ral development project in a r~a Bantustan of South Africa to examin the relationships between a miro-level projet and the mao.level economy. The constraints posed by the broader economy will firs bo contextualised and the criteria necessary for sustainabilty at the rural local level identified. A smal scale integratd u development project will then be s ~rutinined to see what is possible at the mi~ro lovet operating wihin this context. Some suggestions meade with respet to the tenslon that exists between short term surviva needs of rural people and the longer term goal of enabling the development of sustainable natural resource and human mana ament sytem 50 Ecological Economics of Sustainablity: Contributed Abstracts FRIEND, ANTHONY M. Isttefor Research on Environent and onsy, Unimårsity of Oawa, 0a Cwa,Caads Natural Resources Accountlag (NRA) and the System of National Accounts (SNA): Synergism or Antagonism? The fiat part of the paper will explore the relationshlip between NRA and the SNA from the perspective of fundamental conc~pts of income, production, and capital accumulatin A ~hough NRA is often descrbed as complementary to the SNA. being in essence the "physica~ accountin*g of the stock/flow of natural products, tho ohoice of concepts of Income could make these two accounting systews incompatble. How ritical is this? Can Norgaard's Opluralistic approach acommodate this essential antagonism? Or are they of so fundamental a nature that they may requro drastic refonnulations of nationa income accounting concepts the~eves? Thesw questons will be explored by distaguishing natral resourco stacks in terms of *hree kinds of flows; (i) materal-energy flows into economic process~, sach as mineras and fossil fbels, (il) envlrnmental service flow, such as thoe generated by ecosystems, hydrological sysems, and atmospheric cy~ling, and (iii) pluralistic or mixed flows in the sense that they can bo tread either as servic** and/or matedal inputs, mostly biological stocks soch as foress fishrles, and agricultural stocks. In this context the paper will analy e Implication of different evaluation methods to link the physical accoents with national aggrgates of income and wealth, o.g., social discounting, shadåw prices, and inter- generational transfers. The second part will explore the NRA-SNA synergitic potential, which prosupposes anwers to questions of the typ, for whom? and fr what p~pose? The experienco la devoloplag a NRA framework for forest and forestland in Cnaida will bo drawn upon for a mor pragmatic assesset. ramples wil be taken from recent disputes on the se and managament of Canadian forosts. The paper will concude with an analysis of the NRA-SNA dichotomy in tres of theoretical, accounting and institutional characteistics and tho data needs for sumtalaable development objectives. GROS, SOUMENDRA New Me~io State University, La Cruces, New Me~io, 88003 Efficent Food Production and Natural Resource Management Through Improved Credit Access to Women: Case Studios tn Kenya Using Kenya as an exanple. this study examines the effects of ncreased efficiency at tho micro (in this case, the farm) level on the long-term resource conservation and sustanabity of agricultural development of a developing economy. Tho k~portant rolc of women-operators are analyzed la the context of a resource scarce, heavily populated agrarian economy. By quantifying the measures of prodction ficiency at the micro lev~, the model devloped herm allows us to analyze tho impact of $everal policy alternatives on, among other things, long-term natural resource conservation and the agricultural development of a doveloping economiy. Specif~cally, two case studies: a) Land tmerracing and b) Wild-gamo ranching complemented with Livestock mwngemnt are analyzed in order to quantify the eficiency levls of varmis faceors of production. The impacts of different values of the eficiency paramter(s) arm then studied in the cotext of the present insd«nupnal sotups for achieving long- term goals of a devloping economy. It is proposed that successful achievement of the target goals (.e. sustained agricutural development) is only possible by introducing significant changes in the institutions that govern resource allocation. GIAMPIETRO, MARIO Istuo Nrlonal dela Nutriione, Ronme, Italy PIMENTEL, DAVID College of Agricultare .d Life Sciences, Crnell University, Ithaca, New York Energy Effielency : Assessnlg the Interaction between Humans and their Environment Tho energetic analysis of societal process faces major problems if Input/output ratios are considered. In fact the simple measubement of quantty of energy does not asess values for analyzed enery flows (1,000 koal of manure worth loss than 1,000 koal of gasoline). An app~ach based on tho thermdynand of non equilibrium is proposed to descibe tho dynam~o intiracdon boween human society and ecosystem's natural processes. Th society is coasidered a dissipaive sructure taking energy from the environment and investing energy into the en~vloment (in form of applied power), in an ierative loop. In this way concepts like work, capital, efficiency, level of organan can be described and qwanifled by energed paummers. Using this approach eiency can be defined both in terms of stabity of human society (sustanabilty of human activity in tho long ran) and in terns of dire~t return for human (speed of r~tation of the energetic investmont within the society). Numerical ample am provided. 51 Ecological Economics of Sustainability: Contributed Abstract GILERT, ALISON liS . Free U~iversity, PO. Bx 7161,1007 MC AMterdam, The Netherlad Satelftc Ateounts for Botswana - Theory and Logistles Nationa economic accounting was developed in response to government' cancern to understand tho changes In the overai sie and composiion of their economies. hs reflected a ralmnan that th economy could to me extunt, be manipulated throgb fial and nonetary policy. The resuling System of Nations! Accounts (SNA) and its aggregam oconomic indicatars are now an integral pat of macroeconomic policy-making. Tho ratlonale for natural resource accountng is usuay oched in terms of the deficencies of the natonal accouns and their Indicatrs. It is now widely recognied that economd~ development cannot take place in disegad of the environmenl effects of that developneaL Mor importantly for coet economies, no economy can secure stni~na dovelopnt if it "ive off its capita". Botswana's economi growth has been hoavily dependent on tho exploitation of nonrenewable resouces, particulurly diamonds. Mawbile, approuimately 80% of the population äv in real mu and ame d~ ta: on bed~ittonal crop cultivatdon and Uvesock p~duedon. Substtion of the dinond utor as ihe iain some of inon~, and sustanable use of land and rangelands to neet the abort and long termeeds of roat residents are two orucial development issues for Botswana. The potential valuc of natural reso=e accounte was assessed as part of the preparation of Botswana's National Conservation Stragy. The foffowing uses of NRA were identifed: data~as. moit~rig; conflict identiikatonn and resolution; and integradon. A design for natual resoureo accounts was proposed. The pardcular featres of the design am 1. sate~ito accounts which present data on resone and mnetary ows in a mixture of unts 2. a soactue for those account such that they can be used to =M y ho nations! input-otput model (MEMBOT); and, 3. accounts which document stock changes, in physical unis. GLASER, fAROLD and CRAG, PAUL P. Applied ScienceDeparnent,University ~e~lfomia, Davis, CA 95616 Problems with Plastlc Trees and Ways to Think Abont Recyclg Them The discussion on the relatinhip between thermodynardcs and sustanable economics has focused heav y upon fundamental second law analogis. It has been cbaractdzed by an intullectual amalousness to associate tbc theoretical Implications of entropy growth for closed sysm s with a log~cal imperative for steady state (entropy miniming) economio systems here on earth. An underlying assuieption has been the desire to nuaimie the eff~Cent use of resourmcs. Most analyses have fafed to apply their concluslons to examine WM sysms. We amnin tho broad meaning of efficiency and extend it to delvs into the ~atinnhip between tho efcient use of energy and resomes and envirnmental degiadaden. We have developed an index of tho wastes (both commercial and reaidentdal) asso~ated with the present functioning of U.S. society. Man and energy bane calcu~tins have been performed to assem the muaximum potential of recycled materials. In addition, indices for emergy ef1~ency, C02 emission, and capital cost associated with processing facilities have been developed. The utility of applying a mulidobjectiveänpimiaton procedur. to assess optimally efficient system is examined. Our analysi concentma~s on clarifyi g the role of recycled matn ial and energy ef~icient processes for promodng susainable econommic system. GOTTFRIED, RODIN Depr*nent of Eonomuics, The University fthe South. Sewane. Tennese 3737 The Vakue of a Watershed as a Series of Unked Multåproduct Assts This papr vews ec~systems as long-lived multiprodct factorlcs. Incased ue of one ecosystem good or service (funtcdon) often affemt tho supplies of other ecosystem funons. The relationshps between thee funcdons can be modeled in ierm of key variables related to ecosysm mun gnt. Thus, the analyst can detmimne the different imxes of funodas an ecosysem can perform. A watershed can be viewed as a series of ecosysemu linked spadally and te~poraly by the downwad flow of water. Changes in tho aix of upstream ecosystem functions change the mix of downstram ecosystem funoans. What is tho valu of this system of interlinked, mnhiproduct asses? Thc papr presemnt an approach to valuing an ecusystem as a =h~iproduct faceory uslng coumer and yaducers sumplus. The author the. proceeds to apply the same methodology to a watershed viwed as a sies of iked multip~odat assu. Becausean ecasystem is anatural system with rather arbi~riy drawn boundaries, a watershed can be treated as one unit and valed acordingly. However, this appoach obsumes a quetdon of particular intere L If u~sion in an upstnam ecosyem m cauin It to lose valu, bet in turn cannm the wetland downstream to gain valu, dos the val., of the watased 52 Ecological Economics of Sustainability: Contributed Abstracts rise or not? The paper examdne. this issu in som depth and dibn~=e tho pms ad cos of maximiing wate~bod value. The author concludes with a dision of valuo in the ont~t of long täme h~izons, uncertainty and sustainability. GROENFELDT, DAVID J. World Wildfe Fund, 1250 24h Street, N.W., Washington, DC. 20037 la Search of Sustalnable Waterhed Development Strategies for Local Management tn South and Southeast Asa Efforts to develop a single sector of a watershed, suca as brgation, forestry, or upland agdcultume, often fall to achieve their targets do to an overly naow foaus. On the othr hand, mult-component development efforts face difficules of oros.catdag jurisdiction of govemment agecs Local na et of watmhed reaomres offe a way of med~g multi-~ctoral interesto, whil sengtheMing local insttudton. Duawing on casms from Padstan, india, i Lanka, Thailand, Indonesia and the Phppines, this papr identifles camnn problems, and elements of faure and success in fostering local management of watershed MOMrees. GROSS, LORNA 8. Kw State Colege, 229 Main Soree, Keona, NH 03431 The Production Specification In Economic Growth Medels Economisto responded to th sustanability issues raised by such evente as the publication of The ~Lunit te growthjo 1972 primarily by combining traditional economic growth modes with an exhaustible resomme stck or a pollution-productivity linkage. This paper assesses the fDhst typ. of model The issue of whether ecnomoic growth is sustanable in this cas depends on the way in which the role of the exhastible resorce is modeled. In this paper, the resource is treated simply as an aggregate fator of podsedin, whose role in the prododon of material goods is subjoect to two hpäcad~ns of thermodynamcs: conservation of nuam and imperfet efficiency of conversion. An aggregate prod ton funton called the materials-balance produaon funtion is developed. It is contrasted with two other similar atempts to incoxprate conservation of mass, and with neoclassical prodon funteons in general The mater~als-balance prodneden funon is then appled to a standard economic growth mode, and the results compared with thos. derived using a simple Cobb-Douglas prodaction function (which violates principles of thermodynaios). Severa e otensions sr. made, such as allowing for recycling and technical pogres. Bach of these, however, is nodeled with an eye toward thermodynamic constrainto. Specfioally, 100% recycling t ruled out, as well as ongoing exponential resource-augmenting technical 2 t ngpess. In contraw to the Cobb-Douglas cas, a feasible steady ste consistent with physical constraint. does not exist. To furthr iustrate the differences between the Cobb-Douglas and materals-balance aggregate prod~odon specifications, some simple dynamic optimal planing madels me developed and analyzed. Such made! are commonly found in the resource literature, and ae capable of desdbing desiuable p of variables over time. A mumber of differences am found, spporming the oonclslon that with a Cobb-Douglas specifkcadon, resomres are not as necessary in odmton, but ae far marc useful. A good deal more o mput can be produced from a given stack, and the stack can be extended over a substandally longer time. GUPTA, ANIL K. Indian Intl e of Managemnt, V~wtpur, Akm~edbad, India Sustalnable Development of Indian Agrieulture: Green Revolution Revisited The story of technological change in ndia has been n~rated many times bet the political and institutional context in which the change took place stil rain tbo properly undestood. Tho challenges which are emerging in smaning the green revolution and etening it to hitherto untouched rain fed regions ae discussed in this paper. In part on of the paper, macro economic indicators are reviewed with specific reference to the deolining prod~odvity of inpus which raises e about the viabilty of the ourrent policy thrusts. In part two, historical oveview of techn~logical change is presented pardclarly with reference to the large scal violence expereaced in the counny in the early seventies. Sudden increase in the social d~sparities aigged violence followed by pol to diffuse the tens~ns. In the last put the isoes for futher research for sotainåbe development are tod. 53 Ecological Economics of Sustainability: Contributed Abstracts GURMAN, VLADIMIR L and SAFONOV, PAUL I. Program Systems Instiaute. Institute Control Sciences, USSR Academy of Sciences, Profsoyarnya,117806,Moscow, USSRI Interactive Modelling of the Ecologic.Economic Regional Development The system is intended for building investigation macro-models for ecologic-economlo processes using simulation methods and original methods and algorithms of optimal control based on Krotov's sufficient conditions of optimality. The basic model within the system is the multisectoral balance model, including special block for environmental factors dynamics forecasting. The economic development impact on natural resouscos depledon Is studied. TV system includes: Subsystem of model building, providing models specIfication, identification and linking from model-blocks created by User Data Base Management Subsystem for information inputconecting and estructuriation in the form of multidimensional arrays of various data types; Scenarios Setting Subsystem, providing numerous man- machine tools for creating different variants of the control variables set in term convenient to the User; Computational Subsystem, providing interactive simulation and optimization experiments with the complex of models: Information Refloction Subsystem, which is used while interactive identification, scenarios building and also while modeling simultaneously with computations. Different layout forms can be designed in accordance with the User's requirements using specific generators of graphics and tables; Dialogue Monitor, providing user-friendly dialoge interfaces, Context-Sensitive Multilevel Help Service; and efficient algorithms of processes and data management within the MS DOS operating system. The System is implemented for 16 and 32-bit IBM compatible computers. HARNKE, DAVID The Ecological Society Project of The Tides Foundation, Inc., R1. 1, Box 20, Newbwg, Mississippi 65550 Economics as the Galan Disease: The Diagnosis and Cure Through Ecological Economics The paper uses the biological understandings suggested by the Gaia Hypothesis of James Lovelock to discrn that the Earth's ongoing crisis as being principally caused by human economics--as presently practiced-operating as a planetary disease, disrupting planetary ecosystemic integrity much like cancer. The same ecological principles which order natural systems are advanced as the means to understand the real nature of economics, wealth, money. "the bonom Hoe, and to determine that economics has no reality outside ecology. These ecological principles also generate a whole now theory and practice of economics: ecological economics, or "eco-economics". Boo-economics corrects the misdirections and omissions of both Marx and Adam Smith, finally answering the question, "What regulates, no matter what the political-economic system, all economic activity?" Thus eco-economics generates the means (such as the *ecological audit") for diagnosing and healing the disease in its macro- and micro-phases. The "cure" is in economic activity scaled down as much as possible to the ecosystemic and bioregional levels, operating cooperatively with nato's economy and under her rules. Also suggested is a new ethic for the "ownership" of land, the "Earth Tust". HALL, CHARLES and CORNELL, JOSEPH SENY ESF, SyracseNY LEVITAN, LOIS Cornen University. Ithaca NY Land and Energy Constraints and the Future of Costa Rica Agriculture The concept of sustainable development implies that it is possible for growing human populations to live on lands of modest potential without having to rely upon intensive agricultural inputs. We examine that hypothesis for the country of Costa Rica for the period 1950 to 2050. Currently, Costa Rica produces 80% of the kilocalaries consumed by its population and buys the other 20%; primarily with the proceeds from high-value agricultural exports, most importantly coffee. Costa Rica also services its foreign debt with the proceeds from these agricultural exports. We use a computer simulation model to predict the yield of the five most important food and export crops as a function of land quality, tho addition of chemical fertilizers, and area under cultivation (including both planted and fallow lands). Our model also simulates the growth of the Costa Rican population and the amount of food that must be produced to feed that population at three levels of agricultural self-sufficiency. Several possible agricultural policies are examined to explore what agricultural strategy Costa Rica might employ to feed its population and service foreign debt. We conclude that segalless of strategy it will not be possible for Costa Rica to be agriculturally self-sufficient beyond about 2040 if the human population continues to increase at its present rate. Instead, Costa Rica must continue to produce high-value export crops (or increase indebtedness) to pay for both food imports and intensified inputs to agriculture. We consider this strategy to be necessary, even though it is highly sensitive to the price of petroleum (and its derivatives) relative to the price of agricultural products. 