Jordan - Water sector study

Report No. 4699-JO PLE ; OY Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan Water Sector Study Sector Report June 20, 1984 Water Supply and Sewerage Division Regional Projects Department Europe, Middle East and North Africa FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Document of the World Bank This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their bfficial duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization.  CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS Currency Unit Jordan Dinar (JD) JD 1.00 = 1,000 fils 1981 1982 1983 JD 1.00 = US$ 3.07 US$ 2.84 US$ 2.75 US$ 1.00 = JD 0.325 JD 0.352 JD 0.364 ABBREVIATIONS ft = foot km = kilometer lcd = liters per capita per day m = meter MCM = million cubic meters mm = millimeter m3 = cubic meters ACRONYMS AWSA = Amman Water and Sewerage Authority EGMC = East Ghor Main Canal GNP Gross National Product GOJ = Government of Jordan JVA = Jordan Valley Authority JVC = Jordan Valley Commission MMRAE = Ministry of Municipalities, Rural Affairs and Environment NPC = National Planning Council NRA = Natural Resources Authority USAID = United States Agency for International Development VTC = Vocational Training Corporation WHO = World Health Organization WSC = Water Supply Corporation MEASURES AND EQUIVALENTS Kilometer (km) = 0.62 mile Square Kilometer (km2) = 0.386 square mile Hectare (ha) = 2.47 acres Dunum = 0.1 hectare Meter (m) = 39.37 inches Cubic Meter (m3) = 264 US Gallons Liter (1) = 0.264 US Gallons GOJ'S FISCAL YEAR JANUARY 1 - DECEMBER 31  FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY HASHEMITE KINGDOM OF JORDAN WATER SECTOR STUDY Abstract This study is concerned with the management and utilization of water resources in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. The study provides an inventory of the groundwater and surface water resources in the country and estimates of demands for the major water uses (municipal, industrial and irrigation). It then proposes measures to augment the usable water resources in the country and appropriate policies to rationalize water allocation and conserve water use. The main conclusions and recommendations of the study are: (a) with timely development of its water resources, appropriate policies to allocate and to encourage efficient utilization and sound water resource management Jordan will be able to meet all its municipal and industrial water needs up to the turn of the century with a modest increase in irrigation water supply to allow growth in agricultural production; (b) reuse of spent municipal water for agriculture should be adopted as a government policy with regulations to ensure appropriate treatment of wastewater. To achieve the above, a strong institutional arrangement needs to be put together to effectively plan, develop, allocate, protect, and ensure efficient utilization of the water resources in the country. The recently created Water Authority appears to have the necessary mandate this role. Much work is still required in developing this organization to acquire the capability to carry out its work to achieve the desired goals. The study also examines the current status of service for municipal water supply and wastewater disposal in Jordan and makes recommendations for their improvement This report was prepared by Messrs. John Huang (Senior Sanitary Engineer) and Arun Banerjee (Financial Analyst). This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization.   HASHEMITE KINGDOM OF JORDAN WATER SECTOR STUDY TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................... i-vii I. SECTOR BACKGROUND ........................................... 1 Geography and Climate ....................................... 1 Population .................................................. 1 Water Resources ............................................. 2 Groundwater Resources ....................................... 3 Surface Water.Resources ..................................... 5 Water Supply ................................................ 6 Sewerage and Sewage Disposal ................................ 7 Public Health ............................................... 9 II. DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES AND ISSUES ........................... 11 Water Sector Strategy ....................................... 11 Water Demand Projections .................................... 11 Water Resource Development .................................. 13 Water Pricing .16 Special Issues in the North Jordan Uplands .17 Strategies for Municipal Water Supply .18 Strategies for Sewerage and Sewage Disposal .19 III. SECTOR ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT .......................... 21 Introduction ................................................. 21 Past Sector Organization .................................... 21 The Water Authority ......................................... 21 Manpower Planning and Training .............................. 23 Financial Management of the Sector .......................... 24 IV. INVESTMENT PLANS IN THE SECTOR .............................. 26  TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) Page No. V. PLANS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. ........... 31 Introduction ........................ 31 Water Resource Development ..31 Municipal Water Supply ..31 Sewerage and Sewage Disposal ................................ 32 Institution and Finance ..32 Bank Group Assistance to the Sector . 33 ANNEXES 1 Available Water Resources and Potential Water Demands . .35 2 Estimated Annual Flows in Major Streams .. 36 3 Dams Completed or to be Constructed ..38 4 Population of East Bank of Jordan ..40 5 Population and Household Size of East Bank of Jordan (1979) 41 6 Population Projections by Districts .. 42 7 Population Projections by Water Balance Areas ..43 8 Projected Base Per Capita Water Demands for Municipal Supplies 44 9 Water and Sewerage Service Levels (1979) ..45 10 Reported Cases of Infectious Diseases (water-associated). . 46 11 Bacteriological Examination of Water Samples ..47 12 Schematic Diagram of Water Transport Systems in North Jordan 48 13 Water Authority Law ....................... 49 14 Organization Chart of the Water Authority .... 63 15 Estimated Additional Personnel Needs for Water Sector . .64 16 Current Water and Sewerage Tariffs ............................... 65 17 Planned Yearly Sector Investments and Sources of Finance . .67 18 References. 69 CHARTS 25067 Projections of Municipal Per Capita Water Demand .............. 71 25068 Projections of Municipal Water Demand ......................... 72 25069 Effect of Price on Water Demand ............................... 73 MAPS 17173R Rainfall Distribution 17174R Water Balance Areas 17175R Water Supply Distribution System  HASHEMITE KINGDOM OF JORDAN WATER SECTOR STUDY EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Introduction 1. Limitations on water, one of Jordan's scarcest resources, are likely to have a significant impact on the economic development of the country. Because the Government and the people are well aware of the scarce water resource situation in the country, water usage is generally low. The Government has made impressive efforts in developing the sector by constructing dams, pipelines, canals, wastewater collection and treatment facilities and major irrigation networks. During the last Five-Year Plan period (1976-1980), almost 15 percent of Jordan's public sector investments were made for water and irrigation. The corresponding share in the current plan (1981-1985) is about 16 percent. 2. Construction of physical facilities, however, is only the first step in resolving the many related issues in the sector. As these issues are identified and studied, a set of rational policies must be developed so that Jordan can realize maximum benefits from these enormous investments. Important strategies which Jordan must adopt are: (1) development of the institutional capability of the Water Authority which is responsible for water in Jordan; (2) proper allocation of known resources and new resource identification; (3) quantity and quality control of water and wastewater; (4) development of policies related to reuse of wastewater; (5) development of appropriate cost recovery and other financial policies; and (6) manpower planning and training of sector personnel. Country Background 3. Jordan has a land area of about 91,000 sq. km with access to the sea along a 25 km stretch of coastline in the south. The Housing and Population Census conducted in 1979 estimated the population at 2.15 million, of which some 60 percent are urban. About 90 percent of this population lives in the northwest quadrant of the country. The national population growth rate is about 3.7 percent per annum. Administratively, the country is divided into five governorates: Amman, Irbid, Balqa, Kerak and Ma'an. Water Resources 4. Water resources in Jordan originate mainly from rainfall which ranges from 600 mm/year in the northern uplands to less than 50 mm/year in the south and the eastern desert areas. Average annual rainfall is estimated to be  - ii - 8,500 million cubic meters (MCM). With high evaporation losses, the average net yield is only about 1,120 MCM of which 242 MCM is in the form of groundwater and 875 MCM in surface flow. About half of the surface flow forms the discharge of the Yarmouk River. For the purpose of studying regional distribution and utilization of water resources, the country is divided into fifteen water balance areas (Map No. 17174R) and a breakdown of the water resource distribution and water use by water balance areas is in Annex 1. Water Supply 5. The quantities of water used for various purposes in Jordan in 1982 are estimated as follows: Annual Demand in MCM Municipal 59 Industrial 15 Agricultural 416 TOTAL _2 In most urban areas, wastewater is discharged into cesspits and septic tanks. At present, four cities--Amman, Aqaba, Salt and Jerash--have sanitary sewerage systems serving an estimated 600,000 people. In rural areas, human wastes are generally disposed of in cesspits, pit latrines and privies. Industrial wastewater has been primarily treated in cesspits or discharged untreated into rivers, but regulations now exist requiring industries to treat their effluents to a specified quality before discharge into a water course or seepage into the ground. Water Supply and Sewerage Service Levels 6. The situation of municipal water supply and wastewater disposal in Jordan as found in 1979 was as follows:  - iii - Percent of Population Served Urban Rural Total Water Supply House connections 87 36 67 Public standpipe 3 21 10 Mobile tanker 9 18 12 Other 1 25 11 Wastewater Disposal Public sewerage 26 - 16 Septic tanks & cesspits 73 90 79 Other 1 10 5 Sector Strategy 7. The objective of the sector strategy is to ensure that an appropriate water supply is developed and allocated to achieve optimum economic development. The present general water allocation policy of the Government is to give priority to municipal and industrial users with the remaining resources allocated for irrigation. On this basis, the country's water demands up to the year 2000 have been estimated, with tests for sensitivity to changes in income elasticity of demand and changes in price (para. 2.05). The conclusions are that with prudent use and management, the available water resources will be adequate to meet all municipal and industrial needs beyond the turn of the century with even a modest increase in water available for irrigation. However, in order to achieve this, the following measures have to be adopted: (a) transfer of water from water surplus to water deficit areas (para. 2.08); (b) continuing exploratory work for groundwater sources and studying methods to resolve problems of deep extraction and demineralization (paras. 2.09, 2.13); (c) further development of remaining surface water sources, and operation of impounding dams to optimize their regulating effect (paras. 2.14, 2.15, 2.16); (d) monitoring physical and chemical qualities of known water resources in order to control quality of spent water to allow reuse (para. 2.18); and  - v- (e) development of a proper combination of water allocation and pricing policies for municipal, industrial and agricultural water users, both to promote conservation and to avoid uneconomic investments (paras. 2.19, 2.20, 2.21). 8. The uplands in north Jordan have seen considerable growth in population and industrialization and the limited groundwater resources of that area can no longer support the water demands for the various users. While costly measures to transfer water from other areas have already been taken, certain special situations prevailing in the area deserve particular attention if serious diseconomies are to be averted. Proposed actions include: (a) charging for water extracted by industries from private wells, or requiring industries to be connected to the municipal systems (para. 2.23); (b) studying the possibility of diverting groundwater currently used by agriculture for municipal and industrial use through replacing this with pumped water from King Talal Reservoir or by converting farmlands to rain-fed agriculture or relocating farmers to water surplus areas (para. 2.24); and (c) using an integrated systems approach to optimize utilization of water resources (para. 2.25). 9. For wastewater disposal, on-site methods are still seen to be economical and acceptable for the less densely populated areas. In densely populated areas, however, sewerage construction may be justified, given the high cost of pumping cesspit effluents. Full cost recovery should, however, be a requisite (paras. 2.30, 2.31). 10. Given the overall scarce water situation, sewage effluent is an important water resource which Jordan cannot ignore. Ministerial orders were issued in 1981 requiring all effluents to be treated to a quality suitable for unrestricted irrigation use. The economic and financial implications of compliance with this order have to be reviewed, and relaxation of this requirement on a case-by-case basis should be considered (para. 2.32). Institutional Aspects 11. Past sector organization was plagued with problems of poor coordination due to the presence of a large number of institutions which were involved in water production and supply for different user groups. This often led to duplication of efforts and sub-optimal investment decisions. In December 1983 a new law (Law No. 34 of 1983) was enacted creating an autonomous agency, the Water Authority, which would take over the responsibilities for providing water supply and sewerage services, water  v resource monitoring, planning, development and allocation, and water quality monitoring for the whole of Jordan. This has set the institutional framework necessary for Jordan to better husband its critically scarce water resources in order to sustain economic growth. The thrust of the WA's work will be to formulate policies and take appropriate measures to augment the country's usable water resources, to efficiently allocate these among the various competitive users and to ensure that the water allocated is used economically (para. 3.05). 