An economic analysis of low-cost housing options in El Salvador
In this Act “the Convention rights” means the rights and fundamental freedoms set out in— as read with Articles 16 to 18 of the Convention.
Articles 2 to 12 and 14 of the Convention,
Articles 1 to 3 of the First Protocol, and
Article 1 of the Thirteenth Protocol,
Those Articles are to have effect for the purposes of this Act subject to any designated derogation or reservation (as to which see sections 14 and 15).
The Articles are set out in Schedule 1.
The Secretary of State may by order make such amendments to this Act as he considers appropriate to reflect the effect, in relation to the United Kingdom, of a protocol.
In subsection (4) “protocol” means a protocol to the Convention—
which the United Kingdom has ratified; or
which the United Kingdom has signed with a view to ratification.
No amendment may be made by an order under subsection (4) so as to come into force before the protocol concerned is in force in relation to the United Kingdom.
A court or tribunal determining a question which has arisen in connection with a Convention right must take into account any— whenever made or given, so far as, in the opinion of the court or tribunal, it is relevant to the proceedings in which that question has arisen.
judgment, decision, declaration or advisory opinion of the European Court of Human Rights,
opinion of the Commission given in a report adopted under Article 31 of the Convention,
decision of the Commission in connection with Article 26 or 27(2) of the Convention, or
decision of the Committee of Ministers taken under Article 46 of the Convention,
Evidence of any judgment, decision, declaration or opinion of which account may have to be taken under this section is to be given in proceedings before any court or tribunal in such manner as may be provided by rules.
In this section “rules” means rules of court or, in the case of proceedings before a tribunal, rules made for the purposes of this section—
by . . . the Lord Chancellor or the Secretary of State, in relation to any proceedings outside Scotland;
by the Secretary of State, in relation to proceedings in Scotland; or
by a Northern Ireland department, in relation to proceedings before a tribunal in Northern Ireland—
which deals with transferred matters; and
for which no rules made under paragraph (a) are in force.
So far as it is possible to do so, primary legislation and subordinate legislation must be read and given effect in a way which is compatible with the Convention rights.
This section—
applies to primary legislation and subordinate legislation whenever enacted;
does not affect the validity, continuing operation or enforcement of any incompatible primary legislation; and
does not affect the validity, continuing operation or enforcement of any incompatible subordinate legislation if (disregarding any possibility of revocation) primary legislation prevents removal of the incompatibility.
Subsection (2) applies in any proceedings in which a court determines whether a provision of primary legislation is compatible with a Convention right.
If the court is satisfied that the provision is incompatible with a Convention right, it may make a declaration of that incompatibility.
Subsection (4) applies in any proceedings in which a court determines whether a provision of subordinate legislation, made in the exercise of a power conferred by primary legislation, is compatible with a Convention right.
If the court is satisfied— it may make a declaration of that incompatibility.
that the provision is incompatible with a Convention right, and
that (disregarding any possibility of revocation) the primary legislation concerned prevents removal of the incompatibility,
In this section “court” means—
the Supreme Court;
the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council;
the Court Martial Appeal Court ;
in Scotland, the High Court of Justiciary sitting otherwise than as a trial court or the Court of Session;
in England and Wales or Northern Ireland, the High Court or the Court of Appeal.
the Court of Protection, in any matter being dealt with by the President of the Family Division, the Chancellor of the High Court or a puisne judge of the High Court.
A declaration under this section (“a declaration of incompatibility”)—
does not affect the validity, continuing operation or enforcement of the provision in respect of which it is given; and
is not binding on the parties to the proceedings in which it is made.
Where a court is considering whether to make a declaration of incompatibility, the Crown is entitled to notice in accordance with rules of court.
In any case to which subsection (1) applies— is entitled, on giving notice in accordance with rules of court, to be joined as a party to the proceedings.
a Minister of the Crown (or a person nominated by him),
a member of the Scottish Executive,
a Northern Ireland Minister,
a Northern Ireland department,
Notice under subsection (2) may be given at any time during the proceedings.
A person who has been made a party to criminal proceedings (other than in Scotland) as the result of a notice under subsection (2) may, with leave, appeal to the Supreme Court against any declaration of incompatibility made in the proceedings.
In subsection (4)—
“criminal proceedings” includes all proceedings before the Courts-Martial Appeal Court; and
Order in Council other than one—
“appropriate person” means the Minister responsible for the court concerned, or a person or government department nominated by him;
It is unlawful for a public authority to act in a way which is incompatible with a Convention right.
Subsection (1) does not apply to an act if—
as the result of one or more provisions of primary legislation, the authority could not have acted differently; or
in the case of one or more provisions of, or made under, primary legislation which cannot be read or given effect in a way which is compatible with the Convention rights, the authority was acting so as to give effect to or enforce those provisions.
In this section “public authority” includes— but does not include either House of Parliament or a person exercising functions in connection with proceedings in Parliament.
a court or tribunal, and
any person certain of whose functions are functions of a public nature,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
In relation to a particular act, a person is not a public authority by virtue only of subsection (3)(b) if the nature of the act is private.
“An act” includes a failure to act but does not include a failure to—
introduce in, or lay before, Parliament a proposal for legislation; or
make any primary legislation or remedial order.
A person who claims that a public authority has acted (or proposes to act) in a way which is made unlawful by section 6(1) may— but only if he is (or would be) a victim of the unlawful act.
bring proceedings against the authority under this Act in the appropriate court or tribunal, or
rely on the Convention right or rights concerned in any legal proceedings,
In subsection (1)(a) “appropriate court or tribunal” means such court or tribunal as may be determined in accordance with rules; and proceedings against an authority include a counterclaim or similar proceeding.