54 Ecological Economics of Sustainabiity: CContbuted Abstracts HAMMER MONICA Askö Laboratory, Dep~ranenä of Natural Resource Man~gnat, SkocOIm Unersity, S-106 91 StockMon, Sweden Marine Ecosystem Support ti Relation to Fisherkes Management Marin ecosystems provide the economy with essential renewable resources, produced by complex ecological processes driven by solar enargy. The rolatashps beween fish production in the marine ecosystems and fish processed and traded in the Swedish economy was exanned. Energy analysis was applied to esdmate the use of natural resommes in the economy and the support of ecosystems necesaary for tho traded fsh produc~s. Compared to the economic import surpIus shown in Sweden's fish trade, tho import sups ePessed in energy tWins was fownd to be approxma~ely 3 times larger. The resulta lustrate that Sweden is dependeat on mbch lager non-indigenous ecosystemn support area performing nmemay work than is ineted in standard economic accomantig. The importan e of consådeing such ecosystem support in economio decision making and manage~ent of indigenous and foreign living marin. resouroca is necessary for maring local and short-term gala consistent with global and long-tor» goals. HARRIS, JONATHAN M. Economics Depar~nenr, Boston University, 270 Ray State Road, Boston, MA 02215 Global Institutions and Ecological Crisls Rapidly escalating environmental problems of the lae twenteth centuhy have a commaon characteristic: their increasingly global natur. Much atendon has been directed to the destruction of the «mae layer and the global warming effect. But these me only the most imm~elatey evident of an ay of ecological threats which will increase in intensity as wo move into the twenty-first century. The degradation of soil productivty,groundwater polltion and overdraft, deforestation and desertlication, acid precipitaion. and the exponentially rising generation of toxic wastes by industrial processes, are al global phenomena. They threaten alk e stabilty of industrialized nations and the growth prospects of the developing world. Thre is good basis for tho assertion that thse issues will bo the dominant factors in shaping economic activity in the next century. In this context, the analysis of the institudonal basis of economic activity takem on a renewed importance. The concepts of growth mangen and sustna development have emerged as responses to the perceived environmental costa associated with both market and state-led economic development. These are consistent with ecological and institutionul analyses of the prodection process. Bet if they are to bo applied on the scale necessary to aver ecological catastrophe, they requir, a transformation of existing national and international institutions. The future world economic system will need to be based on a kind of glba ecological Kcynesianism, with significant social direction of capital flows, demand manogment and tchnological choices,to promote ecological saini1ty. HEDMAN, SUSAN School of Public A~airs, University of M ~rland, Colege Park, Mdrylad 20742 Reversåbilfty as a Weghtång Factor in Integrated Least Cost Plannng Methodologles Energy planners, particularly in the eletric utility field, are developing methods to measure and compare both the conomic and en mcost associated with enrgy supply and demand-side opdons. This spec~alized form of cost- effectiveness analysis know as integated least cost planning. There are two distint approaches tD integrated least cost planning-those that express environmental cost in economic terms and those which do not monetize. This paper develops a least cost planning methodology that u- weighted, scaled scores ins~end of juonetization. Significantly, the system of weghting facors refcs the degree to which differeat types of costs are reversible. HEMPEL, LAMONT C. Associate D~rector, Center for Politicr ad Policy, The Claremont Gradate School, Claremon, California 91711 Implicatlons of International Carbon Dioxide Abatement Strategies for Sustalnable Development This paper examines and compares the envkonmental, political, and economic implications of two separat. strategles for reducing carbon dioxide emissions asociated with the burning of fossil fuels: (1) the creaton of a marke for inmernationafy tadeable carbon emissian offsets from powerplant, and (2) the development of international corare average feel economy (CAPE) standards for passenger vehicles. Each proposed strategy is evaluvted in rmnna of its potenta* for global carbon reduc~on and its political feasibility in trams of intemational coopeation. The strateges are then compard in terms of their potential contributions to the goal of sustainable development. 55 Ecological Economics of Sustainabiity: Contributed Abstracts Sustainability Is defined in four basic ways - cav~rn. mental, social, cutural, and econom: niromtl sustainability requres that industuial and agricultural dovelopment conform to the changing caying capacitdes of boti communities; MoMial austainahility rqires that just and informed citizmns participate in the govornance and improvemcnt of human communkties cultura sustinabilty requires that people respet the political lmftations and educational opportunities inherent in a multicultural, multilingual world; and copnic sustainabilty. finally, uequirea that environmentd costa bs inoluded in consumer pres, and that weaith be sha~d m equitably. HERENDEEN, ROBERT A. llinois Naral Hi~tory Swvq. 607 &t Pebody Drive, Cha*ign IL 61801 Monetary Costng of Eergy-Related Environmental Effcts: Examples from Several States and from Norway An overal, comprehenslve theoty method for linking ecology and economics has not yot cmerged. Progress is, however, evident in several state utility commissions, which are considering, or in the process of, institudanallzing the monetary valuaton of lss environmentally damaging electrlwity production (.g., solar therma) vs. more damaging technology (e.g., coal burning). The State of llinos is evaluating these and othr approaches for implumeatadon inis binnal State Electricity Plan, due in 1991. 1 wil summarizo and criticize the several appaches according to a consstent set of crheria such as conceptual system boundary, time horfon, huplied spatial extent of affeeted arma and economy, needed va. expeoted degree of accuracy, political paatabitity, and comparison with effects of saving the energy instead of producing I will also compare comparable costig efforts in Norway, pardclarly taxaton of road fuel, in which a portion of the tax is explicitly identied as the cost of tho car's negative åmpacts. HITCNER, BENJAMIN Asist,t Profeur and D~rer, Center for Economic Education, Glkubero State Coege, Glasboro, NJ 080280761 Man Centered Economics - It seemm most inappropriato in these times of disastrous envronmental degradation that the economic education of most colege undergraduates contains litle or no meaningful references to the complex relationships between man's economic decison making and the global quest for environmental suanaility. Thes rdaon~whipae now recognized to form a dyadic system, that is, naturay oppoued. Our futue leader In business, govemment and ed~tion are traned to think that environmental maters are external to tho economic process. This suggsts as excuse to avoid tho dif Heukies in direoting organisational changes to mest the long tem social need of environmental sustainability. In the evoludon of economic thought, the mnabling and fundamentally deteninant role that the earth's natural systems have on cconomic organian and systemiation has been excised. The discipline approach to teaching and learning of economics is obsolet. The disciplin approach has served its purpose which was to focus on the qeat for economic growth and development. It rmoved the cutural impedment, man's obligaden to sustai ecological systms, which bad been taught In myth and tradition, The carly prognitor of economic thought Aui~totle, established the common good, environmental protection, o e primary in the economy of the household. Since moder economics, dated to Seventath cetmy Sir William Petty, economic thought has become totay "man centWred". The economic paradigm that man alone matter, and that the forces of market equlibrium will accommodate the needs of future generations is, presently. undergoing revoludonary change. The restructuring of Inrouory Macroenonodes and Mieto serve the educational needs for global ecological susainabilty is criticay important. BUGHES, DAVID; PENARANDA, WALTER and BUTC1ER, WALTER Washington State Uniersity JARADAT, ABDULLA Jordn University of Science and Tec~nology DAY, JOHN Eco~omic Research Ser~ice, USDA Economle Analysis of Farmång Practices that Inerease Sustalnable Producton ln the Barley Cropplng Area of Jordan Agricultdst in developing co~vris me oha under exrema pressur to memt short and intermelaW run food and income oals. The agricultural economics pordon of the USDA-funded project, Technologies for S&*l and Moisture Managenn sehs ~ropping paters, land e pra~tics, and policies that wil bo not only atracdve to farmrs, bet also will conserve soil resorces and sustin prodctivity for an indefinito period of time. A cass study is made o' sou and moisture management alternative,including conserving (sustanab8) technologies for semi-arid farming in th Mafraq region of Northastem .Jodan. Wind and watr erosion in the ara may he 56 ㅣ 녹’·，繡。―&．·硼I--&-l［』 노 & ,& EcologIM Econorffics of Susu~ ty: Contributed Abstraas IRIGO-ELIAS, ZDVARDO C~* 8~ P~ u CM~~M ~wa, *c. n~. Medw unioffical, and %clo-gunomle Implication of the Trade with Wild Parrots: The Mexlcan.USÅ Cage Of an m~ and ~ M~* iftvolved in *5 w^ am probahly the mm GXO~, no pånacm f~. whi* im~ p~ mm^ o~^ ud pm~ bu km tha ~ n= d~ by hu~ for hu~ of yem. D~ dm lm 20 p= tbis d~ for wild ~ ha ina~ to ~ en kurna~ pot m*ets. M«ico bu km «=~ to bo of do 10 ~ ex~ of wfid " in U world. la då =ny wo d~ the inn~co of pst~ täds a a u~ ronomm and how M ha Nu ova «p~. In ~~ wo a~ the mok~ ud conan~ pro~ (8.g, p~an ~ck oxomån buv~ b~ de*u~. etc.) ud the web-coon~ n~ (9.&, o~~ ~ bu~ bW ~ and pa å~ fto p~ m~ in a mm~* km då new^ JANSEN, DORIS j. WWF Md&~ Pr~ P.0. Box 8437 Cä~, H~. ZU~ Sustalzable Wildlife Utflizetfon ta the Command Area of Zimbabwin Zconomitc, Z~cal and Political Tradeoffs This Mm analym dte bon~ oom ud pffills auo~ with the implenw~ of do Cén*fim (Cmmml Area Mam,~ hop== for bd~ Rm~ In rusal commuaffics of Zhnbelnm The Campfire pm~ is an ca~ of en In~ polky intr~ in Z"~s 1975 ~ and Wikälffä Aot, wlikk gavo pdvate fandownus dm reqm~ for do coesa~ and im of wikiffe on ~ lands. ~ only te ~ brand oontrots. Campffte «~& this q~ to the reval conomitm (oommud ma) and giva them oominualties "opp~ au~ over dick wffiffe. They dm for die fim dm (in tids ~) havo the ~ ia duide how. and wh~ *ey want to oens~ w&» and b~ and die ability to ~ flom ~ if they de. Two commu~ were qmatod appm~ a~ in la~ 1989 and dm paW diw~ the wo~. ewiefficel and poli&d oms~ and vadvoffi diat the auxbör ohmved d~ dm b~=~ of the Can~ Pro~ in dww am dutåg 1989. JIANG, XUEMIN Dqwu~ of Agrk~ £=~. Hm~ ASM~af U~, W~ City. CMw Som Fundamental Principles 99 Zco~nomics of Agricultud Beo-coonomwo of agr~ a fkontier uh^ involves the ~ of *co~omic p~les and applications in qprk~ lunduction. Kbds of molo~ and mo~ fw~ (da~ ~u~ ~). cm~ resomw and agio~ cavkoament Thm fäasm am om~ in a c~~ no~ d~ egrkmlmd tochniquos ad labor by «~, snuer. ud flow of fånds. In dta prod~ proccu. ewlo~le~mie and ~ effem ned ta bo ooordin~ and to be ~2^ it med bo based on ~kW du* is bo~. The föllowing wo othur new o~ in applying pd~ of a~tuel ocommics to coologr. ^ am~ d~ty, W~~ åf«4 ococoononik målmämsional of qvia~ coteme~ ins~va. fum production and do b~ bot~ owk~ u~ and coonomic danand. Acoc~ to ep~ lm agde~ krA ~ wmr. pa~ bad. b~ bilfy mu ad mountainons n~ m all pans of an a~ sy== to ~ regh~ room~ for agric~ production. If dm d~ for pwilu~ exmeds dm rq~vo o~ of tbc n~ n*ourm the ocok~ bal~ mW bo de~.~ with tk opp~ for pro~ qomk^ Må ip the ändanmud ~ple of cooloffical om&~ JOHN, KUN N4 WAIM, RICHARD G. and MOOM CEMM G. Dqw ¥Ågrk~W ~ Ru~= &m=ki, Cä~ SM* Um~. Fwt C~ CO M5233 Comparkon of Alternativ* Nomarket Valnation Methods For An ~ondo Auessment -of A Public Good Envåmnewel 0~ Of h~spout *med may bo «*~ v" ~~ =om~ ~18 on non~ 9~ ud hoffi. Findino wo~y o~ levol et «~1 enoomm a greu om~ må uno~ty. Bet a nt&e~wbemäo=~o=M,rinýo~ma~be~. This~ 58 Ecological Economics of SustaWnability: Contributed Abstracts compares tho expenditne funcd~o approach and the comngent valuadton m~thd in m comomic assessment of a public envronental prgram, mosquito abatemet. The expeaditur funotion approach (EPA) is to vale envromental qualty indrectly from consumpton information on related mat goods and asauming expenditre minint=tim n behavför. Although cavkonmenul goods are not can~metnd in tho narket place, the atMributes or charauiel se a an argument in an individuars ~ullty behavior along with other ordinary goods. Then, based on the Mäter technique, tho demand for mosquo abatomont is derived by takdng the derivative of the expond~iure funcion with respet to the quaty of envkonmnt. Benuffs - o m ated by aking tho integral of tho deived demand curv for tho relevant rang. of environmetal quality. Compared to EPA, tho behavor intennion based conunget vatnadon mnthod (CVM) srveys diretly individual wllingness to pay for the posäed quality of environment in the hypotheticaly eatd contingeat markat. Depending on the r cspondents attude and tho paymont vehiclo ed. tho resuld g valadon may bo blased upwad or downwad. EPA is onsim~ed practical in a ense that it ss ra! mann data had of hypotheta and is onsästent with the basic microec theoy of consumer prefences. Howver, the assumpdon of a copedtve mariet sitadtn and homethedi atlity am required for thO rsulta to be vald. Aso the esult of the EPA ma sensidvo to the modol and to the funotonal form of tho response surfac to bo estinmat JOHN, KUN 1,; WALSH, RICHARD 0. and KLING, RORERT W. Dpt. of Agricutural and Resource EcMoomiar, Colorad State Unåvrity,Fort ColIkr. CO 80523 The Le Chateler's Effect In Enviroamental EconomIcs: A Critlical Evaluation of Enväronmental Polldces for Sustalnable Resource Management The Paretian measure of consumer surpus neglt the possibility that the stat of individual welfare is conddoned by an economic paranuter, especialy in the cas of nontnarkted environmmntal goods. lhe Le Chatelier's principle shows that the oquilibrium valus, such as lasticidcs of input substituton are displaced when auxiliary consraina ae imposed. In the world of compedtiva markets for private commodides, Lo Chaliur's cffet wil ho tho same for all economi ageats becaus firma and individals face the sam ~utiary condition. Howver, in the world of environmntal goods, the situation is diffmut beass envronmntal goods ar not ~aded in tho market. As a resul, economik agents fae different L4 Chatoie's effets on prim lasticity, inputs sw tion, and expendutire olastadau to differences in envkonmental quallty. Hnce. own prics lasdlity and aste~lty of substi n becom inlastic. Cormepondingly, the expenditure olasticity (4.., the relativ* responsvnss of the input to changes in total expenditus) of related markt goods will become larger as envronmental quality becomes worse. The importance of Le Chatlier's effeot is its implcations in cnforing environmental policies for resource munemcnt. Sinac input shares of individual household vanmy vay with tho quality of enviroument polcies which are not targetod to dreotly improv the quality of cavironment could not raiss tho welfare situation of individuals living in degaded environment as much as a targted policy could with tho ame policy costa. JOHNSON, RICHARD L. and DOUGLAS, AARON 1, US. Deparnent of ske I~terior, Fisk and WildIqfe Service, Nationul Ecoiogy Researc Center, 4512 McMur Avenue, Fort Co~lin, CO 80525-3400 Conceptual Problems In Estimating the Social Returns to Nonmarket Water Resources Instrcam flow bensfis am nrko t and nonnarket bene~ts generatod by tho frely flowing waters of the nadon's rivers and =anu. ley includo social bene ts provided by rerational ase, private and social benfits provided by hydro-power, and privata returns to navigadonal uses. Offtrem or diversionary benefi mae derived primarily from the privat roums to vadous m~rket oriented consuptive uses of river water including municipal uses, agricultural uses, and privat. manufacturing usa for adties sau as paper manufaciin pulpwood prod~adin, and brewIng. Market romrns to the use of water in private accivities are an adequa social mric for allocadon of waer resources among various private consampive ses. Rut tho sisable nom nt benits provided by varosa insteam flow benefits arn difficult to estimate and preservo for two reasons: insteam Dow benöfits ar ofton highly complementary among varous activitis and lcas (e.g., upsream versus downstreum locales oftn mceivaestial benoat imm snbam flow), and nonmarket benefis are ln this paper, wo argaW that a major river water wo-tho tanicipal mse(s)-that has typically been classified as an offuream use, has important instream component. The river channel serves as a low cost transport condult for moving surface water from tho countrysie, where it has low margial social val., to the urban areas where it has high social murginal valse. The social opportunity cost of moving larg bulk amona of surface water from the countryide to the city is foregns rara! social benfhs. Thrrr a m~jor (often sole) componmnt of this *new" inste~m flow ben~fit is the differencu between the marginal social val»e of ban and rmul water. Wo cal this new benefit tho insem flow ~ansport beneft it is gmneratd by tho thinnea~ of water ma~ts, which alow for major disparides in the p of urban and raral 59 Ecological Economics of Sustainabiity: Contributed Abstracts water. The social ben=t rovided by the insmeam flow uansport function can bo a ~hne by highly agegated nanal data a wel as the - famiar uso of dam for a given stueannach. In the concluding secton of the pape, wo discus our future res~uch efforts to quantify uhese benet. KAUFMANN, ROBERT Center for MWrgy ad Environmental Studes, 675 CmmnonwedtA Avenue, heten University, ~oston, MA 02215 E~tssion of Carbon Dioxide From Economic Activity: The Föels, Sectors and Nations of Origin This paper desuibes ngoing effort to modet the relese of carbon diouide by nain, setor, and fuel. Deand equations are stiad for coal, ol, natural gas, and eletricity for each of fiy setas: agd~harr, indu~tial, commerial, transport, and uesidential. Pour equations me esdo ated for esch s hetor smnlnancdy usiug seemingly umelated regreson technlques because interf~el substitution iplies that tho enor terms - relatd. The abicky of the new modet to forecast emission of carbon dioxide is evaluated by comparing a backcast" of carbon dioxide emissions with the historical record. This backast is generatd by choosing four nations Franc, South Korea, Inda, and Polnd, watimang the equatons for fucl intcaaity, using the= equations to ba~koast final energy dema"& cnsinng final enirgy into pdnary energy demand, and calculating the amount of carbon dioxide released. This integrity of this validation is inmed by an out of sample backcast, and othe resulta with an Inknennt estimato for tho releaso of carbon dioxide that is based on data for energy spply that is complied by Rotty and Marland. The valdation indicates that tho mode can bakoast the releaso of carbon dioxide accuratly. The success lays the foundation or a much 1ager effort, in which the process descrbed above will bo repeated for 78 nations KAUFMANN, ROBERT Center for Energy nd ~nviro~nenal Studie, 675 Coumonsaith Avenue, Bosten Univers~ty, Beotn, MA 02215 An Analysis of the Energy/GDP Ratlo tn the Dig Five: Conflnmlng BIlophysleal Princples, Rejecting Neocasseal Principles This paper attempta to differentiato beween the biophysical and noociassi conclusions regarding the relation betwen energy use and economic activity by using the biophysical model to analy e tho energyDP ratio in the Big Five Fedema Republi of Genany, Franco, Japan, the United Kingdom and tho United Stat. Econom~de analys indicate that tho fuel mx. household enegy consumption and fel prices account for most of tho variation in the energy)GDP rat. The resuts of this econometrc analysis can be used to make some general conclusons abou the relation between energy uso and economic ativity and rjct som of the conclusons made by nelasdcal analysem. The types of fuel used account for most of the change in amount of energy used to produce a unkt of output over tim. From a biophysical perupetivo, this resuka Implies that technological change is driven by using fuels of higher quality. by replacing col with petrolemn and pemroleum with elecricity. Changes in the amount of fuol consumed by househods is the most imporant type of sectoral change. This conclusion coutradicts claims made by neniainona economista that reductions in smokestack industries and the rism of tho service sector reduce tho energyGNP rato. Finally, the results of this analysis Inia that neocasical economists have overatimaed the degree to which changing energy prices can deoouple the link between mnergy no and econond~ activity. This resut indicates that a reduction is the supply of high quality fuels could rand conomic y. KETRR, KUSUM Asociate Profearr of Economics, School of Duiner, Setn Ha0 University, South Orange, NJ 07079.2692 Hanardous Waste gites and Property Values In the State of New Jersey The ing of hasardous waste sites in densely populated urban areas can bo on~ered an additional disameuity that is oxpected to discourag a household to resid there. It is agued that in urban ar. the market value ofa given property is deterined not only by the sructurla te of the property but also by the amenities (or dsmenitiea) that tho areas has to offer. Tho refationhip between hazadous wast aites and property values is examined using daxr from the State of New Jeey. The state is not only home to a number of polluting industries bt also there is the largest concentration of hazardous wasto altea in the United Status. Moreover, the state hosta the laget number of persons per square mile and they ne also the carn of ome of the highest per capita incomes in the union. Tho empirical analysis in the papers taks into account the effects of a number of non-envhnmental factrs like job opportueities, ease of transportation, quality of educaton and other public services, concentration of industries, racial adx, etc. Finally, policy impliaina for the d b of borden of ean-ap costs are drawn from tho empirical findings. 