Population and manpower in the economic development of Peru

ERM71 INTERNJATIONAL 13ANK FOR RECONSTRUZTION AND DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH DEPARTMENT POPULATION AND MA1NTPOWrER IN THEI ECONOMIC DrTMLOPMANT OF PERU Economic Resources and Markets Staff Prepared by: Murray Rose Marjorie Knebelman ERM No. 71 Approved by: Joseph S. Gould Copy No. March 17, 1948 -> ( k .x ... . t /e / , / ( /lP g .  TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Summary . ...... . .. . . . . I1 Total Population .... . . . ............ ... 3 Population Growth... ........ .... . 3 Sex and Age Composition. ... . , .... 4- Ethnic Composition . ....... .....e.g.. .. 6 Density of Populiation ... ................ 6 Labor Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Occupational Distribution and National Income . . 10 Labor Supply in Santa River Area . . . . . . . . 13 Conolusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 Appendix, Table I - Population of Peru by Age and Sex as of Midyear . . . . 17 Table II - Percentage Distribution of Population of Peru by Age and Sex... ...... 18 Table III -lumber and Percentage Distri- bution of Population of Peru by Age and Sex . . . . . :19 Table IV - Occupational Distribution of Peru and of Five Selected Departments, 1940 . . . . . 20 Table V Occupational Distribution of Peru and of Five Selected Departments, 1940 . . *, .* 21 (by broad categories)  Population and Manpower in the Economic Development of Peru 1. Sar (a) The population of Peru is estimated at 7,575,000 at the beginning of 1948. (b) During the next decade the population of Peru is expected to grow by an average rate of annual increase of roughly 1.7 percent, reaching a total of 8,961,000 in 1957. (c) If it is assumed that persons aged 0 - 14 and 65 and over (dependents) are relying upon those aged 15 - 64 (producers) for economic support, we find that in 1940 in Peru there were 87 dependents per 100 producers, whereas in Mexico there were 79 per 100 producers and in the United States only 47 per 100 producers. The prospects for Peru in this respect, however, are rather favorable; by 1957 Peru may well have only 67 dependents per 100 producers due to anticipated changes in age compos- ition of the population. (d) This reduction in the dependency ratio and the potentially greater labor force participation on the part of the population should well contribute to the raising of the Peruvian per capita real income which stood at $894Vin 1940. (e) From comparisons with other agricultural countries with sim- ilar sex-age composition, it is evident that Peru could also increase the labor force participation of persons aged 15 - 19 and to some extent of all females. At the present time, she is increasing her labor force by the im- portation of 2,000 D.P.'s. (f) In addition to increasing the size of the labor force, there is considerable scope for Peru's increasing the productivity of the current working population of Peru through vocational training, modernization of methods, mechanization and some occupational redistribution. J The range of real per capita income in Latin America in 1940 was from $30 to $334; the average was ;pI06.  (g) In 1940, 62 percent of Peru's population was engaged in agriculture, fishing and forestry - in Chile it was only 39 percent. Whtle the above mentioned methods of increasing productivity should be applied to agriculture, it would also appear worth while to shift some people ouit fro-a primary industries into the secondary industries if only on an elementary, level such as the processing of raw materials produced in Peru. (h) The ethnic composition of the Perivian population is less favorable to economic progress than the age-sex distribution. In peru the Indian and Spanish elements are probably less fused than in most other Latin American republics. Currently 46 percent of the population is un- mixed Indian, 33 percent mestizo and only 12 percent pure T4uropean. How- ever, the Indians along the coast are responsive to government efforts for modernization of production. It is the highland Indians that have proved difficult in this regard. (i) The individual population and labor force factors in Peru affecting economic development are in general favorable, In addition, a comparison of the Peruvian