If the proceedings are brought on an application for judicial review, the applicant is to be taken to have a sufficient interest in relation to the unlawful act only if he is, or would be, a victim of that act.
If the proceedings are made by way of a petition for judicial review in Scotland, the applicant shall be taken to have title and interest to sue in relation to the unlawful act only if he is, or would be, a victim of that act.
Proceedings under subsection (1)(a) must be brought before the end of— but that is subject to any rule imposing a stricter time limit in relation to the procedure in question.
the period of one year beginning with the date on which the act complained of took place; or
such longer period as the court or tribunal considers equitable having regard to all the circumstances,
In subsection (1)(b) “legal proceedings” includes—
proceedings brought by or at the instigation of a public authority; and
an appeal against the decision of a court or tribunal.
For the purposes of this section, a person is a victim of an unlawful act only if he would be a victim for the purposes of Article 34 of the Convention if proceedings were brought in the European Court of Human Rights in respect of that act.
Nothing in this Act creates a criminal offence.
In this section “rules” means— and includes provision made by order under section 1 of the Courts and Legal Services Act 1990.
in relation to proceedings before a court or tribunal outside Scotland, rules made by . . . the Lord Chancellor or the Secretary of State for the purposes of this section or rules of court,
in relation to proceedings before a court or tribunal in Scotland, rules made by the Secretary of State for those purposes,
in relation to proceedings before a tribunal in Northern Ireland— rules made by a Northern Ireland department for those purposes,
which deals with transferred matters; and
for which no rules made under paragraph (a) are in force,
In making rules, regard must be had to section 9.
The Minister who has power to make rules in relation to a particular tribunal may, to the extent he considers it necessary to ensure that the tribunal can provide an appropriate remedy in relation to an act (or proposed act) of a public authority which is (or would be) unlawful as a result of section 6(1), by order add to—
the relief or remedies which the tribunal may grant; or
the grounds on which it may grant any of them.
An order made under subsection (11) may contain such incidental, supplemental, consequential or transitional provision as the Minister making it considers appropriate.
“The Minister” includes the Northern Ireland department concerned.
In relation to any act (or proposed act) of a public authority which the court finds is (or would be) unlawful, it may grant such relief or remedy, or make such order, within its powers as it considers just and appropriate.
But damages may be awarded only by a court which has power to award damages, or to order the payment of compensation, in civil proceedings.
No award of damages is to be made unless, taking account of all the circumstances of the case, including— the court is satisfied that the award is necessary to afford just satisfaction to the person in whose favour it is made.
any other relief or remedy granted, or order made, in relation to the act in question (by that or any other court), and
the consequences of any decision (of that or any other court) in respect of that act,
In determining— the court must take into account the principles applied by the European Court of Human Rights in relation to the award of compensation under Article 41 of the Convention.
whether to award damages, or
the amount of an award,
A public authority against which damages are awarded is to be treated—
in Scotland, for the purposes of section 3 of the Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provisions) (Scotland) Act 1940 as if the award were made in an action of damages in which the authority has been found liable in respect of loss or damage to the person to whom the award is made;
for the purposes of the Civil Liability (Contribution) Act 1978 as liable in respect of damage suffered by the person to whom the award is made.
In this section—
Measure of the Church Assembly;
“primary legislation” means any— and includes an order or other instrument made under primary legislation (otherwise than by the Welsh Ministers, the First Minister for Wales, the Counsel General to the Welsh Assembly Government, a member of the Scottish Executive, a Northern Ireland Minister or a Northern Ireland department) to the extent to which it operates to bring one or more provisions of that legislation into force or amends any primary legislation;
“judge” includes a member of a tribunal, a justice of the peace (or, in Northern Ireland, a lay magistrate) and a clerk or other officer entitled to exercise the jurisdiction of a court;
private Act;
in relation to any judicial office whose jurisdiction is exercisable exclusively in relation to Scotland, the Secretary of State; and
the County Courts Act Northern Ireland) 1959;
“judicial pension scheme” means a scheme established by and in accordance with a pensions Act;
“damages” means damages for an unlawful act of a public authority; and
“unlawful” means unlawful under section 6(1).
Section 1(3).
Everyone’s right to life shall be protected by law. No one shall be deprived of his life intentionally save in the execution of a sentence of a court following his conviction of a crime for which this penalty is provided by law.
Deprivation of life shall not be regarded as inflicted in contravention of this Article when it results from the use of force which is no more than absolutely necessary:
in defence of any person from unlawful violence;
in order to effect a lawful arrest or to prevent the escape of a person lawfully detained;
in action lawfully taken for the purpose of quelling a riot or insurrection.
No one shall be held in slavery or servitude.
No one shall be required to perform forced or compulsory labour.
For the purpose of this Article the term “forced or compulsory labour” shall not include:
any work required to be done in the ordinary course of detention imposed according to the provisions of Article 5 of this Convention or during conditional release from such detention;
any service of a military character or, in case of conscientious objectors in countries where they are recognised, service exacted instead of compulsory military service;
any service exacted in case of an emergency or calamity threatening the life or well-being of the community;
any work or service which forms part of normal civic obligations.
Everyone has the right to liberty and security of person. No one shall be deprived of his liberty save in the following cases and in accordance with a procedure prescribed by law:
the lawful detention of a person after conviction by a competent court;
the lawful arrest or detention of a person for non-compliance with the lawful order of a court or in order to secure the fulfilment of any obligation prescribed by law;
the lawful arrest or detention of a person effected for the purpose of bringing him before the competent legal authority on reasonable suspicion of having committed an offence or when it is reasonably considered necessary to prevent his committing an offence or fleeing after having done so;
the detention of a minor by lawful order for the purpose of educational supervision or his lawful detention for the purpose of bringing him before the competent legal authority;
the lawful detention of persons for the prevention of the spreading of infectious diseases, of persons of unsound mind, alcoholics or drug addicts or vagrants;
the lawful arrest or detention of a person to prevent his effecting an unauthorised entry into the country or of a person against whom action is being taken with a view to deportation or extradition.