60 Ecological Economics of Sustainability: Contributed Abstracts KRALIL, ELIAS L. New School for Socil Research, Sprig~Wd, MO Beyoad the Widow's Curse and Marie Aatoeett's Voly: A Physical Model of Production and Resources l constrmot a physical modet which assumes 100% recyclabllty, zero growh rte, and non-noxious by-~noducts. In Its ligh, 1 conclude that sustainabl everlasting reproducton is impossible when recyclabity is costlier than appropriaon of fresh inputs, and when standards of living are håld constant. My conclusion is cnUary to the argument of som hard-ore "gvn* economists, who arp. that if inputs are aprpated within limits, the resource bae* of an economy is inexhausible. 1 cal this perspective the "wMo's cruse," where, according to the Bible, tho level of ol in the w ldow' lantern is replenlhed spontaneously ~Ber each tim. it is Ut My conclusion i also contry to the argument of some hadcoe neoclassical (NC) economsts), who arg. that resource dellution can bo taken care of throgh puice adjustment and substtdon. However, in light of th physical model, depleion of resources is acoss the board. That is, the problem is not that a ctan resource has no suhstbtes, like the wone layer. Rather, tho problem is that all resources as a whole are declining. In this light, it makes little sense to suggest a la NC theory that resouce depletion could be solved via substitution. I call the NC soluton the "Marie Antoinettes Folly," who. according to popular f~cdon, in response to the complaints about the high price of bread, suggested biscuits as a substitute. Georgescu-Roegen has reached similar conclusions related to *gren" and NC economics. Ha faed, though, to see technology as a viable and practical solution, since ho erroneously identifled production and resoarces with tho entropy law. KING, DENNIS ICF Icpored 9300 Lee Highway, Firf, VA 22031 Io-Ecomics of Wetland Restoraton: A Framework for Applied Research Despite earnest efforts to conserve wetlands, some citical wetland ares will contine to bo lost du to intentional and unintentional acts of ma and natural events, such as flooding and sea level ris. Other wetland area, although protected, may bo fancdoning wel below their natural capacity because of historical dmuadeg n or continued water deprivation. In such cases, the development of cost-effective methods to create and restore weands provides an opportunity to at east pardally offset wedand lsses and perhaps even increase w~land values. For most types of wetlands, restoration research is already beyond tho basio science and engining stage to the point where experimentation and testing allow som. basis for comparing differeat restoration methods. For some raatively simple types of wedands, established restoration methods aready exist and speciaiz d material and techniques are under development. The appropriate criteda for compadng varous methods and refining the methods that seem most proniding are cost and performanoe. The appropriate framework for analyoing how general methods and specific task affect the cost and performance of a weand rmstoration project is bio-economic producdon analysi io~economic production analysis, which is aheady responsible for tremendous advances in modem agdcult~e, fisheries, and mor recntly In aquaculture, is an important new arem for applied wetland research. t provides the framework for combining scientfic, technical, and economic informaxion about wedad rustoration in a way that facilitates project evaaron and policy development and helps identify promising research area. This is especialy useful because case studies of previos wetland restoration projects reveal mor about regulatory issues and the link beween hapha~Mnt project development and project faflure than they reveal about the scientfic, technican, and economic factors that influence our ability to restore wedand functions. As an area of environmental economics, the application of bio-economic production analysis to wedand restoration should be viewed separately from atempts to plac economic values on *etlands or to measure the social benefits of weand funons. The fir are of research focuses on basic quesdons about the cost and effeotivenes of restoradon activities and la founded on long-standing, well-tested microeconom~ principles. The second area focuses on mor iuteresting questions about social choice, but is founded on modern concepts of "non-marke valuation" that are cotroversial and me sti being tested. The two areas of economi research will no doubt converge sometime, but for now, questions about how much we need to spend to restoms wetlands and questions abot how much we should ho willing to spend to protetor restore we~-nd can and should ho addressed separately. 61 Ecological Economics of Sustainability: Contributed Abstracts KLEMAS, V. College of Marine Studes, University of Delaware, Newark Delaware 19716 OTT, JS. Environmental Research Institure of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 22209 GROSS, M.P. Gettysburg College, Genysburg, PA 17325 HARDISKY, M.A. University of Scro-ton, Scranton. PA 18510 Mapping Coastal Marshes and Determining Their Health on a Global Scale Using Satellite Remote Sensors As pollution and encroaching development threaten wetlands worldwide, it is critical that natural resource managers be able to evaluate man-made and natural changes, and accurately measure the health of these vital resources. An accepted indicator of salt marsh health is biomass, a term biologists use to refer to the dry weight of plants. The amount of biomass not only indicates plant health, it is a measure of how much food is available for plant-eating animals. The amount of wetland plant biomass may also influence the production and exchange of trace gases between wetlands and the atmosphere. One of these gases, methane, is involved in the greenhouse effect another, dimethyl sulfide, may influence for formation of clouds. The traditional method of measuring leaf and stem, or aboveground, biomass is to clip the plants at the soil surface, dry them in an oven, then weight them. This method is both destructive and time consuming. A technique has been developed that uses satellite data to measure salt marsh vegetation biomass rapidly and nodestructively. Green vegetation absorbs red light for use in photosynthesis and reflects near-infrared light. Therefore, by measuring how much red and near- infrared light is reflected by vegetation, it was possible to estimate the quantity of aboveground biomass. Accurate aboveground biomass measurements of smooth covdgrass and other wetland plants using remote sensing have been obtained. Their measurements are within 10 percent of those made asing the traditional harvesting techniques. The measurements of reflected light are made several hundred miles above the earth's surface by orbiting satellites, which transmit images back to earth. These images are analyzed using computers to estimate biomass for entire marshes. . Light does not penetrate soil, making it impossible to measure root biomass directly from satellite imagery. However, our team found that the amount of smooth codgrass leaf and stem biomass is strongly related to the amount of root biomass. Consequently, satellite data can be used to estimate the amount of abovegrouid biomass; this estimate, in turn can be used to measure belowground biomass. Informed decisions on wetland use and value should be easier now that the capability exists to compare biomass and productivity within and between marshes. KLINK, FEDERICO AGUILERA; GUTIERREZ, CARLOS CASTILLA and PADRON, MIGUEL SANCHEZ Departamento de Econonda Aplicada, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071 La Laguna. Tenere, Isi Canarim Spain Interpreting Ecological Economics in a Postmodernism Era: Sustainable Development Versus the Lack of Development Towards an International Ecological Order. This paper questions the works on Sustainable Development whose scope of application is mainly microeconomic and centerel in the Third World.Curiously enough,these works very sarely take into account the ideas and approaches found in the development literature.Thus,the position that emphasize the need to study Third World countries present problems in the context of their relationship with developed countries is usually ignored by the Sustainable Development approach.The later provides a one-sided and a historical view as it overlooks the origin and reproduction of the social and economic structures which contribute to the generation of poverty and dependence in the Third World. We interpret this decontextualization as a typical feature of postmodernism.However,as A.Sen's study have admirably shown,famine cannot be solely attributed to scarcity.The literature in which the subject of Natural Resources has been studied from an institutional standpoint and Sen contribution is taken as point of departure to show how Sustainable Development analysis can be enriched by taken a broader view.Only within an institutional and structural framework which provides for the management of the Earth as a single unit and which consequently encourages cooperative solutions as opposed to competitive ones,will it be possible to bing about a situation of Sustainable Development. KOHLMAIER, G.X. and LODEKE, MA.. Inurt fiLr theoreische and phyikaliche Chensie der Johann.Wolfgang-Goethe iniversitr, Niederreer Hang, D-6000 Franort/Main 50, West Germany On a Synergetics Approach to Lorenz Distribution Curves of Income on the Basis of Microstate Statistics Counterintaitive to expectations the distribution of a limited quantity of energy amon$ a large number of molecules with equal properties leads to the famous Boltzman law, in which the molecules with zero energy have the greatest probabilities while those in higor states fail off exponentially. The Boltzmann law can be derived within the 62 С� � � ,,� ,� � .�^ 'g � -� °� с°� � � � � � �� � .�� ° $ � '� � � � °.'� � � е� �� � � �� � � � � �,�' �. �' ., �.��е �� � " .� � � � �' � ��:�'�`� �, . � � � � 'g 'г� �С $� � '� � °рΡ ��i� р'' � ��.' � � - � О ` Г� � � V � '� � � � �' ,� � � � 4 9о � .� о а� .�,� � 33 � а � .. .а .о'� � � � � � � �:� �� � � � s� � � .�� � � � � � w � .� � ��.� � :� р „ � � 'g � й $. 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Ri , .� � � Ecological Economics of SuMnMity: Contributed Abstram tfäh ~ MV~ td with ~ I:o a rda~ ~ om bo dm with *e hö¥ d iho hot *quiv~te a noxlou mbs=om m defi~ a du w bu gm~ by a~ in a PMU~ pm~ of giva affity 0150« di~ by the ~ 6~ ~ into a not prod~ pm~ of the am ~ ~ poktion Offitröl in 0* mm bu to ~ lm dmt in m wbamw into the bio~ r~ b~ äniting v~ ddu~ by då asa~ and ~W consum In dm db~ mm~ dm MONS m about 0.1% ta 80% Not ndo~ 1% - 4.4% for 60% - M d~~, 38% tu M% = n~ ad ~ and 00% - 3% for dm &~ of rad~ve ~kw fad m& 11* t~ ~ ~W m~ for the å~ Proc^ of pobdon 0~ is equel to the IMONS with dm ao~ of dm m~ fid rok ~ OM - 0.9% b~ to bo a~ for die m~ lut in q^ R&Mo M m~ b do ~ ~ty ~ via dm conv~ effic~ of 38% for 0081 ~WJ3 h@et of ~ 18 ud~ - 6 kW for d~~ I MW fat = ad o~ and 3 - 118 kW for nwiew fäl red db~ 3~ to då 8~ ~~B of w~ wam w~ polå~ts in dm Own= w~ laq law, dm hm ar o~ *quivaluts of w~ ~~ May m v. a om o~ kw d~ team and ~ te a~ LEE, DAMT ad PAULSEN, CHARLES ~os 1w 0* Fx~. 1616 P S~ NW, WM~^ DC. =36- Inteigrated Zcolodtal and Zcoaomle Modelling for Flebortas Planalag In the Columbia River Basta Hy*o~ dowelo~at and o~ons in the Celn~ Riva ~ off we~ ~ A~ haft nduced =~delly the m~ of ~ ~ and me~ cm rewning to dm bok auh yem. ~ and r~ a~ am invälvoxi in a ~ve effint to m~ *a bio~ b~ of dm by*o~ q~ and mbuce the ca~ of dm bada to s~ h~M ma Om of *ankan~ IhL flat nåd~ and enhow*amt at dds ~ 0~ at a hm ~ In term of a~ ~ ftem ad ~M h-k-p- ~~ bu~ mo~ ad ~k~ ~ am m~ to ~tify omsocedvo 6~ for g the 0~ $o ~ *mm~ p~ d~ and fish ~~ oh~es. This ~ wiff r~ ~= effleft to dovcig an intepaud mdm of ~ te mw éh necd and ftom pm~ ~ M am being osed in a~ LILL, J. LLOYD JR. &¥irc Swe C~#. LUX.Y. . Ca~gua, NY 14424 The Zconomle Trade Off-Growth va the gåviroament The envåon~ ~ and its cm en ~ have d~ o~ ~ do ocenonde ad wo~ i~ kmq odety. IM d~ la no 1~ du Om ~ is =4 bet ~ path wo w~ bo ab and at what ~ Iho g~ *nd WMäMp ova dm paa wo cm~ bu a~ ~9 ~ork me of en~ wam ad couq~ Vwda~ The 9~ of wson~ ad cavh=nonsäl pollution ha dram~ a~ o~ and a~ *och oävkon~tal ~~ m (1) ~1 ww~ (2) The dop~ of the omm layer. (3) Pop~ pmå in *e Third World amtries. (4) lade~ poll~ commucd In the iaduur~ ~w but rmving 4~ to Third Watid o~Mu. (3) Acid t^ Thå peW wili begin wah an exanå~ of wo~ g~ and ~Olm km a bio~ per~ve foä~ by an «a~ of bu~ g~ in AmakL ~~ andyså c~cat of ind~ poffpum wiU be cridqud. Two d~ båM cnTh~ in ibis Ma, b~ a dM ta coonovJu ft= om dat cwqb~ ~ and emplo~ to on* dut hg~ mm~ wäh ush~ty and self-Mi^ Dec~ ~ou will bo sevm a ~ å~ woold bo in our value ~ ftm om cu~ maxin*ing opd~ and ~ing m~. to oec dua dm at a eco~ j~ - LINM, u~ end TÄMR01 NKARCO ~ cf £w~ and Dcpý of Bå~~ Sé~ U~fty of hdy Atradnin A Non Point Source Pollution Problem EnvåmnMät&I ma~ with pa~ fob b= aipdc~ ~~ bes dram the a~on of «mo~ who kw faond dm poky q~ In mm ~ #mm ~ chål~ ~ choW and m~ for pofi~ vo~ =M in ~ omw pro~ sub as komry mddm d~ and ek pol~ may not bo f~le when ~måg mm am hw4 Ah~ve, p~ ~~ fla a ~ am ar åm~ (änd pm~) for Wlikving (et w9 ~ oavkommul ~ pah have bom fwm~ in a ~1 w ~ oquffibdum ftamv~ b wha ~ wo om a am study of dm pe~ u~ (a dmp ha~ q~ m ~ in die ~ of V~ to å~ doa ~ am emu for wffi ~ tucs wffi bo hoffecdvo in m~ dm nu of dm ~ pe~ Thet is. no k~ I«y wffl h~ a ~-n=~ k~. in a ~ equff~ contu14 to eximo tbc q~ uff a~ appliod per b~ to, a de~ ~ Fw~ncm b is mm diat in a m= m> ~ u~ km ~ondb 0» '64 Ecological Economics of Sustainability: Contrbuted Abstracts necessry levy would be even - unacceptable. Given that market diuncentäves we of quesdenable revance for =nädim and other cheap agricultural chemicals, the authors suggest that at Meast i the cas of Veneto and Italy in gen~ml. a refecusing of ah~ady ~xising subsides could do a great deal towad reducing the dangers that s 9ch subatances pose to the local populaton. LONERGAN, STEPHEN and RARTE, MICHAEL Deparw~nt of Geography, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700. Victoria, D.C. V8W 2y2 Cnada Market Oriented Strategles for Redudg CO2 Emissfonss Taxes, Price Inducemente and Regional Impaets The Energy Options Advisory Committee was establshed by the Candtan govemment in 1987 to mine energy issues and options for the future, la their recently submitted report, the committee remn the adoption of market.orented regulatory policis to promote envbonmental goals and a move towada *full ot energy prl*ng. In the transportation sutor alone, this would amomnt to an additional cost of over $3000 per automble. Other counries have considered sim~r measures with respect to reducing con dioxide an s as on element en an over~i strategy to lower greenhouse gas emisins. Sweden, for example, is considering 3.g cent per k =ogram carbon tax. Othms have estinmted that 5.5 cent per kg is the minimum e that should bo imphemented. This paper will address the iss~e of full cnt energy pricing by concentrating on the carbon emission tax issue and providing an initial asseasment of the regional economic cosms of iposing sc a tax. The purpose of this paper will be threefold. First, to review emission taxes and pricing inducements prsently being condead internationally to reduce greenhous gas emissions. This will include a discussion of appropriate tax levels and the offered for these levels. Second, to discuss the need for, and utillty of, setting emission taxes and incorporating all cosa in energy pricing. And third, to present the prel~minary resuhs of an Input-output study aimed at aeingthe impaci of a carbon tax on the British Columbia economy. The presentation will ond with a brief discusson on the potential cosa of clate change to society and what level of crbon emission tax is approprate. LOWE, IAN Divisn of Sciace md Technoloy, Science Policy Research Centre, Onifith University, Natha , Bribane, Qmensld, Aurlia, 4111 Economdes of gustainabUity: A Case Study Tammania is one of the states of Australia. It is also an island. Although its economy is complated by being part of a federal system, is geographical separation facilitates treating Tammania as an isolat unit: nputs and outputs me well documented. Inaeasing envronmental awareness and an unusuay democratic eletoral system have conbined to give Tasmana a parliament in which the balance of power is held by a group of Green ~dependents. On* of the consequences has been the commissioning of a study of the organizing principles which could be used to convert the economy of Tasmana into an ecologicay sustsånable system. Tasmana is by any critera a small economic unit The state is roughly 70,000 square kilometres in ar, and its population is only 500,000. The climate is, by Australian stadards, cool and weL Tho state aready has a very strong commitment to the se of renewable energy the endre electrical system, apart from on small back-up generator is hydro- olectric, and wood is the pdicipal heating fuel for half the residents. The economi` srategy has tcadtionally been based on the principle of using cheap nergy to attract energy-Intensive industry, bet this strategy has not been a oonspicuous success. Tasmnua has suffered mare than most other Australian stats from the application during the 1980s of convention economic theodes having an unemployment rate above 8% and a steady loss of young people to other states. Principal industries am minerals, forestry and tourism. The development of a sustainable economic strategy has been based on identifying activities which could be developed withot damage to the biophyscal system. Thus, industries which conserve natural resoues, such as insulating buildings or harnesing renewable energy, were considered preferable to exploitative activities. Cradle-to-grave accounting has been deployed to ascertan the total environmental impact of varous activities. The overall conclusion is that an ecologically sustainable system actually offers economic prospects which ae at least as good, even by conventional mensures, as the traditional approach of trsting the market. Development of a strategy for sustalnable development and associated policy measures will be described as a cae study in the appfication of the principles of ecological economics. 