Document of The World Bank FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY C?. /S32-L6 Report No. 5009-UG STAFF APPRAISAL REPORT UGANDA AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECT December 11, 1984 Northern Agriculture Division Eastern Africa Projects Department This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization. CURRENCY EQUIVALENCE US$1.00 = Uganda Shillings (USh) 350.00 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES Metric System ABBREVIATIONS AA - Agricultural Assistant AAO - Assistant Agricultural Officer AU - Agricultural officer AKP - Agricultural Reconstruction Program AS - Agricultural Superviser CBPP - Contagious Bovine Pleuro-Pneumonia CDTC - Community Development Training Center IJAO - Divisional Agricultural ufficer DC - District Commissioner DFI - District Farm Institute DOA - Department of Agriculture OVS - Department of Veterinary Services EEC - European Economic Community ER1 - Estimated Rate of Return ESP - Extension Saturation Project FA - Field Assistant FEW - Field Extension Worker FU - Functional Unit GUU - Government of Uganda ICB - International Competitive Bidding IFAD - International Fund for Agricultural Development IME - International Monetary Fund LCB - Local Competitive Bidding LSU - Livestock Unit MAF - Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry MAIF - Ministry of Animal Industry and Fisheries MEU - Monitoring and Evaluation Unit RAO - Regional Agricultural Officer SMS - Subject Natter Specialist T&V - Training and Visit FISCAL YEAR July 1 - June 30 FOR OMCIAL USE ONLY UGANDA AGR1CULTUMAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECT Credit and Project Summary borrower: Republic of Uganda. beneficiaries: Smallholder farmers and fishermen. Amount: SJ.i 10.U million (US41U.0 million equivalent). Terms: Standard. Project Description: The project would increase food production and family income in the project area defined as the administra- tive districts of Apac, Kumi, Lira, Soroti, Gulu, Kitgum, and Tororo in eastern and northern Uganda and would increase the availability of data to formulate sector development plans. These objectives would be achieved through: (i) the provision of agricultural, livestock, and fisheries inputs, (ii) the strengthening of extension services to advise on input use and technology, and (iii) the provision of support for research and surveys to generate new information for planning and extension. The project would include: (i) the procurement of input supplies and the strengthening of input distribution management, (ii) the provision of civil works, vehicles, equipment, technical assistance, training and operating expenses for research and surveys of fisheries resources, tsetse fly control, and agricultural adaptive research, and (iii) the strengthening of agricultural extension as well as monitoring and evaluation services. Risks: The main risk is the lack of motivation and commitment of the underpaid staff of the Ministries of Agriculture and Forestry and of Animal Industry and Fisheries. This risk would be addressed by developing a work ethic, providing adequate transport and other ifacilities, and arranging for regular payment of cravel and transport allowances. This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorizationL - ii - Estimated Project Costs: Component Local Foreign Total - -- US$ million Input supply 2.7 15.0 17.7 Research and technology .7 1.8 2.5 Institutional development 1.3 2.4 3.7 Base Cost 4.7 19.2 23.9 Contingencies Physical .3 1.1 1.4 Price _1.6 4.5 6.1 Total Project Cost 6.6 /a 24.8 31.4 /b -, _ Fi-ancing Plan: Source Local Foreign Total US$ million IDA Second Technical Assistance Project credit - .3 .3 IDA Agricultural Development Project loan - 10.0 10.0 IFAD Agricultural Development Project loan - 14.5 14.5 Government of Uganda 6.6 - 6.6 Total 6.6 24.8 31.4 Estimated Disbursements: IDA FY85 FY86 FY87 FY88 FY89 FY90 Association Annual /c 1.8 2.2 2.2 2.3 1.5 Cumulative 7__ 1.8 4.0 6.2 8.5 10.0 IFAD Annual - 2.3 3.1 3.2 3.5 2.4 Cumulative - 2.3 5.4 8.6 12.1 14.5 Total Annual /c 4.1 5.3 5.4 5.8 3.9 Cumulative /c 4.1 9.4 14.8 2U.6 24.5 Rate of Return: Not applicable. Maps: IBRD 18d35 and 18036. /a Includes taxes and duties of IJS$1.41 million. lb Includes start-up activities -:otalling to US$441,00U of which US$326,000 to be financed under the Second Technical Assistance Project (Credit 1434-UG of 1984 for Us.15 milLion). This project has, as one of its objectives, the support of project preparation activities. ic The amount of JS$32b,lU0 will be disbursed from the Second Technical Assistance Project to cover the foreign exchange costs of start-up activities for the present project. UGANDA AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECT Table of Contents I. INTRODUCTION A. The Country .............................................. 1 B. The National Economy ..................................... 2 C. The Role of Agriculture in the Economy .. ................. 2 D. markets and Prices ....... ....... ...-..... ........ 5 E. Agricultural Supporting Services ......................... 6 F. Policies and Strategies for Agricultural Development ..... 6 G. IFAD and World Bank O)erations in the Sector . ............ 8 H. Project Justification ... ............................ 8 IL. TiE PROJECT BACKGROUND A. The Project Area ...... .................................... 9 B. Agricultural Production . .......................... 11 III. THE PROJECT A. General Description . ............................ 15 Input Supplies ......... .......... . 15 :search and Surveys............... 16 Institution Buildingr ....... ................. 16 B. Detailed Description .......................... 16 Input Supplies ....... ........... . 16 Research and Surveys . ........................ .19 Institution Building .....oo ......... 21 C. Monitoring and Evaluation ........ ........................ 25 D. Technical Assistance ...o................................. 27 E. Training ............................................. 27 F. Environmental Impact ..... ............................ 28 IV. CUST ESTIMATES A1ND FINANCING A. Cost Estimates .......................................... 28 B. Financing . ......... 30 C. Procurement .............................................. 32 U. Disbursements ............................................ 33 t. Accounts and Audits ............ o......................... 35 V. ORGANIZATIOni AND MArJAGEMENT A. Coordination and Implementation ....................... .. 36 B. Procurement ManagemenE and Distribution ................. . 37 C. T&V Extension ......................................... 38 U. Linkages between Research and Extension .............. o ... 38 VI. MARKETS AND PRICES A. Inputs Marketing ............. . ............ a a*....... 39 B. Agricultural, Livestock and Fisheries Production and Marketing ............................ 39 VII. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS AND PROJECT KISKS ......................... 40 VIII. itECOMMENDATIONS .............................. o ... 44 ANNEXES I. AGRICUL1UKAL SECTOR SACKGKuUND Table 1 - Agricultural Production Statistics for Uganda ..... 47 II. FILNANCIAL TABLES Table 1 - Farmgate Local Market and Urban Market Prices (1982) 48 Table 2 - Project Costs and Benefits ............. ........... 49 III. FORESTRY NURSERY DEVELOPMENT COSTS (per nursery) ............ 50 IV. STAFF REQUIREMENTS Table 1 - Staff Required for Fisheries Surveys .............. 51 Table 2 - Staff Required for Pilot T&V Extension Program .... 52 V. PROJECT COSTS Table 1 - Summary Account by Year .......................... 53 Table 2 - Agricultural Inputs ............... ............... 54 Table 3 - Veterinary Inputs ... ............................. 55 Table 4 - Fishing Inputs ...... ..... ................ ........ 56 Table 5 - Input Supply Management ......................... 57 Table 6 - On-Farm Adaptive Research ........................ 58 Table 7 - Tsetse Control . . .................................. 59 Table 8 - Fisheries; Population Dynamics ................... 60 Table 9 - Benovation of Training College and Extension Training ......... ..................... 61 Table 1U - Pilot T&V Extension System ..... .................. 62 'fable 11 - Monitoring and Evaluation Unit ................... 63 Table 12 - Project Component by Year ..... ................... b4 Table 13 - Summary Account by Project Component . .. . 65 Table 14 - Summary Accounit by Year ................. ......... 66 Table 15 - Project Component by Year ........................ 67 ANNEXES VI. IfPLEMENTATION SCUEDUJLE . ......... ............. ......... . 68 VII. DETAILED DISBURSEMENT SCHEUULE ............................. 69 VIII.LIST OF ?IATEKIALS AVAILABLE IN THE IMPLEMENTATION VOLUME ... 70 IX. CHART 26055 - Proposed Project Organization ................ 71 CHALT 26056 - Linkages between Extension and Research ...... 72 CHART 26057 - Proposed Extension Service Organization ...... 73 MAP IBkW 18035K - Project Area IB&D 1803b - Soroti District UGANDA AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECT Staff Appraisal Report A. The Country 1.01 Uganda is landlocked between Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda, Zaire and Sudan. It consists of a central plateau with low hills and rolling plains and three distinct mountainous areas; Mount Elgon in the east, the Ruwenzori Mountains in the west, and the highlands of Kigezi in the south-west. Lake Victoria and the Nile river comprise the principal drainage system, but there are also numerous small lakes and swamps. Lake Kyoga is a shallow lake in the center of the country, through which the Nile tlows. 1.02 Because of altitude (501 of Uganda is between 1,000 and 1,500 m above sea level), the climate is mild with temperatures varying between a mean minimum of 17oC and a mean maximum of 3zoC over most ot the country. Mean monthly variations in temperature are only about 3ou. Average annual rainfall varies from 2,160 to 510 mm, depending on location, and, except for northern Karamoja and parts of Ankole, is generally adequate for many crops. In the south, rainfall is bimodal with peaks in April/fay and September/November. Progressing northwards the peaks become less distinct and merge to give a monomodal distribution in the Northern Region. 1.03 In 1v82 Uganda had a population of about 13.5 million, increasing at an estimated annual rate of 2.8Z. Ethnically the population is classified as: Bantu 6b6; Nilotic 15%, Nilo-Hamitic 13%; and Sudanic 5%. the GNP per capita is about US$280. 1.04 The total area of the country is 241,00U km2 of which lakes and rivers cover 44,000 km2 and 32,000 km2 are national parks, forest reserves etc. The cultivable land amounts to 165,000 km2; of which 25% is cropped each year. 1.05 For purposes of administration, Uganda is divided into ten regions and 33 districts. The district is the key administrative unit for development and is administered by a District Commissioner (DC), assisted by various committees through which the activities of line ministries working in the district are coordinated. The districts are sub-divided into counties, sub-counties, parishes and sub-parishes, each under a chief appointed by the Ministry of Local Government. The chiefs are responsible to the DC through the District Administrative Secretary and duties include tax collection, law courts, tood distribution, food storage, distribution ot agricultural inputs and coordination of development projects. - 2 - B. The National Economy 1.0b At independence in 19b2, Uganda's economy was strong. Export crops were developing rapidly, a small indubsrial sector provided export and consumer goods, transport and communications were good, there was promising potential for developing hydro-electric power and the education system was well established. A steady annual growth of GOP of 2.0% was achieved until 1970, and a current account surplus was maintained in most years. The Government of Uganda (GOU) revenue contributed a significant proportion of development outlays. 