Everyone who is arrested shall be informed promptly, in a language which he understands, of the reasons for his arrest and of any charge against him.
Everyone arrested or detained in accordance with the provisions of paragraph 1(c) of this Article shall be brought promptly before a judge or other officer authorised by law to exercise judicial power and shall be entitled to trial within a reasonable time or to release pending trial. Release may be conditioned by guarantees to appear for trial.
Everyone who is deprived of his liberty by arrest or detention shall be entitled to take proceedings by which the lawfulness of his detention shall be decided speedily by a court and his release ordered if the detention is not lawful.
Everyone who has been the victim of arrest or detention in contravention of the provisions of this Article shall have an enforceable right to compensation.
In the determination of his civil rights and obligations or of any criminal charge against him, everyone is entitled to a fair and public hearing within a reasonable time by an independent and impartial tribunal established by law. Judgment shall be pronounced publicly but the press and public may be excluded from all or part of the trial in the interest of morals, public order or national security in a democratic society, where the interests of juveniles or the protection of the private life of the parties so require, or to the extent strictly necessary in the opinion of the court in special circumstances where publicity would prejudice the interests of justice.
Everyone charged with a criminal offence shall be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law.
Everyone charged with a criminal offence has the following minimum rights:
to be informed promptly, in a language which he understands and in detail, of the nature and cause of the accusation against him;
to have adequate time and facilities for the preparation of his defence;
to defend himself in person or through legal assistance of his own choosing or, if he has not sufficient means to pay for legal assistance, to be given it free when the interests of justice so require;
to examine or have examined witnesses against him and to obtain the attendance and examination of witnesses on his behalf under the same conditions as witnesses against him;
to have the free assistance of an interpreter if he cannot understand or speak the language used in court.
No one shall be held guilty of any criminal offence on account of any act or omission which did not constitute a criminal offence under national or international law at the time when it was committed. Nor shall a heavier penalty be imposed than the one that was applicable at the time the criminal offence was committed.
This Article shall not prejudice the trial and punishment of any person for any act or omission which, at the time when it was committed, was criminal according to the general principles of law recognised by civilised nations.
Everyone has the right to respect for his private and family life, his home and his correspondence.
There shall be no interference by a public authority with the exercise of this right except such as is in accordance with the law and is necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security, public safety or the economic well-being of the country, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals, or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others.
Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief, in worship, teaching, practice and observance.
Freedom to manifest one’s religion or beliefs shall be subject only to such limitations as are prescribed by law and are necessary in a democratic society in the interests of public safety, for the protection of public order, health or morals, or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others.
Everyone has the right to freedom of expression. This right shall include freedom to hold opinions and to receive and impart information and ideas without interference by public authority and regardless of frontiers. This Article shall not prevent States from requiring the licensing of broadcasting, television or cinema enterprises.
The exercise of these freedoms, since it carries with it duties and responsibilities, may be subject to such formalities, conditions, restrictions or penalties as are prescribed by law and are necessary in a democratic society, in the interests of national security, territorial integrity or public safety, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals, for the protection of the reputation or rights of others, for preventing the disclosure of information received in confidence, or for maintaining the authority and impartiality of the judiciary.
Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and to freedom of association with others, including the right to form and to join trade unions for the protection of his interests.
No restrictions shall be placed on the exercise of these rights other than such as are prescribed by law and are necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security or public safety, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others. This Article shall not prevent the imposition of lawful restrictions on the exercise of these rights by members of the armed forces, of the police or of the administration of the State.
Order in Council—
No person shall be denied the right to education. In the exercise of any functions which it assumes in relation to education and to teaching, the State shall respect the right of parents to ensure such education and teaching in conformity with their own religious and philosophical convictions.
Everyone’s right to life shall be protected by law. No one shall be deprived of his life intentionally save in the execution of a sentence of a court following his conviction of a crime for which this penalty is provided by law.
Deprivation of life shall not be regarded as inflicted in contravention of this Article when it results from the use of force which is no more than absolutely necessary:
No one shall be subjected to torture or to inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.
No one shall be held in slavery or servitude.
No one shall be required to perform forced or compulsory labour.
For the purpose of this Article the term “forced or compulsory labour” shall not include:
any work required to be done in the ordinary course of detention imposed according to the provisions of Article 5 of this Convention or during conditional release from such detention;
any service of a military character or, in case of conscientious objectors in countries where they are recognised, service exacted instead of compulsory military service;
any service exacted in case of an emergency or calamity threatening the life or well-being of the community;
any work or service which forms part of normal civic obligations.
Everyone has the right to liberty and security of person. No one shall be deprived of his liberty save in the following cases and in accordance with a procedure prescribed by law:
Everyone who is arrested shall be informed promptly, in a language which he understands, of the reasons for his arrest and of any charge against him.
Everyone arrested or detained in accordance with the provisions of paragraph 1(c) of this Article shall be brought promptly before a judge or other officer authorised by law to exercise judicial power and shall be entitled to trial within a reasonable time or to release pending trial. Release may be conditioned by guarantees to appear for trial.
In the determination of his civil rights and obligations or of any criminal charge against him, everyone is entitled to a fair and public hearing within a reasonable time by an independent and impartial tribunal established by law. Judgment shall be pronounced publicly but the press and public may be excluded from all or part of the trial in the interest of morals, public order or national security in a democratic society, where the interests of juveniles or the protection of the private life of the parties so require, or to the extent strictly necessary in the opinion of the court in special circumstances where publicity would prejudice the interests of justice.