65 Ecological Economics of Sustainability: Contributed Abstracts LOZADA, GABRIEL A. Dep~ ~nent of Economis, Texas A&M Univeruity. Colege Station, TX 77843-4228 Limitations on the Scope of Neoclassical Resonrce Economics There has been very little communiados between tho neoclassical and non.caula "amp" of psourco economist, and even less has there been a lear delinmaon of the eunder which one approach or tho other is valid. This paper shows that the ~copo of neeclasial naeibMe tesource conomics i ted to poblems in which the exhaustible resomxc is not essental to productdon. Since poblems couning resomes which ame ssential is precisly what the non-neoclassical school concerns its~lf with, it is ear when the approach of on school Is apppdate and when tho approach of the other school has to bo used. To demonstrate the neoclmascal approach's mitatons, suppob» the demand crvo doms not interset the pricoe axis; for example let prco p be relatd to quanduy Q byQ = 1/ln p for large p. If extradon costs are, ny, er, then competitive equlibrium ocmrs when the rusoure p rses menentially at tho rt of intrest. Combning this with the demand curve gives quantity at dm t an 11rt + ln po). Howe r,if quantity grows in such a fashion thn total quantity extracted will eventually exceed any finite depost sine, which is infeasible. MACLEAN, JOHN C. 548 Märsachsweu Avenue. B3ton, MA 02118 Factoring Environmental Externalltles Into Electric Power Supply Dedsion-Maklng Electric utilities needing new power supply sources are acqu~ing additional capacity by soliciting power supply proposals from small and independent power producers. Stato regulatory commsion are eablishing guidelines which utilities must follow in procuring and cvaluating thes new power supply options. In sevral states, reguaors are beginning to requ~ utillties to explicitly account for envhonmental extemalities in övaluating power supply options. The New York Public Service Commission is requirång that up to 1.4 cents/kwh b added to the cost of certain, pr~marly fossil fuel based, sapply options to represent cxternal costa of air and water pollution and other envenmental impact. In Wisconsin, regulators established a 15% "non-combustionu mndit to account for im~pats of coMbstion ddven power and reduce tho relative costs of non-combustion options, inluding conservation, for deteanining mplementation priorities. In Illinois, Oregon, Main, Vermont, and Virginia, utility comn oninos we developing or promulgaxing guidelines for factoring environmental externalites into power supply decislon-maSng. This pper reports en the policis and methodologies that State PUC's are establiehng in this ame, identfies conf~ots and difikulties thes. nascent guidelines face in their further development and enforcement, and speculats on the impact whieh their tro nforceanent can have en our energy futum, especiy an conservation and renowables. MACPHERSON, D.L AND THOMAS, JJ. CSIRO Division of Wwrer Resouces, Privatk BaN, PO W~sMey, Western Ausalia 6014 An Intelligent Data Base for Ordering an Ecloigical.Economics Debate Economic and envionmental Modeners have c ~ been nmericeally oriented. Yot policy debates often hinge upon conceptual distioctions (eg. utiftly versus susmn,~ ty); referential beundares (o.g. pardal versus general); assumpdons (o.g. cteris paribs, existence of catautrophic suri'ioes, subadtutional behavlor or technical chage); stance (e. positive or normative); and above all the interplay of relevant opidons. Nearly all at.mpts to resolve differences of this kind rely on natural language argument When simuladon is exhausted, policy resolution is widely aomplished by interaction of viewholders. These may be expert, or not; and their arguments ay bo rigorous, inforal or rhetodcaL This paper argues that soft-systems techniques can promot tho derivation of acceptable plans based on ecological-economic analysis. They may also ad to tho reforulation of probles in ways that alter the mode of analysis. MAIER.RIGAUD, GERHARD Isuiute for Europeanm Enviroameal Policy, Aloy~s te-Str. 6, $300 om Interventions in Nature or Economy? On the Scentfic Backgrond of a Couflct Enviunmental policy is til confronted with the con~ic between economy and ecology. Nuneros teap of reconc~laden have resultod in a sort of political compromis.'This paper is an investigation into the logical some of the conflict. It is stressed that oven what we call coological ag or t the outcome of natural sciences. The interpretaen of sech findings a a problem is, on thene hand, du to sciend u ra of the ankaivo capacity of naure and en tho other hand due to prevalling ideas en ecenomic adjustment c ~ide. An mnvironna1 problem 66 Ecological Economics of Sustainability: Contributed Abstracts would not exist if sfentio adings woudm state mither an inf~nite assmindatve capacy of nature or perfeot adjustments of the economy to environmetal chalenges. All cmpromises in enho=mental policy are, hefore, based on caret hypothesis as to the adaptubiliy of the natural and economi systa. This reveals fundamntal que~dons of the valdity of s^entic ~ndings. Are the prevamling empiuical methods of scientific discovery a solid bas to detd~ne t Wreshold levulh of po~uton? And what about evidence cn economics? What do wo actually know about the driving fme. behind o*nmic development and endogenous structural procsses How solid an judgement of economists be as far as tolable env munrental charges on the economy are concerned? From this point of view, the guiding ine of env*omneatal policy should first of all be the acceptance that all our knowiedgo is prelminary. Taerefore, in order to preserve the eokloal basis of mankind we have to minimize interventions up to a yet unknown deguee. Ecological economics ccontribute by w~thdrwing ttos obstacles which have been planted in our minds during the history of econmic analysi. The result shows that the confict hypoes~s is obsolete But even more inportmnt is that the conservation of the natural basis of life becomes the primary concern of economic ativby. Envirnarental policy turs from being a burden or a restrcuion of economic actlvides into a very economical end. MARTIN, LARRY 1442 Ha~ard St., NW Wäringten, DC 20009 The Grss National Waste Produet The ~NP measure of aggregate purhases is widely viewed as an indicator of economoic health and thus social welfare. The cas is made that the escalating price of wast. management and pollution control is representative of increasing distlides none-tho-ss calculated as contributing ver more to our measue of economic ha1th." Wesar business trategy founded on inoreasing the flow of resoumes in the ecoomy to genert utility has overmhot is Pareto optimum and now also produces disutiHty. Waste management and pollution control are ~ilustrative production mntematies (and disutilies) whose costs are transferred to the public and household soctors (harming these setors). lntanalinati a of costa is possible, but reqires severe structural adjustmets to mature economies. The adjusment mun in larg part come in the for of reducing the flow of resources through the economy. This is done by simultaneously increasing the utility of resources (product, services, etc...) and so avoding any nct loss of wealth (capital) in the economy at any point in time. Products are made to last longer, be mom asy repaired or upgraded, and mor easily recycled. The oconomy becomes more decentral~zed, at las geograpically, as repair and maintenance services becom mor impornant. Produca me designed to last and to alow their mater~a to be recovered when discarded. Cites become the mines and milis of tomorrow as waste is recovered for its matedal resouroe vale. Athough mway jobs will be tran~ferred from primary and secondary producnton to service, It is possibe that educing production will bad to decreased overall t*ditonal employment. This a revisiting the distibuton of wealt. Inoreasing the role and aut~nomy of the ocal economy in product service and resource recovery decentralies the econoy. and is more responsive to pardcipatory denocracy. Strong local economis can be better struetued to provide for people's basic needs (tha can national or global economics), and free their ti m to deveop their creativ poteal. A thorough quandfication of wastes contribudon to the economy is made, and itial formulations assigning wastä's opportunity costa agant the changes out~ined above presented. MAY, PETER H. R. Påairn~d, 2691)03, 22210 Rio de ~seiro, RJ, Bruil Savage Capitallsn International Market Allianes to Consuve Neotroplcal Forests Improbable as thcy are, the recently emerged alliances between social movements of forest pooples and progressive intmrnatioal entrepreneurs investing in now market for tropical forest prodncts represent an important phenomenn ite struggle to preserve the Amaznon and indigenous cultures. 'This paper traes. trends and probable resulta of thes alliances with regard to both w~pical resource conservation and the paui~pation of marginal social groups in national economic development. Pkoducers' level of organization and control over reaources are posited to detrnina the direction of these outcomes. The trade-off betwen capitalist objc~tives and disributive proposals of forest people Mhlu~tnte possible contradictions in sndainab development. Nevertheess, these internaional al=nces reprebent a new, perhaps widey replcable ~nodel of global cooperateon to manage trnamned common poo resorces. Suct aliances recognis forces driving moder capnatimn--profts, growth and incom en t-whil at the sam dme respet the value of conserving indigenous knowedge, irrepbe~le gene pools and prisdne ecosyemt. MAYU~U, KOZO Reserch Feiow, ~ . prten~ of Appled Muäa~atics nd Physics, Fcaty of Engineing. Kyvo Universy, Kyoto 606 67 Ecological Economics of Sustainability: Contributed Abstracs The Law of Dimlnishing Returns Radically Reconstructed: Its Physle-Chemical Foundaion and ImplicatIon for the Resource and Envfronmental Constraint In the Future Economy The osimtial theme of this study focuses on the 1arg, sae water-energy transfornatIon i* the present world and ite plausible consequence upon the futur economy In trmm of four vaudations of the kw of &dnin g retmas, on of which is that of traditonal economics. These four var~ations will help ns to face up to the unnoticed physo-chemalc reality, which has been the source of motiva power in the present indusatrial world, so to speak, bet has not attracted economsts' attention for a long time. After touching pon the history of the law of diminishing returas with the donain of economic science in Se~don , Section II first Introduces a thennodynamic analysi initiated by Georgescu-Roegen in order to appreciate not only the physico-chanical reality of conomi* process bet also the res=e and avronmontal limtation threatening our futum existence on the earth. Then two types of efficiency in pbysica term wil be ineoduced in otder to appreciate the tremendous spued of matter-energy degrdation in the present industrial world. Bffciency of TypI I (EFTI) refors to the ratio of ouput to input EFT1 leave time required out of consderation. On tho other band, Efficiency of Typa 2 (EFT2) refers to output per unit time. IM2 leaves the amount of Inputs out of account. Ther ta an opdmal combnaon of EFT1 and EFT2 under some technical crterion. However, the present state of technology appropriates 1F2 much more thn EFT1-we call this situation of the modem technoloal matrix E 2 feiidhism-and the high level of EFT2 is guaranteed by low entropy resources, especiatly fousil fuels, stored in the past. The ratonalo that Georgescu-Rogen proposed the Fouith Law of Themodynamics will also be presented in ter s of EM2 fetisbism. SectIon DII rexnsi tho views of two great minds, Justus von Liebig and Karl Mar, who both had prophetic vision concerning EFT2 fedism of modern agricuure and Its possible o~t~ome in the fuure economy. Seotion IV deas with four variations of the law of dmnishlng retrns througb which we can see the true pictaure of our resoure and envkonmental constraint due to the pressat EP12 fetisbism. Thee examples a also presented how these laws are now threatening our cconomy as a wbole. Seon V considerm some Implieations of these laws for the futre generations. MCKELVEY, ROBERT Maåhemadcal Scines Deparnent, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812 A Mayeslan Approach to the Coservation of Biologleal Diversity A regulatory decison, involving endangered species or degmaded ecosystems may b posed as a trade-off between incommensurates: a balancing of leves of survival expectations against competng socioconomic goals, with no comon curreoncy available for measuring the utiliy of the trade-off. A common pr~dce In mulitrion enviroumental regulation is to mandat minimum standards for the envkonmental criteria, and then to optmisn, e bsnef te within dies. conutraints. A similar approach to conservation of biodiversity is complicated by rrevesibility, ncmne~ information, and inherent uncertainty: by the vast gaps in our present understanding of the stability and reslience of natural bilogieal systems, and the certain ireversibiity of extinctions should we misjudge by uncertainties in anticipating future environmental condittons, and in apprasing fature benefits of preserving biological diversity. Bayeuian desion th"eoy is a well-developed methodology to guide rational regulatory decisions in the face of incomplete information and uncertoanty. I outline hero a formal Bayesian approach to sequential decision-&aking in conservadon biology. I dien apply die genera approach to an analysis of the conflict over the barvest of old-growh timber in the Pacife Northwest, and its plications for the continuing viability of the Northern Spotted OwL. MCKONE, THOMAS E. Unhersity of Calfo~, Lawrence Liver~re Nadn- Laboratory, P.O. Box 5507, L-453, Liversre, CA 94550 Tracking the Global Fate of Industrial Emisslons on a Madtosh Using STELLA Using information collected under the Superfund Reauthoriation Act die Envirnmental Prote~don Agency bas revealed that som 2.4 bilo pounds of toxic chemicals me released annually to the atmsphere from industdes in the U This type of information has focused attention on die behavior of chemicals roleased from modern economies nto the envronment Many of these chemicats can be transported over long distances in die troposphere and stratosphere or throgh river and oceans. We know that och long-rouge transport can ead to cid precpitat n and oliten moäfia~ln However, these findings also as. questions about the health and envronmental risk aWributable to the ansport and transforMation pat~rna of the thonsandå of chemicats produced or mobilied by human advides. 'Ie goals of this paper ae to (1) review the sae of the art in modelling multimedia transport and transformaton processus for indusdal residuas, (2) quantif the associated human and ecosystem exposures, and (3) consider the types of models and mame needed to de~ne pathway exposure factrs, which retate an industrial source to levels of human or ecosyste contact with contamiuanti . UsIng the STLLA simutation model, I will examine a test case esnate of expose to chtorlat volate organic chemical relemed to a air. soil, and water. I will examine how chemical properies effect both dhe ndmae rea. and quantily of human and ecosystem exposure. F ynaly. I will assess the uncerta~ntwe in ecunma of expas~ and 1dntify soces of uncertainty. 68 Ecological Economics of Sustainabilyty: Conbuted Abstracts MONK, TRACIE . 1917 3. Radolph St., Arfington, VA 22204 Coanieting PrIorities: The Struggle for Suutainable Developmnt in Indonesla For Indonesa, attempts to achieve envonmental and other long-term objectvs are often t~warted by the conflicting national priorities almed at ueducing poverty, unemployment and population growth and promoting industria~zation and economic gwth. Boological I oonsldeed by many decision nkers to be a luxury that the country can not yet afford. The focus on short-torm inturesta mans that enforeement of Indonsa nironmental standards and regulations is often inimal. Corruption is also commonplace in gove nt and business cirelm, further aggravating amempts by ndonesia's Minister for Enviroment and Population, Emil Sali, and other to ser the nation toward environmentally sound development. With the move in 1988 placing the Envinämental Ministry diredy und the Priesident, supporte hoped that Indonesa's critical envionmental pro.bsms would re~ive more weight in government decison mng The omtnm of the country's fist environmental lawsuit and envrnmentalists' 'empty vitory' over Scott Paper's propomed US$650 milon pulp and paper investment, however, illustrate the slow progress of suslnable development within IndonesLa. This paper discuss te complexkties surounding ecologoa~ y sustalnable development in developing counies. It Investigates the varous rolm of Indonis government agencies, courts, non-government organiatlins (NGOs). and corporations in formulating and enforcing cologically sound policies. It alma discusses how, for Indonenäa, the most important players in the current movement towad su~sinability may be the intemational don=r comun~ity. MOREHOUS, WARD ComaWE on om ternatioal and Pubic Affir; laternmte Technology Devopment Grop of NOrh merica; School of ~terational Afflrs, Colnba Univerity, New York, NY. Equity and Ecology in the Great Global Clean-Up: A gtperad for Toic Workers The 1990s are increauingly being recognitud as the decade of the Great Global Clean-Up if we reay want to preserve the bo=phere from irrevasible damage. A critical element in moving from thetori~ about the need to clean up the environment to concret action lies in designing measures that are economically feasible and po~ticaRy possibleIf we really are serious about this clean-up, steps taken mo far me a pale shadow of what must sdl be don. Luts of workers in polluting industrines- from chemicals to mining and metal working-wil lose their jobs if we really do get seious. But it is not fair that the burden of this clean-up which benefita al of us should fall mo heavily on on segment of the populadon-namely, the workers In these indusafe. Unlsa we can find ways of achieving a mre equitable distribution of those burdens, there will in~vitably be sMong resistmnce to much a lean-up. What is neded is the opportunity for those displaced toxc workers to retool themselves for the mars demmnding, highr skiM jobs of the 1990s and beyond which ae at the sams time environmentay benig. This will mean in mast instanaes an extended period of tranng, leading where appropriate to a university degre or m sim~ar professional qualfication. At least soms of these dinplaced toxi workers may be encouraged to prepare themselves for poions in cdu~aon and other social and comm~nity services that forecasters tell m will be so hud to ffi in the years ahead, especiay in the industrialiked countries, bet also in varying degrees in developing conies too.in de USA, there is aheady in place a Superfund to cean up to~ic waste du=ps. And there 1a likely soon to be in place as well cofpreheasive oi-spil legislation. the main featre of which is the establishment of a $1 bilion induay-finance fnd to pay for spUil lean-up and damage s.i tims for. Superfund for toxic wodkers to enable them to prepare for a very different kind of f~ute.The design of such an initative in the USA is presented, inoluding projections of displaced worker ranked by the severity of the envronmental polluton caused by different categories of indusry, ~lkely costs for retraining sild workers, and alternative methods of financing. Parallel experenaes and possbitlas in other countries, both indur~lis-d and developing, will also be examina MROZEK, CARL Colege oEn komental Science nd Foresry, Syracuse Univsy, Syrac e NY 13210 TVNideo: The Magic Box for Mixing Environmaentu Education with Development Television has been much maligned, especia y by die Intelligenti, as an "opiate for the masses, * box creator of ~couch potatoes*... Howeer, this sociay endrsed egg-throwing ignores the emendousuccesses it has spawned in the arm of ed nacn-infranuzlnal programming, espeaa~y in the sciences. Public TV, in the US, and BBC 1- in Rritain, have been the purveyors of muh of the best of this ge with adas like Nova, Natm, Natonal Geographoi Presants, Cosmos, The Living Planet, 3-2-1 Contact, etc. A growing body of research has been linking the viewing of such programing with knowledgsabity and interest in the sciences, and in environmental issues, perdiularly amnong cetala age group.. ln a suve of 1th and 12th 69 Ecological Economics of Sustainability: Contributed Abstracts g~ader in 33 u~atos Pmrke and BohI (1976) found 42% and 39% of their respondena using TV as teir prinmuy information somce. Whil Richmond and Morgan (1977) fond 4g% of senor hIgh school Modont relying on the mas medlia as their primary sonre of environmental information. Studies such as theso tesify to the important role which mas med~a-TV plays in shaping atttuds on onvironmental Issues at the local to the global levols. While this typ. and qualty level of programing is readily ava~lablo in Noth America, ~moe Japan, etc., what abont tho rest of the world? Can television play a comparable role in the dissemination of envkonmental information in Equador?, in Inda?, in Mexico?. My preentation will provide an overview of avronmental programming efforts in the "devoloping world and suggest ways in which the infomation-dissemination rote of TV may bo expanded soon via technology transfer, and via beter use of existing technology. MUNROE, MARTIN J. Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Aairs, Univerui*y of Teuse. Austin, Texar 78711 Public Policy and Bilomass Transportation Fuels: Economically Useful Information From Energeties The development of appropriate public policy toward production and use of b~omass derived ethanol as an alternativ transportation fuel requires mor information tian the conditions for financial viabity of the in~nstry or a me liang of sparoly documented beneffis: air qualty, job creation, primary energy independence, debt redu~don, and natonal se~uity. By using sultable energy conversion factors, the full extent of social energy inveatments in the othanol prodution process, including the agricultural phase of corn and sugaane feedstoks, Is compard with the maoconomio vulue of the energy of ethanol and byproducts as practical information for use by policy advisors. Our smate of the enagedes output/Input ratio for ethanol produdon is 0.74 (feedtocko grown within Texas' border) to 1.4 (feedstocks purchased from other stats). Although this information suggests the near-term prodtidvity of the Texas economy cannot be sun~d by the ~ag wcale production of ethanol, the potential importance of fuels that or~ginate frm biomass is addressed under the merging scenaro of reduced fossg fåe availabity. NAREDO, JOSE MANUEL CIElWia Lopez Vilces, 12. 