1.07 Uganda came under military rule in 1971. Under military administration GDP stagnated and per capita income fell. Many foreign businesses were either nationalized or expropriated and under inept management rapidly declined. The value added in the industrial and monetary agricultural sectors fell sharply, GOU budgetary and balance of payments deficits increased and to secure their food supplies, farmers reverted to subsistence agriculture. The final phase in the decline of the economy resulted from the Liberation War of 1979 (and the associated looting, damage and breakdown of society), 'Long years of neglect due to the inability to maintain and manage plant, and the emigration of skilled manpower and expertise. :.0b Reforms were proposed in 1979 but no substantive action was taken until 1981, when severe inflation, budge:ary deficits and balance of payment difficulties highlighted the need for foreign exchange management. With the help of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), GOU began a program aimed at restoring economic growth, reducing inflation, stabilizing the economy, revising investment and reviving production capacity with emphasis on agriculture, industry and mining. The strategy employed was to float the Uganda shilling (USh), introduce realistic producer prices, dismantle price controls, encourage private investment and return nationalized industry to private ownership. 1.09 A Recovery Program, and later a Revised Recovery Program, were produced with the objective of using external finance to increase exports by encouraging agricultural production. This was to be achieved by providing inputs, rehabilitating industrial plant and increasing producer prices (paras 1.29 and 1.30). The recovery program was successful in attracting foreign finance, especially for input procurement. C. The Role of Agriculture in the Economy 1.10 Agriculture contributes about 52% of GDP and supports 93% of the population. Most industry is based on agriculture (cotton-ginning, textiles, sugar refining, cigarette manufacture etc.). Agriculture provides 95% of Uganda's exports. Exports now consist almost entirely of coffee, although previously cotton, sugar, tea and tobacco were also exiorted. Due to lack of tools and inputs, decline of processing facilities and inefficient marketing, coffee exports declined from 201,000 tons in 1970 to 95,000 in 191. Within the limits set by the coffee quota, coffee exports are expected to increase in the future and to remain the backbone of Uganda's exports, but GOU is taking steps to diversify its -3- exports as much as possible, and is pressing for expansion of some non-traditional exports and rehabilitation of tea, tobacco and sugar industries. 1.11 Soils. Sandy clay loauTs and clay loams are the predominant soil types. Those around Lake Victoria are deep and fertile and the area is often referred to as "the fertile crescent". Heavy black clays are found in Karamoja; volcanic soils on Mount Elgon and in southwestern Uganda; and alluvials in central and northern Uganda, to the west of Lake Victoria and in the swampy tracts around Lake Kyoga. 1.12 Land Holdings. The average farm size varies considerably over the country, ranging from about 1.5 ha in the more fertile and montane areas to 8.0 or 9.0 ha in northern Uganda. Most farmers have permanent possession of the land they cultivate, although ownership rights usually rest with the tribal clan. Grazing land and water sources are communally owned. Freehold title to land exists in some areas and this land may be leased or sold. The only large estates remaining after nationalization are those producing sugar, tea and rice. 1.13 Crops. Farms produce mainly subsistence food crops together with some cash crops and livestock. Cash crops (coffee, cotton, sugar, tea and tobacco) were important in the 1960's but declined in area during the 1970's. Production continues at a low level despite recent attempts by GOU to revive them because of their export potential. Food crops (finger millet, sorghum, maize, bananas/plantains, cassava, sweet potatoes, Phaseolus beans and groundnuts) dominate the farming pattern at present. Yields are low, due to a traditional low-risk, low-input technology and because farmers are not aware of viable alternatives, since extension services are lacking or ineffective, inputs, if used, are limited mainly to crop protection chemicals. 1.14 There are four basic farming systems: (i) Pastoral nomadism in Karamoja and the drier parts of Ankole. (ii) The banana-coffee system in southern Uganda and the montane areas, based on perennial plantation crops and a wide range of minor crops grown in an ill-defiried rotation. (iii) The Teso system in which ox-ploughs are used for cultivation. The sequence of crops is characteristically cotton, finger millet, cowpeas. The cropping sequence that follows depends on the residual fertility, but ultimately the land reverts to bush fallow. (iv) The northern system, tae diagnostic feature of which is use of communal labor for cultivation. The rotation is cotton, finger millet/pigeon peas, sesame or groundnuts, followed by either cowpeas or groundnuts 3fter which the sequence varies but often ends with cassava before fallow. The Teso and northern system are described in more detail in the Implementation Volume, Item 1. - 4 - 1.15 Crops are commonly grown in mixed cultivation of several crops, though pure stands are also used. Land preparation and weeding are usually done with hand-hoes, ox-cultivation being limited to certain districts in the cotton-millet cropping zone of the north and then rarely for any cultivation other than initlal land preparation by plowing. 1.16 Livestock Holdings. The livestock population has declined since 1978 and is now estimated at 5.0 million cattle, 3.7 million sheep and goats and 0.3 million pigs. Permanent grasslands (especially in Ankole and Karamoja), seasonal swamps, fallow areas and agricultural crop stubbles form the primary grazing land. Intensive schemes for the production of cattle 1/, pigs and poultry are noy either defunct or operating on a reduced scale, and livestock production has become mainly a small-holder enterprise. Cattle production has been limited by outbreaks of contagious diseases and the recent re-invasion of tsetse fly into previously cleared areas. 1.17 Fisheries. About 50% of Uganda's animal protein is obtained from fish. The peak production of 200,000 tons was reached in the mid 1970's, with up to 167,000 tons coming from Lake Kyoga which was stocked with Nile Perch and exotic species of Tilapia in the late 1950's. The fishermen operate on a small scale using simple wooden boats. The fish destined for urban centers is either sold fresh or chilled, but lack of ice and an ineffective transport system has limited the fish sold on this market. Smoking is the most popular form of preservation and smoked fish are an important source of protein in rural areas. The fish catch has been adversely affected by the lack of boats, fishing-nets and transportation facilities and has declined throughout the country, but especially on Lake Kyoga which in 1982 was estimated to have produced only 20,000 tons.2/ 1.18 Forestry. The area under forests is 7.5 million ha of which 1.5 million ha are in forest reserves. GOU has not allocated a high priority to forestry plantations, so that only 29,000 ha have been reforested; the remaining area is natural forest.. 1.19 The rural population depends on natural forests and woodlands for fuel and building poles. With the increase in population, fuelwood supplies in the vicinity of homesteads in the more densely populated areas are becoming depleted and women and children, on whom the main burden falls, are having to collect fuel supplies from more distant sources. The forests also supply raw material for the Wood Industries Corporation and for private sawmills. 1/ In the 1970's there were about 400 ranches each with a carrying capacity of 6UO-1,OW0 head. 2/ Fish production statistics are confused and open to dispute (Annex I, table 1). -5- D. Markets and Prices 1.2U Prior to 1981, the structure of crop and livestock prices altered drastically in response to demands for food crops, low prices tor cash crops, outbreaks of animal disease (especially contagious bovine pleuro-pneumonia [CBPPI), and the move towards subsistence farming based on minimum input usage. 1.21 Direct subsidies are paid on cotton pesticides and acaricides, but these are being reduced and phased out, so that in future prices will be set in response to demand on che open market. Experience witn the Agricultural Reconstruction Program (ARP), which was financed by the Lnternational Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), indicates that most farmers are able to pay cash for the purchase of inputs a.d there is no need for a farmer credit scheme under the present circumstances. 1.22 A free market exists for food crops and prices are market determined. Processing and marketing of cash crops and the provision of tarmers' credit is mainly the responsibility of the cooperative movement. Prices for producers are administered for the major export crops of coffee, tea, cotton, cocoa and tobacco. Since 1980, thpse producer prices have been increased sharply, and this has been a main factor behind the improvement in agricultural production. While in general, agricultural pricing policy has been an effective stimulus for production, there are three areas of concern. First, the price setting procedures could be improved, in terms of methodology, data base, and the timeliness and appropriateness of the pricing proposals. An agricultural Secretariat has been set up, to coordinate and strengthen the price determination process and detailed pricing proposals formulated. The success with which the Government has been able to judge the appropriate level of producer prices is remarkable considering the absence of meaningful statistics. The Government has taken steps to improve the data base, including conducting a study on costs of production, processing and marketing of major crops. An agricultural Census is planned for 1985. Second, while producer prices have been sharply increased, the farmer's share of the export proceeds has fallen since 1980 for all the four major export crops. Processing and marketing costs for these exports, on the other hand, have grown as a share of export proceeds. This has happened despite an increase In the volume of produce handled by the processors and marketing boards. Over the medium-term, it is vital that measures be undertaken to reduce the margins of the processing and marKeting intermediaries. Third, Government receipts from the export tax on coffee have continued to increase, from USh4 billion in 1980-81 to USh3l billion in 1982-83 and an estimated USh60 billion in 1983-84. These receipts are a major source of Government revenue. Producer prices will continue to be an important policy tool for the Government. The right balance must be sought between maintaining Government revenues and encouraging production, and efforts must be made to ensure that changes in the exchange rate are fully reflected in the producer prices through periodic price adjustments. E. Agricultural Supporting Services 1.23 Although other ministries are involved in agricultural development and administration, the two rnost important ministries are the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MA5) and the Ministry of Aaimal Industry and Fisheries (MAIF), both of which are adequately staffed with well qualified officers. 