Everyone charged with a criminal offence shall be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law.
Everyone charged with a criminal offence has the following minimum rights:
to be informed promptly, in a language which he understands and in detail, of the nature and cause of the accusation against him;
to have adequate time and facilities for the preparation of his defence;
to defend himself in person or through legal assistance of his own choosing or, if he has not sufficient means to pay for legal assistance, to be given it free when the interests of justice so require;
to examine or have examined witnesses against him and to obtain the attendance and examination of witnesses on his behalf under the same conditions as witnesses against him;
No one shall be held guilty of any criminal offence on account of any act or omission which did not constitute a criminal offence under national or international law at the time when it was committed. Nor shall a heavier penalty be imposed than the one that was applicable at the time the criminal offence was committed.
This Article shall not prejudice the trial and punishment of any person for any act or omission which, at the time when it was committed, was criminal according to the general principles of law recognised by civilised nations.
Everyone has the right to respect for his private and family life, his home and his correspondence.
There shall be no interference by a public authority with the exercise of this right except such as is in accordance with the law and is necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security, public safety or the economic well-being of the country, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals, or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others.
Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief, in worship, teaching, practice and observance.
Freedom to manifest one’s religion or beliefs shall be subject only to such limitations as are prescribed by law and are necessary in a democratic society in the interests of public safety, for the protection of public order, health or morals, or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others.
Everyone has the right to freedom of expression. This right shall include freedom to hold opinions and to receive and impart information and ideas without interference by public authority and regardless of frontiers. This Article shall not prevent States from requiring the licensing of broadcasting, television or cinema enterprises.
The exercise of these freedoms, since it carries with it duties and responsibilities, may be subject to such formalities, conditions, restrictions or penalties as are prescribed by law and are necessary in a democratic society, in the interests of national security, territorial integrity or public safety, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals, for the protection of the reputation or rights of others, for preventing the disclosure of information received in confidence, or for maintaining the authority and impartiality of the judiciary.
Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and to freedom of association with others, including the right to form and to join trade unions for the protection of his interests.
No restrictions shall be placed on the exercise of these rights other than such as are prescribed by law and are necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security or public safety, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others. This Article shall not prevent the imposition of lawful restrictions on the exercise of these rights by members of the armed forces, of the police or of the administration of the State.
Men and women of marriageable age have the right to marry and to found a family, according to the national laws governing the exercise of this right.
The enjoyment of the rights and freedoms set forth in this Convention shall be secured without discrimination on any ground such as sex, race, colour, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, association with a national minority, property, birth or other status.
Nothing in Articles 10, 11 and 14 shall be regarded as preventing the High Contracting Parties from imposing restrictions on the political activity of aliens.
Nothing in this Convention may be interpreted as implying for any State, group or person any right to engage in any activity or perform any act aimed at the destruction of any of the rights and freedoms set forth herein or at their limitation to a greater extent than is provided for in the Convention.
The restrictions permitted under this Convention to the said rights and freedoms shall not be applied for any purpose other than those for which they have been prescribed.
Every natural or legal person is entitled to the peaceful enjoyment of his possessions. No one shall be deprived of his possessions except in the public interest and subject to the conditions provided for by law and by the general principles of international law. The preceding provisions shall not, however, in any way impair the right of a State to enforce such laws as it deems necessary to control the use of property in accordance with the general interest or to secure the payment of taxes or other contributions or penalties.
No person shall be denied the right to education. In the exercise of any functions which it assumes in relation to education and to teaching, the State shall respect the right of parents to ensure such education and teaching in conformity with their own religious and philosophical convictions.
The High Contracting Parties undertake to hold free elections at reasonable intervals by secret ballot, under conditions which will ensure the free expression of the opinion of the people in the choice of the legislature.
“representations” means representations about a remedial order (or proposed remedial order) made to the person making (or proposing to make) it and includes any relevant Parliamentary report or resolution; and
The death penalty shall be abolished. No one shall be condemned to such penalty or executed.
A State may make provision in its law for the death penalty in respect of acts committed in time of war or of imminent threat of war; such penalty shall be applied only in the instances laid down in the law and in accordance with its provisions. The State shall communicate to the Secretary General of the Council of Europe the relevant provisions of that law.
The death penalty shall be abolished. No one shall be condemned to such penalty or executed.
Section 10.
A remedial order may— The power conferred by sub-paragraph (1)(a) includes— A remedial order may be made so as to have the same extent as the legislation which it affects. No person is to be guilty of an offence solely as a result of the retrospective effect of a remedial order.
No remedial order may be made unless—
a draft of the order has been approved by a resolution of each House of Parliament made after the end of the period of 60 days beginning with the day on which the draft was laid; or
it is declared in the order that it appears to the person making it that, because of the urgency of the matter, it is necessary to make the order without a draft being so approved.
No draft may be laid under paragraph 2(a) unless— If representations have been made during that period, the draft laid under paragraph 2(a) must be accompanied by a statement containing—
If a remedial order (“the original order”) is made without being approved in draft, the person making it must lay it before Parliament, accompanied by the required information, after it is made. If representations have been made during the period of 60 days beginning with the day on which the original order was made, the person making it must (after the end of that period) lay before Parliament a statement containing— If sub-paragraph (2)(b) applies, the person making the statement must— If, at the end of the period of 120 days beginning with the day on which the original order was made, a resolution has not been passed by each House approving the original or replacement order, the order ceases to have effect (but without that affecting anything previously done under either order or the power to make a fresh remedial order).