29033 Madrid, Spain From the Economic System Towards the Economics of Systems Firat of all, the differences arising between, on the one hand, the approach to the the pupose of study that are peculiar to ecology and, on the other, those relating to standard economics, are analyzed, go as to set forih, with full knowledg of the facto, the reasom behind the "ack of unders~aning that so often springs up between the pacatione , and the m ~itants, of the two disciplir.s, not forgetting the gap between different fields of reasoning: the physical and the monetary, local, and short-term goals and global and long-term goals. Let it be said in passing that, paradoxicaly, tht samo Greek rot, o~ko. is used to name the respeedve discipline.. Afterwads, the irends almed at applying economic analysis to the managmenat of our physical am= n in which humn societes develop, are consid ed, bringing out two different ways of going about it. The firt of these, known so g Etries to establish "new theoretical oonnecotions between ecological and economic systeR" (EE, no. 1). Hee, reasoning is based on an economics of systems rarely seen in standard economics. In the latter case, reasoning is usually based on the singlo notion of an economic system, whos. figures are the daily bread of thosm of our midst who ae involved in national accounting. The second, known as Envrmental Econom attept to broaden the conceptual tools of sa~ndrn economics o the treatnent of problems deriving from the management of physical surronad.ng. The clarificaton of theso tpics is consideed essential when it comes to estabhing fim foundations on which to build an ooncconomåa pystem tha procludes tho above mentioned gaps right from the start. NICHOLSON, GUY Siopan, 6 lnåo Place, K &of 3610 South Africa An Approach to the Environmental Planning of Growing Third World Cities that Is Compatible with Ecological Sustalnability It is proposed that managing the rapid growth of third world cities has Imporant implications for achieving the l of eolc a ~it A pomin p is being dve in rqpily g Durban (South Afdia). In tisa appoc a concet~a model is formn~te which Integraesnvironmental quait, envirnn=tal producon and mann functons into a single meropolitan system. Geographic information systems ae derived from tho onceptual model and thos. systems are transplanted into proces models consisting of planing pathway opdons, gul~n and scenarios that are relevant to both urban planners and the newly urbani~i people. '%e roles attude urveys 70 Ecological Economics of Sustaiabty: Contributed Abstracts and educaton play in influencing planning pahway choc* is dem~ribud and the relaionship between changes in the quallty of life of the inhabitasa of a region and the ecological au~talnabilry of th system they are pat of is ouggested. NINAN, KN. Astant Profb r, Inthate for Social and wnonic Change. NgarbhI P.., Haqa~are 560 072 ln&a Economics of Shifting Cultivation In ndla Shifting cultivation is one of the facor. contrib*m dng to tho coglcal degradation mch as doclining forat cover, soil erosion of many regions inoluding north-east Inå. It is obvious that efforts to prvent furthor decline in the forest cove and other forma of ecologcal degradaton in thes= regions also d~pend upon the success of measurem to curb or stop tho pratice of shifting cultivation. This will largly depnd upon how far a~ternato and viable smu~cs of livelihood such as settled cultivation me provided to shifdng cultivators. This papr, thereforM, analyses the economics of shifting (or Jhurn) cultävation via-a-vis mettled (terrace) cultivation in no -east India, with the help of dero-ävol data and information available in tho studio s conducted by some agro-econonde research centers. Tho study indates that settled (terras) cultivation is not as remnunrative as shifting cultivation. Tho paper arguem that the stratgy for hill. ua development which has hitherto focussed on the narrow isue of shifting (Jhum) versus seutled cultivation should shift i emphasis to tho lager and mre relevant ismse of diversification of economic activities in the hill regions, which holds tho key to the f~ture and economic prospriy of hill and tribal regions. ODUM, HOWARD T. EnvironmentalEngining Sciences and Center for Wetlandr. Unieriy of Florida, Ganesville, Florida A Comparlson of EMERGY (speled with an "M") Amalysis and Input Output Embodled Energy Accounting A 3 mtor energy-economic nework is used to make numerical catMniatians of EhI GY and of emnboded energy by the matrix inversion method of calentating embodid energy. The network umed has typical distribution of energy flow, mater~els flow, and dollar flows, where energy flow is largest in low Uunsformity sectors, money circulation is largest in the high ~ransfor~y* sector, and materials are mars uniform. Embodled energy with the input-output method difTers depending on what data (energy, matkrials, or money) are umed as tho basis for assigning the input energy. Results of EMERGY analysis arm different from dose of input-otput wbodied energy accountg. Critiisms arm made of the use of Input-~utput methods for evaluating environmental and resourco con~ibutions to weah and the grass economwc product. (*Tnsformity is deffned as the Energy of type one requred per unit of another type and is a measure of position in energy hierarchy). ODUM, HOWARD T.. and ARDING, JAN Enviromenial Engineering Sciences and Center for Weands, University fFlorida. Gainesville, Florida EMERGY Analysis of Shrlmp Mariculture and Foreign Trade In Ecuador EMEGY (spelled wih an M") evaluation of tho shuimp aquaculture industry in Ecuador was made by sumning the inputs esch reprsented in solar emjoles, the energy of ons typ* (solar EMERGY) prevously requinrd for these inputs. With sale of shr~p higher EMERGY is delivered to the market than is paid back, even within Ecuador. When exported, much greatur contibution is made to the wealth of tho buying country tha the ~sling country for two reaso~s (1) noney pays only for tho human service component of the sales, and (2) the EMERGYXS ratio is much higher than that of the developed n~nkt countries causing a 4 fold difference in bu~yg power of exchanges involving Intemational dollars. Becase of the high intensity of tho n operations, the costa ars too high for sal in Ecuador so that the pond oprastors and niddlemen becom and enclave of foreign economies with higher standard of living at the expense of the displaced people that formrly used the estuarin EbMERGY now rgely diver~d to rease standard of living of developed countries. Discussion includes alernativ. policies for internationel development to sid underdoveloped countries and a bter foreign polby for tho United Sates. Suggestions are made for an EMEGY basis for recalculating intenational debts. 71 Ecological Economics of Sustainability: Conrbuted Abstracts PATTEN, BERNARD C. Dep.rwnt <o log y and Insti4 of ~Eology, Uni~4ersiy oforgia, Aheur, Georgia 30603 Input-Output Approach to an Eclogeal Utillty Theory In a conservativö 0ow-storage network (energy-aMer in ecology, currnty In conomics) of 1, j =,2, ..., a interaonnec nodes, instantaneous direct ility D = (d#) can be defined as the throghow-weghted diffenoe, between income to 1 from j and loss to j from 1. This signed (positive or negativ) quantity at each nod in the network can be a t o dispation by the series EnneoK', which co*ve~ge if the absolut. values of tho ige~values of D me al less dn 1 The convergent aaix, U = (1 - D)-1, measues tho integ utliy transmited diredy and indrctly over he network to each l krn each j. Meass D and U, and their throughllow-dimensioned counterpas are mo ed for several simple neworks, and wo Issues of nework design - "uctme feauibility" and "etwok mn~amiun"-are identiled and discuseu PEET, NJ. Senior Lecmurer. Depar~nent of Cheical and Proces Enguering, Unaw~sity of CanterbW y. Chrchurch, New Zalnd PEET, KM. President, New 7~nd WorkWrs' E aion Asdm oiA ion, mc., Canterbury, New Zealand WIth Peoplels Wisdom Community Based Perspectives on Sustainable Development Govämnents noraRy obtan h di policy advice from a small elite of exper mainly coonomists, In government departments and academic institutions. In "developod", western countries, that advice is usually mediated through perceptions derived from the individual based nonelawial1 economic world view. The goal of ustunia development will require govemments around the world to make substantal changes in instkuelna and econond~ stmuctues, In order to address colletive global problems. In this paper, we discuss pems ofa recent exewse in rmsomuc mamageent law reform in Aoteoca New Zealand by o g and contrang advice soured from tho neoclassical paspective with that from the modern scientific *systems thermodynamin" perspective. In the event, most of the debate involved government and academic elite. Tho views of People wr generally limited to making submissions or responding to opinion pols. In our opinion, the m rocs largely faed to tap int, let alon. interpret and use, a vast resource of personal and coeotive knowledge.In our discusion, we draw aention to the Treaty of Waitangi, which provides the base for relamnnh~ipa between the indigenous Maoui people of Aoearoa New Zaland and subsequent settleru. We make suggesons, with Illustrations and models from other countries, as to ways In which nongovernment organinions can assst the involvoment of people in participatory processes of policy development. We discus the ned for recognition and resourcing of des. prooesses, by governmen. The sklls requred for this approach are markedly dilferent from those c~nventoaly involved in policy development, in that determining the hopes and aspimadons of people is mainly an interpremive exacise. Experts mus see themselves as resomu persons who cntdhbte to but may not conul the process. The outoomes of såc padticipadon include the building of better democmncy and governinent, and mre sainW *ocieties. PASTUK, MARILIA MONA SA, Ld., R. Teixeira de Freims, 31, 7o. der, Rio de Janeiro RJ, Braril Ecolegy and Social lnequality tn Bra:il It i necessary in sociemies such as Brazil that environnmatal problems be cosideried as connected with the "styles" of development adpted. Although it is a necessary condition that Brazil possesses a National Envronmental cy, with a rag of compem~yinsrn ts and an odvanced Consti~uitn ln re~atin to the than in queson, this is not sufficient to ensure that concrete changes may be achieved in die manner in which the nadon deals with envronmentally related concerns. In most cases, when analyzing the impas antdcipted from an individual project, it is difficult to separat. the rational economic problem inherent to the conjuncme in which tho nation finds itself, from the envkonmnente prolem r ue This is tu b==ans at the moment in which the project is initanted, "perverse" social situain frequently asrla, not always the fMUk of the pojec~ i~sel, hat duc rather to the conditions of misery that affliet dte majority and which draw dem to. project in the hop. of empen for brder social ils. Neverthelens, in the maj~dty of mam, projets beonme s lm for sach phm~n by disknating or otherwise harming those affected by dem. 17 Ecological Economics of Sustainabiity: Contrbuted Abstracs PETERSON, STEVEN. C. Ecolgy & Eavir wnent, knc., 368 Pim~antelr Drive. Lc~tr. New York 14056 Economies of Global Waring Abatement: Contributory Value of Förest Ecosystem as Carbon Staks Rcent -eeemn over globl waring has heghmned awamenes that deforestao cotrimbtes up to 20% of tho annual Iine ls nanphik mkon diid. The comoo va~atln of formesm can bo extended in o~der to acoma for the contribtory vane (menm Nouton, 1986> of forat meosystems in tenm of globa wa~ing ab~umet. One way to express the ecomoi valmo of carbo aoenassd in vegetation is in =em of the stimated cost to society of mitigadig carbon dioxide cmissin anmed by the comb~deo of fossi fels. Recent 0 ~imasen of thes~emission ued~otion eosts am minimaud y $50 per ton of carboa. The world forstg m- caently a nat monr,e of from 400 o 1600 milloa tons of cabon amay. While thero may b econoi mnt. inolved ln reducing nt defor~taion te tho beh of doikg mo In ter~s of avoiding th cost of alternatIv form of cub m ~ redution Is cn tho order of $20 to $80 b=on a~nualy. TWis concept is qpäed to a regional ad mse problem: mecond ho e devb= opmant in the Ad ~ondack Park of New York State. PEZZEY, JOHN Depr of Economics. Unversity of Britol, 40 Berkeley Squa.r Dristul Mg HR0 Charges vs Subsidles va Marketable Peredts as Effient and Acceptable Methds of Zffuemt Control: A Property ights Analymis Under perfet competton, both o~mbined hesubsidy ~cenam and m~ketable permit oem~ for uduat control can achieve short and log run nifiency and also pold~al acceptabwity. providkd that bod amd os embody inent basene~ that am ~eated as full propety rghts. The reaizing symmeury bet4e e.m bs a ned amakb permit , a symey ovedooked ha the mRatmre beam of the etryxt s o ak *k ~d for ms u d schemes, opens up a useful choice between tho two echeama dat may have pradal remvance ha onsollng global poffion. A chage ha emmlogy from subsidy' to 'napna~lom' might help In arguing the a for b PIKILOMENA, ANTONIO F13 Unin~ do Rio Grade, Labom~lo de Eoolo, rna Alberto Tores 161. Porto Alegro BrasB What Should Be Taught in Ecologleal eonaodes? Im order to umaih a good basis for the deelopment of Röological oomom the auho r pposes two teaching approaches o bo dim~ussed: 1) one is a mInimumenal come of intr& pn r~ may h ad phiosphialprincippes respoaslble for the begining of this new field. An ndrewngof these roots enble as to vInalln the himtodcal confluence of a multitude of eids much as ecology, economy, hnformatlan and sociology, all reaultant of a necessty to solve today'. most prominent pmblem: the miu betwen man and natur. At ds basi central core, coumrs like History of Booloal and Bäonomic Thoghts, World Problem, Envkommentel Ethis, Boehnology and Developmnt, and Energy and Materia Processe ae famdamena· 2) here is the am whe tho field will develop lm the near future and duo to its dynamis It can develop differently ao~rdng to the voalan effort of esch g~op, Insito, or cont y. Sine cological soomocs bs just developig, it lv vay oppu o dicuss and map new ft~ners that are behg opened. Hee coem suld ho balanced beween rceminis and boltI*nop.. Th1e aae proposes that a list of new coe can bo discuased and anauged during his premet.. 73 Ecological Economics of Sustainabiity: Contributed Abstracts PILLET, GONEAGUE Paul Schener Insatute, Villigen & University of Pdorg, Fribourg, Swibedand BARRANZINI, ANDREA Department of Economics, University of Genva, GOneva, Switerland HALL, CHARLES Stats Univrsity of New York at Syracus BSF, Syracus, New Yak GREPPIN, HUBERT Department of Botany, University of Goneva, Genva, Switerland SANDOZ.TERRAZ, SYLVIE Department cf Geography, University of Genava, GenOva, Swkland Assussing Som@ Economeic and Ecologleal Evalnations on Environmental Isses with Special Reference to Switzerland According to our intuprean, tho perspeeuvos for the envnmentd and public policy of the ninodes involve two mea ines that we will analye In this paper. with special aton to some cae studies concoming Swityerland. The firt one concems natura envir~nentu which "e kin to ocks of nomenewable resources that ao consumed once and for al" (Fisher and Peterson, 1976). but we much mors than just nomen~wable roucs in being unique. Tho second ons deal with eergy anayuis of environment and economic process derived from systms ecology whch is used to "demonstrate that economic and environmental problems can bo evaluated according to a common measu~: The engy (or solar equivalents) generated by th system" (Odu, 1983. 1988; Pifl and Odum, 1987). The two isses m closely related to the svaluation of natual environments. The first, beig eonomics.orented, I.e. oriented by human preferences, dosis with the use of natural resources that potentily m in the m ~rlac1 and with tho natural onvhenmats that voluntarily ars preserved. The second issue is systems ec oyiented, .. odnted by engy webs and processes, and des with assessing the work of nat~sal contributing to economic proen For both issues, tho fundemental queston is: How mch are natural environments worth to tho economic world? Consequently, our task In this paper is to go back and forth from the economy to the environment. In pat I wo consider alternative se of natural eavhonments. In part I economic production processs ar analyzed from an ecological-oconomic viewpont. POMAREDA, CARLOS F. Agricultural Picy and Planning, IWter-Amican Innisaute for Cooprahion on Agricalare (IICA) P.OJox 55 2200 Coronado, San JMd, Costa Rica Institutional Challenges in the Achievemmnt of Sustainable Agriculture The paper bighlights that Achiving Su8nab Agricultr requ~es a fundamental change in attiu of people and institutions to bomer valuo tho futuro and thus to make a ammk nt with fåture generations. Achieving sunaiiry requires effarts that am Inultidiscipliary, mult~parddary, mtisecorial and multinational. Thus, a conceptual framework and an operational scheme is rquled for åntions to ~ng1ment thoir experdse; for public and privat. entitis to work in partnersip; for urban and rural organizations (public and privaté) to asum thoir respons btlides and the cost of tho external~ia for which they am responsible and for nadons and international organistions to promot~ and commit to global goals. Decaus of tho current scenario, the du~ans of åndb the challenga to aviate pressing conditions of poverty, etc., people and institutions ae fnda=iun11y concerned with managing the presset and, tho very short run policies are, therefore, pr~anarily eiented to guide the aonnmana of dcisions to tho marker performances. However the cuat workings of tho market n ay have to be chalnged as an effective means to chiev su agricult~. On the other hand tho rolö of the stats is being rconsidMerd and the capability of public entides severely quesdoned to undertake spocific responsb~lties in a renewed "market economics with social responsibility". The Institutions need fundamental refors, moivations and a different conception to bs usoful means dhough which governments can constituto to achiev enm~le agricltwo. RAPPORT, DAVID i. Intitue for Research on Enironmen and Ec~no .y, SMard Hal,University Of tawa, OOtawa KIN 6NS Can~a HILDEN, MIKAEL Statistics and Economics Seten, Fimk Gane and Fisees Research In~due, P.0. Box 202, SF00151 Heluinki. Finland Patterns of Temporallpacal Propagatlon of ZEosystem Pathology In the Gult of Bothna Spadal and temporal development of symptom of environmental degradad~n wo studed at varous spadal aes in th nortern region of the BaldW Sea (~ult of Bothnia). The response to sress from human ae~vitis has resulted In the development and spread of what is here termed eosyste pathology" at all spadal scale. The temporal sequencs of 74 Ecological Economics of SustaIbiity: Contributed Abstracts sign of coesyssem degradaden varies. ln some cases th uffect of omess w o from loa to regonal tove!., and then 2 basin wide lpacts. In other cases a basin disturbmnce has propagated to nactoo.! regns (ay, ear). The p~tern of propagaton is dependent on th mode of impact of the sesss and ecosysm charaäterLstics. Damage to centers of ecosystm organiation" appear to play a crucial role in determiuing tho patial and temporal spreading of disturbanc. Tho implications of the oase study for the design of monitoring program. an changes in the state of environment ae discussed. ]RS, WILLIAM E. The Un~•eraly of BriA Calumba, School of Co~sanity and Regiona Plaung, 6333 Meerld Road, Vaouver, B.C., Cad V6fT W5 Why Economics Wot Save the World Humankind is no different from other species in being dependent for life on material and process resources extrated from the ecosphere. Ths, in ecoogical terms, all material econoio "production is actally oansumpd~n, at best involving the comversian of ecological capital into man-made capia!. From this perspective, such persistent galbal onvironmental tends as oo deplotion and greenhouse gas aa atn indioate that cueu nt consumption already oxceeds the long-tem prad~ctive oapacity of the eosphere. They also dhalleng prospe~t for futao material gowth. ~Proper resoue pricing, free marken , and inoentive-bued ecanomic mechanisma are cently being embraced by policy-makers as the most effetive means to address tho amerging ecologcal crisis and achiev sustalnae developmen. However, neo.classical economics assumes a world of sati equlibria, smooth change, and mechanical reversibility, while the ecosphere is a non-equilibrum system charateried by lags, thresholds, and thermodynamc mreveruiblity. This reality introduces an intractable risk factor which limita economi incentives to facilitating more efficient resource os. The fndamantal questions of how m"uch wnatul capita*a can be narketed and what mix of natural capital stock most bo preserved to ensuro ecological sec~rity reman subjeot to political intervention informed by inadequate science and individual judgement. ROCHELEAU, DIANNE E. Department of Geography, Clark University, Worcester, Ma Indigenous EcologIeal Economlcs: Projecting the Long Term View from Local Space The Word Commission on Environment and Development speaks optimstically of a common future, of a ahaed stake in maintaning the ecological basis for conuinued growth and a just world oder. This implies that growth and equity are compatible and further assume the existence of a global conoensus om the shape and texturn of a single futme aas gender. clas, race, ethuic and nadonal boundaries. This paper smggests that a common futuro is likoWy to reflet the interets and vision of the dominant forces in the cmnent world order. It argues instead for a mu~tiplicty of shared fut~s that maintain and reate rather than forelose opdons in rurain ad es An exampi" rm Kenya serves ana point of departeu. Stores from rara! women's work and lives kn Machakos district illustrate: (1 die complementarity of women's and men's knowledge and expriene (2) the changing functonal, structural and spadal division of labor; and (3) women's interests in blodiversity and the "domesdcation" of whole ecosystens in rura landscapes. Women's experace and analysis of the drought and famineo of 1984-1985 show how ~rucal it is to support r~al people's efforts to oreat. space and nmintain opdons for a muplicity of unfolding economic and