rate of population growth with national iacome growth in other Latin American oountries reveals encouraging prospects for the Peruvian standard of living. The Peruvian rate of population growth roughly is 1,7 percent. Thus any rate of national income growTh over 1.7 percent will raise the per capita real income. Brazil whose per capita real income was $80 in 1940 (Peru's was $$9) has recently shown an annual rate of national income growth of 7.2 percent. If Peru's income should grow at even half this rate, her population will enjoy a rising standard of living, attaining perhaps $111 per capita income in 1957. (j) The Santa River area is particularly well situated for econ- omic development from the population and manpower standpoints; it has the  -3- most literate and best trained manpower of Peru; it also holds out the best prospects for improvement and expansion along these lines. (k) Peru needs to establish a comprehensive program of vocational training and to import some highly trained technical and administrati've personnel to organize and supervise economic development projects during their infancy. 2. Total PoMatiol According to the Peruvian census, the population of Peru was 6,207,967 in 1940. While population data for Peru are not very satisfac- tory, they are among the best in Latin America. It is known, however, that this census for 1940 suffers from an under-enumeretion and should have about 465,144 added to it bringing the total population up to 6,673,000. This figure excludes roughly 350,000 jungle inhabitants. 13ecause the Jungle population does not participate in the monetary economy of Peru, it seems advisable not to include it in total population estimtes or pro- jections that are designed primarily for consideration of economic develop- ment. 3. Population Growth Official estimates place the total population of Peru at the end of 1946 at 7,854,000, Without the jungle inhabitants, the total population in the mxiddle of 1946 is estimated at 7,437,000. Thus, from the time of the census in the middle of 1940 to the middle of 1946, the population grew by 764,000 - from 6,673,000 to 7,437,000. This represents an increase of about 11 percent in 6 years, or an average rate of increase of 1.8 percent per annum. In the ten years from 1947 to 1957, the population of Peru is ex- pected to increase by about 1,400,000 reaching 8,961,000 in 1957, (Table I,  -4- Appendix). This would represent an increase of 18 percent in ten years. This projection was made on the assumption of stable crude birth and death rates and allows the same average annual rate of increase by approximately 1.7 percent as took place during the early 1940's. No specific account was taken in these extrapolations of the impact of economic development on population growth during the next decade. 4. Sex arid Age Composition The sex composition of the enumerated population of Peru indicates a slight preponderance of females. According to the census population, there were 3,067,868 males and 3,140,099 Lemales in Peru in 1940. Although such a sex-ratio is by no means unusual, and in fact is quite common in a more acute form in many European countries, it of necessity creates a greater reliance on women as a factor in the labor force. Unless a high proportion of women is drawn into the labor force, a relatively small labor force has to support the entire population, usually resulting in low living standards, The age composition of the population is also very important from the standpoint of the potential labor force. The Peruvian population is a young population. In 1940, 42 percent of the population was in the 0 - 14 age group. In the United States only 25 percent of the population was in that age group at the same date. A comparison of broad age groups in the United States and Peru reveals the following relationships: Age Distribution of Population, 1940 Age Group U.S. Peru 0 14 25.0% 42.0% 15 49 54.6% 4605% 50 and over 20.4% 11.57'0 100.0% 100.0%  -5- The Peruvian population is what demographers term progressive (the percentage of persons 0 - 14 is more than twice that of persons 50 and over), whereas the U.S. population is regressive (the percentage of persons 0 - 14 is less than twice that of persons 50 and over). The population of Peru insofar as broad age groupings are