Trends in food and nutrient availability in China, 1950-81

SWP-607 Trends in Food and Nutrient Availability in China, 1950-81 Alan Piazza WORLD BANK STAFF WORKING PAPERS Number 607 2097 HD2097.P5 1983 c.2 Trends in food and nutrient availability in China, 1950-81 I 1983LCO280 SLC028097  IBRD 16953 7s m- JANUARY 1983 Th o map Nse, oeee'odebry T Whdkoo To tor toheo eee r FianCorparhon The oenomrnaos usodadoheouondanes shown/To h ap doo rr hy o hepart of The Wore Sank and T th eeaoo t os ac Corpora/,oSs any judgment0 SSO V I E T U N O N - J 1, r S(__' HE/LONGJ/ANG 31.6 GULAANBAATAR M O N G O L i A 113 roe .;S a ofk X XINJIANG 347 313 O ,rDEMRATIC 1256 PEOP E'S REPUBLIC AFGHANISTANNEÅ N GOLBEJNOFKRE A N S E M OJ N G O L O V/ 3 / N G * 2.5 Pyo GYANG 1852 s.1 N0 K 7.- @SEOULTKY ye//sw REPUBLIC -EEOF KORE - LNGXIA SHANXI) 5 é Approxiae Gardee<~ 29 AN D 2N1 11n54 16 2442 / d72.NGHA2 - GANSU 1,2 243 s, 554 924 SH AN9HE A JI-NGSU XIZANG --2077 9OST Cj1n 232NGHA A 2HNU /PC H N A ®NEW DELH 403 PER CAPITA GRAIN 1C pe,re 3E ANG PRODUCTION BY PROVINCE 1, ,- sS,OklOdbT,dIN.9774 33 1979 KATHM4NDU _413 Per Capita Grain Production Per Year (kg) H NPHu-A GX 2r84 Population in Millions '-'~ 'SBHTANVNAN 401 H A F 2.29A Above National Average cGu> H OU 523 111Provincial Boundaries I N D A .. International Boundaries IBANGLADESHS <- SDHAKA Y U 1NNA N G U A N GDODN G 3/35 GUA NGX/ 55. Note: National Average=342 kg./year 7- @HONG KONG,UK. BU R M A ( n--- r ACAO.PORT. 0 200 400 600 800 1000 KILOMETERS 690 9 7 MI LES ep HAN 20 400 600 Bay af en go AO PEOPLES South Chno DEMOCRATIC. REPUBLIC SVIE NAM Se T H A lL ANDiVE E 9ila '13/06  WORLD BANK STAFF WORKING PAPERS Number 607 Trends in Food and Nutrient Availability in China, 1950-81 Alan Piazza SECTORAL LB-ARY INtERNNTIONAL BAN FIOR VRECONSTRUCTION AND) DVELOPMENfT 6 1984 INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND WAS4INGTON, D.C The World Bank Washington, D.C., U.S.A. Copyright @ 1983 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / THE WORLD BANK 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A. First printing September 1983 All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America This is a working document published informally by the World Bank. To present the results of research with the least possible delay, the typescript has not been prepared in accordarice with the procedures appropriate to formal printed texts, and the World Bank accepts no responsibility for errors. The publication is supplied at a token charge to defray part of the cost of manufacture and distribution. The views and interpretations in this document are those of the author(s) and should not be attributed to the World Bank, to its affiliated organizations, or to any individual acting on their behalf. Any maps used have been prepared solely for the convenience of the readers; the denominations used and the boundaries shown do not imply, on the part of the World Bank and its affiliates, any judgment on the legal status of any territory or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The full range of World Bank publications is described in the Catalog of World Bank Publications; the continuing research program of the Bank is outlined in World Bank Research Program: Abstracts of Current Studies. Both booklets are updated annually; the most recent edition of each is available without charge from the Publications Distribution Unit of the Bank in Washington or from the European Office of the Bank, 66, avenue d'ina, 75116 Paris, France. Alan Piazza is a consultant to the Projects Department of the East Asia and Pacific Regional Office and to the Population, Health, and Nutrition Department of the World Bank. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Piazza, Alan Lee, 1955- Trends in food and nutrient availability in China, 1950-81. (World Bank staff working papers ; no. 607) 1. Agricultural productivity-China. 2. Food supply- China. 3. Nutrition policy--China. I. Title. II. Series. HD2097.P5 1983 338.1'9'51 82-12381 ISBN 0-8213-0217-5 Abstract Agricultural pxoduction and trade data recently released from China are the basis of this assessment of per capita nutrient availability in China over time and by province. This large body of data has been compiled into national level food balance sheets for the period 1950-81 and provincial nutrient production figures for 1979-80. Despite limited knowledge of production, trade, utilization and nutrient composition for some foods for some years, the food balance sheets present a comprehensive picture of nutrient availability for each year and of trends in nutrient availability over time and by province. National average daily per capita energy, protein, and fat availability grew rapidly during the 1950s and marginally exceeded require- ments by 1958. The sharp setback of the agricultural sector during the years 1959-64, however, depressed nutrient availability far below require- ments in those years. Nutrient availability steadily recovered from the low in 1960 and during the last five years has surpassed requirements by a significant margin. Per capita availability of fine grains, vegetable oils, animal products and other preferred commodities have also increased since 1978. China seems likely to