ecological fu~ures. RUBINO, MICHAEL C. Bluenrer Ic. and Påleto Aq ~ultue, 4330 East West Hy, Site 600, Detheda, MD 20814 Sustanable Aquacultures Shrimp Farming Worldwide aquaculture production is projected to daubl durng the next decade as seafood demand continues to increase and wild catches in many aeas declne. Aquacuke can be entoämentally destrctive; afernatively, it can be condeuted in a susmiale manner that min*m~e envronmental h~pacts and maximizes the us of natural prodution inpu . Shrlmp is one of the most lucrativ and widey c~~ivated species. Shrimp aquaturo poa= severa! sustinable development issues: 1) seletion of producion muethods that follow sa~ina development principles 2) the commeial pro~abilty of sustainable aquaculturo method; 3) goverament regalon of the ue of or protection of natural resources and 4) public and private sector cooperadn for aquacultm development. These issues are mnalyned In this artile using shrimp alna-unre in South Carlina as an exampe. AM una -ampa are drawn from shrimp famning in South America and Asia. The issues raised by shrmp aquacultur appTly to other farns of coasul aquunmine. Ecological Economics of Sustainability: Contributed Abstracs SADLER, BARRY Insktute of the NortbMerk West. Victoria, srsh C01~Na, Cada An Impact Compensation Theory of Sustalnable Development This buffds on prevous analysms that place the concpt of annabhllty in a decision akng framework. Sustanable d t is envisaged as a commonwah of mnvhonmenal, economic and social vaes. that ca be formally msated into polcy goals and ohoice critera. However specfied, ths.. criteria canfot be maximised imultaneously in decision akng and mun be adjusted through a political proesss of 'negodated' trad-offs. This is not to restate the pardigm of maknnalthy a bnes as usual i implies instead a baan~e and discipned omodadon of envunmeut and economic considerad ns Q~ite obviously, this balane a) will be difficu to deeuni~., and b) will vay with conla ad chmustances. It ts at this point that enthonmental thresholds become of fundamental importance. Bea.m ecological limi are alm and h~acterised by hrrve~s^bilies, they represent the enabling condi~on for sunaet devlopmenL The nation of carylng ~apacity in relation to development odvities takes as loser to an operations grasp of envronmental snu~alability. It may be den~ed as the consancy of natural capital, 1.e. resoume sto~ks and flows plus the ecologcal process which support their prouedve (some) and/~ ausmitative (sk) funon. Strictly intapreted, this su~nilty ariterion amounas to a requftement for ero envhoomental damag er no not loss of natural capital. As It stands, the riterion is una~c'able (exoept to deep ecologisa) bena. it would effeotvely halt all fhnns of exploitive development. At the regional (or program secor) level, howe.r, the nosat loss of natural capital criteron becomes much less onerous; I alow for åntensive sb and projeci specific development (subjeci) to approprate terms and conditions) bet *as for residual impacc to be offset er onmpaaied by envimnmental rab ati n or resome nnoement within contingent arma of the regional ecosysiem. This formi~ladi frames the operadonal tema of refer~as for desion man for sia~aale development and is suggestive of the process related hanges which will be necessry. SAVORY, ALLAN Center for Holtic Resource Manage . 800 Rio Grande Boulevard, N.W. Sar 10, A ~uquerque, New Mexico 87104 The olstic lesmree Management Model A nunber of cvilkzan have fallen duc to the erosion of their ecological foundatons. Pour ecological processs susta conom and all Efe: biological sacooein, water c n cyaling and solar eneg flow. No economic model can be sound without this foundaon. A *bolstic" model, based on this foundation and catering as wel for social and monetary factors, ha been under development for over 25 years. It is now used by land managu (both privat and publi), researhers, extension advisors and others la iv. languages (Eglihh, French, Arabe, Spanish, Navajo). T. moMdel is universal, applying across cultures, economi and poldial systems, envkonment and climae Usd in four md anagn poäc a y pbm diagosis and research orientadn-the model is throwIng new light on old problems. It shows why current efforts in co~onde ~ %de in ~aldag deserdflcadon and global warning cannot sue~d It also indicates a promising path to solions. Its use has enabled land manager to achieve measured reversal of desertification whle simultaneously generattg new wealth. We are seelg economist. to work with ua in g this ela as a base for new thiakg in ecomic modelin g SCfROYER, TRENT Professor of Scology-Pkuesophy, Raapo Colege of New Jery, 505 Ranäp V~l.e Road, Makwah, NJ 07430 Cuaent research in sustainable development has been oriented to tesource depleton and the avoldance of envonmental degradaions. Another dimension of sustalabilty that is being advocated in the new economics movemim, as well as thos. conoaned abot altematives to structual adjusent for debuor nations in Latin Amedca and Africa, is cia and P~ulsanby. Pocusing on the Importance of susining socialomm and indigenous cultural prot~es and stack. of knowledge is on. of the major dimensions of the "new economics movement" as that has been repeented in The Other Bonomic Sunnt (TOES) projecs - for ezample as co~eced by Paul Ekins 0tor). hk . Enm. propose to present a paper interpedag how the prautoners and advocates for a new economics, brought toguther by past TOES events (12984-g9), have presented the importance of social and cultural aainabillty as part of an ecologically viable economics. This systemic inteipretadlons will ond with an explicadlon of how this theme is being used to strucetre the counter-sumnmit la Texas in July of 1990. As Progran Director for this event, I offer this aterpretatians as both a history of a foning social novement and as lnvitation for participadon in the coming event. 76 Ecological Economics of Sustånabilty: C0tibubud Abstracts SESIADRI, C.V. and ROON, C.V. Shri AM-V< Murugapp Chetar ReAec Cenaf,Th.~ nani, Madras 600 113 Indi The Ecologleal Economies of Sustanlability: Lesons Learned form Isolated CommunitIe Sustainable and self-reliant development is only possible if the wological balance of resource use within an eco- ystenm is maintained. Isolated tribal communities ofoen know how to maintain this balance. This paper present findings from two detaled studie. condted by the authors. (1) a human ecology of ~amsyan nansnmne and nonadi 2. An energy and raom . smovey of an island 1n the Indian Ocean. These soci~des live in relativm Isoladon. They have bad limited interaction with "development processes" until recently. The sodel ae in transition now. The ynger mi- educated members reject the traditional life style. Government policy seem to have encouraged dependencc and since import of energy are subsidiaed and guarantecd, these area have become non-self reliant and have opted for a non- sustanable life style. At the same time an energy analysis of the traditional life style of the 1nalayan nads has shown that pastorl nomadIsm is the most appropriat way of living in the mamginal mountain envonment. Not only does it lead to sustuinable development of the mountain environment bot als contvibots to the nadinal economy. An analysis using Odum's transformity rados bears out the intuitive conclusions just sed. Data will be presented from both studies and analyzed to substmntiate the conciuins. An ~ lanep Is made to appreiate tho ecological economics of sustainablihy by learing from the wisdom of tradidonal socides. SHARP, BASIL MJ. Dep ~nent f Econacs, University of Aucklaa, New Zeland Global Pollution: An Assessment of Transferable Permits Significant global environmental issues confronted the intemational community dwing the 1980. Pollution of the earth's atmosphe wift bo one of the foremost environmental ises in the 1990s. Global atmospheric pollution is characterzed by uncertainty, distant time hrons, valuation probloms, differeat distribution of costs and benefits, conflicting domestic policie, a variety of political system. divergent oconomic interests and the pressres of soveregnty. The relative merits of tansferabl polltion perito have ben quite extensvely examined in tho context of doest environmental policy and a county' comparative advantage in tho global economy. This papor examines the use of transferable permits in the context of global pollution, A system of international transferable poiuton rghts will require a unique institutional structure. While contributing to the reduction of pollutants there is little likelhood of uncoordinated acdon leading to eficient solutions. Inoentives will exist for governinent to fren ride on the benefits derived from the actions of others. Governments pmsuing a domesti polky targeted at reducing emission, without recogning the relativ. cost and benfits of the policy to be local community, will mpose excessivo mestm on its citizens. International cooperation Is necessary. The thesis of the paper is that the cosa and bonefits of international cooperations are a function of the inftudonul arrangemena that comprise global initiatives. An instdutional structure for an international system of transferable pollution pemmita is proposed. Pard~ular attention is given to the task of establishing initial entitlements among governments, adjustmenta to aggrgate global entitlements, Incentives, monitoring and enforcement. SHOEMAKER, ANDREW L UVeniy of Vrginia School of Law, TOWNSEND, ENNETH N. Hamp ~-Sydney CoVege, H ~ampdn-Sydey, Vrginia 23943 The Chinese Environmentt An Analysis of Environmental Policy Problem within The People's Republic of China The People's Republic of China, with its rapid development under the leadership of Dong Xiaoping, is experiencing envionmental problems very similar to that of the developed countries during thuir early stages of growt and development. While the Chinese appear to bo attupdig to intemaize many polludon extaa~te and limit growth of populaion, thr eist structumrl and goveramental barrers that they mout overo~e to head off environnntal problem of epic propord~on. With the liberalifation of the economy brought about by changes in oconomic policy during the last feen years, the Chinese appear to be attenpag to follow a well-won, bet perhaps impuahl path to developmeat. Akhough a rapidly growing industdal setor staggea that China is capable of replicadng the Pacic Rim mira~l" made famous with tho mapid industrati«atlon of Japan, Korea, and Taiwan, scal. problems assoated with the sheer siae of China's populadon, as well as problem. with the legal incentive strcture associated with China's envronmental protection apparats bid fair to disrupt China's development plas, with potenially disasous ecological spillover effepts threatening the envirenmnat of ne~iboring auntries. Curently the largest borrower from tho World Bank, China boats a leve of investent equal to 30 percent of total ~NP; by compadson, the United States' inve~tment If approximately sxtean percent of total ONP. Chin's import and export total $80 billion per year, mre than ten times the level of a decade ago. As a fracdon of GNP, Chinase export. 77 Ecological Economics of Sustainability: Contributed Abstracts have grown even faster than Japan's (Lardy, 3 August 1988). With 400.000 new enterprises (XuQing Hus, 8 August 1988) and 163,000 now investment projects (far Eastern Economic Review 120), China has the fastest growing economy in the world with a growth rate in GNP of eight-to-vine-perceat per year. Although economic liberalization has obviously benefitted China In many ways it has consequently Imposed an immense new burden on an environment aheady encumbered with the pressures of absorption of tremendous amounts of simple domestic effilents. SHOGREN, JASON F. Deparment of Economics. Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011 NOWELL, CLIFFORD Deparbnent of Economics, Weber State College, Ogden, Utah 84403 Economics and Ecelogy: Comparison of Experimental Methodologies and Philosophles Views of the proper tole of experiments in economics and ecology has evolved quite differently. Economics has devoted the majority of effort developing abstract theory, with experimentation coming in a distant second. Kagel quotes a colleague who illustrates a common perception among economists. "I am a 'tue believer' in microeconomic theory, and as a result I am perfectly willing to accept mathematical proofs without experimental evidence." In contrast, ecology has focused on observation-based experiment as the primary tool of research, almost separate from the development of abstract theoretical ecology. As a consequence. Karlva notes that the *sad truth is that ecological theory exists largely in a world of its own, unnoticed by mainstream ecology" The purpose of this paper Is to explore how and why the divergence of views has developed and posisted over tho decades. Our goal is to provide insight into the different methodological approaches to experimentation, thereby creaing another bridge of communication between the two camps. The paper examines general tethodologies and philosophies of the disciplines, rather than actual experimental design techniques. As economists, our obvious bias is toward experiments in environmental economics. Highlighting the economic viewpoint allows econondsts to see how their approach differs from ecology, and it also allows ecologists room to point out how their discipline can assist in economic decisions by ensuring that major variables are identified and uncertainties indicated. SHORTLE, JAMES S. and MUSSER, WESLEY N. Deparknent of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 Economic Foundations of Low-Input Sustainable Agriculture Modern agricultural production methods are criticized Increasingly for the impacts on food safety, environmental quality, farm worker safety, long-term agricultural productivity, and the structure of agriculture. Low inputlaustainable agricultural (LISA) production practices have captured the interest of farm groups, environmental groups, and others as a means by which to help solve these problems. There is, however, considerable debate about the profitability of these practices, the adequacy of research and development related to them, and appropriate public policy for fostering their adoption. The purpose of this paper is to help structure the debate on LISA along constructive conceptual and empirical lines. Specific issues include: (1) the policy*televant meaning LISA production practices and LISA relevant research; (2) the technical and conditions under which low Input practices could in fact be equally or more profitable than conventional practices given existing technology, with special emphasis on identifying systematic vs. nonsystematic factors explaining variations in profitability; and (3) firm level vs. aggregate level Impacts of LISA technology of adoption and policy implications the analysis are developed. SIMONIS, UNO E. and LEIPERT, CHRISTIAN Wissenschaftrentrum Berlin fur Sozialforschung. Reichpietach4(er SO, D-1000 Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany Environmental Damage and Environmental Protection Expenditures: The Example of the Federal Republic of Germany It is argued that the conventional economic accounting systems have not played an enlightening role in statistically revealing the actual damage to the environment. They can, however, be methodologically improved; and they must be complemented by asessments of the ecological costs of the production process. In the paper statistical evidence is provided on the level and structure of environmental damage and protection expenditures in the Federal Republic of Germany, i.e, on the environmental damage Itself and on the environmrAal protection investments by industry and goverament, the capital stock for environmental protection, the total costs of and expenditures for environmental protection. 78 Ecological Economics of Sustainability: Contributed Abstracts SKLAR, FRED I. Belle WJarch bnttt for Marne Diology and Coastal Research1 University of South Caoa, GeOrgetown, SC 29440 COSTANZA, ROBERT Center for Enviromnetal and Estuarkw StudlS, Unersity of Maryland, B« 38, Sotan~o, MD. Modellng Natural and Humn Impacts on Wetlands Weland resources aro diminishing as a result of the oumulativo impacts of both natural and *au~opogeui altratlons to the environment. Wetlands suffer from pesticide runoff, subsldono, oi and gas eutraction, and eutrophication, to name a few problems. Computer modets can be used to predict wetland respons, to environmmntal change. The objctive of a land~cape model is to simulate the synorglstic inteacdons between external forces such -as sea level rise, and intricate int processes such as primary production, acoss large geogmphic regions and long tim. ales. We can uso lanscapo modets to study ecological principtes, evaluate cumulative iacts, itigate envimnmental alteraton, and provent large scal human "Wmsa from degrading wetland funwtions. sMITU, GERALD ALONZO Center for a Hänan &onomy, Ma~ato State Unversity, Mankato, MN 56001 What Rationallty? Whosc Effiiency? At the beginning of very text in economics is a orucial discussion on rational behavie and/or e~ciency. This initial discusson mets the boundaries within which economics explores de intelletual terrin. And although thes definitions of effciency and rationality are frequently passed over quickly and in a perfuntory menner, they am crucial in determining tho impact of tho economic system upon the environment. If economic solutions a:e to bo consistent with global and long-term goals, wo must reexamine these fundamental assumptions. That Is the taak of this ppr. Together ties. two definidons dec that tho desires of consumers are de final arbitrators of what is of vatue. TiM is rcial because if all deses becom. final goals in themselves, dien oconomi growth has to be the pr~nury goal for an bconomy because it is only through ecnono growth that -or such desires are fulfiled. However, such a goa leads socities and economies and the natural environment that nurtures them to destrucion. Such a goal excludes from its consideration tho possbiity: 1) that the environment may be of inherent valut in itself; 2) that non-economic qualties (mch as community, self-respect, sense of beauty and *we, love of others, etc.) have any val^ot and 3) that future generations have valme b~yond what the c~nent generation decides. SDERAUM, PETER Swedis Unlersity of AgricrS~ural Sciences, Departnent of &on~omcs, Box 7013, S-75007 Uppsala, Sweden Neodassical and Institutionat Approaches to Development and Environment Paraigaa pluralism is suggested as a fruitful attitude for economists approaching public policy issues. A dialog . between advocates of different perspectives such as neoclassical and institutiona economics is judged neo ,y in relation to environmental and developmental issues. It is aso argued that a scholar with preferences for a specific perspective will benefit from comparing this perspective with alternatives in a dialectic nunnor. An attenmp is madto discuss some of the characteristics of environmental and development problems snc as tho irreverbility of many processen concerningeosystems and tho ethical or ideological natur of decison making in diese areas. A discussion of tho mnin diff~rences between the neoclassical and Institutonu approsches then follows and it is suggested that tho relationship between he two approachos is somedmes complementary, sometimes competitve. Differences between neoclassical and instiuional economics is dien dealt with with respect to viw of economics (reductionist and holsd*), viows of development and progress (emphasis on ONP growth versus an open attitude o other devlopment views mich an sustainability), appoaches to decision making (cost-bonoflt analysis versus positionat anaysis), information and accounting systems (conventional accounting In business and at tho national lovet versus alternativen) and views of social and Instituional change (public choico theory versus actor-network approach). It is clear that some of the above mentioned subfields will be emphasized mor dan others. The paper concludes with poicy proposals fom the point of viow of varios actor categories and at the national lovel, based upon the prevous analysis and discussion. SOUSA, CLARA DE and PERKINS, PATRICIA E. Faculdadede Eoea.