concerned is coaparable to that of the U.S. in 1900. The median age of the Peruvian population was about 20 years in 1940. This "progressive" feature of a given population suggests that it possesses considerable potentialities of growth and development if survivorship is improved in the middle and higher age groups. On the other hand, if the low life expectancy continues, the population may re- main "progressive" for a long time without actually capitalizing on its potentialities for maturing. As will be pointed out presently, Peru may be regarded as being on the verge of benefiting from the "progressive" nature of her present population. In Peru, as in most Latin American countries, a high standard of living is difficult to achieve because there are so many persons to be supported by comparatively too few workers. If it is ass-med that persons 0 - 14 and over 65 (dependents) are relying upon those aged 15 - 64 (pro- ducers) for their economic support, we find that in the United States in 1940 there were 47 dependents to 100 producers and in Mexico 79 dependents to 100 producers while in Peru there were 87 dependents to 100 producers. Although this is admittedly a rough measure of dependent-producer relation- * ships, the disparity is so pronounced that it must be recognized as an important problea in the economic situation of Peru. A very favorable factor for the economy of Peru during the next decade is the anticipated decline in the ratio of dependents to potential producers. Table III (Appendix) reveals that as a result of changes in the * It does not take account of variation by sex and age in labor force participation, type of occupation, etc.  6- age structure of the population, the potential producers (aged 15 - 64) will rise from 53.7 percent in 1940 to 59.9 percent in 1957. Thus, the ratio of dependents to producers may drop from 87 to 67 per 100. If the intensity of utilization of the several age and sex groups remained un- changed, a labor force 6 percent larger in relation to total population would be available in 1957 than in 1940. 5. Ethnic Composition Another important demographic factor influencing economic growth and development is the ethnic composition and cultural level of the popu- lation. This is especially so in Latin America where the ethnic differences among the population are sharp and numerous. In Peru the Indian and Spanish elements are probably less fused than in most other Latin American republics. Peru is still as much Indian as European in its people, culture, economy, etc. Currently about 46 percent of the population is unmixed Indian, 33 percent mestizo (mixture of Indian and European) and only about 12 percent pure European, the remainder of the population is Negro, Chinese, Japanese, etc. The highlands of Peru are inhabited predominately by Indian tribes whose culture is quite primitive. These groups are unresponsive to govern- ment modernization programs, and little, if any reliance can be placed upon them to take part in economic development plans in the near future. By contrast, the lowland Indians are said to be much more advanced and ready to become an integral part of any industrialization program that might be undertaken. 6. D2ensity of Poulation By 1940, Peru averaged 14.6 persons per square mile of total land area. In a random sample of five other Latin American countries, Peru is in  approximately a median position regarding the crude density of population. Paraguay 6.9 Venezuela 11.2 Argentina 13.0 PERU 14.6 Colombia 19,8 Mexico 25.9 United States 44.0 The most outstanding characteristic of the density of Peruvian population is its wide variation from section to section. The department of Madre do Dios, for example, has a density of 0.4 persons per square mile in 1940, while the department of Lima had 56.4 per square mile. It is obvious that a country with as much uninhabitable mountain terrain as there is in Peru will never have a general over-all density as high as a country whose pro- portion of habitable area is greater. A much truer measure of population density, therefore, is derived by basing calculations not on ' land area but on only the habitable land. An estimate of the habitable land has been made for three Latin American countries which shows Peru has a high ratio of population