In this Schedule—
In calculating any period for the purposes of this Schedule, no account is to be taken of any time during which—
Parliament is dissolved or prorogued; or
both Houses are adjourned for more than four days.
This paragraph applies in relation to– This Schedule has effect in relation to any such order (or proposed order), document or statement subject to the following modifications. Any reference to Parliament, each House of Parliament or both Houses of Parliament shall be construed as a reference to the Scottish Parliament. Paragraph 6 does not apply and instead, in calculating any period for the purposes of this Schedule, no account is to be taken of any time during which the Scottish Parliament is dissolved or is in recess for more than four days.
Sections 14 and 15.
The United Kingdom Permanent Representative to the Council of Europe presents his compliments to the Secretary General of the Council, and has the honour to convey the following information in order to ensure compliance with the obligations of Her Majesty’s Government in the United Kingdom under Article 15(3) of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms signed at Rome on 4 November 1950.
The terrorist attacks in New York, Washington, D.C. and Pennsylvania on 11th September 2001 resulted in several thousand deaths, including many British victims and others from 70 different countries. In its resolutions 1368 (2001) and 1373 (2001), the United Nations Security Council recognised the attacks as a threat to international peace and security. The threat from international terrorism is a continuing one. In its resolution 1373 (2001), the Security Council, acting under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter, required all States to take measures to prevent the commission of terrorist attacks, including by denying safe haven to those who finance, plan, support or commit terrorist attacks. There exists a terrorist threat to the United Kingdom from persons suspected of involvement in international terrorism. In particular, there are foreign nationals present in the United Kingdom who are suspected of being concerned in the commission, preparation or instigation of acts of international terrorism, of being members of organisations or groups which are so concerned or of having links with members of such organisations or groups, and who are a threat to the national security of the United Kingdom. As a result, a public emergency, within the meaning of Article 15(1) of the Convention, exists in the United Kingdom.
As a result of the public emergency, provision is made in the Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001, inter alia, for an extended power to arrest and detain a foreign national which will apply where it is intended to remove or deport the person from the United Kingdom but where removal or deportation is not for the time being possible, with the consequence that the detention would be unlawful under existing domestic law powers. The extended power to arrest and detain will apply where the Secretary of State issues a certificate indicating his belief that the person’s presence in the United Kingdom is a risk to national security and that he suspects the person of being an international terrorist. That certificate will be subject to an appeal to the Special Immigration Appeals Commission (“SIAC”), established under the Special Immigration Appeals Commission Act 1997, which will have power to cancel it if it considers that the certificate should not have been issued. There will be an appeal on a point of law from a ruling by SIAC. In addition, the certificate will be reviewed by SIAC at regular intervals. SIAC will also be able to grant bail, where appropriate, subject to conditions. It will be open to a detainee to end his detention at any time by agreeing to leave the United Kingdom. The extended power of arrest and detention in the Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 is a measure which is strictly required by the exigencies of the situation. It is a temporary provision which comes into force for an initial period of 15 months and then expires unless renewed by Parliament. Thereafter, it is subject to annual renewal by Parliament. If, at any time, in the Government’s assessment, the public emergency no longer exists or the extended power is no longer strictly required by the exigencies of the situation, then the Secretary of State will, by Order, repeal the provision.
The Government has powers under the Immigration Act 1971 (“the 1971 Act”) to remove or deport persons on the ground that their presence in the United Kingdom is not conducive to the public good on national security grounds. Persons can also be arrested and detained under Schedules 2 and 3 to the 1971 Act pending their removal or deportation. The courts in the United Kingdom have ruled that this power of detention can only be exercised during the period necessary, in all the circumstances of the particular case, to effect removal and that, if it becomes clear that removal is not going to be possible within a reasonable time, detention will be unlawful (R v Governor of Durham Prison, ex parte Singh [1984] 1A11 ER 983).
It is well established that Article 5(1)(f) permits the detention of a person with a view to deportation only in circumstance where “action is being taken with a view to deportation” (Chahal v United Kingdom (1996) 23 EHRR 413 at paragraph 112). In that case the European Court of Human Rights indicated that detention will cease to be permissible under Article 5(1)(f) if deportation proceedings are not prosecuted with due diligence and that it was necessary in such cases to determine whether the duration of the deportation proceedings was excessive (paragraph 113). In some cases, where the intention remains to remove or deport a person on national security grounds, continued detention may not be consistent with Article 5(1)(f) as interpreted by the Court in the Chahal case. This may be the case, for example, if the person has established that removal to their own country might result in treatment contrary to Article 3 of the Convention. In such circumstances, irrespective of the gravity of the threat to national security posed by the person concerned, it is well established that Article 3 prevents removal or deportation to a place where there is a real risk that the person will suffer treatment contrary to that article. If no alternative destination is immediately available then removal or deportation may not, for the time being, be possible even though the ultimate intention remains to remove or deport the person once satisfactory arrangements can be made. In addition, it may not be possible to prosecute the person for a criminal offence given the strict rules on the admissibility of evidence in the criminal justice system of the United Kingdom and the high standard of proof required.
The Government has considered whether the exercise of the extended power to detain contained in the Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 may be inconsistent with the obligations under Article 5(1) of the Convention. As indicated above, there may be cases where, notwithstanding a continuing intention to remove or deport a person who is being detained, it is not possible to say that “action is being taken with a view to deportation” within the meaning of Article 5(1)(f) as interpreted by the Court in the Chahal case. To the extent, therefore, that the exercise of the extended power may be inconsistent with the United Kingdom’s obligations under Article 5(1), the Government has decided to avail itself of the right of derogation conferred by Article 15(1) of the Convention and will continue to do so until further notice.
otherwise, the Lord Chancellor;
At the time of signing the present (First) Protocol, I declare that, in view of certain provisions of the Education Acts in the United Kingdom, the principle affirmed in the second sentence of Article 2 is accepted by the United Kingdom only so far as it is compatible with the provision of efficient instruction and training, and the avoidance of unreasonable public expenditure. Dated 20 March 1952 Made by the United Kingdom Permanent Representative to the Council of Europe.