« Universidadr Ed~ardo Mongane, Maputo, Mormbique Evironmental Effects of the IMF Economic Program In Mozambique, 1987-199 åGpambquo's econ my, devastated by war since 1982, has been subjcted to new pressures by tho IMF-sponsred Ptograna de Rall~ao Economica (PRE), instituted in 1987. Ile PRB incorporates a damatio shiff in emphasis from - 79 Ecological Economics of Sustaibility: Contribated Abstracts incom.equalaing to distribution-worsening poffces. The effects for the contry's envonment - viewed broadly, as Is neo~ in one of the world's poorest countries - havs been diuturbng This pper provides speuific amplT1 of how ind~atl, ugricultural, and human pollution problen have worsened in Mozambique under the PRE. t also addresae the iss~e of how envronfental concerns could b~tter handled tinugh supporive intenational policies. SOUTHGATE, DOUGLAS Department of Agricultural Economics ad Rural Sociology. Olå State University, 2120 Fife Road, Colubus, Ohio 43210-1099 How To Prmo Tropcal Defbrestation: The Case of Ecuador The converson of Ecuador's lowIand, humid for~ts inte opland and pasture has been accelrating and the country's agricultural frontier now traverses frgils land with important non-agicultural valus. Malthuosa explanaudons of deforc in the country do not suffic, rural populahion growth being modest in many muas whrm land clearing is rapid. Instead, deforestation is largely a consequence of inappropriate tnurlal arrangements, governental interference with pric signal, and nadequate investment in eearch and extension. Thes thes causas of eoxessive land clearing must be addr d nitaneously, both in Ecuador and in other Latin American counties where the policy envronment is SOUTHWORTI, FRANK$ IILLSMAN, EDWARD L.; DALE, VIRGINIA H; PROHN, ROBERT .; JIMENEZ, BRAULIO D.and O'NEILL, ROBERT V. Oak Ridge National Laboratory. P.O. Box 2008, Oak Ridge, Tennese 37831 Modellag Land Tenure Patterns, Highway Infrastructure Polldes and the Ecologica* Impacts of Deforstation tn Rondonla, Brazlt Tropical deformstatan is a major issue for global change becmse it affets global biodiversity and atmospher ouncenatation of CO and, thus, ctsmata changs. Bril contains the plane' largest tropical forest in term of both arem and boms , bet this forest is being cleared at an increasing rat. Most of the deforetation resul from oad development and the associated clearing for agicultume. The state of Rondona in Braeil has had numerous colontion projea ad, as a result, large.scale deforestaica has taken place over the pas wo decades, as a resu of slash and bom agriculture, often followed by catl~ ranching. We present a modeling approach that ~iks a seatlement diffuson and land tenure model to highway infUrtre and ecological damag~ mndels. The initial objective of this medel buiding exerciss is to s~nuwate this spatial and temporul di~fusion of frest elearance in Rondonla, and to undr the atasips be~ween forest cleaace, diffent ~teaent and road building policies, and the ecological damg that res~lts from thess activities. Satelite images of the region provide de basis for calibration and evaluation of the model predictions, requiring that a geographic information system become an integm~ part of the model-buldng excisa. SWART, RJ. and MAAS, RJ.M. National Inadiate för Public HealM and Envirom~ental Pro an, BitWosn, The Netherlalwd From Global to National Climate Policy Over the last fcw years the anticipated climate change has capared a promnåent position on the polidial agendas. Internadonally, UNEP and WMO establishod the Intagovern s Panel on Climate Change. Joining forces with the US Enviromental Prottion Agency, the Netherlads' National Institute for Public Heaith and Environmental Protetion (RIVM) developed emirion soenados for gremnhouss gases within the framework of the Response Strategies Working Group of this panel. These soenarios can be used to review diffment international renpns opons. To mit risks asociated with climate change and fac~hiate ustainable development strategies have to be adopted that w not only deeply chang the world's engy system, bet may also influence global economic groth as defined in the cla~ic way. At the nadonal level in the Nethedands global environmental problerns play an important role in formulating ational po~iy gals. This importance is reeilted RIVIs Concern for Tom ow' the nadonal envirnmental murvoy 1985-2010 that formad the basis of the National Environmental Policy Plan (NEPP 1989). Ater thorough economic, political and environmental evalnation of different policy optuonstabilizad n of in 2000 at the av~ege 198911990 lvel was in4luded as a political ~ in the NEPP. Depending on internatina dv this policy wold bs upMded in the nea future. Bconcanic-uacltaolog scenarios indicate that a 20 to 30 % C02-emssion raacton in 2010 could bs combined with a doubling of the ONP, sven when; CO2-measures would only bs taken in the Netherlands and the competitiveness of the Netherlands' industry would worsen. 80 Ecological Economics of S Stainability: Contibuted Abstracts TRUPP, LORI ANN 8nergy ad Resor Progren,Uiusrsim y of 6lifornM, Berkeley, California 96720 The Political Ecology of Natural Resource Strategles In Costa Ria This paper analymes naural resource managemmnt strategies and susnable development dilemmas in Cental America, concentrating on the ca of Costa Rica. It is argued that although Cosa Rica has a reputation of having *succesfur envronmental policies and has mfade some Progess in conservation efforts., the natral resource v~anales a~tualy have major consaints and weaknesses, such as insuffcient atention to the envbtnmatal needs of the poor, perpetating the domination of U.S. interest, and failure to address political-econommc mota of the problems. Moreover, resource d publes have accelerated. Using a political ecology approach, this analysis explitly reveals connad~odons of mainstream pteservationists s~ategies. In the end of the papor, ~sns are daved from the Costa Rican experlence, and alternative actions are suggested, emphaszing the ned for srong poli~ical changes. TIETENIRG, TOM Dep of Econns, Colby Co.ge, Wtevile, Mane 04901 Managing the Transitlom to Sustanabillty: The Potential Role for Economkc Inceative POulicies Envonnmental regulators and lobbylng groups with a special intermt in envhronmtal proted~n in the Unied Statm have tralanay loked upon the market system as a powerful and potentiagy dangerus adv~rsary. That the market uneashed powerful fmroes was widely reonie~ and that those frma clearly acted to degrade the mvkonment was widely lamented. Meanwhe growth proponents have traditionally seen environmental concerns as blocking projecs that had the potential to raie lving sandards sgnitantly. conflict and confrotation becam the modus operandi for dealing with this clash of objctives. The olate for dea~ag cooperavely and effeotively with both conce s has improved dramatieay within the past few years. Not only have growth proponents hearned that in may case short-term wealth enance projects which degrade the evironumeat are ultimately counterproductive, but envhonmental gromps have come to ealis that poverty itsef is a major threat to euvbonmental protodon. Susta~nability has become an impo~tat if still somewhat vaguely den~ r~erlon for chosing among almative paths. Rathe the focus has shifted toward the datifMao of pocies or po~y lnsutruments which can pronmte the allevation of poverty while proecting the environment. One approach that is generating a great dead of interest is known generica y as an eonomn d incentives appach to environmental regulation. By changing the incentives an individual agent face, that agent can am his or her typically superor Informaton to selet the bemt muma of meeting his or her assigned responsibi~ty. How can economi incentives be sed to provide the kinds of signals that will make susta~le development possible? Perhaps the best way to answer this quesdon is to share a few e~acpls of how this approach has worked In pracd~e in an international contet and how it mght be usMd in the future. That is the focus of this piper. TOBEY, JAMEg A. United States Department of Agriculure, Economic Research Service, 1301 New York Avenue, NW Room 508, Washington, DC 20005-4788 Opportuantine for Envfronmental SustaInabilty in OECD Agriculture Greater attendon is now being paid to environmental proble~s aring from agricultural producton practics in industriatied~ countries. Foowing a brief survey of the type f environmental stress that agricultural prodution generats, the structural changes in *griculture that have contributed to diese forms of envronmena1 stress are exp~ored. Some Important changes include the gro~t in famtilier ad pesticide chemical inputs per acre of cropland, and domestic agd&~ltal policy that has encouraged both intensive and extensive agricultural produton. The paper identifics three broad categories of envbonmental policies toward agriculture that policym~akam in OECD countries have considered to ameorate the environmeatal problems associated with coaventional agricultural produed~ns sysen. Thesm include polkoes dreeled at agriuiteral inputs, praedie~ , and produets. The ent that OECD counties have ~ ~plent-d policies In the.ser categores is explored. Finully, to illustrate the direct and indirect effects of agricultural commodity policy and envnmental policy toward agdealtare on environmental qualiy, a simple three sector general equ~=hrium model of the U.S. econmoy is developed. Policy såm~atlns show that commodity policy is highly inconsistent with environmetal qualdty objectives. 81 Ecological Economics of Sustainability: "Contrbuted Abstracs TOLEDO, VICTOR M. Cnäo de Ecologia, U]NAM. APDO 70-2y. Me72 c7 A Conceptual Framework for the Ecologicui-Econfic Analysia of Real Production b any fom of rural or agraran production (agriculture, catde ~ising, forest extrac~ion, flaerXes) producer ineio natural reources the basi and irrep~acea m ns of prdmrdau l inhabhants ae pram ary pkducera facing both natural and social forces. They are economic ator withi n ecological and economc contt. Therefor , any analysis of rural producion must incude bolh ecologcal and economic variables dat affect dis process. Contrary to this basi assumption, ~conomists exanino the phenomena of rural produ~tion separately from is environmental context, and human (or culural) ecologists reduce tho procs to energeti enchanges. Intending to overcome tho above. this piper is inoposing and dlsuis a conceptual framwork to th ~ intagsted ecologic-economic analytds of rural produton. Based os tho Id a that ml prnduedo nab. empbo icaly educed to fows of material, energy, lgor, commodities and information, and that al these flows $ake place in the conorte space, the paper offer an approprtte way to tho integrated analysis. After dellning the mal cuncept udliand in the framework, the paper presens a discussion of its theoretical implications. The paper finishes showing some exampla where, through the se of empirical data, this conceptum a flamwork han been appled. TOMAN, MICHAEL and COSSON, PIERRE Resources for he Faure, 1616 P Saeest N.W., W hington. D.C. 20036 The Different Dimensions of SustainabNity: A Review This paper begins with the prmie that sustainabifty is an issu i that is boch important and far from fuly understood. In particular, sstainah1o econond~ development involves far more thm envkonmental prnetin the focus of much recent sustainability discusson, and it is mor than conectng rror in resource valuation and ullatnon. Sutalinablity rests on fundamental ethical precepts whos implcatons have not yet been fully as~.sd It depends riticaly on the nat~e of the technologies humankind oses for transforming resources and achieving it poses a strong challenge to economic and other social institutions. The paper i4 divided into three puts. The firat two draw upon recent literature in an effort to moe precisely identify the scope of the susta~nablity issue and the magn~ud of ~ffors needed te achievm global wiaabliy over the longer m. Included in this discusso a the principles of tgenainal equity that uderlie a the problems in asceurining what bnles of caphal stocks should form the endowments of successivo geradon; the nat~r of inherent limits faced In substiuting other inputs for natural resources (including envonment) as thse grow scuce and the role of knowledge and innovation in amelorating scarty. The last seot of the paper snmmmriza rosech eads for advancing understanding of sustainabilty, and offers sme prel~minay obsrvatlnnu on policy dkections. T SAS.ROLFES, MIKE 23 Eten Park 6 Eton Road 2196 So ~.dbes, South ANoc The Economics of Rhino Coaservation The drasG dcline in hinoceros populatins in Afdca han been a cause for concern for som time. Efforts to control poachin s ave been largely nnem fur and at die curret rate of explotation, Afdean shinos could be etinct in the wild by the year 2000. This paper examines sone of tho underlyag economic for~es driving the pricament, and queons whether current govenment policies no apprpdate. Research unde~taken r~veals that govement policy has e ex bated de problem, by creating incentives for the public to exploi rhinos rahe than conservö diem. By recognising private rghts to rhinos, and by allowing the use and trade of ~hine prodmcs, govemmartB could create incenves for pr~iate cancerns to start rhino farming. If commercial exploitation of rhinos was a~owed in Afica, hey woold be no mmor endangered than domeade catde, ostriches or exocodiles. Such n has not ken place in the pant, simply becase government regulation has either discouraged it of forbidden it altoge~er. 1 argue that it is still not too late to save rhinos from e«tinction. A regulated return to a nadet controlled system of rhioc udaflon could provide die solutiom. UNDERWOOD, DANIEL A. INtenadonal Center för Water Remorves Manaent, Central State University. Wilberforce. Ohio 458 Lessons From Adaptabfifty Theory For Sustainable Environmental Management This article provides insght into the invesngation of autainala environmental mana t strategi by integrating fundaental behavoral str~ctures from adaptabity theory. A conceptual model is developed that makes 82 Ecological Economics of Sustaibdty: Contributed Abstracts possible examinauion of insttudonaty driven econospheo adaptaton to an envionment adversely affeted by economia activity. Intea~ion betwen o and envimoment sh bm the ocological impac of rosoce-use patterns pon tho envkonment. A qualtativo diminution in the onvironment changs both the ecological and institutional pmranmeters that dbet econosphede evoluden. The pnoblem is to develop a structue to evain~e alternative technological and inutitudonal responues to uncertain o nvirmmntal conditions. Suach a general utrategy must sadsfy near term demands for envronmental services without sarif loango term adaptability (su~aablity) to uncertain future envionmental conditions. Adaptabity depends upon potndal ulzation of fre energy from compartmental elements within the econosphere and from the natural environment. Adaptabifity is onhanced by independence between elements. Independenoo inras s the potntal modifiabity of componente in response to uncertain cha gs in tho environment, .e., them ao multiple pathways to obtain fr». enrgy. Heno, there is a positve rla~onship bntween the degree of dpendanco btween elemnnta and thoeost of energy flow dibruptions. A number of strategic insights for sustinable envkonental management me derived from this analysis. VAN DEN 8ERGH, JEROEN and NIJKAMP, PETER Fre Unirsity A~ ~erdwm, P.O. Box 7161.1007 MC Amstrden. The Neterland Aggregate Economnc.de-logical Modets for Sustalnable Development In this paper we concentrate on the structurm of simple modls that can bo used in clarifying snstainable development issuus and may provide a basis for analyding salnabno development mn operational context. The alm is to develop a genea integrated dynamic mode for sua~be development that will both bo simple of srume and summauize the main objectives, process and constraints applying to sustanable development in olosed economlo- ecological syoma. The models focused on in the pper provide simple and highly awgate represenatons of econm cological systems, which mans that tbey: have no subdivision ln regions take simlar enties (industdes, cosymtem ancls.onmskem) together in one aggregate v~abh. di~daguish between a very Imitod number of subsystems In tho read wedd sysem; represent such real world subsystems by a simple des~ription of that dynami featur of the reat world system, which is regarded as being most osental or central in it; and include a minimn of interaotions betwemn subsystems. lTe most general implications for models arising from the noton of susanable development are discussed, thereby concentating on tho following list of consid ns: 1. an integrnd rather than a patial approach; 2. allowing for feedback from the cology to tho ecoonomy, 3. inclusion of intergenerationat considerations 4. possibiity of des~dbing qua~lative ~hanges 5. inolusion of finitenes of available material and certa n types of cnergy 6. limitations of substltution, tochnologcal progress and poputation grow and 7. the openness of tho global economic-ecologlcal system. Some of thes. consedlns wil make it possible to ds~nguish models for sstnale development from many other models that a used for dealing with conomic.envonmmntal problems. In the light of the conclusions, short de p of some repr vo analydcal modets that have arisen in theries on economic growth with renewable and non.rcnewable reources and pollution ar oriticaly looked upon. Also attention is paid to simple aggrogate modets that take an amrnaive point of vew on growth and development. 1Te next stop is to provide additMonal lm t& and ideas for constructing a general economic-ccologleal modet for susainable development. For this rean wo consider the suitability of incluso n simple modes of several conceps originating from economics, cology and physics. A complete simple comi c modet for suinable development is fimmlated in that way m al dlscussoos. Simnoation is sed to tace the charactedsdes of this modet VAN DER STRAATEN, JAN Tbu.~g UxiMnIty , PD. Box 90153, 5000 LE Tilbugiland The Pocy of the Netheulands Regarding Acid Rata in a Single Internal Market. Itis ofen agued that a freer internal nadrk will incease economic welfar. ln the Cecchini Report - which is the basis of European m an - this lie of reasoning is dominant But hardly any atentlon is given, howover, to envromnental problems. This approach neglee the impoutant effets which tho environment has pon economic we~fare. Clean air may be dened as a collective propry resource, which is a~eoted by acid ra. An international approach may solvo this problem and so economic welfare may incese. An analysis of tho most recent Dutch policy can give mo insig t into the inter=ntn aspe t of Dutch polcy and the possibilties of the Single Internal Market. The poundag substanmes are eittod by ol refneries, oloido power plans, motorcars and intensive farming. The abatement of these easl-ns has bee hamperd by the we organied internr~ of tho indeside conceed. This is Ospecialy the ense with oil renerles and intensive fUming. Tho conclusion can ho dawm that the Dutch policy has not been a~miny at a welfae op~nmm regading acid rain; they proteted their own poll~dg intri. So, harmonization of environmental policies in Euope wi bo very dif~in1t 83 Ecological Economics of Sustainiity:y Contributed Abstracs VAN DER STRAATEN, JAN Tilb~ru Univrsty, P.O. Rox 90153, 5000 m rbur m ~lland Harmonäation of Environmeutal Rules in the Single Internal Market: The Cas e the Scheldt In the Cm~chin Repr it is argued that a furher mon of mles and meues in the Eopean Coammaity would increase p~od~odon and employment. However, the hn of envhunental eIs has not tuceved adequate attention. Economd welfme, bowever, is inflUened by the level of envrammtal . With n n pan in Burope, the international abatment of en~heomenal deteroratin will be of greater importmnce thma ever befor. We can get an idm about the possibitis of harmonizing the envhomnental roulm in the Common Maket by invesdgating an important internatonal problem as the water poRtion in the Scheldt River. This potia ocus mainly in Belgiu, as a resut of wiMch the water q~ulity of the Schldt in de Netherlands is rater infedor. Thee ae only two b states The Netherlands and Belgium. The VAN PELT, MICHAEL J.. and KUVENHOVEN, ARIE Netherl 4s Economin ~.situte, R«terdampWqeningen Agricdtural Unieity, Reardm. The Nethurland NIJKAMP, PETER Fr University ofAmsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Sustaabfity and Projeet Appralsal ln Developing Countries: Methodological Chalenges The pper c~ireay examines the potential of two groups of project appralsal methods (vi. the OBCD/World Rank variant of cost-benefit analysis and muldriteria analysi), to satisfactorily treat some of the most pressing sustainablw y imues in thrd world counres. The alm is to contribute to answering the quesden which method is =oet suitable for wimich sustainabil^y issue. VIEDERMAN, STEPHEN President, Jesie Smith Noyes FoAudaion, 16 Eart 34th St., New York, NY 10016 Building the Field of Ecological Economics The economics professon psys little attention to ecological economics. The ~so-called" teAing economics departments neither have nr me seeking facuhy with a serous interest in the field. Graduat stdents comnitta to the field. Omnduate stndmna commited to the field am at risk of being poorly trained, not buing taken seriously and not being employable. Young facu y members may have difOcuty obmtaining tenule. In indtition such as the Worm ank and the United States Government, incentives to apply ecological economics are, at best, lihed. How can inmdt~deal interest and comnitmnt be developed o expedite the development of ecoogical economics? What consitutes institudonal commitment? How can economist who know that their work is incomplete be encoumged to mest the dhange of developing e economics, respoading to the world we livo in and not the ficdon that economistm have created by om~aing natur ? What re the incentives to encopag social and professional acceptance for 8nudnen and professionals? What tools-exts, internships, journals, emc.