to habitable land, better than twice that of Chile and four times that of Argentina. From this it is clear that Peru's population is concentrated rather heavily over a small CountrZy Square les of habitable aand Population per _uare mile of habitable land Argentina 796,508 15.8 Chile $2,601 60.5 PERU 51,684 129.6 portion of the country's area. The adinistrative divisions with the highest population density are grouped along the northern coast of the country in the Departments of Lima, Cajamarca, Libertad, etc, Of the seven most densely populated de- partments, five are along the northern coast of Peru encircling the Santa  8 . River region, a proposed site for extensive economic development. The fact that a large reservoir of potential labor is concentrated in the Santa region is favorable to proposals for development in that area. These as- pects of the Santa region will be discussed later in greater detail. Population Per Square Mile Lima 56.4 Cajamarca 45.3 Lambayeque 43.3 Libertad 39.6 Apurimac 34.2 Juan cavelica 32.0 Ancash 31.6 Peru as a whole 6.9 7. Lab,ororre In any country interested in economic development, the potential for expanding and improving the character of the labor force is a basic consideration. According to the table below, the proportion of the popu- lation in Peru that was gainfully occupied in 1940 was fourth highest out of 13 Latin American countries. In fact, with the exception of Colombia which is in a category by itself, Peru has shown almost as high a atiliz- ation of its population in the labor force as any Latin American country. Qountr, Percent of Population 9ainnQy OccMpied Colombia 51.6 Argentina 42.9 Uruguay 40.7 Peru 39.9 Panama 36.7 Nicaragua 35.9 Chile 34.7 Honduras 34.3 Brazil 34.0 Guatemala 33.3 Mexico 32.3 Venezuela 32.2 Cuba 31.8  -9- As has already been mentioned, the estimated changes in the age composition of the Peruvian population should make possible a higher proportion of the population in the labor force by 1957. No comparisons of the sex and age composition of the gainfully occupied population of Peru with other Latin American countries can be made because of lack of comparable data. However, the percent of the total population by sex and age that is active in the labor force of Peru can be compared with that of some of the predominately agricultural European coun- tries. Perent gainful occup Country Date Male ' Female 15-19 20-64 651 Total 9 20-64 P12.RU 1940 61.2% 93.5% 82.6% 52.1%' 38.0% 44.9% 35.8% 27.9% Ireland 1936 71,1 95.4 67.3 65.0 ' 49.4 32,7 21.9 24.3 Denmark 1946 85.1 95.9 3.5 67.7 ' 86.3 4.1 7.9 35.2 This comparison reveals that in the strategic 20-64 age group which usually constitutes over 70 percent of the entire labor force, the participation of Peruvian males is almost the same as in Ireland and Denmark, The female participation is somewhat higher in Peru. Also in the 65 years and over eategory both the male and female labor force participation in Peru is higher than in Ireland and Denmark. The only age group in which Peru re- cords a sizeably lower percentage participation in the labor force is in the 15-19 age group. In Peru only 61 percent of the males aged 15-19 are work- ing whereas in Denmark 85 percent of the same age-sQx group are working. This means, therefore, that if Peru wants to expand immediately the size of her labor force, she would probably have to do it in large part by increas- ing the participation of her youngest age group. The usefulness of this comparison of Peru with Ireland and Denmark  10 - is limited among other things by the sex ratios of their populations. Both Ireland and Denmark have a preponderance of males and for this reason the need of high intensity of utilization of women in the labor force is some- what reduced. On the other hand, Peru is somewhat more like France with a preponderance of women in the total population. In France the sex ratio has resulted in the labor force participation of 49.2 percent of women in the age group 20-64. This is about 5 percentage points higher than in Peru and indicates that some leeway exists with respect to a more intensive use of women in the Peruvian labor force. This contention is further substan- tiated by statistics for the agricultural countries of Eastern and Southern Europe where as many as 50 percent of all women are reported as gainfully occupied as contrasted with only 27.9 percent in Peru. Another means at the present time of acquiring labor for Peru is through increased immigration of carefully selected foreign workers. This is being carried out currently to some extent by agreement with the I.R.O. for acceptance of 2,000 D.P.'s of whom about 600 have recently arrived in Peru. With the exception of a few domestics, the rest of the D.P.'s who arrived are reputed to be agricultural workers. 