1.24 The Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry is responsible for the development and implementation of crop production policies and programs. It consists of Departments of Agriculture and Forestry, each headed by a Commissioner. The Department of Agriculture (DOA) consists of five sections; Research; kianning and Statistics; Development; Production; and Administration. MAF also supervises the Uganda Tea Authority, Uganda Tea Growers' Cooperative, National Sugar Works, Wood Industries Corporation and Uganda Agricultural Enterprises. 1.25 The Ministry of Animal Industry and Fisheries has overall responsibility for the development of the livestock and fisheries subsectors, including the activities of the Uganda Livestock Industries, Uganda Meat Canning Factory and Uganda Dairy Corporation. There are three departments; the Department of Veterinary Services (DVS), the Department of Tsetse Control; and the Fisheries Department. DVS maintains offices in all districts for livestock disease control programs and for controlling livestock movement and quarantine arrangements. The Department of Tsetse Control is responsible for eradicating tsetse and for maintaining barrier zones aimed at preventing the reinfestation of cleared areas. The Fisheries Department is responsible for maintaining adequate fish stocks in Uganda's lakes and rivers. Activities have been drastically curtailed by lack of funds for operating expenses and transportation. 1.2b other Ministries and Agencies. The Ministry of Regional Cooperation is responsible for the Fisheries Research Institute at Jinja, and for research on sorghum and millet at Serere Research Station. The Ministry of Industry has overall responsibility for all aspects of tobacco and sugar cane production including extension. The Ministry of Cooperatives and Marketing has its own extension service for cooperatives and agricultural marketing and also supervises the Coffee Marketing Board, the Lint Marketing Board and the Produce Marketing Board. Agricultural and veterinary training at degree level and some research facilities are provided at Makerere University under the Ministry of Education. Agricultural credit is provided to farmers mainly through -he Uganda Commercial Bank. The Ministry of Culture and Community Deve.opment operates the Rural Training Centers and is responsible for social welfare including child care and nutrition. F. Policies and Strategies for Agricultural Development 1.27 GLU's national policies were originally set out in an economic and social policy statement issued in 1980, and have been largely reiterated in the Recovery Program (1982-84) and the Revised Recovery Program (19b2-64) (para 1.09). The pivotal role played by agriculture in the economy has been recognized and development objectives within the sector have been identified. These are to encourage small-holder -7- agricultural production, to develop the cooperative movement and to encourage marketing and export through GOU parastatal organizations. The attainment of GOU objectives will depend on the continuing progress in the improvement and maintenance of law and order and on further rehabilitation of the civil service and the physical and social infrastructure within the country. 1.28 The restoration of small-holder agricultural production to the peak levels of the 197U's is viewed as a major means of ensuring food security in all regions, generating rural employment, restoring per capita incomes and promoting agro-based industry by providing raw materials. In the short term concentration is on food production and export crops, increased production of which requires both incentives and the removal of constraints which are contributing to the decline of production. These constraints have been identified as: (i) lack of imported inputs and spare parts for processing machinery; and (ii) inefficiency and weaknesses of the agricultural support institutions (including parastatals). 1.29 Incentives for cash crop production increases have been provided by devaluating the Ugandan currency, raising producer prices (eg. prices for cotton have been doubled), dismantling price controls on food crops, ensuring prompt cash payment for cash-crops offered for sale, decontrolling consumer goods and encouraging foreign investment. 1.30 The recovery programs (para 1.27) are in agreement with overall policy guidelines in that they include projects aimed at assisting export directed agriculture, and therefore increased export earnings. Within the programs, the projects selected are those which will enhance economic recovery with the least possible demands on the GOL recurrent budget. At appraisal, external support had been obtained for 73Z of the original recovery program costs. Immediate steps have been taken to revitalize existing capacity for production by making available agricultural, veterinary and fisheries inputs and spare parts needed for the repair and maintenance of existing machinery. In the longer term, GOU seeks to continue to support agricultural production and will pursue pricing policies that will provide incentives and protection for both producer and consumer. The food supply position will be consolidated and food security ensured. GOU also plans to encourage private enterprise, diversify agriculture and agricultural exports and continue to promote small-holder development.. The operation of the parastatals will also be reviewed and action taken to improve the efficiency of operation and management of cash crop marketing. Long term development will also require improvement of agricultural services (e.g. research and extension). 1.31 As a result of its policies, GUU reports that official purchases of exporc crops have increased. There are also indications from official GOU statistics of improvements in food production and in control of animal diseases. -8- G. IFAD and World Bank Operations in the Sector 1.32 Prior to 1971 when the military Government came into power, the World Bank Group provided finance for projects in power development, education, roads and agriculture. A Small-holder Tea Project (109-UG 1968 [US$3.4 millionl) was successful, but a Smallholder Tobacco Project (M12-UG, 1971 [US$4.0 millionD) failed to achieve its objectives because of defective management, the general decline of the economy and political instability. A Beef Ranching Development Project (130-UG [US$3.4 million]) was initially successful but the ranches established were adversely affected by the repercussion of the 1979 war. During the eight years of military rule financial assitance to GOU was curtailed. With the return of civilian rule in 1979 external assistance once again became available for emergency relief and basic needs. IMF provided two standby programs and the World Bank Group provided two reconstruction credits (983-UG, US$72 million and 1252-UG, US$70 million) and a technical assistance credit (1077-UG, US$8million). 1.33 The reconstruction credits financed some imported inputs and spare parts for agriculture but funds from other aid sources were directed to specific activities with the result that the need for financing general inputs was not satisfied. ARP, a 1982 IFAD project (US$21.5 million) executed by the World Bank, addressed this need by providing assistance to the agricultural sector for the procurement of inputs required by small-holders in seven districts, which were recognized as being disadvantaged and not directly assisted under other projects. The Technical Assistance Credit supported overseas training fellowships in planning and economics and the establishment of an agricultural secretariat to assist with policy setting. Under the Agricultural Rehabilitation Project (IDA Credit 1328-UG, 1983) (US$70 million) additional imports will be provided; tea, cotton, tobacco and coffee processing rehabilitated; and reforms introduced to improve the efficiency of export marketing, development planning and policy setting. 1.34 It is as yet too early to assess the effects of these interventions on the sector, but GOU ascribes what success has been achieved (para 1.31) to both increased availability of agricultural tools and inputs and to non-project improvements in producer incentives (e.g. producer price increases). 1.35 ARP included financial support for the preparation of a follow-up project to further support agricultural production and to improve supporting services. In collaboration with 'Dale International Limited', a U.K. based consulting firm, a preparation document was produced in September 1983 entitled 'Integrated Food Production and Rural Development Project in Eastern and Northern Uganda'. This formed the basis of a GOU request to IFAD and IDA to finance an agricultural development project. H. Project Justification 1.36 The further involvement of IFAD and the World Bank in agricultural development in the project area can be justified on several grounds. Firstly, both institutions have cooperated with GOU in drawing up the overall reconstruction program, secondly both can provide the guidance - 9 - necessary in the development of complex technology and institutional reforms, and thirdly the proposed project offers models for development which through additional projects could be replicated over the country, and in the long term, lead to benefits well beyond the project area. 1.37 The project as appraised is a logical sequel to ARP which has achieved its main objective of supplying a wide range of inputs for crop, livestock and fish production. Most of these inputs have now been received and distributed. Demand has remained high and there is evidence that most inputs have been effectively used. This is especially the case for hoes, grain storage chemicals, seeds, fish nets, rinderpest and CBPP vaccine and acaricides. Difficulties have been experienced in collecting payment from MAI. for goods provided but this has not seriously undermined the effectiveness of the program. 1.38 The proposed project would be an integral part of GUU's agricultural sector strategy in an area economically depressed because of relatively low agricultural production, lack of employment opportunities, recurring droughts, civil disturbances and cattle raids from Karamoja. Continuing the supply of inputs which was initiated under ARP would ensure further increases in crop, livestock and fisheries production, and help to alleviate poverty and food shortages, and to establish food security. 1.39 The project would also address the need to raise the levels of efficiency and production of institutions which have been moribund and unable to play a significant role in agricultural development. The project would initiate some pioneering methods to increase the effectiveness of extension and research services, which once proved on a pilot scale could be introduced nationally to improve institutions and services. The project therefore provides a balance of zomponents some of which are expected to have an immediate impact (agricultural inputs, vaccines, fishing nets etc.), and others which are more long term in nature (institutional reforms). 