Section 18(6).
The appropriate Minister must by order make provision with respect to pensions payable to or in respect of any holder of a judicial office who serves as an ECHR judge. A pensions order must include such provision as the Minister making it considers is necessary to secure that—
A pensions order may, in particular, make provision—
for any contributions which are payable by a person who remains a member of a scheme as a result of the order, and which would otherwise be payable by deduction from his salary, to be made otherwise than by deduction from his salary as an ECHR judge; and
for such contributions to be collected in such manner as may be determined by the administrators of the scheme.
A pensions order may amend any provision of, or made under, a pensions Act in such manner and to such extent as the Minister making the order considers necessary or expedient to ensure the proper administration of any scheme to which it relates.
In this Schedule—
“appropriate Minister” means—
“relief” includes any remedy or order (other than in criminal proceedings).
A court or tribunal exercising its discretion under section 7(5)(b) in respect of overseas armed forces proceedings must do so—
in accordance with subsection (2), and
subject to the rule in subsection (4).
The court or tribunal must have particular regard to—
the effect of the delay in bringing proceedings on the cogency of evidence adduced or likely to be adduced by the parties, with particular reference to—
the likely impact of the operational context on the ability of individuals who are (or, at the time of the events to which the proceedings relate, were) members of Her Majesty's forces to remember relevant events or actions fully or accurately, and
the extent of dependence on the memories of such individuals, taking into account the effect of the operational context on the ability of such individuals to record, or to retain records of, relevant events or actions;
the likely impact of the proceedings on the mental health of any witness or potential witness who is (or, at the time of the events to which the proceedings relate, was) a member of Her Majesty's forces.
In subsection (2) references to “the operational context” are to the fact that the events to which the proceedings relate took place in the context of overseas operations, and include references to the exceptional demands and stresses to which members of Her Majesty's forces are subject.
The rule referred to in subsection (1)(b) is that overseas armed forces proceedings must be brought before the later of—
the end of the period of 6 years beginning with the date on which the act complained of took place;
the end of the period of 12 months beginning with the date of knowledge.
In subsection (4), the “date of knowledge” means the date on which the person bringing the proceedings first knew, or first ought to have known, both—
of the act complained of, and
that it was an act of the Ministry of Defence or the Secretary of State for Defence.
“Overseas armed forces proceedings” means proceedings—
against the Ministry of Defence or the Secretary of State for Defence, and
in connection with overseas operations.
“Overseas operations” means any operations outside the British Islands, including peacekeeping operations and operations for dealing with terrorism, civil unrest or serious public disorder, in the course of which members of Her Majesty's forces come under attack or face the threat of attack or violent resistance.
In this section the reference to the British Islands includes the territorial sea adjacent to the United Kingdom and the territorial sea adjacent to any of the Channel Islands or the Isle of Man.
In this section “Her Majesty's forces” has the same meaning as in the Armed Forces Act 2006 (see section 374 of that Act).
Proceedings under section 7(1)(a) in respect of a judicial act may be brought only—
by exercising a right of appeal;
on an application (in Scotland a petition) for judicial review; or
in such other forum as may be prescribed by rules.
That does not affect any rule of law which prevents a court from being the subject of judicial review.
In proceedings under this Act in respect of a judicial act done in good faith, damages may not be awarded otherwise than—
to compensate a person to the extent required by Article 5(5) of the Convention, or
to compensate a person for a judicial act that is incompatible with Article 6 of the Convention in circumstances where the person is detained and, but for the incompatibility, the person would not have been detained or would not have been detained for so long.
An award of damages permitted by subsection (3) is to be made against the Crown; but no award may be made unless the appropriate person, if not a party to the proceedings, is joined.
In this section—
a statement of the reasons for proceeding under section 10 and for making an order in those terms.
the Judicial Pensions Act 1981; or
a statement of the reasons for proceeding under section 10 and for making an order in those terms.
Measure of the Church Assembly;
“rules” has the same meaning as in section 7(9).
otherwise, the Lord Chancellor;
“the First Protocol” means the protocol to the Convention agreed at Paris on 20th March 1952;
This section applies if—
a provision of legislation has been declared under section 4 to be incompatible with a Convention right and, if an appeal lies—
all persons who may appeal have stated in writing that they do not intend to do so;
the time for bringing an appeal has expired and no appeal has been brought within that time; or
an appeal brought within that time has been determined or abandoned; or
it appears to a Minister of the Crown or Her Majesty in Council that, having regard to a finding of the European Court of Human Rights made after the coming into force of this section in proceedings against the United Kingdom, a provision of legislation is incompatible with an obligation of the United Kingdom arising from the Convention.
If a Minister of the Crown considers that there are compelling reasons for proceeding under this section, he may by order make such amendments to the legislation as he considers necessary to remove the incompatibility.
If, in the case of subordinate legislation, a Minister of the Crown considers— he may by order make such amendments to the primary legislation as he considers necessary.
that it is necessary to amend the primary legislation under which the subordinate legislation in question was made, in order to enable the incompatibility to be removed, and
that there are compelling reasons for proceeding under this section,
This section also applies where the provision in question is in subordinate legislation and has been quashed, or declared invalid, by reason of incompatibility with a Convention right and the Minister proposes to proceed under paragraph 2(b) of Schedule 2.
If the legislation is an Order in Council, the power conferred by subsection (2) or (3) is exercisable by Her Majesty in Council.