8. Ocgupational Distribution and National Income An alternative as well as a supplementary means of increasing the effectiveness of manpower in national economic development is by raising the per capita productivity of the already active population. An increase in the output per man would of course result in a higher standard of living through an increase in the per capita national income. In this connection, it should be noted that the real per capita income in Peru was only $89 in 1 0.le v ng considerabler,oo forim,provemend/thou h modernization2Q 1/ Other Latin American countries with higher per capita incomes include: Argentina $334, Uruguay $209, Chile ;164, Cuba h143, Panama $139.  - 11 agriculture and through industrialization. The growth of per capita income is, of course, a function of both population growth and national income growth. As mentioned previously, the recent average annual rate of population growth in Peru has been 1.7 per- cent. Between 1938 and 1944 the national income in fixed contos of Brazil (whose per capita real income was `80 in 1940) showed a 7.2 percentl/annual rate of growth). Thus if Peru's income growth is at least one-half as great as Brazil's, the prospects for raising per capita income are excellent. This would hold true even if a decline in the death rate usually associated with rising income would accelerate the rate of population growth. In 1942, the national income of Peru was 2,043,367,000 soles. If it increases at a rate of say, 3+ percent, for the next 15 years, it would total 3,423,246,000 soles in 1957. The population at that time is being estimated at almost 9 million (without any allowance for the possibilities of a declining death rate). This would give Peru in 1957 a real national income per capita of at least $111 (in 1940 dollars) compared with $89 in 1940. Increasing the per capita output of Peruvian manpower is likely to entail problems of vocational training, mechanization, modernization of methods, and redistribution of the existing labor force. The table below which gives the 1940 distribution of the active population reveals the highly agricultural nature of the present Peruvian economy: Economic activiLtZ Peru 1240 Agriculture 52.24 Forestry and Fishing 10.22 Mining 1.81 Manufacturing 15.36 Building and Construction 1.85 Transportation and Communication 2.06 Commerce, Bank and Finance 4.53 S/ Based upon Octovia Bulhoes estimates deflated by cost of living. See "Income, Savings and Investment in Brazil", H.W. Spiegel, Ipter- Jmerican Economic Affairs, Tune 1947.  - 12 - Economic activity (contd) Peru1LO Public Administration and Other Public Services 3.60 Professions, Domestics, Other Personnel Services 6.67 Others 1.66 Total 100.00 In 1940, 64 percent of the Peruvian population was classified as rural. This compares with a 43.5 percent rural population in a highly industrial- ized country like the United States. The efficiency of both the agricultural and industrial labor force of Peru could be improved by vocational training and further mechanization of production methodo. There have been already some attempts by the Peruv- ian government to institute vocational education among the Indian agricul- tural workers in the highlands. But the Indians in the highland communities have stayed indifferent to outside influences and in spite of the govern- ment's efforts to reeducate them to new agricultural methods, it has been noted that among these highland Indians "Crops are planted and harvested somewhat less effectively than in the days when agricultural activities were supervised by the Inca administrators."