1.4u This report is based oa the findings of an appraisal mission consisting of A. Pritchard, M. Bromhead, E. Sicely (IDA) and J. Frankel, N. Panigrahi and H. Winsor (Consultants) that visited Uganda during November/December 19b3. Mr. S. Olowude (LFAD) also participated in the appraisal mission. II. THIE PKOJECT BACKGROUND A. The Project Area Z.U1 The project area would consist of the administrative districts of Soroti, Kumi, Lira, Apac, Gulu, Kitgum and Tororo. The project area lies to the north and east of Lake Kyoga and covers 59,000 km2 including 3,600 km2 of water and swamp. The terrain is flat with occasional rocky outcrops. Swamps occur along the river courses and in the low lying areas around the Lake. The soils are predominantly ferralitic, with relatively low rertility and potential for production. There are small patches of alluvial soils. Average annual raintall is normally about 1,OU0 to 1,500 mm, but varies considerably according to site and year. - 10 - 2.02 Lake Kyoga, the Nile and the Achwa river are permanent water sources. Urban areas obtain water from boreholes, but most of the population and their livestock depend on open surface water supplies. 2.03 The area is well provided with road and transport facilities, although these are in need of repair. There is an abundant electricity supply to the major urban centers and main roads. 2.04 Land ownership is vested in the tribal clan, the basic unit of sociai structure, which allocates usufruct to the individual. There is no security of tenure, but dispossession is rare. Grazing land and water sources are communally owned. 2.05 The population of the project area is estimated at 2.6 million increasing at about 2.4% annually. The overall population density is 47 per square kilometer, and is highest in Tororo (171 per square kilometer). There are approximately 430,000 households in the project area, settled mostly on scactered homesteads. B. Agricultural Production 2.Ob About 33X of the cultivable land (1.3 million) of the projet area is cropped annually with a cropping intensity of about 150%. Farmers live on their land and practice a mixed agricultural system in which the cattle and arable crop enterprises are kept completely separate. Cattle are usually grazed on common land, with the herds of a number of individual families being grazed under the control of one herdsman. Rotation cropping is practiced throughout the area and there is little shifting cultivaion. In Soroti ane Kumi, ox-ploughs are usually employed for initial cultivation but this practice is less common in the eastern and northern districts. 2.07 Uver much of the area two ra5ny seasons (April-July and September -November) usually permit double cropping but there are large annual variations in the reliability and amount of the rains and in the length of a relatively dry period for harvesting the crop planted in the first rains. Crops normally grown in the first rains include the major staple food (finger millet), sesame, maize, cotton, pigeon peas and groundnuts. Cowpeas, sorghum and beans are normally grown in the second rains but may also be grown in the first. Cassava and vegetables are planted in both seasons. Bananas/plantains are grown wherever soil and moisture conditions permit and citrus, mangoes, cashew nuts and sugar cane may also be grown in small quantities. The average area cultivated by each farmer varies from about 9 ha in Kitgum to about 4 ha in Lira and Apac. 2.08 Most crops are grown with minimal inputs, although there is a growing interest in the use of agricultural chemicals for pest control, notably for the control of aphis on groundnuts. Other plant protection chemicals in demand are for the control of insects attacking vegetable crops and stored grain, and the control of termites. Soil fertility is maintained by crop rotation which frequently involves a bush fallow. Fertilizers are hardly used and with present technology, would be difficult to justify since the incremental yields obtained are too small to provide farmers with returns adequate for the risks involved, even at export parity prices. Improved seeds are in strong demand, however, particularly for maize, sorghum and vegetables. - 11 - 2.09 Traditionally, women are responsible for the collection of water and fuelwood and for the cultivation of food crops, and men are responsible for cash crops. This division cf labor has become less distinct since women have embarked upon cash generating enterprises and a lucrative market for food crops has emerged. 2.10 The main constraints to increased agricultural production are shortages of agricultural tools and other inputs, the weaknesses of the supporting services, (especially agricultural extension and research [para 1.281) and the inefficiency of GOU marketing through parastatals. 2.11 Livestock. The cattle population of the project area is estimated at 1.3 million head. Data on livestock numbers, and particularly individual ownership, are generally unreliable. The following breakdown is based on the most recent (1981) livestock census and a survey at two sites in the center of the Project Area. An estimated 70% of farm holdings in the project area have cattle (about 5.1 head per holding). For sheep and goats, 81% of farm families are owners of an average of 2.5 animals per family. Poultry are kept by 90X of farm families with an estimated 15 birds per family. Data on pig ownership are particularly poor, howe'ver, the national census revealed a ten-fold increase in total pig population over the preceeding five years; considerably in excess of the human population growth. Within the project area it is estimated that 28% of farmers own an average of three pigs each. Cattle are grazed on communal land, fallows and crop stubbles. Cattle play an important role in social customs as well as providing milk and draught power. 2.12 The predominant breed is the native East African Zebu with some Ankole and, where there is an interest in milk production, a limited number of crossbred Freisians. The area has experienced sharp changes in total cattle numbers over the past 20 years. Cattle and small animals have decreased over 20% during this period while the human population has increased about 47%. Cattle reduction has been caused by serious and mainly uncontrolled outbreaks of CBPP and rinderpest, with additional losses due to cattle raiders out of neighbouring Karamoja. Goat and sheep population reduction has been attributed to increased human consumption as population growth accelerated and small animals became the major source of meat. 2.13 Because of its relatively dependable rainfall patterns and its abundance of under utilized grassland the area has a long tradition of cattle ownership, and keeping cattle has blended efficiently with smallholder agricultural production. Livestock are marketed through well established facilities and a modern abattoir was built in Soroti, but over the past ten years a steady breacdown and distortion of organized meat marketing has occurred. This resulted from increased illegal cross border movement due to political and related disruptions; and recent progressively serious outbreaks of rinderpest and CBPP which required continuous quarantines and closure of sales markets to prevent movements of animals from one district to another. MTe Veterinary Department calculates that average off-take is 10% under normal conditions. Milk production, particularly in areas surrounding district centers and larger towns and villages, has been an important source of supplemental income for many cattleowners. Milk collection centers with refrigerated cooling tanks are - 12 - operating in all districts, although, because of the shortages of foreign exchange needed to maintain mechanical equipment, equipment has deteriorated badly. Sheep and goat slaughter provides the most common source of local meat supply. Pig and poultry populations have grown rapidly and both are becoming increasingly popular as an important source of cash income from sale in the towns where prices are attractive. The livestock industry is therefore capable of contributing significantly to farm incomes and food supply in the project area provided that the disease problems can be overcome and the area cleared of tsetse fly. 2.14 Except for the use of cattle for draught power, arable and livestock farming are separate enterprises. Manure, even when available is seldom used for crop cultivation. The standard of livestock husbandry has decreased since the departure of the migrant herders, and herding is now often a part time occupation with inefficient grazing and watering. 2.15 Fisheries. The Lake Kyoga complex covers 2,700 km2 of which 2,400 km2 is open water with a depth averaging 6 meters 3/ The dramatic drop in production since 1975 is generally believed to be due to a shortage of boats and fishing nets 'para 1.17). Other constraints to fisheries development in the project area are; lack of accurate data on fish production, fish marketing and stock composition and distribution; lack of transport and boat landing facilities; lack of handling and marketing facilities for fresh fish; and inadequate knowledge of techniques of aquaculture. 2.16 Sociology. The clan is the basic unit of social organization but in the face of the critical economic situation, the traditional authority of the clan elders is breaking down as individuals seek to avoid clan restrictions, responsibilities and regulations. 2.17 Farms are operated by Eamily labor. In the past there were exchanges of labor in the different traditional communal methods for working and opening land, but these systems are disappearing with the breakdown of the traditional society. Due mainly to a lack of cash to pay wages only a limited amount of labor is hired for farm work. Large amounts of female labor could be made available by providing stategically located water sources so as to alleviate the present time consuming process of collection over long distances. 2.16 Food crops are grown primarily for subsistence. However, they are also the only source of cash for most farmers, and are sold to meet essential cash requirements (taxes, school fees), often at the expense of meeting the nutritive requirements of the family. Few animals are consumed on the farm and both milk and eggs are sold. Hunger has always been common before the millet harvest, but now that food is being marketed, severe malnutrition problems are becoming evident in the project area, especially among children. 3/ Lake levels fluctuate consiierably; for instance the level rose by 3.0 m from 1945 to 1965, buz has been falling recently. - 13 - 2.19 Rural Institutions. Administrative services in the project area are identical to those for the country as a whole (para 1.05). 2.20 The DAO Production Section (para 1.24) is responsible for the national agricultural extension service and therefore, extension in the project area. Under the field administration of DOA, Uganda is divided into ten agricultural regions each under a Regional Agricultural Officer (RAO) assisted by some specialist staff. Below the RAO, each district is headed by a District Agricultural officer (DAO) who is assisted by district headquarters staff and is also responsible for junior officers working at county and parish levels QAssistant Agricultural Officers IAAOI, Agricultural Assistants [AA] and Field Assistants [FA]). The national extension staff total about 2,300 agents, 700 of whom are university graduates. 