-aro needed for the ield to proper? Can the field oveome the problems that have hinderd other inter-, multi-, transdisciplinary programs? VYASULU, VINOD Social Servicr Mangemen Unit, lusoitute for Social and Economic Change, Bangalore S600y2, lda On Choosng Environmentally Sound and Self-Rellant Techeologiest Refleettons en Indian Expertence This paper explores the polidial economy approach in choosing environmentaty sound and self-reUant echnoogy in elass societen using India as an exaple. The term technology as ustlspaper refs not only to technical knowedge or enginearing blue pdts, bet also to the institftional forms thugh which such knowedge is profitably used; in capitalist society - commercializod. Ao, tecMnology and environment me scen ma being closely intertwined. Bach technology has som impact o the enviroment. The configuradon of classes and sociedes wi influence the ate of such envkonmental impat. Thpaper uses two cas ~ studian both dawing upon the expedeuces of Karnataka State in India. On is with the expeience #. ~iffusing a ocaly developed appropdate tecnoogy - a highly ificient wood burning stv - as opposed to he Sta's sponsored program of diffusing tdehnology through imports. The second cass study draws *n the debate en energy planning in Karnatak, contasdag the conventonal supply a approach wih a new development focussed paadigen which pe both envhunmental soandness and self-reliance. This is folowed by a dis~usdo of te mle of 84 Ecological Economics of Sustinability: Contributed Abstracts tho working class In choosing envkonmenally scund hnalogy using mxampls of cerain cho«ces oha~ need to be uade in India in te un ture. The paper illstrates the - that ssues d ttnok~en chaice from the mnvhonmental and self- rel~ance point ow form a pat of th pa~ilienl onomy of sutainable development. WALKER, ROBERT Depa nent of Geogrhyv, Florid SWate U ~iversiy, Tallae~., FL 32306 Å Behavlorel ModeI of Tropkcal Deforestaton Under the Systm of Conkession Logging Doforestation in ~topical coutris commonly osu~s when foo fm= fol logging rods, built by concessin loggers, ite cutover forests and apppriate land. Å model of thIs process of land ss conversion, resuting frot loggr-fores farmer interaoni, has appe~ed in the luerstre. * t is model, howevr, ufte fram ~svera wealmess that liti its utlity a both an explanat y dvce and an bnsumnt for policy fonn"ultion. The present pap offen a riti of this model which is wholly detrminisde and rlies on an unrealisticay long planning hor~on for concession loggers. A behavioral mode bs presented in which forest ploitadon is con%eptnni~et as i spadal process with Markov deision-making. Conditions under which forest l preved an developed wa sth expliit elat~onship between fuure com~rat fofelt<e and defoestation. An buportant ategory of couta omited from the detrm~inade m~odel namly those involving setkm~t pressue, is introdued inthe ~prsent formldon. Management impltcatinn of the behavioral framork arm indiaed. WEBER, A.W. Wildfe Coerrwto Interational, #ro , New York 10460 Nature Tourism In Rwanda: The Extenslon and Limits of Gorla Eonomlcs Naum to~rism is inruasingly ed s an appr~priate form of development in ropicl rain foreata. Under the hading of ucoaourism, controed visit by aa goups witk special~sed viewing interes (e.g. pritos, bda) ar thus belioved to represmnt a paially å ~gnifienne soure of revenu which n be susained w minimal envkonment impat. The Afrian nadn of Rwanda has mor. han 10 yes of exprence with natre to~rim foused primarly on tho ondan~er mountmin g~ri. This problem la reviewed witk:egard to it econonmd and conservadan impat, bo&h of whick have ben bghly positive. This suess, however, mst bo tempered with certai caveas partining to tko ds~buton of to~usm bmnefits as wel as to the condnod potential for negative impaa. It la further que~doned wheth« tko unque charateriads of garila tourism s~dusly teduo its value as a mdel for extension elsewhere. Iuitial result of a to~rism projet in Rwandas Ny~ugve foarest be~mthloss inducate that significant vilatin rat=s and rovenues can be ackieved in a fors onvirnnent withow t gorias, provded there ar. alternative aumtons and as wel-devloped network of trab and suPport -esnnl The poatendal for extmnsn of the Rwandan odels of nature i ouris to oter rin foret envhonmnta is considered to be very real, yet Ikmited. In mos cass, additonal economi and na-economi values wil bo required in support of conservahon effors. WEIBER, jE and MEISTER, ANTON Deparonent ofAgrlcultural EconoAbcs, Masy Uni~srity, Palmøemtn Nord, New Zealand Managing Natural Resources, Instttional Change, and Sastalnablilty In New Zealand: Å Case Study Towads the end of 1989,. the New Zaland governmea t formuly inoduced Reo e Manme Bill No. 224-1 into partiann. According to It authors, the contral purpose odfo bil is to inhegrato the laws relating to nsource ama~gemnn and to ut up a regso m system dkat prasomos sustnn man e t natural and p~ysical resowrce. ih bil addresses the mn land, wat and saU, minai and enery resomes, te coat , and polution entrol. This papr pmovides an analysis of New 2Ali's offort to inopora. the confept of suasinab~ly into natural resowrce ad envhonmental managmat. We give pardsWlar anntdm to the proposod canges in insd~tution and how these could a er th fui-nt ef for d t nat=Wral resoe nn We also ad h iaf on e m em t of susa diabity fronthe cdeat govermanes adheece to an economy based on noas~ted ~adia Wc conclde by pla~ing da. p~oposed New Zealand reformw in a frameork of ecological econondcs. Aough p o ns have not used tkat phrau dhedy, she New Zealand government' proposd reforms prsent at bast some awamess of eologial uen mceo . This is learly reflected in tko promoton ft anwaInabnne aud in the selg of multiple objeves. However, tha proposed reforms may not provide enough guidance en the relative wuights da nanl and local n sould plae on each objemmv&.a 85 Ecological Economics of Sugtainability: Contributed Abstracts WEIE, PATRICK G. Deparnent of Economis Demidji State University, ~emi ji, MN 56601 Translating Household Stewardship Values Into Ecologial Stewardship Goas: Some Empirical Evidence The etablishbent and pursuit of global, long-term goals depends upon the processes through which economic, social, and political institutions register the preferences of Individuals and househods. Economic and political mechanisms founded on individualstic valuea will most readily incororae global, long-term gals which reflect Individua preferences. This paper examies individual and household preferences for protecting water quality under scearios ranging from local to transboundary water pollution. The local casm =ssesses housebold values towad the quality of the aes on which the respondents reside. An intermediate cas includes lakes within the county or rtail trade arem. The transbnnn,y cas entails the pollution of distant lakes due to add deposition. Empirical results are generated from a seis of contingent valuation survys employing similar methods and suvey instrumentas. Eoonomic valuation in the form of willingness to pay and qualitative responss about envknmental stewrdahip are analyed. The results suggest that preferences for local envkonmetal stewadship translate quite well into stewardshp of an ecosysten which is mo broadly defined. Conditions which may promote or impede the canulation of household stowardship values inte global stewarship gals are discussed. YOUNGMAN, R. Deparent of Entoogy. Virginia Pytechnic Institute and Stae University, Blackrbug, Va. ERVIN, R.T. Deparent of Agrictural Economics, Texas Teck University, Lubbock, TX 79409 Virginia Corn Producers' Use of Insecticides to Control Cora Rootworms Even Though They Rotate Their Crops: A Case Study It has been shown that if producers rotate their corn with other rops on an annual basis, the ue of a granular inseticide at planting is not needed to control core rootworms. Com producers in die state of Virginia USA) we surveyed with respect to their general practice in using granular inecticids at planting during the 1988 and 1989 crop years. A random maling of 1,200 surveys te the state's com producers resuted in a response rate of 47.8% (574 surveys) and a uahle response rate of 25.2% (302 survey). The usable responses represented 15,951 ac in 1988: accounting for 3.0% of the state's 530,000 com mares the same yoar. Results of the study indicate that approxiately 13.20% of thec grown in the state is grown in rotation with other crops and mlso has granular inseoticides applied at planting. Thus, it is stimatd that in 1988 corn producers in Virginia spent 888.492 te cotnol cm rootworms, or an average of $1,198,626 annually from 1979 to 1988. Results also indicate that in 1988 approximately 83,952 pounds of activ. ingredient wer introduced int the Virginia envronment, or an average of 113.256 pounds annuafy from 1979 to 1988. Other facors considered in this study are comparisons between rotation versus continous corn producers in the number of years experience producing corn, types of granular inseticides used, reasons for using insecticides when rotation is being used or not used, and soure of primary acquisiton of pst control information. This information is meeded to determin: 1. Whether chemicals are being introduced into the envåonment. without justification 2. Who may be miinfouming producers as to the need of applyng granular inseodiides at planting; and 3. From whom producer ae gathering their pest control information. Implications of the potential Impact to the Chesapeake Bay estuarine environmeat are discussed, ZIPARO, ALBERTO Center for European Econo~c Stuies, Northeatem University, Bson, Mas. The Environmental Planning of Energy Projects The study gives a general evaluation of four different proposa/scenarios of the National Bnergy Plan in Italy: the Old and the New Govermuent Prposal, that of the Commity Party, and the Gr 1%ns' Pnposal A new National Energy Plan is needed over there after the naonal referndum that banned atamic energy. The Old Goverment Plan had an eletc program based on cenaue power by using many nuclear and coal-Bred plant The New Poposal of the Italian government incomated the outcome of the refaendum (atemic nergy was shut down), bet it mintain d the sam approach as before by shifing almost all produon on coal !orning plants with vry litte reducdon of the quantity of electricity produced. The Cmnist Party's P ~oposal seek te reduce the ue of coal and the size of the plant by increasing the we of gas and by introucing som saving policies. Greens proposed an opposite approach; they aimed to ovenake what they cali the *nako ks tap (if you stop using nuclear ergy, then you need more cosI and vice versa) by introducing strategi songly imfplementing saving, renewah e somes, and decentralntin of production with regional balance between dmand and supply of nergy. The four 86 Ecological Economics of Su stainabiity: Contributed Abstracts plan proposua wer broken down by using the Energy Evbænent Impat Valus (BiV), an inator of global effecs of each model upon the sdoal and environnenal systems. Te resulta of the resech show that the Green proposal is ~learly the mast conven~nt plan, not only because of eavk=onmental Issue, b"t also ben~ of a global cconom=* point of view. ZWALEN, RoBERT Ecosen Ltd., Environmental Managem at Consultat, P.O. ox CH40m, Zurick, Switerland Fature of Irrgation ProJects and Consequences for a Diffeent Approa~h: Å Case Study Two examples of b~rigado schemes me inve~tigntød for ueason of project fale. In ane ase (Gwlwango, a small-scal krigation shem in sauthe~n Burkina Faso), this was due maily to oreasons: lack of interest and knowledge of the local populauion for operton and nabnae m of te schemew , to some degren swso lack of funds for mair~tennce work In the oder cam (a part of d Wawotob rrigaton Scheme, a middle-bcale ~rigation sc inme in Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia), d ~ain reasons wrn eological nes: no tharough site selection and/or prepartion for krigated fieds in a swa~py ar^a. The consequenwas m befly dam.b~ The priary economie effects sm easily visleb: the projects do at generat any or at hast not sufficient revenue, and thmefom ho investent can not be paid off. There are scondary effets which sia ho s easily det~ted and monetarized, bot havn detrintal effects for the bad economy. In both caes, the inadence of n~lailn among the local population has ben increased by unewn amouts, and in dn asn of Burkina Faso, Schtos has beo~me a sæver problem in an siea whure it has not ben of any importane before. This ~un not only high cm for mnedical treatment, but above all a los of manpower due to iflness, which again decreases prod~uvity of din local agdhulture. The amttepted solutlons si manuly technicl ones and consist in an improvemnt of the dinag and in a reconstrctia n of the decaying structures. This ake hownve does not bring any guarantee for succes. In boh ases, insuffi~ent pnning has bee the ulimate reason for project falure. It is the ore concluded dat a different approach to sacb projncts is neceay, which takes into account not only (aud not in ti first linn) din techncal aspeats of a pssible deveopment, bot to a muach greater extent din ecooglcal and socio-economical psamters. 87 Ecological Economics of SuStaability: Index of Authors DAL2, VIROINIA H, 11,80 INDEX OF AUTHORS DALYHEm~ E 4,24 DAY, JOHN, 5,56 ABLER, DAVID 0, 12,34 DAY, LINCOLN H., 18,46 ALDEN, DAVID, 11, 34 DEOROAT, KEVIN, 17.49 ALESKEROV, FOUAD T., 15, 34 DENZLER, ERIC, 12,46 ALLEN, P.M., 7,35 DIETZ FRANK, 5, 46 AlMIR, SHMUEL, 6, 35 DOUGLAS, AARON J., 10, 59 ANDREASSON-OREN, INGE-MARIE, 5, 35 DUNLOP, BET, 15, 45 ANG3RER, GERHARD, 16,36 ECKAUS, RICHARD S., 13,40 ANNAN, ROBERT H., 16,36 EHRLICH, PAUL R., 4,24 ARDING, JAN, 12,71 EL SERAFY, SALAH, 9,24, 31 BAINES, J.T., 7, 37 ERIKSSON, KARL-ERIC, 7,47 BANKS, STEVEN M, 11, 37 ERSKINE, J. M., 6,47 BARRANZINI, ANDREA, 10,74 ERVIN, R.T., 5, 86 BECK, ROGER, 10, 37 EVEREfT, MICHAEL D., 12,47 BERGSTROM, SOREN, 13,37 FABER, M., 4, 9, 25, 31 BERKES, FIKRET, 8,38 FARBER, STEPHEN, 14,25 BINFORD, MICHAEL W., 6,38 FAUCHEUX, SYLVIE, 12,48 BISHNOI, S, 13,39 FETELSON, ERAN, 10, 48 BLANCO, SERGIO, 5, 39 FENTON, ROBERT, 16,48 BL1T2ER,CHARLES R., 13,40 FINNELL, JANINE A., 17,49 BOllRQUEZ-TAPIA, LUIS A., 6,15,40 FLORES RODAS, JOSÉ 0., 5, 49 BORA, GYULA, 14,19 FLORES-VILA, OSCAR, 40 BOULDING, KENNETH E., 4,20 FOLKE, CARL, 13,49 BRAAT, LEON C., 9,19 FRZIER, J.,17,.50 BRENNER, MARK,6,38 FRIEDMAN, M., 10, 18,45, 50 BROWN, PETER 0., 6,41 FRIEND, ANTHONY M., 10, 51 BROWN, WILSON, 16,48 FROHN, ROBERT H, 11, 80 BURR, RALPH, 16,36 FUNaOWIC, SILVIO 0., 4, 26 BUTICHER, WALTER, 556 OAUTAM, D.D., 13, 39 CABRAL, ANIL, 16, 17,36,49 GAOH SOUMEDRA, 10, 51 CALE, WILLIAM G., 17,41 GIAMPIETRO, MARIO, 12, 51 CAPISTRANO, AD, 8, 41 GILBERT, ALISON, 10,52 CARPENTER, STANLEY R., 6,41 OLASSER, HAROLD, 15, 17, 45, 52 CASTILLO, SERGIO, 8,42 GOODLAND, ROBERT J., 14,26 CAVALCANTI, CLOVIS, 14,20 GOTTFRIED, ROBIN, 13,42,52 CHAN, ARTHUR H, 15, 42 GREPPIN, HUBERT, 10, 74 CHARLES, ANTHONY T., 11, 42 OROENFELDT, DAVID J., 10, 53 CHOPRA, KANCHAN, 8, 43 GROSS, LORNA S., 11, 53 CHRISTENSEN, PAUL, 14,20 OROSS, M.F., 10, 62 CLARK, COLIN W., 9,21 GUPrA, ANIL K., 6,53 CLARK, MARY B., 14,21 GURMAN, VLADIMIR 1., 11,54 CLARK, N, 7,35 OUTIERREZ CARLOS CASTILLA, 6,62 CLEVELAND, CUTLER 1., 9,22 HAENKE, DAVID, 18,54 COLBY, MICHAEL B., 15, 43 HALL, CHARLES, 5, 10, 54,74 COMMON, M.S., 7,43 HAMILTON, W. T., 11, 44 CONLEY, CRAIG, 15, 16,44,45 HAMMER, MONICA, 8, 55 CONNER, J. R., 11, 44 HANNON, BRUCE,9,26 CORNELL, JOSEPH, 5, 54 HARDIN, GARRETT, 4,27 COSSON, PIERRE, 7,82 - HARDISKY, M.A., 10, 62 COSTANZA, ROBERT, 11, 14,22,79 HARRIS, JONATHAN M., 13,55 COULTER, JOHN, 12,44 HARRIS, KIM, 10, 37 CRAI, PAUL P., 15, 16, 17, 44,45, 52 HARTE, MICHAEL, 15,65 CUMBERLAND, JOHN I., 14,23 HEDMAN, SUSAN, 15, 55 CUNNINGHAM, A. B, 10, 45 HEMP,l9 LAMONT C., 16, 55 D'ARGE, RALPH C., 9,23 HERENDEEN, ROBERT A., 12,56 DALE, BRUCE E, 17,45 ILDEN, MIKAFL, 16,74 88 Ecological Economics of Sustainability: Index of Authors HIILSMAN, EDWARD L, 11, 80 MCKELVEY, ROBERT, 15, 68 HITCHNER, BENJAMIN, 18, 56 MCKONE, THOMAS B, 11, 68 HOLTZAPPI, MARK A, 17,45 MEBRAUS, ALEXANDER. 13,40 HOOGERVORST, NICO, 5, 46 MEITER, ANTON, 16, 85 HOON, C.V., 5, 77 MILLS, SHERRY K.. 15. 42 HOWARTH, RICHARD B., 4,29 MITSCH, WILLIAM J., 9.29 HUETING, ROEFIB, 9, 27 MONK, TRACIE B., 6. 69 HUGHES, DAVID, 5, 56 MOORE, CHESTER 0, 13, 58 IGOE, JIM, 5, 57 MOREHOUSE, WA RD, 16, 69 IKEDA, SABURO, 11, 57 MROZEK, CARL, 17,69 IMIGO-ELIAS, EDUARDO, 17, 58 MUNROE, MARTIN J., 15, 70 JANSEN, DORIS J., 17, 58 MUSSER, WESLEY N, 5, 78 JANSSON, ANN-MARI, 4,27 NAREDO, JOSE MANUEL, 7,70 JARADAT, ABDULLA, 5, 56 NICHOLSON, GUY, 6,70 RANG, XUBMIN, 5.58 NIIKAMP, PETER, 6,12.83,84 JIMENEZ, BRAULIO D., 11, 80 NINAN, K.N., 5, 71 JOHN, KUN H., 13, 15,58,59 NORGAARD, RICHARD B, 4,29 JOHNSON, RICHARD L., 10, 59 NORTON, BRYAN, 4,29 KADEKODI, GOPAL K., 8, 43 NOWELL, CLIFFORD, 6,78 KATZMAN, MARTIN T., 17,41 ONEJLL, ROBERT V., 11, 80 KAUFMANN, ROBERT, 12,16,60 ODUM, HOWARD T, 12 71 KENNEDY, TED 0, 17,49 ONGAY, ENRIQUE, 15, 40 KETKAR, KUSUM 13,60 OT, J.S.. 10. 62 KHALIL, ELIAS L., 17,61 PADRON, MIGUEL SANCHZ, 6,62 KIKER, C.F., 8, 41 PAGE, TALBOT, 14,30 KING, DENNIS M., 10, 61 PASTUK, MARILIA, 13,72 KLEMAS, V., 10, 62 PATTEN, BERNARD C, 12 72 KLING, ROBERT W. 15, 59 PAULSEN, CHARLES, 11, 64 KLINK, FEDERICO AGUILERA, 6,62 PEET, K. M., 18 KOHLMAIER, .H, 12, 62 PEET, KM., 72 KOLATA, ALAN R., 6,38 PEET, N. J., 18 KOZLOFF, KEITH, 16 63 PEET, NJ., 7, 37, 72 KRAFr, STEVEN, 10, 37 PENARANDA, WALTER, 5,56 KROTOV, VADIM F., 63 PEREZ-TREJO, F., 7, 35 KUYVENHOVEN, ARIB, 6,84 PERKINS, PATRICIA B, 13,79 KOMMEL, REINER, 16,63 PERRINGS, CHARLES A., 14,30 LAHIRI, SUPRIYA, 13,40 PESKIN. HENRY M., 9,31 LEE, DANNY, 11, 64 PETERSON, STEVEN. C., 15, 73 LEIPERT, CHRISTIAN, 16,78 PEZZEY, JOHN, 15, 73 LEVITAN, LOIS, 5, 54 PHILOMENA, ANTONIO, 18. 73 LILL, J. LLOYD JR., 7, 64 PILLET, GONZAGUE, 10, 74 LINES, MAR31, 13,64 PIMENTEL, DAVID, 12, 51 LONEROAN, STEPHEN, 15, 65 POLLETI, B. A., 18, 50 LOWE, IAN, 7,65 POMAREDA, CARLOS F., 5, 74 LOZAD.A, GABRIEL A., 7,66 PROOPS, J.LR., 4,9,25,31 LODEKE, M.KB., 12.62 RAPPORT, DAVID J., 16,74 MAAS, R.J.M., 8, 80 RAVEIZ JERRY R, 4,26 MACLEAN, JOHN C., 17, 66 REBS, WILLIAM E, 7,75 MACPHERSON, DX, 7,66 ROCHELEAU, DIANNE B., 6,75 MAIER-RIGAUD. GERHARD, 7,66 RUBINO, MICHAEL C, 17,75 MANSSON, BENOT A., 7,47 RYKIEL, EDWARD J., 17,45 MANSTETIEN, R., 4,9, 25, 31 SADLER, BARRY, 6,76 MARCHETTINI, N., 4,32 SAFONOV, PAUL I, 11, 54 MARGALEF, RAMON, 4,28 SANDOZ-TERRAZ, SYLVIE, 10,74 MARTIN, LARRY, 16,67 SAVORY, ALLAN, 11,76 MARTINEZ-ALIBR, JUAN, 4,28 SCHLICRTER, TOMAS M., S.49 MAY, PETER H., 8, 67 SCHROYER, TRENT, 18. 76 MAYUMI, KOZO, 12.67 SCHOSSLER, UWE, 16,63 MCOLADE, JACQUELINE, 9,28 SESHADRI, C.V., 5, 77 89 Ecological Economics of Sustainability: Index of Authors SHARP, BASIL MJ., 16,77 SHEEHY, D. P., 11, 44 SHOEMAKER, ANDREW R., 15, 77 SHOGREN, JASON F., 6.78 SHORTLE, JAMES S., 5, 12, 34,78 SIMONIS, UNO E., 16 78 SKLAR, FRED H., 11, 79 SMGTH,0ERALD ALONZO, 8,79 SODERBAUM, PETER, 7,79 SOUSA, CLARA DE, 13,79 SOUTRHOATE, DOUGLAS, 17,80 SOUTHWORTH, FRANK, 11,80 SPASH, CLIVE R., 9, 23 STUTH, J.W., 11, 44 SWART, RJ, 8, 80 T SAS-ROLFES, MIKE, 17,82 TAMARO, MARCO, 13,64 THOMAS, J.F., 7, 66 THRUPP, LORI ANN, 11, 81 TIETENBERO, TOM, 15,81 TIZI, ENZO, 4, 32 TOBEY, JAMES A., 6.81 TOLEDO, VICTOR M., 10, 82 TOMAN, MICHAEL, 7,82 TOWNSEND, KENNETH N., 15,77 ULANOWICZ, ROBERT E., 9,32 ULGIATI, S., 4,32 UNDERWOOD, DANIEL A., 7,82 VAN DEN BERGH, JEROEN, 12,83 VAN DER STRAATEN, JAN, 13,16.83,84 VAN PELT, MICHAEL J., 6.84 VARSHNEY, C. K., 14,33 VIEDERMAN, STEPHEN, 7, 84 VYASULU, VINOD, 17,84 WALKER, ROBERT, 11,85 WALSH, RICHARD 0, 13, 15, 58, 59 WEBER, A.W., 18,85 WEBER, JEFF, 16,85 WELLE, PATRICK 0., 18,86 YOUNGMAN, R.R., 5, 86 ZIPARO, ALBERITO, 17,86 ZUCCHETTO, JAMES J., 14, 33 ZWAILEN, ROBERT, 5,87 ZYLICZ TOMASZ, 14,33 90 � -� --. � % . � . . , �„ ..� . :�� С , `� ' ' ���� v��i � � ����'� ����� ��� � ����� ��� ��� ��� � �� ,���� ��� ���� й � � $ � �' '�` а > � J+� �. � � « +� $' � �' L1 l в • ,��С � � О 1� ё � �����, � � Q� ах� а$я� �� �� � � , , � � А � � � � � .+ �'� � � �� � 5'� А ?� � � � Q � � . � ,0 � /в� ��„ � � � � $ � Ы • � � _, а � tl . � � � � � ��$$ � -�� �� � � $ � ¢ � � °� _ � � � �. � а ��.� . �� � � � � � � _ � � � � � �� А �- , . � � о � � � . � � я _ _ . . � - . , � b, ,, � � _ � �� � � ��' :� �� J� � � � ��� ° �� _� ж�� . � ���� � �� ����п =�� � � #� ;. �� я � � � � � � �,� �� �� � , � �� я � � я� ��� "б . � � я оа� 3im � о� �я:я я� ;Е •Q� ��i Эе � �� � � ,. � ,'� е� � � �, лg � � � �� � � � iC1� ��� � gj � i� 1 i ,� � � , >@� �� я� � � g � � . .. � � s � � � � � -- : �-Е �� .� �. , �. � � � � ,� II �. � �,,. , � �� �i � � „ ,, � �� �, � �� й � $ � � � � . . � � �� � � � �� .. � � � � �� ;. �� ' i�, ь � � � " • i а � ti � _ � i' ,1 � �� � � � � . ,� ;, � � � � � N , �О ь � � � i� , С• � ,. { � . 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