12. The present organization of the WA (Annex 14) is essentially a tentative one and is expected to evolve as it develops to fully assume its mandated role. Given its organizational goals, the WA should embark on a study of its organizati, .ial needs over the long-term, and to modify its organization structure, if necessary, based on these needs. Bank funds have been provided under the Zarqa/Ruseifa Water Supply and Sewerage Project (Loan 2213-JO) for a management advisor who can assist the WA in this work (para. 3.06). 13. The main problem in manpower planning and training appears to be a lack of coordination between organizations requiring trained personnel and those providing the training. The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) has studied this problem at some length and prepared a program to be funded under its "Water Systems and Services Management Project" to provide an appropriate vehicle for tackling both the short- and long-term problems in this area. The Water Authority would be the responsible institution for implementation of this program (paras. 3.09 and 3.10). 14. Tariffs for urban municipal water supply have generally been in line with the cost of these services, while rural water supply has been subsidized by the Government because of the high cost of providing this service. Sewerage charges, which consist of a water surcharge and fees based on property rental values, have, however, not been adequate, but some cross-subsidy between water tariffs and sewerage tariffs exists in urban areas. Ineffective control of groundwater extraction by industry and agriculture, where tariffs or extraction fees have not been imposed, has resulted in serious depletion of groundwater in populated areas. Consequently, water for municipal supplies has had to be transported from distant locations at high costs. In the Jordan Valley, irrigation water is provided at charges far below costs of production. A tariff study under the Bank-financed Zarqa/Ruseifa project will address WA's financial strategies concerning municipal water supply and sewerage. A further study to establish financial policies and to deal with pricing of industrial and agricultural water will be required (para. 3.15). Investments in the Sector 15. The current Five-Year Plan (1981-85) envisages an investment of JD 521.7 million (US$ 1,460.8 million) for the water and irrigation sectors which is about seven times the corresponding actual investments of JD 73.8 million  - vi - (US$ 206.6 million) in the previous plan period (1976-80). Leading questions of concern are, therefore, whether the sectoral goals have been set realistically, whether the assumptions made in establishing these goals were correct and whether Jordan has the financial and technical resources to achieve these goals. Assessment of these in the context of past patterns of Jordanian development in general, and its performance in the water sector in particular, leads to the following conclusions: (a) that projects need to be prioritized to optimize the use of scarce resources; (b) that there is an obvious availability of substantial funds in the private sector and it would be reasonable to try to tap this source for financing future investments; and (c) that manpower and training related issues must be taken into account during plan formulation to ensure that plan targets could be achieved. Plans and Recommendations 16. Past Bank and IDA activities in the sector consisted of seven credits (US$ 40.2 million) and two loans (US$ 47.0 million). Of these, six were for water supply and sewerage, and three for agro-credits, irrigation and rural development. 17. The Bank is presently preparing another project to extend the sewerage system in and around Amman. The project would also address important institutional and financial issues related to the implementing agency. With the completion of this project and other projects under implementation the most urgent water supply and sewerage needs in major population centers would be met. Attention should concurrently be focussed on improving water supplies for the smaller communities and rural population of Jordan. With further strengthening of the sector organization from the aforementioned Bank loans, additional Bank assistance could be in the form of sector loans. 18. In water resource development, Jordan should continue its effort to pursue the construction of the Maqarin Dam on the Yarmouk River for water supply, irrigation and power generation (para. 2.15). The ability to proceed on this project is largely dependent on agreement among various water users. 19. Jordan's other efforts in the field of water resources should be to carry out studies and to implement projects to develop and use all available groundwater and surface water resources in the country. It is recommended that the following studies be carried out:  - vii - (a) Studies and exploratory tests to utilize the vast underground storage in the lower sandstone aquifers (para. 2.13); (b) Studies to operate impounding dams to optimize their regulating effect (para. 2.14); (c) Studies to examine the financial and economic impact of continuing to use groundwater for irrigation in the north Jordan uplands, and the feasibility of using King Talal Reservoir water for irrigation in this area or relocation of farmers or conversion of irrigated farm land to rainfed agriculture (para. 2.24); (d) Studies on methods to operate the water system in north Jordan on an integrated basis for better utilization (para. 2.25); and (e) Studies to develop equitable and rational financial policies and proper pricing policies for all water users (including agriculture) (paras. 2.21, 3.15).   HASHEMITE KINGDOM OF JORDAN WATER SECTOR STUDY I. SECTOR BACKGROUND Geography and Climate 1.01 Jordan is a semi-desert country with a land area on the east bank of the Jordan River of about 91,000 sq. km. Its only access to the sea is along a 25 km stretch of coastline in the south on which the seaport of Aqaba is situated. The most remarkable physical feature of the country is the structural split of the Red Sea/Jordan Rift Valley where a new ocean is gradually forming and forcing apart the continent of Africa on the west and the continent of Asia on the east. These forces have created a long narrow trough of land, running from Aqaba in the south to the foot of Mount Hermon in Syria in the north, which is flanked by high country. Much of the land in this trough, which includes the Jordan Valley and Wadi Araba in Jordan, is below sea level with the lowest levels in the Dead Sea (water level of -400 m, lowest sea bottom level of -792 m). To the east of the Jordan Valley/Wadi Araba trough, the land rises steeply to a plateau with an average altitude of about 800 m above mean sea level with peaks rising to over 1,500 m in the south. This plateau constitutes the uplands of Jordan and is characterized by a more temperate climate and relatively abundant rainfall. Further towards the east, rainfall decreases rapidly and the land slopes gently to the Arabian Desert. Population 1.02 The Housing and Population Census conducted in 1979 estimated the population at 2.15 million, of which some 60 percent are urban. About 90 percent of this population lives in the northwest quadrant of the country. The national population growth rate is about 3.7 percent per annum. 1.03 Administratively the country is divided into five governorates: Amman, Irbid, Balqa, Kerak and Ma'an. The governorates are further subdivided into districts, subdistricts and nahias, the smallest units of regional administration. The total number of nahias in the country is 44, and within these there are 1,017 localities or population centers. The size distribution of these population centers according to the 1979 Population and Housing Census is as follows:  -2- Total Population as % Number of Country's Population Localities with Population greater than 10,000 20 62% Localities with Population between 3,000 and 10,000 65 15% Localities with Population smaller than 3,000 932 23% (incl. some unincorporated villages and camps) TOTAL 1,017 100% Water Resources 1.04 The country is divided into 15 water balance areas for the purpose of studying regional distribution and utilization of water resources. These are shown in Map No. 17174R. The delineation of these areas is primarily governed by the location of surface water catchments and groundwater basins and ties in to some extent with the present water management and water resources development of the country. 1.05 Water is one of Jordan's scarcest resources. About 80 percent of the country is steppe and desert where water is only minimally available. Most of the municipal water supply systems and industry in Jordan presently depend upon groundwater and springs. Although surface water resources exist on the northern border, in the Jordan Valley, and in some of the wadis flowing into the Jordan River, exploitation of surface water for municipal and industrial water supply has not so far occurred to any great extent due to sporadic flow patterns, proprietary use for irrigation, and relatively long distances to population centers. Because groundwater use is reaching the limit of its available yield, this pattern of water use is expected to change soon. 1.06 Water resources availability and water use in Jordan have been studied at length by consultants for the Government (Ref. 1 and 2 in Annex 18). These studies have concluded that the total water resources in Jordan would not be sufficient to support uncontrolled growth in water demands up to the turn of the century. To ease the situation, the studies have recommended continuing work on groundwater exploration to firm up yields, construction of impounding reservoirs at river courses, control of water pollution to allow reuse of water, and revision of the administrative and legislative structure related to water resources allocation and management. These matters will be addressed in this report. 1.07 Water resources in Jordan originate mainly from precipitation within the country. The flow in the Yarmouk River at Jordan's northern border is also fed from rainfall on Syrian territories. Average rainfall ranges from 600 mm/year in the northern uplands to less than 50 mm/year in the south and  - 3 - eastern desert areas. The distribution of average annual rainfall in the country is shown in Map No. 17173R. Rainfall occurs between October and May, and is at its height between December and March when over 80 percent of the annual rainfall occurs. Average annual volume of rainfall within Jordan is estimated to be 8,500 million cubic meters (MCM). However, with high evaporation losses, the average net annual yield is only about 1120 MCM with 242 MCM in the form of groundwater and 875 MCM in surface flow. 400 MCM of the surface flow forms the discharge in the Yarmouk River. In addition, it is estimated that over 11,000 MCM of stored groundwater exists within the country. Further studies will be required to verify this resource in terms of quality, quantity and economic viability of extraction. Groundwater Resources 1.08 A great number of wells have been drilled throughout Jordan and studies of these have provided information about the nature and extent of the aquifer systems in the country (ref. 1 in Annex 18). The most important aquifer system in Jordan is the Amman-Wadi Sir system which is made up of limestone, chert limestone and sandy limestone of Upper Cretaceous age. This aquifer extends throughout the entire country and forms the top layer of the Jordan uplands underlying a thin soil mantle in most places. Good groundwater recharge occurs from the relatively abundant rainfall. The depth of the ground water table below the ground surface in this aquifer generally ranges from 50 to 200 meters in the uplands. To the east the aquifer is confined by thick marl layers, and at some locations of relatively low surface elevation, such as Azraq, artesian conditions exist. 1.09 Underneath the Amman-Wadi Sir aquifer system and separated from it by a relatively impervious layer of marl and limestone of varying thickness lies a deep aquifer complex of sandstone. This complex has been identified as composed of two sandstone aquifers at different depths, the top known as the Karnub/Zarqa system, the bottom known as the Disi system, separated by a less permeable layer of sandstone, siltstone and shale. Direct recharge to both sandstone aquifers are limited due to the small outcrop areas, and groundwater outside the recharge areas appears to be generally mineralized. Groundwater in these aquifers is at present being exploited mainly at the aquifer outcrops which occur in the lower Zarqa River basin for the Karnub/Zarqa system, and in the southern part of the country for the Disi system. The aquifer complex however, forms a huge groundwater reservoir extending under the whole of Jordan. This groundwater storage offers opportunity for short-term and emergency uses. Main problems associated with the use of this water are those concerning extraction (deep drilling, high pumping lifts) and salinity. 1.10 In the northeastern region of Jordan, a basalt layer extends over the surface from the Syrian Jebel Druze to the Azraq and Wadi Dhuleil region, which together with a shallow underlying aquifer of sedimentary rocks and alluvial deposits forms an important aquifer of good quality groundwater with the possibility of high extraction rates. As the area is only very sparsely populated, exploitation of the groundwater in this region to serve the heavily populated areas of northwest Jordan is being practised.  - 4 - 1.11 The total available groundwater yield in Jordan has been estimated to be about 242 MCM per year. A breakdown of this by water balance area is shown in Annex 1. Groundwater flow in Jordan, especially in the northwestern part, discharges in springs as surface runoff. Exploiting the groundwater will therefore affect base flows of the river. For the purpose of avoiding duplication in water resources assessment, the estimated value for available groundwater shown is the sustainable yield which can be abstracted without medium and short-term adverse effects to river flows. 1.12 Groundwater is presently used for municipal, industrial and agricultural purposes in Jordan. In the northern uplands, which includes the heavily populated Greater Anman and Irbid areas, (water balance areas III, IV, V and the higher parts of Area I) this source is now being over-exploited. Groundwater extraction is estimated to be about 120 MCM/year against an estimated sustainable yield of 90 MCM/year. In 1981, groundwater exploitations have been successfully carried out in the neighboring area of Azraq (Area XIV3 to the east and about 15 MCM/year of the groundwater is being transported to the northern uplands, over a distance of about 100 km, to relieve the shortfall there. In addition, sources of good groundwater yield have recently been discovered at Wadi Arab (Area II) and at Mukheiba in north Jordan Valley (lower part of Area I) near the confluence of the Yarmouk River and Jordan River and tests are underway to determine the yields of this source. The Government plans to use the Wadi Arab source, tentatively estimated to yield about 20 MCM/year, to also serve the northern uplands. However, because of the low altitude of its location, much higher pumping costs than the present well water supply in the region are expected. Groundwater from the Mukheiba wells is currently discharged into the East Ghor Main Canal (EGMC) and is used for irrigation in the Jordan Valley. 