/ It appears that the best opportunities for educating the labor force to improve old methods or find entirely new skills is in the more populous urban areas of the coastal plains. Unfortunately, according to the report of a recent informed visitor to Peru, there is no widespread organization of vocational train- ing. Its absence will continue to constitute a great drawback to the im- provement of the quality and productivity of the existing labor force. The active population of Peru can also be summarized in the form of three basic divisions - those engaged in primary, secondary and tertiary 1/ Pre,9ton E. James, Latin,Ae4ca, 1942, p. 151.  13 - industries. In the primary industries are Included agriculture, forestry and fishing + secondary industries include manufacturing, mining and con- struction - and tertiary ones i.nclude professions, services, finance, dom- estic, etc. This grouping follows Colin Clark's general pattern. When this distribution of the gainfully occupied population is made for four important Latin American countries, it appears that Peru's stage of industriaiza6ion is just average t'or the tor Latitr American countriet listed below. Peru Colombia Chile Mexico Total Activity 100% 100% .Loo0 100% Primary 62.46 73.99 38.59 65.79 Secondary 19.02 13.43 26.49 13.93 Tertiary 16.86 11.91 33.79 14.03 Others 1.66 .67 1.15 6.25 However, the use of more than 60 percent of its labor force in primary industries and less than 17 percent in services indicates the highly agri- cultural character of the Peruvian economy and is reflected in the rather low per capita national income figures quoted above. This occupational distribution offers convincing proof of the desirability of developing secondary industries, even if only entailing the elementary processing of raw materials produced in Peru. 9. Labor SLujly in Sgata River Area V As mentioned in an earlier section of this study, five of the most densely populated departments are Ancash, Lima, Cajamarca, Lambayeque and Libertad. Since these five departments are not only the most populous but also surround an area (Santa River Region) undergoing economic development, detailed examination of the labor force of the area is merited. These five I/ The five departments here considered extend over the northern coastal belt of Peru, roughly 600 miles long by about 100 miles widet  - 14 - departments have a total population of 2,486,000; thus about 1/3 of the total population of Peru is concentrated in the departments surrounding the Santa River. If an extensive development program based on hydro- electric power were considered for this region, two types of labor would be needed. First of all, a need would arise for a labor force which would do the actual construction of the development projects, and secondly, for workers in the potential new industries that could be founded upon the new hydro-electric power would be required. A study of the urban_ rural break, the age composition and the occupational distribution of the population in this area shows that the prospects for improving the skills and expanding to some extent the size of this labor force are reasonably good. The population of these five departments is more urbanized than for Peru as a whole - 43.6 percent of the population in this area is con- sidered urban whereas only 36.1 percent of Peru as a whole is urban. In addition, only 53.5 percent of the labor force in this area is engaged in agriculture, forestry, and fishing, whereas Peru as a whole has 62.4 per- cent of its population in these occupations. Furthermore, these five departments average 18.3 percent of their labor force in manufacturing com- pared with 15.4 percent for the country as a whole (Table IV, Appendix). This indicates, of course, that a better trained industrial labor force is available in this area. Undoubtedly, any new industries located in the region will benefit from the fact that there is available a l.abor force already experienced in industrial processes. The age composition of the population in this area is also fav- orable to labor force recruitment. For Peru as a whole, 51.5 percent of the population falls in the age groups 15-591/. In these five departments, 1/ Data for usual potential working age break, e.g. 15-64, is not avail- able.  - 15 - the percent of the total population of potential working age is 53.7 per- cent. In addition, there is greater labor force participation among those aged 15-64 in this area than in Peru as a whole. Furthermore, the incidence of literacy is higher by 15-16 percentage points in these five provinces than in Peru as a whole. Because of all these considerations, prospects for recruiting and training industrial labor in these five departments are probably more favorable than in most other regions of Peru. Literacy of Population of 15 Years and MYlore Weighted Average Peru Ancash Ca amare Libertad Lambayeque Lima for Five Depts. Literate 42.4 31.4 36.0 50.0 60.2 84.6 57Q6 Male 62.4 66.4 70.9 64.3 58.7 55.7 62.2 Female 37.6 33.6 29.1 35.7 41.3 44.3 37.8 Illiterate 57.6 68.6 64.0 50.0 39.8 15,4 42.4 Male 37.6 32.6 32.6 34.6 44.5 29.3 32.8 Female 62.4 67.4 67.4 65.5 55.5 70.7 67.1 Reports indicate that the lowland populations make good trainees and adapt themselves readily to industrial training schemes. With the aid of a well organized vocational training program, it should prove possible to provide the basic core of construction and semi-skilled production workers necessary for a modest agricultural and industrial development pro- gram based on the Santa River hydro-electric plant. 10. Conclusions On the basis of the foregoing facts and analysis, it seems quite obvious that from a purely demnographic standpoint as well as on the basis of potential manpower availability, Peru offers a reasonably good prospect  - 16 for economic development. The anticipated average annual rate of population growth of 1.7 percent during the next decade is not large enough to swallow up any moderate annual increases in national income. If Peru should enjoy during the next decade an increase in national income in the order of mag- nitude of say 31- percent per annum, significant strides could be achieved in the per capita real income of the Peruvian population raising it to per- haps $111 per head by 1957 compared with $89 in 1940. The Santa River area seems well situated for economic development from purely population and manpower considerations. It already has the most literate as well as the best trained labor force in Peru, combined with the highest potential for its further improvement and expansion. What Peru needs, however, is a Qomprehensive program of vocational training plus a core of imported technical and administrative personnel to organize the development projects during their embryonic stages.  - 17 - TABLE I Po-ulation of PeraL by A:e and Sex as of Midyear (in thousands) __________________________ 1947 (:-stimate) 1952 (Estir,ate) 1957 (3stimate) Age Male Female Total 1,iale Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total 0 - 4 years 522 511 1,033 540 530 1,070 554 544 1,098 568 558 1,126 5 - 9 years 503 489 992 438 412 850 504 496 1,000 517 509 1,026 10 - 14 years 412 371 783 492 480 972 428 404 832 493 486 979 15 - 19 years 318 315 633 438 406 844 482 470 952 419 396 815 20 - 24 years 284 287 571 322 327 649 426 396 822 469 458 927 25 - 29 years 244 274 518 303 287 590 312 318 630 412 385 797 30 - 34 years 205 209 414 227 273 500 292 278 570 300 308 608 35 - 39 years 192 209 401 208 224 432 217 263 480 280 268 548 40 - 44 years 147 151 298 186 194 380 198 215 413 206 252 458 45 - 49 years 127 133 260 158 165 323 175 185 360 187 205 392 50 - 54 years 91 102 193 123 126 249 147 156 303 163 175 338 55 - 59 years 70 79 149 88 108 196 112 118 230 134 146 280 60 - 64 years 62 79 141 72 76 148 78 98 176 100 108 208 65 years and over 121 166 287 151 206 357 177 225 402 201 258 459 TOTAL 3,298 3,375 6,673 3,746 3,814 7,560 4,102 4,166 8,268 4,449 4,512 8,961 j/ 1940 Enumerated population (June 9, 1940) 6,207,967, adjusted for underenu.neration of 465,144. Source: 1940 - "Summary of International Vital Statistics, 1937-1944"', Federal Security Agency, U.S. Public Health Service, National Office of Vital Statistics, Table 4, P. 84.  - 18 _ TABLE II 1/ PercentaiEe Distribution of Porulation-of Peru by Age and Sex (in thousands) Age (Years) 1940 1947 1952 1957 Male Female Total Male Female Total 7Iale Female Total Male Female Total 0- 4 15.7 15.2 15.4 14.4 13.9 14.1 13.5 13.1 13.2 12.9 12.4 12.6 5 - 9 15.2 14.6 14.9 11.7 10.8 11.2 12.3 11.9 12.0 11.6 11.3 11.5 10 - 14 12.5 11.0 11.7 13.1 12.6 12.9 10.4 9.7 10.1 11.1 10.8 10.9 15 - 19 9.6 9.3 9.5 11.7 10.6 11.2 11.8 11.3 11.5 9.4 8.8 9.1 20 - 24 8.6 8.5 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.6 10.4 9.5 9.9 10.5 10.2 10.3 25 - 29 7.4 8.1 7.8 8.1 7.5 7.8 7.6 7.6 7.6 9.3 8.5 8.9 30 - 34 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.1 7.2 6.6 7.1 6.7 6.9 6.7 6.8 6.8 35 - 39 5.8 6.2 6.0 5.6 5.9 5.7 5.3 6.3 5.8 6.3 5.9 6.1 40 - 44 4.6 4.5 4.5 5.0 5.1 5.0 4.8 5.2 5.0 4.6 5.6 5.1 45 - 49 3.9 3.9 3.9 4.2 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.4 4.4 4.2 4.5 4.4 50 - 54 2.8 3.0 2.9 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.6 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.9 3.8 55 - 59 2.1 2.3 2.2 2.3 2.8 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.1 60 - 64 1.9 2.3 2.1 1.9 2.0 2.0 1.9 2.4 2.2 2.2 2.4 2.3 65 years and over 3.7 4.9 4.3 4.0 5.4 4.7 4.3 5.4 4.9 4.5 5.7 5.1 TOTAL 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 2!/ Based on populations enwuerated June 9, 1940; midyear estimates for 1947, 1952, 1957.  - 19 - TABI I II Number and Percentage Distribution of Population of Peru by Ape and Sex (in thousands) Age (years) 1940 1947 1952 1957 Male Female Total Male Female Total M4ale Female Total Male Female Total N U M B E R 0 - 14 1,437 1,371 2,808 1,470 1,422 2,892 1,486 1,444 2,930 1,578 1,55 3 3,131 155 - 64 1,740 1,838 3,578 2,125 2,186 4,311 2,439 2,497 4,936 2,470 2,701 5,371 65 and over 121 166 287 151 206 357 177 225 402 201 258 459 TOTAL 3,298 3,375 6,673 3,746 3,814 7,560 4,102 4,166 8,268 4,449 4,512 8,961 PERCEPTAGE DISTRIBUTION a - 14 43.4 40.8 42.0 39,2 37.3 38.2 36.2 34.7 35.3 35.6 34.5 35.0 15 - 64 52.9 54.3 53.7 56.8 57.3 57.1 59.5 59.9 59.8 59.9 59.8 59.9 65 and over 3.7 4.9 4.3 4.0 5.4 4.7 h4.3 5.4 4.9 Li-. 5 5.7 5.1 TOTAL 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0  - 20 - T .-n IV OCCUPATIGWiAL DISTRIBUTIONT OF AZR - i-D OF FIVE SEL C'.ED DIA T::TS, 1940 Absolute iTumber of Active Ponultion Occunation Total Peru Total for_d Ancash CpJanarea La Libertad Lambavenue Lima Denartmpnt s TOTAL 2,475,339 871,170 154,556 187,736 139,824 67,305 321,749 I. ADriculture 1,293,214 406,368 94,811 108,497 76,300 34,102 92,658 II. Livestock, Forestry & Fishing 252,975 59,627 17,912 13,735 13,530 3,625 10,825 III. Ihiining 44,694 8,667 1,673 491 3,775 66 2,662 IV. iIanufacturing 380,281 159,338 21,967 49,379 20,562 11,929 55,501 V. Construction and Repairs 45,659 22,629 1,121 1,017 1,749 1,734 17,008 VI. Transoortation & Communications 51,079 23,002 1,080 900 3,084 2,531 15,407 VtII. Trade and Finance 112,126 52,364 3,173 2,802 6,231 4,053 36,105 VII!, Public Administration 89,021 47,294 2,418 2,054 4,696 2,614 35,512 IX. Professions: Domestics and Services 165,099 74,784 8,403 5,779 7,865 5,147 47,590 X. Other 41,191 17,097 1,998 3,082 2,032 1,504 8,481 Percent Distribution of Occuoation TOTAL 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 I. Agriculture 52.2 46.7 61.3 57.8 54.6 50.7 28.9 II. Livestock, Forestry and Fishing 10.2 6.8 11.6 7.3 9.7 5.4 3.4 III, Mining 1.8 1.0 1.1 .3 2.7 .1 .8 IV, Manufacturing 15.4 18.3 14.2 26.3 14.7 17.7 17.2 V. Construction and Repairs 1.8 2.6 .7 .5 1.3 2.6 5.3 VI. Transportation & Communications 2.1 2.6 .7 .5 2.2 3,8 4.8 PII. Trade and Finance 4.5 6.o 2.1 1.5 4.4 6.0 11.2 VIII. Public Administration 3.6 5.4 1.6 1.1 3.3 3.9 11.0 IX. Professions: Domestics and Services 6.7 8.6 5.4 3.1 5.6 7.6 14.8 X. Other 1.7 2.0 1.3 1.6 1.5 2.2 2.6  - 21 - TAJAT V Occupational Distribution of Broad Cqtegories of Peru and of Five Selected Departments, 1940 Absolute Number of Active Pooulation Occuna tion Total Peru Total for 5 Ancash Ca.iamarca La Libertad Lambayeoue Lima Departments Primary / 1,546,189 465,995 112,723 122,232 89,830 37,727 103,483 Secondary ./ 470,634 190,634 24,761 50,887 26,086 13,729 75,171 Tertiary 32/ 417,325 197,444 15,074 11,535 21,876 14,345 134,614 Other 41,191 17,097 1.998 1,082 2,032 1.504 8.481 TOTAL 2,475,339 871,170 154,556 187,7306 139,824 67,305 321,749 Percent Distribution of Occurnations Primary a/ 62.5 53.5 72.9 65.1 64.3 56.1 32.3 Secondary V/ 19.0 21.9 16.0 27.1 18.7 20.4 23.3 Tertiary i/ 16.9 22.6 9.8 6.2 15.5 21.3 41.8 Other 1.6 2.0 1.13 1.6 1.5 2.2 2.6 TOTAL 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 V Agriculture, forestry, and fishing. M/ Manufacturing, mining, and construction. 2/ Transportation, comnranication, trade, finance, government, professions, services, domestics.