2.21 Because of low pay, lack of transport and inadequate extension messages agricultural and livestock extension services are inefficient and inactive. In the past, many extension techniques including demonstrations, field days, farmer training seminars, and youth clubs have been used but even when fully operational, the extension services had limited success in increasing production because: 'i) the policy of encouraging 'progressive' farmers has directed extension support to the larger landholders, and attempts to introduce high input technology have not always been relevant to farmers practicing subsistence agriculture; (ii) the stress on cash crops has been inappropriate since these have never formed the major part of the small farm enterprise; (iii) there has been no attempt to obtain systematic feed back from farmers on the relevance of extension messages to their problems; (iv) the staff of the extension service have not received training to upgrade their professional competence, and lack corfidence to interact with farmers when their knowledge is restricted to the theoretical approach taught during formal pre-service education; (v) training for farmers at District Farm Institutes (DFI) and the outreach programs have not been effective; (vi) there is little cooperation between the agricultural and livestock extension services in promoting agricultural production; - 14 - (vii) agricultural extension activities are complicated by the independent or overlapping demands of a number of uncoordinated production programs for particular crops which are separately staffed and directed, and sometimes financed by different external agencies. (For instance, the production aspects ot coffee are handled under a Wuropean Economic Community (EEC) financed rehabilitation program; the Ministry of Industry is responsible for tobacco and sugar extension; seed production is under an EEC seed project and other agencies are preparing projects for tea and cotton). Under these conditions, direction and organization are difficult and extension activities are disjointed. 2.z2 In spite of the fact that the division of labor between men and women is becoming less distinct (para 2.09), technical advice is directed almost exclusively toward men and cash crops (especially cotton). Women's needs are neglected. There is a need for extension focussed on providing both technical and management advice for women, and at the same time, women should be encouraged to become members of cooperatives and to participate in the reconstruction programs. 2.23 The tiree main research stations, one of which is located at Serere (see map 18030), come under the DOA Research Section. Because of their early economic importance, agricultural research in Uganda concentrated on cash crops, but since major research emphasis was usually on high input cash crop farming and research was largely limited to research stations, the results obtained are not always appropriate for the present state of small holder agriculture in Uganda. over recent years the research service has degenerated as a result of apathy and lack of funds and materials and much rehabilitation is required before it will be able to play a significant role in agricultural develwpment. Assistance is being provided by USAiD under a bilateral project for, inter alia rehabilitation of facilities at Serere Research Station. 2.24 Cooperative Unions and primary societies operate in the project area, but like so many rural institutions the system is now run-down and its staff demoralized. The agricultural credit that was once available to small farmers through the cooperatives is now being revised. Attempts are now being made to rehabilitate the cooperatives and their stores and to enable them to serve as retail outlets. 2.25 About 20-z5 percent of taxpayers are cooperative members, but women are involved only to a minor extent in most cooperatives. The Cooperative Unions function as cash crop marketing organizations and many farmers are dissatisfied with the services they receive. The cooperative movement is now in urgent need of revitalization in order to enable better services to be provided and confidence in the movement restored. Z.Zb Produce is marketed either through the cooperatives, which in the future are expected to provide a second outlet for food grains as well as cash crops, or locally through markets located in towns and villages. Private trading has begun to function on a very small scale - 15 - III. TME PRUJECT A. General Description 3.U1 The objectives of the proposed project are to increase food production and family income and increase the availability of data to formulate sector development plans, by: (i) providing basic agricultural, livestock and fisheries inputs in the project area; (ii) providing support for adaptive research, introducing the trapping method tor tsetse control, and surveying and monitoring fisheries resources; and by (iii) strengthening selected agricultural inst'tutions and services involved in agricultural extension and project monitoring and evaluation; and by introducing the training and visit (r&V) system of agricultural extension. 3.02 because of the weakenei nature of agricultural extension and research services (para. 2.31 to 2.23) and the uncertainties associated with the introduction of new ini:iatives (para. 7.09 to 7.10), GOU has decided to approach the problem of revitalizing these services in a phased manner. Consequently, extension and research activities during the project period would be concentrated in :he four central districts (Lira, Kumi, Apac and Soroti). Successful systems developed under the project would be gradually replicated in Tororo, Gulu and Kitgum and other comparable areas of Uganda. 3.U3 The main beneficiaries %ould be smallholder farmers and fishermen. Given the homogeneity of the project area, with regard to farm size and the economic status of t:he inhabitants most of the population falls within IFAD's target group. It is probable that few of the 430,000 families in tte project area would not benefit from the supply of inputs, since the majority are smallholders and own some livestock. The improved services would also be aimed at t:he smallholder and the 47,000 families in Soroti District would be expected to benefit substantially rrom the improved extension methodology to be introduced there. Input Supplies 3.04 The following inputs would be provided under the proposed four year project: (i) Agricultural implements and inputs (US$12.8 million); hand tools, ox carts, ox plows, smtll flour mills, seeds, bicycles, wheelbarrows, workshop equipment for repair of agricultural equipment, spare parts, agricultural chemicals and forestry nursery supplies; (ii) Livestock inputs (USU2-1 million); veterinary drugs, veterinary equipment, vaccines, acaricides, spare parts, vehicles, and a mobile laboratory; and - 16 - (iii) Fisheries supplies (US$0.5 million); outboard motors, spares, fish nets, boat building material, and vehicles. Research and Surveys 3.05 The project would support research and surveys aimed at providing new technology; it would test under Uganda conditions, techniques developed elsewhere and accumulate information for future development planning. Specifically the project would sapport the following by financing vehicles, civil works, housing, boats, huts, camping equipment, office and laboratory equipment, training, technical assistance and incremental operating costs. (i) An adaptive agricultural research program to be conducted on farmers' fields (US$0.5 million); (ii) Introduction and testing of a trapping technique for tsetse fly control (US$0.3 million); and (iii) Surveys of fish catches on Lake Kyoga and studies of fish population dynamics (US$1.6 million). Institution Building 3.06 Under the project the following institutions would be strengthened by providing funds for civil works, building renovation, vehicles, office equipment, fiel.l equipment, audio visual aids, survey equipment, technical assistance, training and incremental operating costs. i) Agricultural extension, by rehabilitating training centers in Lira and Soroti districts and by introducing T&V in Soroti district (US$3.0 million); and (ii) Monitoring and evaluatLon by supporting the Monitoring and Evaluation Unit in MAF headquarters (US$0.7 million). B. Detailed Description Input Supplies 3.07 Since there is little :Lndication as yet of a return to input importation through normal comme::cial trading operations or local manufacture, inputs would be provided and distributed under the proposed project. Where possible the requjirements for tools, equipment, recurrent supplies etc. have been based on information and data on farm inventories, consumer demand and likely useful life of the items concerned. However, in many cases the data base at appraisal was found to be unreliable or non-existent. Since accurate ca:lculations of input requirements were therefore not possible, many of the estimates in Annex V Tables 2-4 are tentative and have been based on the judgement of senior staff working on the on-going ARP (para 1.33) and on demand projectious from sales at warehouses and cooperative stores. More accurate estimates of requirements will only become apparent after t:he project has started, necessitating a flexible approach in arranging for the supply of most items. The estimates of input requirements should therefore be regarded as indicative - 17 - only and additional funds have been provided for the procurement of items such as rice hullers, groundnut shellers, millet threshers, for which needs have been identified but quantities not specified. 3.08 Agricultural (Crop) Inputs. In Uganda, the basic tillage tool is the hoe, of which two types are ..n general use; the broad-blade digging hoe (round-eye hoe) and the heart shaped Lango hoe. Under the project a total of 1.9 million would be provided (Annex V, Table 2), together with axes, pangas and sickles needed for land clearing and crop harvesting. 3.09 In areas where the terrain is suitable and tsetse are absent, ox-plows are used for primary cu:Ltivation. Since 1960, the number of ox-plows has decreased, mainly because of lack of spares and replacement plows. Under the project, both plows and spares would be provided. 3.10 To enable ox-plows to be repaired, workshop equipment would be provided for the workshops at Ngetta and Arapai and also for the mobile workshop operated in the project area by FAO for repairs to agricultural machinery. The mobile workshop iiould operate on a scheduled circuit, stopping at centers to which farmers would bring plows for repair. Spares obtained under the project would be carried and repairs would be on a cash basis. 3.11 Both on-and off-farm transportation is a problem in the project area. Bic;cles are one of the main forms of transportation and would be provided under the project. Ox-carts are being manufactured at the Low Cost Farm Equipment Project 4/ workshop in Soroti but the annual output is grossly inadequate for the demanis of the area. Under the project both ox-carts and wheelbarrows would be provided. 3.12 There is a big demand --or storage chemicals, aphicides, fungicides, insecticides and chemicals for termite control. Maize and vegetable seed is also required and would be imported under the project from suppliers who under ARP were able to provide seed of acceptable varieties. In response to the demand identified under ARP, 150 flour mills would be provided over the project period. 3.13 Since there is limited demand for knapsack sprayers and stocks in the ARP warehouses are high, no provision is made for supply under this project. Similarly, there is lit:tle demand for imported fertilizers (para 2.08). 