1.13 Unexploited groundwater as well as surface water is found in the middle uplands from south of Amman to north of Tafila (in Areas VI, VII and VIII), where only about 8 percent of the country's population live. Groundwater is presently used for municipal, industrial and irrigation purposes. Water use in this region is, however, governed by the topography of the region, the nature of which restricts extensive land cultivation. It is estimated that only about a quarter of the potential groundwater resources in this region is currently being utilized. 1.14 In other areas of south Jordan, with the exception of Aqaba in Area X, water use is small because of scanty population (with only about 4 percent of the country's population), remoteness of location and lack of opportunity for industrial development. Groundwater is principally used as a source of municipal supply. Some phosphate mining operations are currently planned, where moderate quantities of water are required for limited periods of time and these can be supported from the available groundwater resources or mining of the vast underground water storage. Significant groundwater surpluses are expected to occur in Qa'Disi (Area XI) and Jafr (Area XII) despite the present use of the water for limited irrigated agriculture and its potential use in phosphate mining in these areas. 1.15 Aqaba in the Wadi Araba South Basin (Area X) is an area of major water deficit. Because of its strategic location, making it the main seaport of Jordan, the city has established itself as a major industrial center. The  -5- largest component of water demand is expected to be for industrial use, which already is outstripping the available resources in the area, one of the driest in the country. Wells were constructed in the neighboring groundwater surplus area of Qa'Disi (Area XI) about two years ago and water is now being transported about 80 km from these to serve Aqaba. Surface Water Resources 1.16 About two-thirds of Jordan's potential usable water resources is surface water. With the exception of spring water which is sometimes collected for municipal use, surface water resources are at present used exclusively for agriculture in Jordan. Major streams are those in the Eastern Jordan Valley Basin in northwest Jordan and the Dead Sea Basin located east of the Dead Sea. Estimated annual flows in major streams are shown in Annex 2. The largest source by far is the Yarmouk River which belongs to the Eastern Jordan Valley Basin. This river, which runs along the northern border of Jordan with Syria, provides almost half of Jordan's surface water resources. The water in this river, after allowing for some 17 MCM/year for downstream users in neighboring countries, is diverted through the East Ghor Main Canal (EGMC), an irrigation canal which runs along the Jordan River, to serve agricultural water needs in the Jordan Valley (Area II). About a fourth of the surface water resources occur in the riftside wadis that flow into the Jordan River. The largest of these is the Zarqa River which runs through the heavily populated cities of Amman, Zarqa and Ruseifa. Although the water in these wadis originates in the uplands, because of the unfavorable topography in the uplands the flows are not easily tapped until they reach the lower parts of the wadis. These wadis, therefore, provide water mainly to supplement the irrigation water supply in the Jordan Valley. Another fourth of the surface water resources occurs in the wadis of the Dead Sea Basin. These wadis run through very difficult terrain where potential for agricultural development is limited. The water resources in these wadis are therefore only marginally utilized. A small amount of surface flow occurs in the Wadi Aqaba Basin which is located south of the Dead Sea. This water is presently used mainly for agriculture along the banks of the Wadi Araba. The estimated base flow of all rivers in Jordan is about 540 MCM per year, and the amount available after allowing for downstream users at the Yarmouk River is 523 MCM per year. Total flows are estimated to be about 875 MCM per year. 1.17 Flows in rivers in Jordan are generally of a flashy nature with large seasonal as well as annual variations. Over 40 percent of the flows are in the form of storm runoffs which occur about five months in the year. Annual base flows vary by at least 15 to 20 percent within a return period of five years. A number of impounding reservoirs with a total storage capacity of about 70 MCM have been constructed on major rivers and wadis in the Eastern Jordan Valley Basin (see Annex 3) in order to enhance utilization of these flows. Further storage capacity of about 34 MCM is planned to be constructed in the 1981-85 Five-Year Plan Period. With the storage provided and planned, the usable surface water yield is expected to increase by some 50 to 100 MCM per year. The impounding of the Yarmouk River, which was discussed previously, would increase the reliable yield of the Yarmouk flow by about 200 MCM/year. A number of riparian issues have arisen, however, which have required the matter to be postponed.  - 6 - 1.18 Less than 4 percent of the total surface water resources in Jordan are presently used for municipal and industrial purposes, the remainder being used for agriculture. The reasons for the small percentage of municipal and industrial uses are remoteness of source from population centers, lack of reliability, and need for expensive treatment. Shortage of groundwater resources to meet growing municipal and industrial water demands in North Jordan is forcing this situation to be changed. The Government is currently constructing a pipeline and treatment plant to transport 45 MCM/year of water from the EGMC to Amman for municipal and industrial use. A schematic diagram of this system is shown in Annex 12. Plans are also in hand to interconnect the sources of water supply to all major population centers in North Jordan. Water Supply 1.19 A breakdown of the water use in Jordan by water balance areas is shown in Annex 1. 1.20 The quantities of water used for various purposes in Jordan in 1979 and in 1982 are estimated to be as follows: Amount Supplied in MCM per year 1979 1982 Municipal 50 59 Industrial 8 15 Sub-total 58 74 Agricultural 406 416 TOTAL 464 4L0 The municipal supplies provide mostly for domestic and commercial uses. Industries which consume significant amounts of water have their own well water supplies. In Aqaba, where groundwater is generally not available, the growing industrial demand is met from the municipal system and is accounted for separately. 1.21 The Housing and Population Statistics published in 1981 (ref. 7 in Annex 18) places the 1979 East Bank population at 2.15 million of which some 60 percent is urban l'. Between 1961 and 1979, the percentage of urban households supplied with piped water rose from 49 percent to 87 percent with most of the improvements taking place in the 1970's. Due to shortages, however, service is intermittent, and most houses have rooftop tanks to Urban communities are defined to include all principal towns of each governorate, district and sub-district, Ruseifa and Suweileh, and the urban population as computed corresponds roughly to the population in towns with 10,000 or more people.  - 7 - provide some continuity in supply when the mains are not pressurized. Recent improvements have allowed a number of areas in the country to enjoy continuous water supply service. The rural population is dispersed over a large area and a small portion of it is nomadic. Water is supplied to many rural communities by tankers or from water points. 1.22 The situation of municipal water supply in Jordan (1979) is summarized below: Water Supply Percent of Population Served Urban Rural Country House Connections 87 36 67 Public Standpipe 3 21 10 Mobile Tanker 9 18 12 Other 1 25 11 A further breakdown of the water supply situation in each governorate is shown in Annex 9. 1.23 As mentioned in para. 1.20, most large water-consuming industries obtain their own water supplies through private wells. The sinking of these wells and the extraction quantities were subject to approval from the Natural Resources Authority (NRA). This responsibility has now been taken over by the Water Authority (WA). So far control of extraction volumes has been lax, and monitoring of extraction by metering, although required, has not been carried out. 1.24 Irrigation uses both ground and surface water. In 1982 it is estimated that 416 MCM of water (about 85 percent of the total amount of water used in Jordan) was for irrigation purposes. Total area irrigated is estimated to be about 400,000 dunums (40,000 hectares). About half of the irrigation water use is in the Jordan Valley (Area II). Almost all the irrigation water in this area is from surface flows originating in other water balance areas. Significant irrigation water use is also found in the Zarqa River Basin (Area V), where about 70 percent of the water is from ground water, and this practice competes with municipal and industrial uses in this very heavily populated area. Other areas of major irrigation water use are in the South Jordan Valley Riftside (Area IV), the Dead Sea Riftside (Area VI) and Wadi Araba North (Area IX), where irrigation water supply is mainly taken from flows in the wadis. Severage and Sewage Disposal 1.25 The situation for wastewater disposal in Jordan as found in the 1979 Population and Housing Census is summarized below:  -8 - Method of Disposal Percent of Population Served Urban Rural Country Public Sewerage 26 - 16 Septic Tanks & Cesspits 73 90 79 Other 1 10 5 Significant work on sewerage have taken place in the past few years, and about 40% of the urban population (25% of the country's population) are now estimated to be served. In many urban areas, household cesspits (lined or unlined) and septic tanks are still commonly used, with liquid effluents discharging into the soil via open-jointed pipes or openings in pit walls. Accumulated sludge, in varying degrees of anaerobic digestion, is pumped out by municipal or private tank trucks for disposal in approved dumping areas. In rural areas, human wastes are generally disposed of in cesspits, pit latrines and privies servicing individual housing units or groups of units. The liquid effluents from these facilities become biologically stabilized as they pass through the surrounding soil and a reasonable degree of bacteriological purification is achieved before they reach the groundwater table which usually exists at depths exceeding 30 m. This return flow mixes with groundwater recharged from rainfall and is reused for municipal and industrial supplies. Up to now tests have not revealed any serious bacteriological contamination, but in groundwater located under densely populated areas a gradual increase in mineral content, particularly in nitrite concentration, has been noted. 1.26 Industrial wastewater used to be primarily treated in cesspits and cases were noted where industrial effluents were discharged into nearby streams, with little or no treatment. Jordan issued regulations in 1981 requiring industries to treat their effluents to an acceptable quality, as specified in Industrial Effluent Standard 202, before discharge to a water course, cesspit or seepage pond. Apart from a high degree of biological stability, the standard also stipulates maximum allowable levels of various minerals and heavy metals. Enforcement of these regulations was entrusted to the Ministry of Trade and Industry, but this responsibility has now been taken over by the Water Authority. All major industries are now required to have appropriate waste water treatment facilities. 1.27 At present four cities, Amman, Aqaba, Salt and Jerash, have sanitary sewerage systems serving an estimated user population of about 600,000 people (25 percent of Jordan's population). Amman's treatment plant uses the activated sludge process; the Salt plant uses extended aeration; Jerash has oxidation ditches and Aqaba has only primary treatment facilities. 1.28 In many other urban centers the soil is no longer capable of absorbing the increasing amounts of effluents from cesspits and septic tanks; costly pumping operations by mobile tankers and transportation to appropriate dump sites have to be carried out frequently to prevent overflows. To reduce the cost of pumping, sullage water is often thrown out into streets and this runs untreated into nearby water courses. In older parts of some cities  -9- prolonged seepage of cesspool effluents is giving rise to ground subsidence problems which are endangering the safety of buildings. To improve living conditions in these urban areas, the Government is currently constructing sewerage systems in the cities of Zarqa, Ruseifa and Irbid with treatment facilities (trickling filter plant for Zarqa and Ruseifa and activated sludge plant for Irbid) to provide service to another 360,000 people. Under construction are also stabilization ponds which will increase the treatment capacities of the systems in Amman and Aqaba. Construction of new sewerage systems in ten other cities, six in North Jordan and four in the South, are in the initial stages of implementation. Expansion of the sewerage system in Amman, for which Bank assistance has been requested, is also being planned. With these efforts the service levels in the more densely populated urban areas will be significantly improved. Public Health 1.29 Public Health statistics in Jordan, though available, suffer as in most countries in the region, from lack of reporting reliability. Marked under-reporting of vital and health statistical data is suspected. This applies in particular to reporting of notifiable diseases where less severe cases usually escape the attention of health authorities. Nevertheless, in the absence of more accurate data and better parameters, recorded mortality and morbidity statistics will have to serve as rough indicators of the health situation and sanitary conditions. A review of these statistics shows that, in general, the health situation in Jordan has improved gradually in the past decade. Life expectancy at birth has increased from fifty-two years in 1970 to about sixty years in 1981. This reflects major efforts of the Government in improving water supply, sanitation and medical services in the country. 1.30 The infant mortality rate which is often used as a gauge for quality of water supply because of the susceptibility of young children to gastroenteritis, a water associated disease, has declined in Jordan from 86 per 1,000 live births in 1972 to 76 per 1,000 in 1976 and 70 per 1,000 in 1981. These values, while comparing favorably with other countries in the region, are still high in relation to those in industrialized countries (about 14 per 1,000 in the U.S.A. and 8 per 1,000 in Japan). Reported cases of water-associated infectious diseases, though showing improvement, have remained high (Annex 10). These suggest the need for continuing efforts to improve water supply and sanitation conditions in the country. 