be able to maintain present favorable levels of per capita nutrient availability during the 1980s. Per capita average nutrient availability differs greatly by province. Several Northwestern and Southwestern provinces were below national average nutrient availability levels in 1979-80. Special efforts will be :required to improve agricultural productivity and nutritional status in these areas during the 1980s. Acknowledgements This report has benefitted from the contributions of a number of World Bank staff members. Rae Nickell carefully prepared the food conversion rates, did most of the work on the nutrient requirements section, and otherwise took part in the compilation of the food balance sheets. Jim Goering and Dean Jamison first proposed the idea of compiling a food balance sheet time series for China, and they have reviewed and commented upon the work throughout its progression. The author would also like to acknowledge the kind assistance of Alan Berg, Lucy Cindoyan, Timothy King, Joanne Leslie, Kyle Peters, Ian Porter, Peter Ting, and Tom Wiens. Several scholars outside of the World Bank have also made important contributions to the report. Charlie Liu and Frederic Surls of the USDA, Bruce Stone of the IFPRI, and John Aird and Judith Bannister of the US Census Bureau were all very generous with their tinle and their knowledge of China. Contents Page No. Figure 3.1 Per Capita Provincial Grain Production, 1979 Inside Front Cover Abstract Acknowledgements Contents Summary and Conclusions 1. METHODOLOGY................. ....... . . . 1 A. Production Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 B. Trade Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . * . * * . . * * . . * * * 4 C. Processing and Utilization Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 D. Nutrient Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2. TRENDS IN NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY . . . . *........... 8 A. Trends in Average Per Capita Nutrient Availability...... 8 B. Sources of Nutrient Supply . . ................ 15 C. Requirements and Adequacy of the Diet............. 22 Protein Quality...................... 24 D. Other Estimates of Nutrient Availability in China....... 27 E. Accuracy of the Results.................... 30 Production and Demographic Data............... 30 Food Utilization and other Data . . ........ . . . . . . 31 3. REGIONAL AND PROVINCIAL TRENDS IN FOOD AVAILABILITY.... . . . 1.34 A. Regional Per Capita Grain Production........... . . . . .35 B. Provincial Per Capita Grain Production 1949-81 .... . . . . . 36 C. Provincial Food Balance Sheets . .......... . . . . . . 38 ANNEXES 1. National Food Balance Sheets, 1950-81............. . . . . . 45 2. Compilation of the Food Balance Sheets . ......... . . . . . 77 A. Production Data . . .D.a.t.a....... . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Grains . .P .T . . A.A.B...I.T.Y............ . . . . 77 Vegetable Oilsap . Pr.......o.n. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Sugar . . . P c 1949.............. ...81... . . . . . . . . 3.85 Fruits and Vegetables ..h.. .... . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Animal Products . . Shee.t.s...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Pork, Beef and Mutton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * . . . 87 B. Trade Data ..e... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Page No. ANNEXES (Contd) C. Processing and Utilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Seed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Feedgrain Requirements for Livestock........ . . . . . . 93 Total Food Disappearance. . ........... . . . . . . . 101 D. Nutrient Composition. . .............. . . . . 101 3. Supplementary Tables. . .............. . . . . . . 105 4. Provincial Food, Nutrient and Population Data...... . . . . . 114 FIGURES IN TEXT 2.1 Total Daily Per Capita Energy Availability (KCal)..... . . . . 11 2.2 Total Daily Per Capita Protein Availability (gm) ... . . . . . 12 TABLES IN TEXT 1.1 Food Conversion Rates........... ....... . . . . 7 2.1 Per Capita Grain Production and Daily Nutrient Availability . . . 9 2.2 Food Production................. . . . . . . 10 2.3 Energy and Protein Availability, China and Other Countries. . . . 14 2.4 Percentage Share of Total Energy Availability . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.5 Percentage Share of Total Protein Availability.... . . . . . . 18 2.6 Per Capita Availability of Grains and Other Crops..... . . . 20 2.7 Per Capita Availability of Meats and Other Animal Products . . . 21 2.8 Net Protein Utilizations of Selected Foods (NPU) .. . . . . 25 2.9 Adequacy of Per Capita Daily Energy and Protein Availability . . 26 2.10 Estimates of Daily Per Capita Nutrient Availability.... . . . 29 3.1 Provincial Per Capita Unprocessed Grain Production . . . . . . . 39 3.2 Provincial Per Capita Unprocessed Grain Production (Percentage of National Average)........ . . . . . . . . 40 3.3 1979-80 Provincial Per Capita Nutrient Availability. . . . . . . 42 3.4 Energy Shortfall in Wheat Equivalent, 1979 . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Tables in Annex 2 1. Production Data Availability....... . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 2. Commodity Shares and Nutrient Composition of the "Other Grain" Composite........... ....... . . . . . 80 3. Estimated Pulse Production ...... . . ............81 4. Other Grain Production Estimated from USDA Data...... . . . . 8 2 Page No. Tables in Annex 2 (cont'd) 5. Crush and Extraction Rates............... . . . . . 83 6. Edible Oil Production. . .............. . . . . . 84 7. Estimated Edible Oil Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 8. Sugar Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 9. Slaughter Rates, Live Weights, and Dressed Weights..... . . . 88 10. Pork, Beef, and Mutton Production. . ........... . . . . 89 11. Food Disappearance Due to Seed, Feed, and Manufacturing Requirements, Milling, Processing and Waste..... . . . . . . 94 12. Animal Concentrate Requirements. . ........ . . . . . . . 96 13. Total Concentrate Requirements. . ......... . . . . . . 96 14. Grain Millings and Oilseed Cake Production..... . . . . . . . 98 15. Feedgrain Requirements.......... ...... . . ... . 98 16. Sources and Notes for Nutrient Composition Table.... . . . . . 102 Tables in Annex 3 1. Crop Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 2. Oilseed Production. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 3. Estimated Vegetable Oil Production. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 4. Production of Other Crops and Animal Products . . . . . . . . . . 108 5. Animal Populations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 6. Food Imports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 7. Food Exports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 8. Animal Products Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 9. Midyear Population, 1950-81 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Tables in Annex 4 1. 1979 Provincial Nutrient Availability . . . ........... 114 2. Food Availability by Province, 1979 . . . . ........... 115 3. Grain Availability by Province, 1979. . . . ........... 116 4. Food Production by Province, 1979 . . . . . ........... 117 5. Grain Production by Province, 1979. . . . . ........... 118 6. 1980 Provincial Nutrient Availability . . . ............ 119 7. Food Availability by Province, 1980 . . . . ........... 120 8. Grain Availability by Province, 1980. . . . ........... 121 9. Food Production by Province, 1980 . . . . . ........... 122 10. Grain Production by Province, 1980. . . . . ........... 123 11. Midyear Provincial Population Estimates . . ........... 124 12. Provincial Unprocessed Grain Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125  Summary and Conclusions i. The most direct means of assessing a nation's ability to feed its people is through the compilation of food balance sheets. This study presents the results of a time series of yearly food balance sheets for China for the period 1950-81. The food balance sheets model the production, trade, and utilization of food and estimate the levels and sources of net energy, protein, and fat available in the average Chinese diet., The food balance sheets calculate only national average nutrient availability, however, and may be misleading indicators of actual nutritional status for some segments of the society. Disparities in food availability across locality are examined through the compilation of per capita provincial grain production figures over time and per capita provincial nutrient: availability in 1979 and 1980. ii. The substantial increase in the flow of information from China during the last several years has facilitated the compilation of the food balance sheet time series. Despite inadequate knowledge of production, trade, utilization and nutrient composition for some commodities for some years, the food balance sheets are believed to present reasonably accurate nutrient availability figures for each year 1950-81 and a more accurate picture of trends in nutrient availability over time. The provincial data assess disparity in nutrient availability by province for recent years and outline provincial trends in food production over time. Together these national and provincial level data present generally favorable trends in nutrient availability in China. iii. Per capita nutrient availability in 1981 greatly exceeded the 1950 level, though this improvement has not been stable over time. Average daily per capita nutrient availability grew rapidly after 1949 and by 1958 roughly equaled requirements. The subsequent sharp decline of agricultural production with the Great Leap Forward (1959), however, resulted in a sudden fall of per capita nutrient availability to below the 1950 level. The food crisis of 1959-64 involved a great deal of human suffering. It: is likely that total population declined during part of that period. By the mid-1970s per capita nutrient availability had recovered to the levels achieved in 1958. In the last five years, average per capita nutrient availability has surpassed requirements by a significant margin due to increased agricultural production and record grain imports. iv. The percentage shares of energy, protein, and fat availability coming from crop production and from grains have been remarkably steady over time. Per capita availability of individual commodities