3.14 In order to promote the distribution of seedlings in its national tree planting campaign, the Forestry Department is establishing forest nurseries on a sub-county basis. The aim is to provide on-farm supplies of fuel and building poles. Under the project, essential tools, bicycles and supplies (such as polythene tubing and chemicals for termite control) would be provided for 94 forestry nurseries. Details are given in Annex III. 4/ Originally supported by UNIDO - 18 - 3.15 Livestock Inputs. About 7.U million doses of a combined vaccine 5/ will be provided under the project for the control of rinderpest and CbJ?P. Vaccines for rabies, foot and mouth, and anthrax and blackquarter in cattle and newcastle disease in poultry would also be provided together with trypanocides, anthelmintics, and antibiotics. Where possible, containers would be used which are appropriate in size to the needs of the stock owners. Details of inputs are provided in Annex V, table 3 and in the Implementation Volume, item J. 3.lb The 27,200 liters of acaricide to be provided is based on an estimate of the number of dips and the number of sprayers likely to be in operation. 3.17 In order to continue surveillance of CBPP outbreaks by promptly analyzing blood samples collected at quarantine holding grounds (or at cattle sales where these are permitted) funds would be provided for the procurement and operation of a mobile testing laboratory, and for the rehabilitation of quarantine holding grounds. 3.18 Fisheries Supplies. The nets provided under ARP have a useful life of about two years. Under the project, 81,00U nets would be provided to supplement those available from other sources, such as the net factory in Kampala and other aid agencies (EEC). In accordance with local fishing regulations, mesh size would range from four to ten inches. The number of canoes on Lake Kyoga is estimated at 3,200, each capable of using up to 20 nets. The nets supplied under the project would be sufficient to provide each canoe with between seven and ten nets annually. No provision would be made for supplies of mending twine, nylon cord, foot ropes, floart and weights since at appraisal stocks were found to be high, and demand low. Fishing inputs to be provided are listed in Annex VI, table 4 and discussed in the Implementation Volume, Item b. 3.19 Under the project, 130 outboard motors and necessary spare parts would be provided for fishermen with canoes suitably constructed for outboard motors. Instruction on service and maintenance of outboard motors would be provided by the extension service (para 3.52). 3.2U The planked canoes in use on Lake Kyoga are constructed by local builders using simple hand tools. Under the project tools and materials (fastenings, fittings, caulKing and paint) would be provided to enable the quality of construction to be improved. J 21 Procurement Management and Distribution. A consultant Procurement Manager would be recruited who would be responsible for the management of the Procurement Unit and for all procurement under the project, including that for the _.nfrastructure and research components (paras 3.ZZ to 3.53). He would be stationed at Tororo and would manage the *Lororo Warehouse. Additional managers would be appointed for the project warehouse in Soroti and Lira and a consultant accountant would be appointed to maintain all project accounts. Assurances were obtained at 5/ The vaccine "BISSEC" can be stored for several months in an ordinary refrigerator. - 19 - negotiations that the Procuremeni: Unit would be maintained and that the Ugandan assistant warehouse managers and support staff presently employed under AKP at Tororo, Soroti and Lira would continue to be employed under the proposed project. Costs of procurement management are given in Annex V, table 5. Research and Surveys 3.22 Adaptive Kesearch. Uncder the project, an adaptive research section would be established at Serere Research Station with responsibility for identifying research programs which are responsive to farmers' needs, testing research recommendations on farmers' fields and creating linkages between research and excension. The quality of service given to the farmer by research extension agencies wciuld be improved by preparing recommendations on crop production practices based on experimental results proven in farm practice. A sub-regional team, administered from Serere, would be established at Lira (Ngetta) to conduct on-farm research activities in Lira and Apac districts. i.23 A consultant agronomist would be recruited who would assist in establishing the section and plarning the research program. Appropriate overseas training at the iISc level would be provided for two senior Ugandan staft who would ultimately assume responsibility for the operation of the adaptive research program. The project would also finance housing, storage facilities, vehicles, equipment, allowances and operating costs (Annex V, table 7). 3.24 Tsetse Fly Control. The control of tsetse flies in north and east Uganda has been particularly difficult, in the former area because of low levels of human population acjacent to major areas of infestation and in the latter by the discrete diEtribution of tsetse fly pockets. In consequence, cleared corridors or barriers have been maintained on a long term basis with the use of paid labor or with heavy machinery, both of which are expensive. These barriers have failed to give long term control over the fly, so that areas previously cleared have become reinfested. A combination of ground spraying and clear felling is being used in the Lira/Apac program with support from AKk. The costs per unit of area protected are exceedingly high in relation to the number of families and animals aftected and at the same time, the method involves widespread use of large quantities of the hazardous chemical dieldrin with consequent risk to the users and the environment. Under these circumstances, there is an urgent need to investigate more cost effective and less dangerous methods of tsetse fly control. A new approach which at present offers an alternative to traditional control measures, has been under study in Kenya and in Zimbabwe in conjunction with Bristol University for an extended period of time, based upon tne use of tly traps. The method was used originally only for sampling tsetse populations but with the recent development of eftective attractants of scent and color, trapping is now being tested as a practical control and possible elimination of fly over large areas. Investigations have reached the stage where the results of field trials can be utilized in pilot operations on a scale large enough to indicate the potential ot the method for national control programs. - 20 - 3.25 Under the proposed project assistance would be provided to the Department of Tsetse Control, to establish a pilot tsetse control program based on the trapping technique. Funds would be provided for: (a) a three month visit by three Ugandan tsetse control officers to Zimbabwe and Kenya to obtain first hand knowledge and field experience in trapping t chniques; (b) an eight month consultancy staffed by Zimbabwean and Bristol University personnel in Uganda to locate and establish a pilot project for testing trapping techniques under various conditions and to evaluate its effectiveness; and (c) the necessary materials, equipment and vehicle operating costs needed to support establishment, maintenance and supervision of the pilot program and the activities of the consultants. 3.26 Fisheries Research and Surveys. The low production levels from Lake Kyoga in recent years have been ascribed to shortages of fishing gear (para 1.17) but it is also possible that over-fishing has occurred and that ecological changes in the lake have reduced fish stocks. The studies and surveys outlined in paras 3.28 - 3.30 and in the Implementation Volume, Item 6, would help provide the data on the limnological equilibrium, which is necessary for future planning of fisheries exploitation in the project area. 3.27 Landing Facilities. Launches and dinghies to be provided for stock assessment (para 3.28) and for the collection of fisheries statistics (para 3.29) on Lake Kyoga, would be based at Namasagali and Lale respectively. The landing and shore facilities at these sites require repair and funds would be provided under the project for the purchase of construction materials and the employment of labor. The rehabilitation would be carried out by the Public Works Department by force account. 3.28 Fish Stock Assessment. A stock assessment unit for the Lake Kyoga complex would be established to conduct essential biological and related studies. The unit would be based at the Uganda Freshwater Fisheries Research Organization at Jinja. This is presently part of the Ministry of Regional Cooperation, but nevertheless, the unit would be under MIAF direction. A consultant Stock Assessment officer would be recruited for a two year period and twelve man-months of consulting services in fish biology provided. Both in-service and overseas training for Ugandan staff would be financed under the project (Annex V, table 4). 3.29 Fisheries Statistics and Evaluation. The study is required in order to assess the current status of fishery in Lake Kyoga and to monitor changes in fish production, including catch composition, fishing patterns and techniques, and marketing and distribution practices. Operations would be integrated with the stock assessment study (para 3.28). The study would be based at Soroti. Under the project, a consultant Fisheries Statistician would be provided for a period of two years, to be responsible for providing in-service training and for establishing a Fisheries Statistics Unit in MAIF. - 21 - 3.3U Close contact would be maintained with fish landings and markets. To enable statf to travel around the lake, a thirty-foot launch, a dinghy and two four-wheel drive vehicles would be provided. Accommodation would be provided at landing sites in the form of prefabricated huts, together with the necessary camping gear and protective clothing (Annex V, table 4). 3.31 Fisheries staff requirements. The professional and support staff required for fish assessment and fisheries statistics collection are indicated in Annex IV, table 1. Assurances were obtained at negotiations that fisheries department staff would be redeployed to fill any vacancies. Staff would be available from either those currently responsible for the collection and analysis of fisheries statistics at headquarters in Entebbe, or from fisheries staff working in the project area. Institution building 3.32 Agricultural Extension. Under the project, the general agricultural extension services in the districts of Kumi, Apac and Lira would be improved by the provision of in-service training for agricultural extension staff. In addition, T&V would be introduced into Soroti District, on a pilot basis, with the objective of determining its suitability as a means of bringing about significant improvements in production on subsistence farms in Uganda. i.33 Agricultural Extension in Soroti District. The project would provide, on a systematic basis, the advice needed to increase food production and farm income by strengthening and intensifying the agricultural extension service. To ensure that cultivators (farmers and their wives) would be visited regularly, extension staff would be organized according to the T&V system, which provides for a direct line of command from DAO to field staff and for linkages between extension and research staff through worKshops and training sessions. Technical competence of extension staff would be continuously improved by systematic training and the availability of technical advice from senior district level and research staff. 