1.31 A significant proportion (33 percent in 1979) of the population in Jordan is still without house connections to a public water supply. This occurs usually in smaller rural communities where the provision of a piped system is expensive. Even where public piped water supply systems exist, shortage of water source often dictates an intermittent supply with the resulting entry of contaminated water into the systems through system leaks when the systems are depressurized. This risk is particularly serious where septic tanks and cesspits are present. An examination of the results of tests of water samples in distribution systems carried out in 1981 by the Ministry of Health (Annex 11) reveals that 17 percent of the samples showed a coliform count (a measure of contamination) higher than that recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO).  - 10 - 1.32 Over 90 percent of the population uses a water-borne (flush toilet) system for disposal of sewage, of which about 25 percent is through public sewerage systems with the remainder using individual septic tanks or cesspits. The standard of household installations varies, and so does the maintenance of cleanliness for these installations. The main problem of sewage disposal is, however, not directly related to health, but concerns the high cost of pumping out cesspits and septic tanks which is made necessary from difficulty of disposing effluents through the soil in densely populated areas (see para. 1.28).  - 11 - II. DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES AND ISSUES Water Sector Strategy 2.01 Limitations on water, one of the important resources in Jordan, is likely to have a major impact on the economic development of the country. Its scarcity and the high cost of its development have long been recognized and, aided by sound policies of the Government, conservation in water use is generally practised throughout the country. Studies carried out in the past few years have conclusively shown that under existing water allocation and pricing policies water resources which can be economically developed in Jordan will not be sufficient to meet uncontrolled growth in demand for all municipal, industrial and irrigation uses even up to the turn of the century. Recent studies have been initiated for transporting water from the Euphrates River, but this measure, even if technically and politically feasible, is expected to be very costly. Thus, while importation of water may become a necessity in the long-term, it makes good sense to exploit to the fullest extent the water resources within the country and to rationalize water use. 2.02 The basic objective of the water sector strategy in Jordan is to ensure that an appropriate water supply is developed and allocated so as to achieve optimum economic development. The present general water allocation policy of the Government is to give priority to municipal and industrial users, whose consumption is controlled by pricing. Remaining water resources are then allocated to irrigation. If appropriate control is exercised this policy can be effective in achieving the required economic objectives. The required measures of control, however, are neither adequately nor properly enforced. Some means for improving them are presented in this study. Water Demand Projections 2.03 In keeping with the general water allocation policy of Jordan, the country's municipal and industrial water demands up to year 2000 have been studied, taking into account measures proposed to ensure economic use which are discussed later. All residual water resources are assumed to be allocated for irrigation. 2.04 For the purpose of estimating municipal water demand, population projections have been made for each of the water balance areas based on the 1979 Population Census using assumed population growth rates (Annex 7) for communities of different sizes based on past growth trends. Base per capita demand estimates up to year 2000 (Annex 8) have been computed from the 1979 per capita consumption figures for urban and rural users, taking into account improved service levels in terms of consumers with individual house connections and those on standpipe or tanker supply. These per capita demand estimates have further been modified (Chart 25067) to reflect growth in per capita income as represented by the per capita Gross National Product (GNP). Real per capita GNP in Jordan is projected to grow at an average rate of 1.2 percent per annum up to year 2000. The projected municipal water demands (Chart 25068) have then been obtained as the product of projected population and per capita demand.  - 12 - 2.05 The results of projected water demands are then subjected to sensitivity tests (Chart 25068) for per capita GNP growth rates between 0 percent and 2 percent and for changes in income elasticity of demand from 0.2 to 0.4, a range which is commonly found to apply in municipal water supplies. The maximum deviation from the projected year 2000 water demand is found to be + 8 percent. The effect of price on water demand has also been examined. It is found that by doubling the price of water (in real terms) the water demand will be reduced by about 7 to 14 percent (Chart 25069). 2.06 Water demands for industrial users have been identified from various reports made available to the mission on potential industrial development in the country. Major industrial water use is seen to occur in the Zarqa/Ruseifa area (Zarqa River Basin) and in Aqaba. Elsewhere potential industrial water use is for a few phosphate and potash mining operations where water, is required only for limited periods of time. Industrial development potential exists in the Jordan Valley, but because of unfavorable climatic conditions, this has not been taking place to any significant extent. 2.07 The table below summarizes the projected municipal and industrial water demands in Jordan: 1979 1982 1985 1990 2000 Municipal 50 59 68 91 137 Industrial 8 15 41 52 100 Municipal & 58 74 109 143 237 Industrial Available water resources in the country have been estimated to be about 765 MCM per year with 242 MCM per year in groundwater (para. 1.11), and 523 MCM per year in surface base flows (para. 1.16). There is potential for an increase of about 250 MCM per year by regulating stream flows with impounding reservoirs (including impounding of the Yarmouk River). Through reuse of return flows from municipal water supplies about another 100 MCM per year can be further made available in year 2000. The amount of water available for irrigation from Jordan's own water resources in the year 2000, after meeting municipal and industrial demands, can therefore be estimated to be about 878 MCM per year. This is 462 MCM per year (about 110 percent) more than the 1982 irrigation water use of 416 MCM. If impoundment at the Yarmouk River cannot be achieved by year 2000, the amount available for irrigation will then be reduced to 678 MCM per year, or 262 MCM per year (about 60 percent) more than the 1982 irrigation water use. The above demonstrates that with appropriate measures to augment Jordan's available water resouces and to conserve municipal and industrial water use, a modest increase in water supply for irrigation to year 2000 will be possible. This, coupled with measures to encourage more efficient use of irrigation water, will permit a reasonable  - 13 - growth of ,agricultural development in Jordan. Annex 1 shows a comprehensive picture of the available water resources and water demands for each water balance area in Jordan before considerations of stream flow regulation and use of return flows. 2.08 While the total available resources of the country are seen to be adequate with prudent use and management to meet all municipal and industrial demands beyond the turn of the century, water balance deficits in heavily populated areas (the difference between available water resource and water use in an area) will continue to widen. Transfer of water from neighboring water-surplus or water-rich areas to these areas will therefore be necessary. The two areas in Jordan where major water transfers for municipal and industrial use are needtd and the potential areas from which water can be transferred are listed below: Areas from which Municipal and Water Can Be Area Industrial Needs Transferred 1. North Jordan uplands To serve 85% of a. Yarmouk via Jordan consisting of country's Valley (Area I) a. Higher parts of Area I population and b. Azraq (Area XIV) b. Area III major industries c. Area IV d. Area V 2. Aqaba Mainly to serve Qa'Disi (Area XI) (located in Area X) major industries Water Resource Development 2.09 Groundwater sources close to population centers in Jordan have been extensively exploited for municipal and industrial purposes. Most of these sources are currently being extracted to or beyond the capacity of the reliable aquifer yields. Existing data shows that some unexploited groundwater still exists in areas which are remote from population centers. It has been demonstrated that even allowing for transporting water up to 100 km, these sources are still more economic to develop than alternative surface water sources which are located at much lower altitudes and require impounding, pumping, and treatment to ensure reliability and quality for use. Some of these groundwater sources (Azraq and Qa'Disi) are already being exploited. 2.10 Areas where groundwater sources are economic to develop to serve the heavily populated north Jordan uplands include those which lie to the east and  - 14 - west, and in the central Jordan uplands to the south. The estimated potential yields which can still be developed are as follows: Area Approx. Yields still Available Azraq 10 MCM (additional) Jordan Valley 10 MCM Wadi Mujib 20 MCM Wadi Hasa 10 MCM Total 50MQC-M While the general availability of groundwater resources in these areas is known, exploratory work has still to be carried out to establish suitable locations for groundwater extraction. 2.11 For the local needs of the scantily populated middle and southern parts of Jordan, groundwater will remain the principal source of water supply for municipal and industrial uses. This source is adequate to meet the needs beyond the turn of the century and wells can be constructed as and when the need arises. 2.12 The remaining area of high water need is Aqaba which currently uses groundwater from the Qa'Disi aquifer. Of the estimated 27 MCM potential yield of this aquifer about 9 MCM is presently used for agriculture. Wells with a capacity to extract the remaining yield have already been constructed with a 90 kilometer transmission line to serve Aqaba. This is anticipated to be adequate to meet Aqaba's water need at least up to year 2000. Further water needs may have to be met by diverting groundwater from agriculture at Qa'Disi or by desalting of sea water, which is already under experimentation. 2.13 The vast groundwater storage in the lower sandstone aquifers offer potential as a supplemental source to meet a medium term gap, after all easily exploitable sources have been exhausted. Problems of deep extraction and finding economic ways of demineralization will first have to be solved. Studies and exploratory tests for resolving these problems should now be carried out. 2.14 Jordan's main efforts in water supply in the future should be directed at further developing the surface water resources it has available in the country. The greater dependence of municipal and industrial users on surface water will require higher reliability of surface flows. At present regulating dams have been constructed or are under construction at all major rivers in the East Jordan Valley Basin with the exception of the Yarmouk River. Studies on how to operate these systems to fully utilize the regulation effect of these dams have still to be carried out, and these should be started as soon as possible.  - 15 - 2.15 The importance of the contribution of the Yarmouk River to Jordan's water resources will warrant greater efforts to achieve regulation of its flow. Should it be possible to obtain agreement among the riparian nations concerned, c:onstruction of the Maqarin Dam could follow and an additional yield of 200 MCM could be obtained. 2.16 Remaining unregulated surface water resources of any significance are the Wadi Mujib and the Wadi Wala which are located in the Dead Sea Basin (Annex 2). These resources have not been used so far to any greater extent because of difficult access and lack of suitable land for agriculture. They have recently been earmarked for irrigation use in the South Ghor area (low-lying area east of the Dead Sea) where agricultural development is taking place. As the upper reaches of these rivers are located within moderate distances from the Greater Amman area, future consideration may be given to diverting some of the higher level flows to meet Amman's needs if and when required. 2.17 Because of its scarcity, marginal utility of water in Jordan is expected to be high. Nevertheless, it is important to ensure that all major efforts to dLevelop or enhance water resources in the country are appropriate and economically justified. Bearing in mind that agriculture has the residual use of water and that the total available resources are adequate to meet other needs (excluding agriculture) for a considerable period of time, cost of water resources development therefore should be weighed against marginal benefits from agriculture. 2.18 To enhance the scarce water resources in Jordan, reuse of spent water is seen to play an increasingly important role in the future. Reuse of domestic household return flows for municipal and industrial purposes is presently indirectly practised through the use of groundwater which receives septic tank and cesspit effluents (see para. 1.25). It is estimated that by the year 2000, over 50 percent of the surface flows into the King Talal Reservoir will consist of treated wastewater discharges from several major cities, and will be used for irrigation purposes in the Jordan Valley. The Government's present policy is to make use of treated municipal return flows for agriculture wherever possible either directly or after they have been discharged into water courses. It is not conceivable in the foreseeable future that direct reuse of treated sewage effluent will be acceptable for domestic purposes. Some scope for this exists for large industrial users, but high mineral content of the treated effluent and locational matching are limiting factors. The Government, with assistance from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), is in the process of developing a data management system which will monitor quantities and standard physical and chemical qualities of water resources in the country. The newly created Water Authority (para. 3.03) will be the mechanism for maintaining this system and to police and take action against situations which may be harmful to the preservation of the country's water resources.  - 16 - Water Pricing 2.19 Because of limitations in water resources in the country and given the water allocation policy adopted by the Government which assigns priority for municipal and industrial uses, appropriate pricing of municipal and industrial water supplies becomes extremely important. Marginal costs of municipal and industrial water supplies in Jordan can vary widely between regions because of differences in topography and distance from water sources. For the sake of simplicity, the country can be divided into four regions within each of which marginal water costs in the medium term (up to the turn of the century) are roughly similar. Shown in descending order of costs for treatment, pumping and transmission these are: (a) the north Jordan uplands from the Syrian border to south of Amman:(from about JD 0.220/m3 in the lower areas of Irbid Governorate to over JD 0.300/m3 in remaining areas); (b) Aqaba: (about JD 0.200/m3); (c) South Jordan: (about JD 0.150/m3); and (d) Jordan Valley: (about JD 0.100/m3). 