In this section “legislation” does not include a Measure of the Church Assembly or of the General Synod of the Church of England.
Schedule 2 makes further provision about remedial orders.
A person’s reliance on a Convention right does not restrict—
any other right or freedom conferred on him by or under any law having effect in any part of the United Kingdom; or
his right to make any claim or bring any proceedings which he could make or bring apart from sections 7 to 9.
This section applies if a court is considering whether to grant any relief which, if granted, might affect the exercise of the Convention right to freedom of expression.
If the person against whom the application for relief is made (“the respondent”) is neither present nor represented, no such relief is to be granted unless the court is satisfied—
that the applicant has taken all practicable steps to notify the respondent; or
that there are compelling reasons why the respondent should not be notified.
No such relief is to be granted so as to restrain publication before trial unless the court is satisfied that the applicant is likely to establish that publication should not be allowed.
The court must have particular regard to the importance of the Convention right to freedom of expression and, where the proceedings relate to material which the respondent claims, or which appears to the court, to be journalistic, literary or artistic material (or to conduct connected with such material), to—
the extent to which—
the material has, or is about to, become available to the public; or
it is, or would be, in the public interest for the material to be published;
any relevant privacy code.
In this section—
“Minister of the Crown” has the same meaning as in the Ministers of the Crown Act 1975;
If a court’s determination of any question arising under this Act might affect the exercise by a religious organisation (itself or its members collectively) of the Convention right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion, it must have particular regard to the importance of that right.
In this section “court” includes a tribunal.
In this Act “designated derogation” means— . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . any derogation by the United Kingdom from an Article of the Convention, or of any protocol to the Convention, which is designated for the purposes of this Act in an order made by the Secretary of State
the United Kingdom’s derogation from Article 5(3) of the Convention; and
any derogation by the United Kingdom from an Article of the Convention, or of any protocol to the Convention, which is designated for the purposes of this Act in an order made by the Secretary of State.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
If a designated derogation is amended or replaced it ceases to be a designated derogation.
But subsection (3) does not prevent the Secretary of State from exercising his power under subsection (1) . . . to make a fresh designation order in respect of the Article concerned.
The Secretary of State must by order make such amendments to Schedule 3 as he considers appropriate to reflect—
any designation order; or
the effect of subsection (3).
A designation order may be made in anticipation of the making by the United Kingdom of a proposed derogation.
In this Act “designated reservation” means—
the United Kingdom’s reservation to Article 2 of the First Protocol to the Convention; and
any other reservation by the United Kingdom to an Article of the Convention, or of any protocol to the Convention, which is designated for the purposes of this Act in an order made by the Secretary of State .
The text of the reservation referred to in subsection (1)(a) is set out in Part II of Schedule 3.
If a designated reservation is withdrawn wholly or in part it ceases to be a designated reservation.
But subsection (3) does not prevent the Secretary of State from exercising his power under subsection (1)(b) to make a fresh designation order in respect of the Article concerned.
Secretary of State must by order make such amendments to this Act as he considers appropriate to reflect—
any designation order; or
the effect of subsection (3).
If it has not already been withdrawn by the United Kingdom, a designated derogation ceases to have effect for the purposes of this Act— . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., at the end of the period of five years beginning with the date on which the order designating it was made.
in the case of the derogation referred to in section 14(1)(a), at the end of the period of five years beginning with the date on which section 1(2) came into force;
in the case of any other derogation, at the end of the period of five years beginning with the date on which the order designating it was made.
At any time before the period— comes to an end, the Secretary of State may by order extend it by a further period of five years.
fixed by subsection (1) . . ., or
extended by an order under this subsection,
An order under section 14(1) . . . ceases to have effect at the end of the period for consideration, unless a resolution has been passed by each House approving the order.
Subsection (3) does not affect—
anything done in reliance on the order; or
the power to make a fresh order under section 14(1) . . ..
In subsection (3) “period for consideration” means the period of forty days beginning with the day on which the order was made.
In calculating the period for consideration, no account is to be taken of any time during which—
Parliament is dissolved or prorogued; or
both Houses are adjourned for more than four days.
If a designated derogation is withdrawn by the United Kingdom, the Secretary of State must by order make such amendments to this Act as he considers are required to reflect that withdrawal.
The appropriate Minister must review the designated reservation referred to in section 15(1)(a)—
before the end of the period of five years beginning with the date on which section 1(2) came into force; and
if that designation is still in force, before the end of the period of five years beginning with the date on which the last report relating to it was laid under subsection (3).
The appropriate Minister must review each of the other designated reservations (if any)—
before the end of the period of five years beginning with the date on which the order designating the reservation first came into force; and
if the designation is still in force, before the end of the period of five years beginning with the date on which the last report relating to it was laid under subsection (3).
The Minister conducting a review under this section must prepare a report on the result of the review and lay a copy of it before each House of Parliament.
In this section “judicial office” means the office of—
Lord Justice of Appeal, Justice of the High Court or Circuit judge, in England and Wales;
judge of the Court of Session or sheriff, in Scotland;
Lord Justice of Appeal, judge of the High Court or county court judge, in Northern Ireland.
The holder of a judicial office may become a judge of the European Court of Human Rights (“the Court”) without being required to relinquish his office.
But he is not required to perform the duties of his judicial office while he is a judge of the Court.