3.34 In order to gain first hand information on the operation of T&V and to facilitate its early adoption in Soroti District, ten MAIF and MAIF staff members would be sent to Kenya in the pre-project period for about four weeks to visit areas in which tne system is operating successfully (para 4.03). The team would consist of three senior officers from MAF and MAIF headquarters, the Director of Research from Serere Research Station, DAO Soroti, AU Soroti (Training), two Agricultural Supervisors (para 3.35) and two Field Extension Workers (para 3.33). 3.35 Extension Methodology. Soroti district consists of eight counties, 35 sub-counties and 1b2 parishes (see map 18036). These would be organized into five functional units (FU) [see chart 26057J. Each of the units would be headed by an Agricultural Utficer (AU). DAV Soroti would continue to be responsible for supervising the activities of all FU and would be assisted by a deputy DAC (Administration), a training and farm trials officer, an input coordination officer, a special projects officer and a statistical officer. The Agricultural Assistants (AA) and Field - 22 - Assistants (FA) would be redesignated as Field Extension Workers (FEW) and existing AAU and Senior Agricultural Assistants would form a pool of Agricultural Supervisors (AS) who would help, guide and supervise FEW. Since under the present-day economic situation in Uganda, the full-time commitment of field staff is uncertain (para 7.09), the number of farm families, with which each FEW is assigned to work, would be limited to about 240. This is low in comparison to T&V systems operating in other countries, but duritLig the pilot/demonstration phase in Uganda is necessary. once T&V and the associated institutional arrangements have been satisfactorily established, and are operating effectively it should be possible to increase the ratio of farmers to FEW. 3.3o To provide regular training, technical guidance and field support, Subject tmatter Specialists (SMS) would be required. SMS for small holder rice production, agronomy and plant protection would be stationed at FU; and one each for horticulture and farm mechanization would be stationed at district headquarters. Details of total staff requirements and number of staff available are given in Annex IV, table 2. Assurances were obtained at negotiations that necessary additional agricultural extension staff would be posted to the Soroti District from other districts. Ideally, the SMS should hold a post-graduate degree in the appropriate discipline, but since staff with these qualifications are unlikely to be immediately available, the positions would be filled temporarily witn senior graduate staff with field experience in the required discipline. In the meantime, selected graduates (five in agronomy, tive in plant protection, one in horticulture and one in farm mechanization) would be sent abroad for post-graduate training. These would assume SMS duties on their return to Uganda. Short-term training would also be provided for the five, small holder rice production S1IS. 3.37 Technical Assistance. The services of a T&V consultant expert would be financed under the project, to be based at Soroti with responsibility for the organization and implementation of the progam and for training local staff. 3.38 The aim would be to begin T&V operations as soon as possible after the project became effective. This would require about three man months of consultancy services in the pre-project period, in order to organize and delineate areas of cperation for FEW and AS; and to formulate the extension messages for the initial six months of the project period. Although some of the possible content of extension messages had been proposed (Implementation Volume, Item 4), no formal messagee were available at the time of appraisal. In order to prepare messages the consultant would be required to evaluate results from research and field trials (adapting recommendations to the small-holder situation where necessary) and to discuss field problems and constraints to production with farmers, extension workers and research staff. The extension messages are critical for the successful operation of T&V and therefore assurances were obtained at negotiations that the initial extension messages would be prepared and submitted to IDA/IFAD for review before June 30, 1985. - 23 - 3.39 Training. Training for operational extension staff to be supported under the project would include: (i) bi-annual (pre-season) training for two days for FEW, AS, SMS and other senior extension officers; (ii) monthly workshops for these staff and research personnel; (iii) fortnightly training sessions for FEW; and (iv) special short courses, as required for AS and SMS. Training details are provided in Implementation Volume, Item 4. 3.40 An orientation seminar would be held for about one week at Soroti for the DC Soroti and senior district level representatives of the line ministries. District level specialist staff would attend a separate one-week orientation seminar, so as to be made aware or project components and objectives. This would be held at Arapai Community Development Training Center (CDTC). These officers would then provide the orientation training for lower level staff in the field. 3.41 Serere District Farm Institute (DFI), Arapai CDTC, Serere Research Station and Variety Trial Centers would be used for training. The Arapai Agricultural College would be used for field demonstrations. These institutions would be upgraded by rehabilitating electricity and water supplies; providing dormitory, dining and kitchen furniture and equipment; building repairs; constructing staff houses; and providing teaching aids and equipment (Annex V, table 9). 3.42 Originally, DOI and COTC were developed and staffed to provide training for farmers. Under the project, the type of training and the educational level of trainees would require more highly qualified staff at these institutions to ensure that course contents are appropriate. At negotiations, assurances were obtained that a farm manager and the following tull time graduate staff would be appointed and posted to Arapai CDTC by December 31, 1985. (i) principal; (ii) agronomist/farm management specialist; (iii) veterinary/animal husbandry specialist; (iv) community development specialist; (v) cooperatives/marketing specialist; (vi) home economics/village technology specialist; At negotiations, assurances were also obtained that Serere Research Station would provide qualified training personnel as and wihen needed for conducting training courses at Serere DFI. - 24 - 3.43 Vehicles and Equipment. The proposed extension system requires a high level of personal contact between all levels of extension staff and farmers. Under the project a four wheel drive vehicle would be provided for each of FU. Assurances were obtained at negotiations that a hire purchase system satisfactory to IDA/IFAD would be set up to enable FEW and AS to purchase bicycles and motor-bicycles. Vehicles would be imported as part of the agricultural input supply component. Funds for transport and travel allowances would be included under the project and assurances would be obtained at negotiations that these would be paid promptly through the project rransport Account (para. 4.0o). 3.44 Necessary incremental office equipment would be financed under the project for FU and the DAU's office in Soroti. Field staff would be provided with extension aids (seeds, mini kits, teaching materials, implements etc.) and measuring and weighing equipment for field trials. 3.45 Printing, photography and copying facilities for publishing farming literature would be provided for modernizing the Information and Visual Aids Center at diA headquarters (Annex V, table 10). Tape recording equipment would be provided for the production of farm radio programs. 3.46 Staff housing. In order to facilitate visits to farmer groups, extension workers (FEW and As) would be required to live in the areas in which they operate. GUU is unable and unwilling to provide for a large scale house construction program and intends to organize construction of the necessary houses as a community self-help project. However, since building materials are in short supply, a supply of galvanized iron roofing sheets, fasteners, cement, paint etc., would be provided under the project for extension workers' houses. 3.47 Agricultural Extension in Kumi, Apac and Lira Districts. The extension services in Kumi, Apac and Lira Districts would continue to operate according to the existing systems, by which operational guidelines are set by the DAO but most of the extension initiatives are the responsibility of lower level field staff, who normally meet with farmers, distribute iAF inputs, arrange agricultural demonstrations and conduct extension campaigns directed at specific topics (for instance cotton production, crop protection). These existing services have been strengthened by the provision of allowances, vehicles, seed etc. under ARP. 3.46 Under the proposed project staff would be encouraged to concentrate on the needs of the smallholder, and move away from the strategy based on identification of progressive farmers and the use of expensive inputs. They would be required to provide advice on the use of imported inputs as and when these are made available for sale at retail outlets. Extension staff knowledge and expertise would be improved through the supply of information and pamphlets from the strengthened Information and Visual Aids Center, and by in-service training courses to be conducted in the renovated facilities in Soroti District and at Ngetta DFI, where water and electricity supplies would be improved, vehicles and teaching aids supplied and buildings repaired. - 25 - 3.49 The services of a consultant training expert would be financed under the project, for the design and management of the required training courses which would concentrate on modern extension techniques and methods for providing advice to farmers on present day problems. 3.50 In addition, orientation seminars, similar to those provided for Soroti district would be held at Soroti and Lira, for senior district level representatives of line ministries, and at Ngetta Farm Institute and the Arapai Community Development Training Centers for district level specialist staff. At these seminars the concepts of the T&V extension system being introduced in Soroti district would be explained and staff prepared for the possible introduction of the system into the other six districts. 3.51 A farm manager and new graduate staff would be required at Ngetta DFI identical to those to be posted at Arapai CDTC (para 3.42), and assurances to this effect were obtained at negotiations. 3.52 Fisheries txtension. Service and maintenance facilities would be needed for outboard motors provided under the project. Regional service centers are proposed for this purpose under an EEC supported project, but until these are available, advice on service and maintenance would be provided in the project area by Fisheries Officers, all of whom have received basic training in marine engineering. 