2.20 In areas where groundwater is still not fully exploited and industrial use does not compete with other uses, the present policy of licensing well drilling and extraction without imposition of water charges may be continued. In view of the general shortage of water resources in the country, such situations should only be considered as temporary, and any water allocation should be made with this in mind. It will thus be necessary to monitor closely the amounts being extracted and to have provisions for such licenses to be reviewed every three to five years. 2.21 For agriculture, which has been assigned the use of all residual water, efficient use of this water can be achieved either by strict water allocation control or appropriate pricing. In areas outside the Jordan Valley some measure of water extraction control is exercised. In the Jordan Valley agricultural water is charged at JD 0.003 per cubic meter. The basis for setting the charge at this level is not clear. This policy may well be reasonable as long as sufficient quantities of water are available and because agriculture is important from regional development, employment generation, food security and import substitution standpoints. Development of irrigated agriculture is, however, expensive (para. 4.01), and the absence of rational water pricing policies gives rise to the possibility that uneconomic investment decisions could be made, that farmers might be adverse to making necessary innovations in agricultural technology, choice of crops and cropping patterns. Industries and services requiring large amounts of water could be placed at a disadvantage. It is clear therefore that this issue needs to be studied in greater detail and a judicious combination of water allocation and pricing policies needs to be developed.  - 17 - Special Issues in the North Jordan Uplands 2.22 During the last quarter of a century the north Jordan uplands have undergone considerable demographic change as well as intensification of its various economic activities. These developments have put serious pressure on the limited groundwater resources in the area, which can no longer support the water demands for the various uses. Costly measures to transfer water resources from other areas have now to be taken to support the economic activities in this area. While the water balance situation of the area has changed, water uses for many activities have still not responded to this change, and unless measures are taken to remedy the situation, serious diseconomies will result. Situations which are of particular importance are discussed below. 2.23 Many large industries in the area are at present still operating their own private well water supplies, which draw from the same groundwater sources as other supplies. These wells were originally approved by the NRA with an extraction amount stipulated. Although the NRA (now the WA) is supposed to monitor the actual amounts extracted, this has so far not been carried out. No water use charges are imposed, and water use is governed only by the cost of groundwater pumping. With groundwater fully exploited and additional water supply having to be brought in from other water balance areas at much higher cost, it behooves the Government to ensure that industrial water use reflects these higher costs 1'. One measure to achieve this would be to require all industries in the area to be supplied from the municipal supply systems where appropriate charges are already being levied. Another would be to charge industries a tariff on water extracted equal to the marginal cost of supply to the municipal systems affected. Such measures should encourage industry to take necessary actions to conserve water. 2.24 A similar but more serious problem occurs with the use of groundwater for irrigation in the area. A rough estimate puts the figure of over 60 percent of the groundwater resources in this region (about 55 MCM per year) as that presently being used for this purpose. The need now to transport water from the Jordan Valley at very high costs (JD 0.300 or US$ 0.86/m3) warrants reassessment of the economic viability of using water at a marginal cost of this order of magnitude for irrigation. Diverting this water for municipal and industrial uses would save some JD 9 million (US$ 26 million) per year in energy costs for pumping alone or about JD 17 million (US$ 50 million) per Cost of transporting water from the East Ghor Main Canal in the Jordan Valley to Amman is estimated to be JD 0.300/m3, with JD 0.160/m3 for energy alone.  - 18 - year if capital costs are included 1. Furthermore, it is estimated that about 50 to 70 percent of this water will flow to the Jordan Valley after use and can still be made available for irrigation use there. Various alternatives are available for this to be done. One would be to pump untreated water from the King Talal Reservoir (a distance of about 50 kilometers against a pumping head of about 400 meters) to replace groundwater for irrigation. Alternative solutions are to relocate irrigated agriculture to areas where water resources can be obtained at lower costs, such as the Jordan Valley, or to convert irrigated agriculture to rain-fed agriculture. Obviously such measures will have social and economic costs which have to be weighed against the expected benefits, and a feasibility study on how to resolve this issue should be carried out by the Government. As a first step, Government should tighten up measures to monitor and control water use for agriculture in the area. It should also take measures to discourage further development of new irrigated farmland in the area since this is not likely to be justified because of the very high marginal cost of water. 2.25 The numerous existing groundwater and surface water systems in north Jordan (of which the north Jordan uplands is an integral part) are presently operated independently on an individual basis. This is prompted by the fact that only until recently these systems were owned and operated by different agencies. As linkage between these systems exists the opportunity is present for increasing utilization of the available resources and minimizing total costs through an integrated systems operation approach. This will be particularly important when the transfer systems from the Jordan Valley to the Greater Amman and Irbid areas come into operation in 1985. The Government is currently planning to completely interconnect the sources of supply to all major demand centers in north Jordan. (See Annex 12 for schematic diagram of the water transport systems in north Jordan). Following this, additional flexibility will exist for the water systems in north Jordan to be operated as an integrated one. A study on effective integrated operation should therefore be carried out by the Water Authority, which has now been designated the sole operating agency. 2.26 Pricing water to reflect costs in different areas could play a role in influencing investors to consider locating new industries outside of the north Jordan uplands area. This is consistent with the Government's desires to stimulate a more balanced regional development pattern in the country. This aspect should be considered in the study on pricing recommended in this report (para. 3.15). Strategies for Municipal Water Supply 2.27 Urban domestic water supply in Jordan is already at a high service level with 87 percent of the urban population in 1979 on house connections and "i- 55 MCM/year at JD 0.130/m3 being difference in energy cost between pumping from EGMC and pumping from well in the north Jordan uplands.  - 19 - improving in recent years. Major efforts are however required in improving the availability of water sources and in carrying out a vigorous program to detect and repair leaks. It is estimated that over 30 percent of the water produced for the municipal water supply is lost through leakage before it reaches the consumer. The magnitude of this leakage has resulted from: (a) the practice of using pipes made of easily corrodible material in major distribution systems; and (b) lack of a systematic effort to detect and repair leaks. These issues will have to be addressed urgently by the Water Authority. The implementation of leakage control measures, together with continuing appropriate water tariff policies, should provide immediate relief to the intermittent water supply situation which is being experienced in most cities in the country. A program of works for distribution network expansion to cope with future growth in all major cities and towns is already under planning and with its implementation municipal water supply in Jordan will be further improved. 2.28 In rural areas about 57 percent of the population (in 1979) were provided with piped water supply, with 36 percent on house connections. The Government is aware of the poor rural water supply situation and has included some JD 12 million in its 1981-85 Five-Year Plan for extending service to over 160,000 people in rural villages. With the completion of these works about 80 percent of the rural population would receive a piped water supply. If this effort can be continued it would be possible to provide all rural population with a piped water supply by 1990. 2.29 Efforts to improve the poor bacteriological quality of the water distributed to the consumers will be required (see para. 1.31). This problem will be solved to a large extent when water supply is improved so that intermittent supply can be eliminated. Training should also be provided to operating personnel on appropriate disinfection measures for safe water supply. The main responsibility to monitor drinking water quality should remain with the Ministry of Health. While the number of bacteriological tests on drinking water conducted by the Ministry of Health is roughly in concurrence with the World Health Organization-'s recommendations, the fact that all tests are carried out at the central laboratory in Amman has discouraged adequate sampling in communities which are remote from Amman. The setting up of regional water testing laboratories should therefore be considered. Strategies for Sewerage and Sewage Disposal 2.30 On site disposal of wastewaters is still seen to be an economic and acceptable means where soil mantles of sufficient depth and permeability are present, and population is less densely settled. In such areas improved designs for facilities to provide for separation of solids and liquids, such as septic tanks with soakaways or field tiles, should be introduced.  - 20 - 2.31 In areas that are densely populated at present, high pumping costs to remove cesspit effluents may already justify sewerage construction. Full cost recovery from the beneficiaries should therefore be feasible. Areas of future high population density where sewerage will ultimately be required have to be identified. The selection of such areas should take into account the cost of servicing them, as well as other planning considerations, such as location and alternative land uses. The present practice of uncontrolled leapfrogging development (see Jordan Urban Sector Review, Report No. 3965-JO) can lead to wasteful use of resources. There is a clear need for land development plans and policies which come under the general purview of the Ministry of Municipalities, Rural Affairs and Environment to be more systematically approached in consultation with other relevant agencies. 2.32 Sewage effluent is a water resource which Jordan cannot afford to ignore. Following a serious outbreak of cholera in 1981, Jordan issued a ministerial order requiring all sewage effluents to be treated to a quality that would make them suitable for unrestricted irrigation for all kinds of crops. Compliance of this order will require a very high degree of treatment, the economic and financial implications of which have still not been evaluated "'. It is however apparent that given the widely differing downstream conditions at various locations, and possibilities of natural purification before the sewage effluent is reused, strict adherence to this order would result in serious diseconomies. While it is appreciated that some yardstick is required for control, it is felt that it would also be appropriate to allow this requirement to be relaxed on a case-by-case basis. Responsibility for evaluating mitigating circumstances and authority to relax requirements as found appropriate should be entrusted to the Water Authority. Rough order of costs (1983) for sewage treatment are: Stabilization Ponds JD 0.075 to JD 0.150/m3 Conventional secondary treatment JD 0.100 to JD 0.200/m3 Advanced Treatment (to quality JD 0.200 to JD 0.400/m3 required by ministerial order)  - 21 - III, SECTOR ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT Introduction 3.01 The water supply and sewerage sector in Jordan faces the same problems as most other sectors in Jordan. The most important among these are weaknesses in organization and management, trained manpower shortages and the absence of sound financial policies. These problems have affected the Government's ability to assess sector-related problems for the nation as a whole, to prepare coordinated plans for sector development, and to implement these plans. The effects of these problems can be felt in almost every aspect of sector-related activity, be it a major one such as reaching agreement on the level of treatment of wastewater, or something relatively simple such as proper maintenance of existing facilities. Past Sector Organization 3.02 The organizational framework of the water sector has evolved over the years to suit various requirements from time to time. Until quite recently the responsibility for operating and maintaining community water supply and sewerage systems was primarily vested in three separate organizations: (i) the Amman Water and Sewerage Authority (AWSA) responsible for providing water supply and sewerage services in the Amman area; (ii) the Jordan Valley Authority (JVA) responsible for areas within the Jordan Valley; and (iii) the Water Supply Corporation (WSC) responsible for the rest of the country. In addition, the systems of many small municipalities and villages were and still are operated by the municipalities or the local village councils assisted by the Department of Services and Engineering of the Ministry of Municipalities, Rural Affairs and Environment (MMRAE) for construction or expansion of their water supply systems. The task of carrying out water resource studies, quantitative and qualitative monitoring of water resources and the drilling and licensing of wells rested with the Water Resources Division of the Natural Resources Authority (NRA). At the national level, all water-related project activities were coordinated by the National Planning Council (NPC), particularly the ones which were in the domain of the WSC, which was by far the largest both in terms of geographical area and population served. The Water Authority 3.03 While the efforts of the Government in meeting the water needs of its citizens were impressive and indeed commendable, the fragmentation of responsibilities for water in a country where the land area is relatively small and where serious water resource shortage and heavy competitive use exist has given rise to problems of poor coordination and has, in some cases, led to a duplication of efforts among the various organizations involved. The need to create a single national water authority to set policies for the sector as a whole was felt as far back as March 1978, when proposals for this were presented at the First National Water Symposium held in Salt. Since then there has been continuous dialogue at the highest levels of government searching for the most effective organizational solution. This effort came to  - 22 - fruition in December 1983 with the enactment of Law No. 34 of 1983 which created an autonomous agency reporting to the Prime Minister's office to be responsible for the planning, development, allocation and management of all water resources and for the provision of water supply and sewerage services in Jordan. This agency, named the Water Authority (WA), would takeover the responsibilities (including staff) for providing water supply and sewerage services, water resource monitoring, planning, development and allocation, and water quality monitoring from all agencies and municipalities performing these functions prior to its creation. A translated version of Law No. 34 of 1983 is found in Annex 13. 