In respect of any period during which he is a judge of the Court—
a Lord Justice of Appeal or Justice of the High Court is not to count as a judge of the relevant court for the purposes of section 2(1) or 4(1) of the Senior Courts Act 1981(maximum number of judges) nor as a judge of the Senior Courts for the purposes of section 12(1) to (6) of that Act (salaries etc.);
a judge of the Court of Session is not to count as a judge of that court for the purposes of section 1(1) of the Court of Session Act 1988 (maximum number of judges) or of section 9(1)(c) of the Administration of Justice Act 1973 (“the 1973 Act”) (salaries etc.);
a Lord Justice of Appeal or judge of the High Court in Northern Ireland is not to count as a judge of the relevant court for the purposes of section 2(1) or 3(1) of the Judicature (Northern Ireland) Act 1978 (maximum number of judges) nor as a judge of the Court of Judicature of Northern Ireland for the purposes of section 9(1)(d) of the 1973 Act (salaries etc.);
a Circuit judge is not to count as such for the purposes of section 18 of the Courts Act 1971 (salaries etc.);
a sheriff is not to count as such for the purposes of section 14 of the Sheriff Courts (Scotland) Act 1907 (salaries etc.);
a county court judge of Northern Ireland is not to count as such for the purposes of section 106 of the County Courts Act Northern Ireland) 1959 (salaries etc.).
If a sheriff principal is appointed a judge of the Court, section 11(1) of the Sheriff Courts (Scotland) Act 1971 (temporary appointment of sheriff principal) applies, while he holds that appointment, as if his office is vacant.
Schedule 4 makes provision about judicial pensions in relation to the holder of a judicial office who serves as a judge of the Court.
The Lord Chancellor or the Secretary of State may by order make such transitional provision (including, in particular, provision for a temporary increase in the maximum number of judges) as he considers appropriate in relation to any holder of a judicial office who has completed his service as a judge of the Court.
The following paragraphs apply to the making of an order under subsection (7) in relation to any holder of a judicial office listed in subsection (1)(a)—
before deciding what transitional provision it is appropriate to make, the person making the order must consult the Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales;
before making the order, that person must consult the Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales.
The following paragraphs apply to the making of an order under subsection (7) in relation to any holder of a judicial office listed in subsection (1)(c)—
before deciding what transitional provision it is appropriate to make, the person making the order must consult the Lord Chief Justice of Northern Ireland;
before making the order, that person must consult the Lord Chief Justice of Northern Ireland.
The Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales may nominate a judicial office holder (within the meaning of section 109(4) of the Constitutional Reform Act 2005) to exercise his functions under this section.
The Lord Chief Justice of Northern Ireland may nominate any of the following to exercise his functions under this section—
the holder of one of the offices listed in Schedule 1 to the Justice (Northern Ireland) Act 2002;
a Lord Justice of Appeal (as defined in section 88 of that Act).
A Minister of the Crown in charge of a Bill in either House of Parliament must, before Second Reading of the Bill—
make a statement to the effect that in his view the provisions of the Bill are compatible with the Convention rights (“a statement of compatibility”); or
make a statement to the effect that although he is unable to make a statement of compatibility the government nevertheless wishes the House to proceed with the Bill.
The statement must be in writing and be published in such manner as the Minister making it considers appropriate.
Any power of a Minister of the Crown to make an order under this Act is exercisable by statutory instrument.
The power of . . . the Lord Chancellor or the Secretary of State to make rules (other than rules of court) under section 2(3) or 7(9) is exercisable by statutory instrument.
Any statutory instrument made under section 14, 15 or 16(7) must be laid before Parliament.
No order may be made by . . . the Lord Chancellor or the Secretary of State under section 1(4), 7(11) or 16(2) unless a draft of the order has been laid before, and approved by, each House of Parliament.
Any statutory instrument made under section 18(7) or Schedule 4, or to which subsection (2) applies, shall be subject to annulment in pursuance of a resolution of either House of Parliament.
The power of a Northern Ireland department to make— is exercisable by statutory rule for the purposes of the Statutory Rules (Northern Ireland) Order 1979.
rules under section 2(3)(c) or 7(9)(c), or
an order under section 7(11),
Any rules made under section 2(3)(c) or 7(9)(c) shall be subject to negative resolution; and section 41(6) of the Interpretation Act Northern Ireland) 1954 (meaning of “subject to negative resolution”) shall apply as if the power to make the rules were conferred by an Act of the Northern Ireland Assembly.
No order may be made by a Northern Ireland department under section 7(11) unless a draft of the order has been laid before, and approved by, the Northern Ireland Assembly.
In this Act—
Act of the National Assembly for Wales;
“the appropriate Minister” means the Minister of the Crown having charge of the appropriate authorised government department (within the meaning of the Crown Proceedings Act 1947);
. . .
The references in paragraphs (b) and (c) of section 2(1) to Articles are to Articles of the Convention as they had effect immediately before the coming into force of the Eleventh Protocol.
The reference in paragraph (d) of section 2(1) to Article 46 includes a reference to Articles 32 and 54 of the Convention as they had effect immediately before the coming into force of the Eleventh Protocol.
The references in section 2(1) to a report or decision of the Commission or a decision of the Committee of Ministers include references to a report or decision made as provided by paragraphs 3, 4 and 6 of Article 5 of the Eleventh Protocol (transitional provisions).
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
This Act may be cited as the Human Rights Act 1998.
Sections 18, 20 and 21(5) and this section come into force on the passing of this Act.
The other provisions of this Act come into force on such day as the Secretary of State may by order appoint; and different days may be appointed for different purposes.
Paragraph (b) of subsection (1) of section 7 applies to proceedings brought by or at the instigation of a public authority whenever the act in question took place; but otherwise that subsection does not apply to an act taking place before the coming into force of that section.
This Act binds the Crown.
Section 7A (limitation: overseas armed forces proceedings) applies to proceedings brought under section 7(1)(a) on or after the date on which section 7A comes into force, whenever the act in question took place.
This Act extends to Northern Ireland.
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