3.53 Advice and guidance would also be required on the use of the boat building materials to be imported under the project (para 3.20) and the changes in design necessary to en;;ure canoes are strong enough for outboard motors. The Department of Fisheries Boat Building Division would be responsibile for providing information on boat designs and construction. C. Monitoring and Evaluation 3.54 Monitoring and evaluation is an important project management tool. Ideally, the project should be monitored by an agency other than the two ministries involved in implementation. The logical choice would be the Ministry of Planning and Economic Development, but at present, this MYinistry is in the process of being restructured and strengthened in order to enhance its economy wide planning, monitoring and evaluation capabilities. This will not be completed in time to enable the Ministry to assume the monitoring and evaluation function for this project. Therefore, the function would be assumed by 1'AF, since of the two Miniptries involved, only MAF has an effective sector monitoring and evaluation system which under ARP has monitored both MAF and I4AIF input supply programs. 3.55 Assurances were obtainedi at negotiations that the MAF Monitoring and Evaluation Unit (MEU) would be maintained. It would be strengthened under the project. At appraisal, agreement was reached with MIAF that MEU would continue to be responsible :-or monitoring and evaluating progress of project components to be implemented by MIAF, as well as those by MAF. A monitoring and evaluation consultant would be recruited to be stationed at Entebbe and be responsible for the monitoring and evaluation program for the first two project years, afte- which the Head of MEU would become responsible. Both MAF and MIAF would delegate an officer to work directly - 2b - with the consultant. These officers and existing officers of MIU would receive both overseas and inservice training and at the end of the second project year the MAIF officer would assist in the establishment of a monitoring and evaluation unit in MAIF. 3.56 At the district level, the District Monitoring Ufficers presently assigned to monitor ARP would continue to operate and would report directly to MEU. Data collection would be through existing DUA field staff, especially the district statisticians, economists and enumerators employed by the DOA Planning and Statistics Section. Information on fish catches would become available from the sarvey of Lake Kyoga fisheries (para 3.30). 3.57 Monitoring would be continuous and periodic evaluation would be made of all project components. The consultant would establish a routine system for monitoring and would determine the variables to be monitored. This would include measurements of input delivery and of outputs needed for analysis. At negotiations, assurances were obtained that, before June 30, 1985, LOU would submit the monitoring and evaluation system for the project to IDA/IFAI for review and comment, and upon receipt of comments make the system operational. The following reports would be produced: (i) quarterly reports recording progress with reference to planned targets, price data etc.; (ii) six-monthly reports on the input distribution system (para. 6U02); (iii) annual reports compiled from quarterly reports and including analysis of problems and constraints and recommendations for adjusting and reorientating project activities; (iv) special reports on selected topics, such as surveys to determine the extent of adoptationi of extension packages; (v) a project completion report, summarizing project performance and evaluating its impact, which would be submitted to IDA/IFAD not later than six months after the project closing date. 3.5b A mid-term review of project progress would be made in the beginning of the third project year. This would be arranged by HEU and assurances were obtained at negotLations that not later than September 3U, 1987, GOU would furnish to IDA/IFAO a detailed review of the overall project performance with recommendations for any changes in project design. 3.59 The consultant would be responsible for designing and implementing a base-line survey needed before the start-up of the agricultural extension component, and for the system to be used for monitoring the distribution and sale of goods provided through the project warehouses at Tororo, Lira and Soroti (para 7.08). At negotiations, assurances were obtained that planning targets would be set in annual work programs which would be prepared by each Ministry involved and submitted to IDA/IEAD for review and comment before April 1 each year. The work plans of the implementing ministries for the first twelve months, which would include an initial assessment of goods to be imported, would be submitted to IDA/IFAU as a condition of effectiveness. - 27 - I. Technical Assistance 3.6U In order to manage the supply of inputs, execute the research program, introduce new methods of extension and strengthen monitoring and evaluation, a substantial amount of technical assistance would be required. The following technical assistance needs have been identified and would be included in the project. Draft terms of reference for long-term consultants are provided in the Implementation Volume item 7. (a) Input Management (i) procurement manager (24 man-months); (ii) project accountant (24 man-months); (iii) warehouse managers (two 24 man-month consultancies). (b) Research and Surveys (i) adaptive agricultural research specialist (24 man-months); (ii) tsetse fly control specialist (8 man-months); (iii) fisheries stock assessment specialist (24 man-months); (iv) fisheries statistician (24 man-months); 5v) fish biologists (three 4 month consultancies); 'c) Extension (i) training specialist (30 man-months); (ii) training and visit extension specialist (36 man-months); (d) Monitoring and Evaluation (i) monitoring and evaliation specialist (30 man-months); 3.61 It would be a condition of project effectiveness that the Procurement Manager and Project Accountant had been employed (para.3.bOaJ). E. Training 3.62 In addition to extension training (paras 3.39 and 3.40) in-service training would be provided by the consultants for Ugandan staff counterparts to enable them to tace over project responsibilities when consultancies have ended. Overseas training would be provided in the following fields: (a) iesearch and Surveys (i) adaptive research (14 man-months); - 28 - (ii) fish stock assessmentt (18 man-months); (iii) fishery statistics 112 man-months); (iv) tsetse control (9 mn-months). (b) Extension (i) subject matter spec:;alists (298 man-months); (ii) extension methodology (10 man-months); (c) Monitoring and Evaluation (i) monitoring and evaluation techniques (21 man-months) F. Environmental Impact 3.b3 The project is expected to have no adverse effects on environmental conditions. The insecticides and aphicides to be provided would be used under controlled conditions, mainly in restricted areas (forestry nurseries, grain storage and vegetable gardens). An improvement in the environment should result from improved erosion control resulting from the strengthened extension services, and from starting to substitute fly traps for the present chemical. sprays (dieldrin) used for tsetse fly control. IV. COST ES'IMATES AND FINANCING A. Cost Estimates 4.01 The total estimated four year project cost is USh 10,978 million (US*31.4 million), including price and physical contingencies. Cost estimates are summarized in table I and details given in Annex V tables 1-15. Foreign exchange amounts to USh 8,690 (US$24.8 million) or about 79% of total project costs. Duties and taxes included in total costs are estimated at USh 495 million (US$:.4 million). Cost estimates are based on findings during appraisal updated to October 1984 base line costs. The project would require about 24 man-years of consultancy services. 4.02 Physical contingencies of 10% (US$1.4 million) have been applied to costs of civil works, equipment, training and operation and maintenance costs. Price contingencies are estimated at about 25% of project base costs and are based on expected international price escalations of 8%, 9%, 9% and 9Z, and domestic price escalations of 15%, 10X, 8% and 7.5Z per annum for 1985 through 1989. Project Start-Up Activities 4.U3 Certain activities, including execution of a base-line survey in the project area, technical assistance in extension to establish work programs, and preliminary training in extension in Kenya for Soroti District agricultural staff, would permit a rapid start to the project (see Table 2). In order to ensure an efficient transfer of warehouse stocks and - 29 - UGAD ABRICULTWMAL DEVELoPHENT PROJECT Tab le I - PROJECT COST SWUIARY (U.Sh. million) (US0 '000) Z Total - ------ -- --------- - -- ----- ZForeign bRse Local Foreign Total Local Foreign Total Exchange Costs A. Input Sun>lP Agricultural Inputs 469.5 49023.1 49492.6 19341.5 11.494.6 12.836.1 70 54 Yeterinarv Inputs 74.3 654.0 7229.3 212.2 1,968.5 2,080.7 90 Q Fishing Inputs 21.7 150.7 172.3 61.9 430.5 492.4 B7 2 Innt SuPlPi Manasement 361.1 443.4 80495 1,031.7 1.266.8 2,298.6 55 10 Sub-Total Input SUnlPI 926.6 5271.2 69197.7 2s647.3 15,060.4 17.707.7 85 74 B. Research and Technolosn Developtent Research and On-farm Trials 77.8 143.9 221.7 222.3 411.2 633.5 65 3 Tsetse Control 14.1 92.6 105.7 40.4 261.7 302.1 87 I Fisheries: Population Dinamics 167.8 375.4 543.3 479.6 1,072.6 1.552.2 69 6 Sub-Total Research and Technolosg Develop ent 259.9 610.9 870.7 742.2 1,745.5 2,487.7 70 10 C. Institutional Development Renovation of Training Collese and Extension Training 153.0 262.8 415.8 437.1 751.0 1:188.0 63 5 Pilot TOW Extension Ssstem 211.3 424.6 635.9 603.7 1,213.1 1,816.9 67 9 Monitoring and Evaluation Unit 83.1 168.1 251.2 237.4 480.3 717.7 67 3 Sub-Total Institutional Development 447.4 855.6 1,302.9 1,278.2 2,444.4 3,7M2.6 66 16 Total BASELINE COSTS 1,633.7 6,737.6 8,371.3 49667.7 19,250.4 23.918.1 80 100 Physical Contingencies 104.3 387.3 491.6 298.0 19106.7 1.404.6 79 6 Price Contin*encies 550.1 19565.0 2:115.1 1:571.6 4,471.5 6,043.1 74 25 Total PROJECT COSTS 2:288.0 8:690.0 109978.0 6:537.3 24:828.6 31,365.9 79 131 November 13. 1984 11:04 - 30 - avoid a hiatus in warehouse management and procurement between the end of ARP and the effectiveness of the proposed project, it would be necessary to finance the services of procurement management consultants to operate the warehouses (para 3.60). During the preproject period, these consultants will also assist in drawing up the first list of items to be procured under the project. These activities would be required in the six months prior to project effectiveness and would be financed through the Second Technical Assistance Credit (TA II - Credit 1434-UG). Table 2 - Project Start-Up Activities (US$000) 1. Extension Start-Up T.A. Extensionist 3 Man-Months 37.9 4 WD Vehicle 20.6 lntroductory training for T&V Staff 7.7 6b.2 2. Base-Line Survey in the Project Area T.A. Monitoring and Evaluation 75.7 4 WD Vehicle 20.6 Survey Equipment 8.0 Operating Costs 10.3 114.6 3. Procurement Management - T.A. Procurement Manager - 4 months 50.5 T.A. Accountant - 4 months 50.5 T.A. Warehouse Manager - 2 x 4 months each 101.0 202.0 4. Contingencies 27.7 Total Costs of Project Start-Up Activities 410.5 (80% Foreign - -- exchange) B. Financing 4.04 Project costs would be financed as follows: Foreign Local Taxes & Total Percent Exchange Currency Duties (US$ million) (US$ million) (US$ million) GOU 5.13 1.41 6.54 21 IDA 10.00 - - 10.00 32 IDA (T.A.II) 0.33 - 0.33 1 IFAD 14.50 - 14.50 46 Total 24.83 5.13 1.41 31.37 100 I - 31 - Tne combined value of the IYAD loan of US
Groupe de la Banque mondiale · Staff Appraisal Report
Uganda - Agricultural Development Project
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Groupe de la Banque mondiale
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Staff Appraisal Report
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Ouganda
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Banque mondiale