3.04 As prescribed by the Law, the WA enjoys independent financial and administrative status. It has a twelve-member Board of Directors, of which ten are ex-officio and two are from the private sector. The Board is chaired by the Prime Minister. The Authority's headquarters in Amman are managed by a President and a Secretary General who deputizes for him. Both positions are appointed by the Council of Ministers. The WA is gradually taking over the functions and staff of various previous water agencies (para. 3.02) and has set up with this staff a new organization which is expected to evolve as it develops to fully assume its mandated role. The present organization as shown in Annex 14 has the following headquarters departments: Water Supply Operations, Sewerage Operations, Finance and Accounting, Administration, Water Resources Management, Planning and Project Implementation. Operation and maintenance of water supply and sewerage will be carried out in three regional offices, each under a manager, but supervised by the headquarters departments of Water Supply Operations, Sewerage Operations and Finance and Accounting. The regional offices will also be subject to control by water councils composed of representatives of private and public sectors. 3.05 The consolidation of water responsibilities into a single agency will provide for Jordan the institutional framework necessary to better husband its critically scarce water resources in order to sustain economic growth. While past institutions catered for specific groups of users the mandate of the newly-created Water Authority requires it to act for the interest of all water users in the country. Its mission will, therefore, be to ensure that water resources are developed, allocated and used to serve the best interest of the country. In this context sound policies will have to be formulated and appropriate measures taken to augment the country's usable water resources, to efficiently allocate these among the various competitive users, and to ensure that the water allocated is used economically. Major issues concerning these matters are discussed in Chapter II of this report. 3.06 Equally important is the development of an efficient organization for the WA which will assist it to achieve its organizational goals. While many of the functions of the different organizations the WA has taken over or will be taking over are expected to continue unchanged, many overlapping functions have to be eliminated, and new functions have to be considered. The long-term organizational needs of WA will have to be studied and the organizational structure under which it is presently operating (para. 3.04) should be modified if necessary taking into account these needs. Bank funds have been  - 23 - provided under the Zarqa/Ruseifa Water Supply and Sewerage Project (Loan 2213-JO) to engage a management advisor who can assist the WA in this work. Manpower Planning and Training 3.07 In view of the substantial financial commitments being made and foreseen by the Government of Jordan in the water supply and sewerage sector (paras. 4.01 and 4.03) and the resultant growth of sector-related institutions and operational facilities, the demand for trained personnel to operate, maintain and manage these facilities becomes an urgent matter for consideration both in the short- and the long-term. An estimate of needed personnel in sector-related organizations is in Annex 15. 3.08 In the past most of the institutions involved in the sector had some training programs and several other institutions provided some sector related training ''. Some training also comes by learning from foreign consultants and contractors working on specific projects. However, the approaches and interests of the present available training differ greatly, are generally not very focussed, and are done in an ad hoc manner. A serious drawback is the lack of proper training material for use by trainers and trainees in Arabic. Finally, those that are trained are often siphoned off by the private sector in Jordan or by neighboring countries where salaries of trained technicians are substantially higher. Although this is not necessarily detrimental for Jordan and may indeed be beneficial, it does mean that manpower planning must specifically address this issue by enlarging the training programs so as to accommodate both public and private sector requirements for trained personnel. 3.09 The main problem related to training appears to be lack of proper coordination and communication between the organizations requiring trained personnel and those providing the training. At present there is no entity in Jordan which is specifically designated to provide this coordination. The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) has studied the problem of training in the sector at some length and prepared a report entitled "A Proposed Action Plan for a National Training Program in the Water Sector for the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan." The principal recommendations of this study are as follows: (a) that assistance be provided to plan and implement a water sector training program which would cover the needs of the sector; (b) that the Vocational Training Corporation (VTC), an existing institution for technical training in Jordan, be assisted in designing and implementing training systems as well as skill training programs; and lo Other institutions providing training are the University of Jordan, Yarmouk University, Amman Polytechnic Institute, and the Vocational Training Corporation.  - 24 - (c) that full time Jordanian staff, and personnel seconded from Jordanian water sector and training/education organizations be assigned to work with expatriate trainers to implement this program. 3.10 The report details the required short- and long-term technical advisors, training materials and equipment to assist in establishing and conducting this program. USAID has incorporated this program in its "Water Systems and Services Management Project", and has provided sufficient funds for its implementation. The project foresaw the creation of a "Board" consisting of members from the various water related institutions with NPC coordinating and administering the training program until such time as a national authority is created. This responsibility will now automatically be vested in the Water Authority. Financial Management of the Sector 3.11 For water supply, the WA has a sharply progressive tariff structure (Annex 16). This is aimed at ensuring a life-line supply to low-income consumers, while cost recovery and overall financial viability is effected through appropriately higher charges from consumers using large volumes of water. The WA's responsibilities are widespread, including large and small cities, urban and rural areas as well as high and low density populations. Water tariffs in the urban areas, have generally been in line with the cost of providing these services. In certain remote areas, in order to provide water to the population in barely adequate quantities and of reasonably acceptable quality, water has to be transported from long distances over unfavorable topography resulting in extremely high production costs. The cost of providing such service has to be supported by the Government to keep tariffs at affordable levels. 3.12 For sewerage, the WA has a schedule of charges which consists of a combination of (a) a surcharge for sewerage based on water consumption; (b) a levy equal to a fixed percentage of the annual rental value of the property, to be paid for 20 years; and (c) a one-time connection fee based on the rental value. For the present, however, the adequacy of these charges for WA's overall operation cannot be confirmed since experience in operating sewerage outside Amman is limited to the small systems in Aqaba, Salt and Jerash which do not provide a sufficiently reliable basis for projecting operating costs. This situation will change once the WA starts operating the larger systems being built in Zarqa/Ruseifa, Irbid and the extended system in Aqaba. A review of sewerage tariffs in Amman shows that these have not been adjusted since 1974 because the Government has found it politically easier to justify rather steep increases in water tariffs which in fact also cover part of the cost of sewerage operations. The rental value assessments of different properties have also not been kept in line with the actual rents being paid today resulting in unrealistically low sewerage revenues from these sources. On the surface therefore sewerage revenues in Amman do not cover the corresponding WA's expenditures and debt service. However, since water tariffs contain a built-in allowance for sewerage tariff, the total income  - 25 - from water and sewerage revenues in Amman does indeed cover total operating expenditures of water and sewerage and reasonable debt service. 3.13 Most of the water supplied by JVA is for irrigation, for which it charges only 3 fils per cubic meter (JD 0.003/m3) which is one fortieth of the domestic water tariff (lowest bracket) in Amman. Although the costs of delivering irrigation water in the Jordan Valley are significantly lower than those for domestic water in Amman, they are still much higher than the price being presently charged. Since water used for irrigation purposes is essentially an economic input for productive enterprise, the price charged for this input should be made to reflect its true economic cost. Issues related to pricing of agricultural water will therefore need serious attention (para. 2.21), failing which uneconomic investment decisions could be made. 3.14 A somewhat similar situation exists regarding water use by industries which operate their own wells. Indications are that if these industries were to be charged appropriately for water used, their water consumption would be substantially reduced. It is, therefore, proposed that where municipal systems exist and industries draw water from the same aquifers, they can be made to connect to the public water supply network and pay for water at the appropriate tariffs set. Alternatively, industries may be allowed to retain their wells, but the amounts of water extracted should be metered and charged at a rate reflecting the marginal cost of water production for the region. 3.15 In view of the substantial resources being committed to the sector and the importance of water to Jordan's overall development, it is quite clear that the absence of rational and equitable financial policies could have far-reaching consequences for the whole economy. The Bank-assisted Zarqa/Ruseifa project includes the carrying out of a tariff study which will help establish the basis for levying municipal water and sewerage tariffs combined with other charges to ensure cost recovery and financial viability for the WA. The study will also take into account the affordability of low-income users and the effectiveness of using price as a means of conserving water use. It is further anticipated that the consultants carrying out the study will provide the WA with the basis for updating this study through appropriate documentation of the work method. Detailed terms of reference have been prepared and the study is expected to commence in 1984 with the results to be implemented beginning in 1986. This study would, however, only address the WA's financial strategies concerning municipal water supply and sewerage. Financial policies and matters related to pricing of industrial and agricultural water would still have to be dealt with separately and a study to formulate these policies is therefore recommended.  - 26 - IV. INVESTMENT PLANS IN THE SECTOR 4.01 The current Five-Year Plan of Jordan (1981-1985) envisages an investment of JD 521.7 million (US$ 1460.8 million) for the water and irrigation sectors of which JD 275.6 million (US$ 771.7 million or 53 percent) is for irrigation and the remaining JD 246.1 million (US$ 689.1 million or 47 percent) is for water supply and sewerage. A detailed list of projects to be implemented under the Plan is in Annex 17. The annual requirement of funds by institution and their likely sources are summarized below. SUMMARY OF PLANNED SECTOR INVESTMENTS AND SOURCE OF FINANCING 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 TOTAL % of ---(JD Millions)------------------ Total Funds Required by: WSC 1/ 6.1 17.0 21.1 26.1 23.6 93.9 18 AWSA 1/ 2.0 7.7 11.7 12.0 10.0 43.4 8 JVA - Irrigation 5.6 27.5 51.1 78.8 112.6 275.6 53 - Water dev. 1/ 0.9 15.3 24.5 22.3 19.5 82.5 16 NRA + NPC 1.5 2.3 3.1 4.5 14.9 26.3 5 (Total-Water+Sew.) (10.5) (42.3) (60.4) (64.9) (68.0) (246.1) (47) TOTAL 16.1 69.8 111.5 143.7 180.6 521.7 100 Sources of Funds: General Budget 8.9 26.3 37.1 48.5 56.3 177.1 34 Foreign Loans & Grants 1.0 2.7 6.3 8.2 13.9 32.1 6 Local Loans 5.7 38.3 63.4 82.0 106.4 295.8 57 Internal Cash Generation 0.5 2.5 4.7 5.0 4.0 16.7 3 TOTAL 16.1 69.8 111.5 143.7 180.6 521.7 100 4.02 A review of the detailed list of proposed water supply and sewerage projects (Annex 17) indicate that all of the projects are necessary, some more urgently than others. Indeed, the failure to carry out these projects would be a serious impediment to Jordan's overall development objectives. The question therefore is whether the sectoral goals are realistic, whether Jordan has the finanacial and technical resources to achieve them, and whether the underlying assumptions made in establishing these goals were reasonable. 1' These investments will now be made by the Water Authority.  - 27 - These assessments can primarily be made in the context of past patterns of Jordanian development in general and its performance in the water sector in particular. The following table shows the investments made in some sectors of the Jordanian economy during the last plan period (1976-80). Five-Year Plan Investments (1976-1980) (JD million) Plan Actual Public Private % of Public Private X of Sector Sector Total Total Sector Sector Total Total Total Investment 382.1 383.2 765.3 100.0 500.1 721.9 1222.0 100.0 OF WHICH: Water and Irrigation 97.4 - 97.4 12.7 73.8 - 73.8 6.0 Mining and Mfng. 5.2 224.0 229.2 29.9 15.3 301.5 316.8 25.9 Housing and Gvt. Bldgs. 3.0 83.0 86.0 11.2 7.5 250.2 257.7 21.1 Transpor- tation 111.2 8.7 119.9 15.7 175.6 77.8 253.4 20.7 4.03 A review of the achievements in the water sector during the last plan period (1976-1980), within the context of the overall plan and an examination of sector objectives in the current plan (1981-1985), reveals the following: (a) The last Plan envisaged a total investment of JD 765.3 million (US$ 2142.8 million) from both public and private resources. Of this JD 97.4 million (US$ 272.7 million) or 12.7 percent were to be invested in the water and irrigation sectors, entirely from public sources. In reality, however, while the total investments under the plan went up to JD 1222.0 million (US$ 3421.6 million), the investments in irrigation and water fell to JD 73.8 million (US$ 206.6 million) or 6 percent of total expenditure. (b) The difference between total planned and actual investments was JD 456.7 million. About three-quarters of the increase (JD 339.0 million) between planned and actual investments came from the private sector, which was largely financed by substantial remittances from Jordanian workers in Saudi Arabia and the Gulf States. (c) Interestingly enough, almost an identical amount (JD 335.0 million) was the difference between planned and actual investment by the private sector in three areas--manufacturing and mining, transportation, and housing--with more than half (JD 172.0 million) going into housing.  - 28 - (d) The current Plan (1981-1985) has earmarked JD 521.7 million (US$ 1460.8 million) for the water and irrigation sectors (para. 4.01), more than seven times the amount actually invested during the last plan, and representing about 15.8 percent of the total planned outlay, of which JD 246.1 (US$ 689.1 million or 7.4 percent is for water supply and sewerage. (e) The water supply and sewerage investments in the current plan are expected to be made as follows: By WSC 1/ JD 93.9 million 38% of total By AWSA 1/ JD 43.4 million 18% of total By JVA 1/ JD 82.5 million 34% of total By NPC and NRA JD 26.3 million 10% of total The investments listed under WSC and AWSA are mainly for the construction of and extensions to water supply and sewerage systems; JVA's investments in water are primarily for the construction of large delivery systems, while NPC's and NRA's expenditures are largely concentrated on project preparation and groundwater exploration. (f) The sources of finance for the water supply and sewerage investment in the current plan are expected to be as follows: General Budget 38% Foreign Loans and Grants 30% Local Loans 25% Internal Cash Generation 7% On the basis of present status of negotiations between the Jordanian Government and foreign aid agencies, it is unlikely that the contribution of foreign loans and grants towards project financing will be as high as expected. It is also noted that the source identified as internal cash generation is almost exclusively from WA's Amman operations. The current financial situation of WA is weak (para. 3.12) and it appears rather unlikely that it could generate such funds within the remaining plan period. (g) Based on current knowledge of both construction and project preparatory work being carried out in the water supply and sewerage sectors, it is reasonable to conclude that while some work in most of the major projects identified under the plan Li-' Investments previously shown to be made by WSC, AWSA and part of JVA will now be made by the Water Authority.  - 29 - would have started by end of 1985, it would take another two to three years beyond the plan period to complete them. 4.04 In view of the foregoing, the following observations and recommendations are made, some of which have implications not necessarily limited to the water supply and sewerage sector: (a) The Plan document as it exists is a very useful and a necessary tool in Jordan's development planning process. However, given the need to optimize use of scarce resources in Jordan, the practicability of implementing all the projects in the Plan for the water s'ictor should be reviewed giving consideration to prevailing technical, financial and manpower limitations. This will allow efforts to be more focussed; projects will, of necessity, have to be prioritized, which in turn might also release funds for investments in other sectors of the economy. The creation of the Water Authority (para. 3.03) is an important step in strengthening project planning in the sector and should result in a sharper focus and detailed scrutiny of every project. (b) As mentioned earlier, during the last Plan period substantial private resources, over and above the amounts envisaged, were invested in two sectors--manufacturing and mining, and housing--with a total private sector investment of JD 551.7 million (US$ 1544.8 million) and representing 45 percent of all investments made in Jordan. During the current Plan period the corresponding figure is expected to be JD 883.9 million (US$ 2474.9 million). Both of these sectors are prime users of water, and large investments would be necessary to provide them with water and to treat their wastewater. In the same Plan period, however, only 7 percent of the financing required for water supply and sewerage was expected to come from internally generated funds. Given the obvious availability of substantial funds in the private sector and the heavy demands for water which it places on the system, it would be reasonable and practical to make private consumers pay a larger share of the substantial sector investments. This issue can be addressed through the tariff studies (para. 3.15), and a long-term financing plan for the sector should then be formulated. (c) A related issue, though not strictly financial, is the manpower requirements to implement planned projects and to operate and maintain them after their completion. During plan formulation, due consideration should be given to manpower and training needs for all these purposes and measures taken to prevent shortage in this area to help achievement of sectoral plans. Shortages in skilled manpower are felt in every public sector of the Jordanian economy, and this is attributed to a general inadequacy in providing technical training in the country and competition for trained technicians from the private sector and other neighboring countries where higher salaries are offered. While the full  - 30 - solution extends beyond the power of the sector organization alone, the creation of the WA with responsibility for manpower planning and training, consistent with the overall plans for the sector, is an important step towards the reaching of this goal.  - 31 - V. PLANS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Introduction 5.01 This report has studied the situation of the water resources availability and their utilization in Jordan and has proposed various recommendations on how to develop, manage and allocate these to the best advantage of the country. A summary of these recommendations follows. Water Resource Development 5.02 In water resource development Jordan should continue its effort t6 regulate the flow of the Yarmouk River by the construction of the Maqarin Dam (para. 2.15). The water impounded by the dam will be for domestic, industrial and agricultural purposes, enabling irrigation of an additional 120,000 dunums (12,000 ha) of land, and will also be used to generate hydroelectric power. Implementation of this project is largely dependent on agreement being reached for sharing the Yarmouk River waters among the various water users. 5.03 Jordan's other effort in the field of water resources should be to carry out studies on how to develop and use all groundwater and surface water resources in the country in the most economical and efficient ways possible. The following areas in particular should be examined and, where necessary, made the subject of further exploration: (a) Developing groundwater in the Azraq, Jordan valley, Wadi Mujib and Wadi Hasa areas to serve the North Jordan Uplands economically (para. 2.10); (b) Reaching the vast underground storage in the lower sandstone aquifers, which can be used to bridge gaps in water demand (para. 2.13); (c) Optimizing the regulation effect of the dams that have been constructed or are under construction on all major rivers in the East Jordan Valley Basin (para. 2.14); (d) Rationalizing the use of the available groundwater in the north Jordans uplands for agriculture, where additional water is being transported at very high costs (JD 0.300 or US$ 0.86/M3) (para. 2.24); and (e) Operating the independent water systems in North Jordan on an integrated basis ( para. 2.25). Municipal Water Supply 5.04 The Government should continue its effort to improve water supplies to the smaller communities and the rural population of Jordan (para. 2.28). Success in dealing with these areas will depend on the WA's capabilities in  - 32 - project identification, preparation and implementation. The Bank should pay particular attention to helping the WA develop these capabilities. Future Bank lending for water supply and sewerage could be in the form of sector loans the WA. 5.05 Over 30 percent of the water produced for municipal water supply is lost through leakage. The WA should review the type of material used for pipes in major distribution systems and institute a program to detect and repair leaks in the country (para. 2.27). 5.06 Improvements are required in monitoring and maintaining quality of the potable water supplied. The Government should consider setting up regional water testing laboratories to allow bacteriological tests to be conducted closer to the points of sampling. Training should be provided to operating personnel on appropriate disinfection measures for safe water supply (para. 2.29). Sewerage and Sewage Disposal 5.07 On-site disposal of wastewater with improved designs of facilities is recommended in less densely populated areas. In areas of high population density where sewerage is economic, full cost recovery from beneficiaries for sewerage should be a requisite (paras. 2.30, 2.31). 5.08 Uncontrolled leapfrogging development is not conducive to proper sewerage planning and can lead to wasteful use of resources. The Ministry of Municipalities, Rural Affairs and Environment should be approached to find a more systematic approach for land development (para. 2.31). 5.09 In view of the scarce water resource situation, reuse of municipal spent water for irrigation should be adopted as a policy in Jordan. The Government should review the financial and economic implications of its present requirements on wastewater effluent standards. Provision should be made to allow variance from standards in specific cases, taking into account the nature of downstream users and the natural purification capacity of stream courses (paras. 2.18, 2.32). Institution and Finance 5.10 The creation of the Water Authority under Law No. 34 of 1983 has provided Jordan with the institutional framework to allow it to better husband its scarce water resources. The WA should formulate such policies and take such appropriate actions as are necessary to augment the country's usable water resources, to efficiently allocate these among the various competitive users, and to ensure that the water allocated is used economically. It should also study its long-term organizational needs, and modify its organization, if necessary, to meet these needs (paras. 3.05, 3.06).  - 33 - 5.11 The Water Authority should implement a comprehensive training program to upgrade the managerial, technical and financial capabilities of sector personnel. Assistance for such a program is being provided by USAID, and Bank support has been requested (para. 3.09 and 3.10). 5.12 The Government should consider measures that will encourage industry to take necessary actions to conserve water. Such measures include requiring industries to obtain their water supply from municipal supply systems where appropriate charges are already being levied, or imposing charges on groundwater extraction which will reflect marginal costs (paras. 2.23, 3.14). 5.13 In view of the substantial resources being committed to the water sector, the development of equitable and rational financial policies is extremely important. Vast sums are being spent in developing irrigation systems and the price of agricultural water does not provide for appropriate cost recovery. This could lead to farmers being given the wrong signals and making uneconomic investments. Studies to establish sound financial policies for all sector institutions and proper pricing policies for all water users (including agriculture) should be undertaken (paras. 2.21, 3.13). Bank Group Assistance to the Sector 5.14 The Bank and IDA's past involvement in the water sector consists of: (a) four credits totalling us$ 26.7 million for water supply and sewerage; (b) three credits totalling US$ 13.5 million for agricultural credits, irrigation and rural development; and (c) two loans of US$ 47.0 million for water supply and sewerage. 5.15 The Bank is also preparing a project to extend the sewerage system in the Greater Amman Area, thereby reducing ground water pollution and abating the pollution levels in nearby streams and impoundments and making such water available for irrigation. The project will continue the efforts of previous projects to address institutional arrangements and operations of WA and appropriate cost recovery policies. The completion of this project and other projects already under implementation would take us almost to the end of this decade and the most urgent water supply and sewerage needs of the major population centers of Jordan would then be met. 5.16 The Bank's objectives in the sector are to assist the Government to efficiently develop, manage and distribute the country's scarce water resources to achieve its economic objectives, and to adequately dispose of waste and wastewater in order to enhance quality of 'Life, with particular emphasis on the lower income population of the country. The Government and the people of Jordan are well aware of the scarce water resource situation in the country, and the Government's efforts in developing the sector have been impressive. The Bank has made a significant contribution in helping the Government achieve its goals, as have other bilateral and multilateral funding  - 34 - agencies. Their future role as funding sources will continue to be important and it is recommended, therefore, that the Bank continue to support the Government in projects needed to provide its citizens with adequate quantities of water and proper sanitation. It is also clear that construction of physical facilities is only the first step in solving the problems of the sector. There are many related issues where policies will have to be decided upon if Jordan is to realize maximum benefits from its enormous investments. Most important among these are: (1) the development of the institutional capability of the WA; (2) proper allocation of known resources and new resource identification; (3) quantity and quality control of water and wastewater; (4) development of policies related to reuse of wastewater; (5) development of appropriate cost recovery and other financial policies; and (6) manpower planning and training of personnel necessary for the sector. The Report has recommended a number of studies and actions by the Government. If requested, the Bank should consider providing technical assistance in preparing the terms of reference for these studies, as well as financial support by including these studies as part of its project-related lending operations.  ilill i 2 04211) litrl aIlIfOA OVAAI 1,W11.1 XlILR ALSIIIIA_LSAND P0OIS) M IAI. WArthR DVIANDD I I ____________I Salrlace I iIt I Anon. I I Avali l- I Aval l- I Ac..usiiccc I la etelt -I riai7 /6 I Altulle I ata.-l lala K-I b I------------ I ial I Niii lel Waltr Demand I Industrial Water Demand t 1982 Water Use Water B1alace - W ate .r Ia la ce I . ibive | We- Isaiiic.'a I St-- IKa r I I I- - -iiPpl y I 0- ---------------------------------- - ----------- ---------------- S - SDarplas ___ _ I Sea Level! Cli .ar:c I t/- I y ' /3L Ilc 11 Fla- I l I /5a 1 1979 1982 1985 1990 2000 1 1979 1982 1985 1990 2000 I troiid- I Surface! I - Dalonued Wnter I Water I Total I D - Deficit ---------------------------------------------------------------HrZt/YEAR ---------________________________________________________-___________________________- I1. \.r ... gzk .i a 10 31.1 15.o bVOU.ll 218.0/ 4(0.0 - 169.0 2.8 3.2 3.6 4.6 6.6 - - - - - 5.0 - 5.0 S Li. J-il.-n Valley -165 91.2 18.0 (3550.0) I.t usud /4 18.0 1.6 1.8 2.1 2.6 3.7 - - - - - 7.0 192.0 199.0 1/7 l1l, N.J.V. RIA side 450 75.a 8.0 0.0 41.5 79.3 72.0 7,6 8.7 10.0 13.0 18.7 - _ _ _ _ - 8.0 8.0 S IV. a.J.v. R'ilesiale 4J0 40.2 1u.0 U.( 27.7 34.3 18.0 3.3 3.8 4.3 S .5 7.7 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.6 O.b 5.0 23.0 28.0 V. t Br.a I. a-sai 71S 9u.i '5.0 1700.0 48.2 93.1 10)1.0 28.6 33.9 40.2 55.3 85.1 5.5 6.3 7.2 10.2 Ib.4 55.0 23.0 78.0 VI. Ucd Sc.. Kldtside 55 74.3 14.0 50.0 64.0 71.3 78.0 2.3 2.7 3.0 3.9 5.6 - 3.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 - 34.0 34.0 S V0l. W. Malil. D.i-- 711 15.3 25.0 111i8.0 41.0 78.5 Ii5.0 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.9 2.8 - - 3.0 3.0 48.0 /8 2.8 2.0 4.0 S Vl0. W. lava. Oae-- 850 50.2 14.0 1690.U0 3.3 41.2 50.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 2.2 3.8 6.5 6.5 - 1.0 4.0 S.0 S IX. W. Araba Nacih 435 3a.7 8.0 (1080.(8 21.1 27.5 29.0 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.4 2.1 - - 9.0 9.0 9.0 - 26.0 26.0 " (en X.8. -Araba S ala 7J5 9.1 8.0 (450.8) 0.5 5.0 9.(1 0.8 0.9 1.( 1.3 1.8 0.3 1.5 7.8 9.3 12.3 2.0 - 2.0 D xl. I7a I1ia 47.0 ilI 21.0 27. - .0 2.0 ----------- insignificant --------- - - 9.0 - 9.0 S XII. Jair Ba-c 905 71.8 15.0 1600.0 5.0 15.10 20.0 0.7 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.7 - 4.2 4.2 4.2 5.0 5.0 10.0 S XlII. W.Silcba Oasis 11.5 5.0l (50.o) - - 5.0 ----------- insignificant --------- - - S AIV. Acl.aq B.a--a 150 45-. 20.0 1680.0 15.1 22.6 35.0 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.64 0.5 - 2.0 1.0 8.8 S 712. _ 22. 11180.0 540.4'i 874.dfI 718.0 50.2 58.5 68.3 91.4 136.7 8.3 15.0 47.3 _l.8 99.5 98.0 318.0 416.0 _ (5050.0y /1 Anoilable ground.satec -enut_en ate estited et-teiscinsnlaich can be sustained over the medium term ithnut affecting dsn.nt teas .s.er. /2 A-ailabl, -rac e a h..ons a huntsbih can be ined ecenumiratty; fignces in brnckets indicate sousre nhrre quality is doobtfll. /3 tichdes rinultt fru Syrian - trituries. Allnvance han tn be made fer nater lightn tI neighboring countrie. /4 Fusar in Jnrdan Diner ae not includeda a-ailublrtesources. /5 ficte-des a-ailable gnauedn. aer red nurera and b-eoluss. Effect of ieptoundiIf resnvtitn (present totl capacity of 70 MCs) hlo not been considered. /6 8aued an Year 2000 municipal anId indastniat demands and keopiu,g i .rigatiun nater use at 1982 levels. /7 Wlit. Inin area iu a =ater delicit arcs it rev-ites substsiitia inter-bacin u s-fate fIons f ron riftaide .adis and fIns Lhe Yarm.ouf nia the East Uhnt llaiu Canal. /8 P-Ousi,I .ia- fur slaalC uil produc-tio. tT  - 36 - HASHEMITE KINGDOM OF JORDAN ANNEX 2 WATER SECTOR STUDY Page 1 of 2 ESTIMATED ANNUAL FLOWS IN MAJOR STREAMS ESTIMATED STREAMFLOW (MCM/Year) Storm Runoff Base Flow TOTAL dry avge wet dry avge wet dry avge wet /1 /1 /1 /1 /1 / EASTERN JORDAN VALLEY BASIN Yarmouk River (Maqarin) 55.0 110.0 182.0 134.0 163.0 192.0 189.0 273.0 374.0 Yarmouk River (Adasiya) 96.0 182.0 293.0 172.0 218.0 276.0 268.0 400.0 569.0 Wadi Arab (Jordan Valley) 3.2 6.5 10.5 19.4 24.9 30.4 22.6 31.4 40.9 Wadi Ziglab ( " " ) 1.0 2.2 3.9 6.9 8.3 9.7 7.9 10.5 13.6 Wadi Jurum ( " " ) 0.0 0.2 0.6 9.2 11.5 13.8 9.2 11.7 14.4 Wadi Yabis ( " " ) 0.5 1.6 3.2 5.3 6.2 7.1 5.8 7.8 10.3 Wadi Kufrinja C " " ) 0.0 1.0 3.1 4.4 5.8 7.2 4.4 6.8 10.3 Wadi Rajib ( " " ) 0.4 1.3 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.4 4.3 6.0 Wadi Zerqa (Sukhne) 3.3 8.2 15.6 14.1 16.7 19.3 17.4 24.9 34.9 Wadi Zerqa (Jerash Bridge) 14.1 35.9 68.4 25.9 31.5 37.1 40.0 67.4 105.5 Wadi Zerqa (Jordan Valley) 18.7 46.5 87.7 39.6 48.3 57.0 58.3 94.8 144.7 Wadi Shueib ( " " ) 0.4 1.8 4.1 5.6 8.0 10.4 6.0 9,8 14.5 Wadi Kafrein ( " " ) 0.1 1.4 3.5 8.4 12.0 15.6 8.5 13.4 19.1 BASIN TOTAL /2 123.0 250.0 422.0 284.0 357.0 443.0 407.0 607.0 865.0 DEAD SEA BASIN Wadi Zerqa Ma'an (Dead Sea) 0.8 3.0 6.7 18.0 20.0 22.0 18.8 23.0 28.7 Wadi Wala (upper reaches) 6.9 16.1 28.5 4.7 5.1 5.5 11.6 21.2 34.0 Wadi Wala (lower reaches) 6.9 16.6 30.9 18.2 20.1 22.0 25.1 36.7 52.9 Wadi Mujib (upper reaches) 7.5 20.6 41.1 7.2 8.0 8.8 14.7 28.6 49.9 Wadi Mujib (lower reaches) 7.5 20.7 41.1 18.9 21.0 23.1 26.4 41.7 64.2 Wadi Al-Kerak 0.8 3.2 6.6 12.0 15.0 18.0 12.8 18.2 24.6 Wadi Hasa (upper reaches) 0.8 2.6 5.5 4.4 4.4 4.4 5.2 7.0 9.9 Wadi Hasa (lower reaches) 1.4 4.9 10.8 34.8 36.3 39.8 36.2 41.2 50.6 BASIN TOTAL /2 17.3 49.6 101.1 128.0 141.4 156.8 145.3 191.0 257.9 CONT. NEXT PAGE  - 37 - ANNEX 2 Page 2 of 2 ESTIMATED STREAMFLOW (MCM/Year) Storm Runoff Base Flow TOTAL dry avge wet dry avge wet dry avge wet /1 /1 /1 /1 /1 /A WADI ARABA BASIN Wadi Feifa 0.1 1.2 3.6 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.1 11.2 13.6 Wadi Khuneizir 0.1 1.2 3.7 2.4 3.0 3.6 2.5 4,2 7.3 Wadi Fidan 0.1 1.3 4.0 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.2 5.4 8.1 Wadi El Buweirida 0.5 2.4 5.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 1.3 3.2 6.6 Wadi Musa 0.0 0.2 0.9 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.8 3.5 Basin TOTAL /2 1.2 9.4 26.3 20.9 21.6 22.3 22.1 31.0 48.7 DESERT BASINS Basin Total /2 4.7 29.2 78.3 18.6 20.1 21.6 23.3 49.3 99.9 TOTAL FOR JORDAN 146.2 338.2 627.7 451.5 540.1 643.7 597.7 878.3 1271.5 /1 Wet and dry years have a return period of five years /2 Basin totals do not necessarily tally with sum of flows of watercourses listed since not all watercourses have been included.  - 38 HASHEMITE KINGDOM OF JORDAN ANNEX 3 WATER SECTOR STUDY Page 1 of 2 DAMS COMPLETED OR TO BE CONSTRUCTED No. Dam Location Specifications Remarks (H)eight (L)ength (C)apacity IMPOUNDING DAMS COMPLETED 1. Sama Sudud Mafraq H. 3.8 m Utilized for irrigation L. 120 m C. 175 MCM 2. Ghathir Ahyad Mafraq H. ll m Utilized for irrigation L. 200 m C. 750,000 CM 3. Bowayda Mafraq H. 9.5 m Utilized for irrigation L. 65 m C. 750,000 CM 4. Al Lahafi Dhuleil H. 8 m Utilized for recharging L. 160 m underground water & par- C. 750O000 CMf tially for irrigation. 5. Ziglab Wadi Ziglab H. 48 ms Utilized for irrigation (Shurahbil) L. 475 m C. 4.3 MCM 6. Shua'ib Wadi Shua'ib H. 30 m Utilized for irrigation L. 760 m Co 2 ?3 MCM 7. Kafrain Wadi Kafrain H. 30 m Utilized for irrigation L. 500 m C. 3.8 IICM 8. Qatraneh Qatraneh H. 12 m For recharging underground L. 260 mi water, for watering sheep and C. 4.2 MCM for irrigation. 9. Sultani Sultani/Karak H. 8 m For recharging underground Governorate L. 400 m water, for watering sheep and C. 1.25 MCM for irrigation 10. King Talal Zarqa River H. 92,5 m Utilized for irrigation L. 390 m (crest) C. 56 Mm3 Source: NPC's Five Year Plan (1976-80) NPe 'a Five Year Plan (1981-85)  - 39- ANINEX 3 Page 2 of 2 No. Dam Location Specifications Remarks (H)eight (L)ength (C)apacity IMPOUNDING DAMS PROPOSED UNDER FIVE YEAR PLAN (1981 85) 1. Wadi Al Arab Wadi Al-Arab H. 63.5 m Utilized for irrigation and to C. 9.1 mcm augment flow in East Ghor Main Canal by pumped storage 2. Raising of King Zarqa River H,to be raised Utilized for irrigation Talal Dam 9. 5 m Total H. after raising 102 m Increase in C. 20 MCM C. after raising 76 MCM 3. Raising of Wadi Kafrain H. to be raised Utilized for irrigation Kafrain Dam 6.0 m Total H. after raising 36 mn Inc rease in C. 3 MCM Capacity after raising 6.8 MCM 4. Rumeil Wadi Wala C. 12 MCM Municipal Water Supply. Source: NPC's Five Year Plan (1976-80) NPC's Five Year Plan (1981-85)  -40 - ANNEX 4 HASHEMITE KINGDOM OF JORDAN WATER SECTOR STUDY POPULATION OF EAST BANK OF JORDAN 1975 1980 Growth Governorate --(000) --------- Rate (z) Amman 1098 1233 2.3 Irbid 564 634 2.4 Balqa 130 156 2.3 Karaq 108 132 2.3 Ma'an 52 78 8.4 Total 1952 2233 2.7 Source: Department of Statistics Year Books, 1975 and 1980  HASHEMITE KINGDOM OF JORDAN WATER SECTOR STUDY POPULATION AND HOUSEHOLD SIZE OF EAST BANK OF JORDAN (1979) Urban 1/ Rural Total % of Average Size of Household Governorate (000)--------------- Total Urban Rural Total Amman 966 219 1185 55 6.3 7.0 6.4 Irbid 193 416 609 28 6.3 6.6 6.5 Balqa 37 115 152 7 6.2 6.5 6.4 Karak 37 89 126 6 6.4 6.6 6.5 Ma'an 45 30 75 4 5.9 6.1 6.0 Total 1278 869 2147 100 6.3 6.7 6.4 Source: Housing and Population Census, 1979. 1/Principal towns of each governorate, district and subdistrict, and the towns of Ruseifa and Suweileh. M~ M,  - 42 - ANNEX 6 HASHEMITE KINGDOM OF JORDAN WATER SECTOR STUDY POPULATION PROJECTIONS BY DISTRICTS Population (thousands) Governorate District 1979 1982 1985 1990 2000 Census Amman Amman 817 933 1,066 1,329 1,912 Zarqa 309 350 397 485 687 Madaba 59 64 69 78 97 Governorate Total 1,185 L,347 1,532 1X892 2,696 Irbid Irbid 323 356 393 460 601 Jarash 67 72 78 88 109 Mafraq 73 78 84 94 114 Ramtha 48 52 57 66 84 Ajlun 54 59 64 72 90 A. Shamaliyeh 44 47 51 58 72 Governorate Total 609 664 727 838 1,070 Balqa Balqa 152 165 180 205 260 Karak Karak 94 101 108 120 146 Tafila 32 35 38 42 52 Governorate Total 126 136 146 162 198 Ma'an Ma'an 39 42 46 51 64 Aqaba 36 39 43 49 63 Governorate Total 75 81 89 100 127 JORDAN TOTAL 2L147 2,393 2,674 3,197 4,351 Note: For assumptions on population growth rates, see Annex 7.  HASHEMITE KINGDOM OF JORDAN WATER SECTOR STUDY POPULATION PROJECTIONS BY WATER BALANCE AREAS Population (thousands) Water Balance Area 1979 Census 1982 1985 1990 2000 I. Yarmouk 142 (33) 153 (35) 166 (36) 187 (37) 234 (39) II. Jordan Valley 84 (13) 90 (13) 97 (13) 108 (13) 133 (13) III. N.J.V. Riftside 349 (35) 383 (36) 422 (38) 494 (40) 645 (43) IV. S.J.V. Riftside 151 (68) 166 (68) 182 (69) 208 (70) 267 '72) V. Zarqa River Basin 1,096 (89) 1,250 (90) 1,427 (90) 1,774 (91) 2,549 (92) VI. Dead Sea Riftside 127 (22) 137 (32) 148 (33) 166 (34) 204 2 $7) VII. Wadi Mujib Basin 64 (27) 69 (28) 74 (28) 83 (30) 101 K32) VIII. Wadi Hasa Basin - -- - - IX. Wadi Araba North 45 (28) 49 (29) 53 (29) 59 (30) 72 33) X. Wadi Araba South 36 (75) 39 (76) 43 (77) 49 (78) 63 '80.' XI. Qa'Disi - - - - - - - - XII. Jafr Basin 39 (29) 42 (30) 46 (30) 51 (31) 63 (33) XIII. Wadi Sirhan Basin - - - - - - -- - - XIV. Azraq Basin 14 (-3 15 (-) 16 (-) 18 (-) 20 (-) XV. Wadi Hamman Basin - - - - - - TOTAL 2,147 (60) 2,393 (61) 2,674 (63) 3.197 (65) 4,351 (68) Notes: (a) Figures in parenthesis show percent of population which is considered urban. (b) Assumed Population Growth Rates (1 p.a.) 1979 to 1985 1985 to 1990 1990 to 2000 Amman City 5.0 5.0 4.0 Zarqa, Irbid 4.5 4.5 3.5 Ruseifa 4.5 4.5 4.5 Other Cities (over 10,000 pop.) 3.5 3.0 2.8 Towns (3,000 to 10,000 pop.) 3.0 .2.8 2.5 Small Communities (below 3,000 pop.) 2.0 1.8 1.6 National Average 3.7 3.6 3.1  -44 - ANNEX 8 HASHEMITE KINGDOM OF JORDAN WATER SECTOR STUDY PROJECTED BASE PER CAPITA WATER DEMANDS FOR MUNICIPAL SUPPLIES Base Per Capita Demand C (lcd) 1979 1985 1990 2000 Amman City 85 88 94 94 Other Urban Areas 70 73 77 77 Rural 44 48 56 67 Note: Above projections are based on: 1. Projection of population with house connections Z population with house connections 1979 1985 1990 2000 Amman 87 92 100 100 Other Urban Areas 87 92 100 100 Rural 36 45 60 80 2. Breakdown of 1979 Per Capita Demand (lcd) Connected Standpipe or Average Population Tanker Supply lcd Amman 94 25 85 Other Urban Areas 77 25 70 Rural 77 25 44  HASHEMITE KINGDOM OF JORDAN WATER SECTOR STUDY WATER AND SEWERAGE SERVICE LEVELS (1979) Water Supply Sewerage System House Public Mobile Other Public Septic Other Connection Tab Tanker Tank Governorate Percent of Population - Percent of Population ------- Amman 73 14 10 3 25 71 4 Irbid 56 4 15 25 - 94 6 Balqa 35 14 30 21 20 73 7 Karak 74 - 10 16 - 93 7 Ma'an 85 8 1 6 89 11 Source: Housing and Population Census, 1979. 1t  46 - ANNEX 10 HASHEMITE KINGDOM OF JORDAN WATER SECTOR STUDY REPORTED CASES OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (water-associated) Disease 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 Typhoid 187 286 260 167 160 (0) (o) (0) (O) (0) Paratyphoid 41 6$ 42 43 45 (3) (0) (0) (O) (0) Infectious 263 394 211 542 273 Hepatitis (6) (o) (1) (0) (0) Cholera 427 0 141 0 908 (0) (0) (0) (0) (6) Dysentry 63 53 83 53 21 (0) (0) (0) (O) (o) Note: Figures in parenthesis show number of reported cases resulting in death.  HASHEMITE KINGDOM OF JORDAN MATER SECOR TUDY BACTERIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF WATER SAMPLES 1978 1979 1980 1981 No. No. 2 NO. No. 1 NO. NO. No. No. I Exam. Unsafe Unsafe Exam. Unsafe Unsafe Exam, Unsafe Unsafe Exam. Unsaefe Unsafe /1 /1 /1 1 Amman Source 46 2 4.3 16 1 6.3 --- not available 63 9 14.3 Distribution Network 48.0 2 4.2 74 8 10.8 178 30 16.9 Public Storage 8 2 25.0 Individual Storage 14 2 14.3 34 7 20.5 99 22 22.2 Other Municiat Source 515 142 27.6 252 44 17.4 425 81 19.1 Distribution Network 2,186 434 19.9 2,120 394 18.5 3,006 495 16.5 Public Storage 116 25 21.6 109 22 28.1 146 21 14.4 Individual Storage 148 46 31.1 130 38 29.2 226 56 24.8 Villages 14 Source 186 81 43.5 113 37 32.7 189 130 68.8 Distribution Network Public Storage l8 1 12.5 Individual Storage 21 10 47.6 TOTAL Source 747 225 30.1 381 82' 21.5 677 220 32.5 Distribution Network 2,234 436 19.5 2,194 402 18.3 3,419 584 17.1 Public Storage 116 25 21.6 109 22 20.2 162 24 14.8 Individual Storage 162 48 29.6 164 45 27.4 346 88 25.4 /1 This is defined as exceeding WHO recomMendations in coliform count Source M Ministry of Health, "Annual Statistical Reports"  HASHEMITE KINGDOM OF JORDAN Water Sector Study Schematic Diagram of Water Transport Systems In North Jordan Elevation (m) Above Mean Sea Level 1.200 Terminal Reservoir 1,100 Ki.g ...I -m /East Main CanalWaterCarrier(uAMMANe& SlonBURBS1utio AzrFq lipelir AN 900 Pumping ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~elsig 00 _ake _iversion (16 RUSEIF t 5 Treatment&600 Tiberlas ' Wemping Statin/ 500 I -