has, however, changed significantly. Per capita availability of preferred commodities increased during the 1950s. With the sharp fall in agricultural production at the end of the 1950s,, however, per capita production of preferred commodities declined. Since 1978, the increase in preferred commodities' share of total production has resumed. v. China's agriculture has now achieved a level of production where national average per capita nutrient supply exceeds requirements by a significant margin. It is quite likely, moreover, that per capita nutrient supply will be maintained at least at the current levels. Even pessimistic projections for China's agricultural output suggest per annum growth rates that are above the current population growth rate, indicating continued growth in per capita nutrient availability. The ability to produce above the levels set by minimum food requirements suggests some changing priorities for China's agriculture during the 1980s. vi. Continued growth in per capita food production remains imperative to further improvements in nutritional status and economic progress in China during the 1980s. Improving the infrastructure and technology for the handling of food after harvest will become increasingly important. Expansion of marketing infrastructure would improve the diversity and stability of food supplies available to consumers. With the increase in land area under private production and the limited acceptance of free trade markets, the transportation and market systems for such trade have been found inadequate. China is also currently interested in upgrading and extending capacity for food fortification. Fortification of foods with vitamigeD or iron, for example, would be useful given the incidence of vitamin D and iron deficiency in China. The post-harvest handling of food (transportation, processing and fortification, marketing, and storage) is potentially a profitable labor-intensive industry amenable to international assistance. vii. Per capita nutrient availabilty differs greatly by province. Provincial nutrient availability was below average nutrient requirements in 10 of China's 29 provinces in both 1979 and 1980 despite the fact that national average nutrient availability was well above requirements in those years. Between 10 and 15% of China's population lived in provinces where average nutrient availability fell below 90% of average nutrient requirements in 1979-80. The shortfalls in nutrient availability are concentrated in several Northwestern and Southwestern provinces. Trends in per capita provincial grain production suggest that the provinces below the national avergae have changed over time. Per capita production has suffered a relative decline in Sichuan and Yunnan while per capita production in Hebei, Liaoning, Shandong and Jiangsu has increased since the 1950s. viii. The current situation dictates that further improvements in nutritional status will increasingly depend upon more egalitarian distri- bution of available food. Though China has an admirable record of egalita- rian food distribution, there still appears to be significant disparity of nutrient availability by province and at the local and household levels. Though provincial nutrient availability figures are only rough approximations, a very large and nutritionally significant disparity is discernable between provinces with above and below average nutrient availability. The nutrient shortfall (expressed in wheat equivalent) of those provinces producing below average nutrient requirements represents less than three percent of China-s total grain production. At issue, however, is the more difficult problem of increasing agricultural production and income in the poorer Northwestern and Southwestern provinces. Improving production and nutrition in these areas will.require special attention. ix. The production responsibility systems introduced in recent years may have caused the emergence of disparities in access to food supplies at the local and household levels. The emphasis on "linking remuneration with output" (i.e., equating income with output) may . further exacerbate the conditions of brigades and teams handicapped by their physical environment. Such groups may have previously benefitted from pooling their income with larger groups. Implementation of the agricultural responsibility system, furthermore, may have put households with few able bodied workers at a disadvantage. With these changes, and their impact on China-s rural social welfare system, nutrition of these low income families may be adversely affected. x. Achievement of a per capita level of nutrient availability which exceeds requirements does not translate directly into adequate or even improved nutritional status for all segments of the population. Although China has tried, apparently quite successfully, to prevent food supplies in poor or climatically-affected areas from falling below the minimum needed for reasonably healthy subsistence, there are significant disparities among locations in nutriet availability. These disparities in local food supplies may cause a significant amount of malnutrition in China. Thus)although there has been remarkable progress in recent years in raising average per capita nutrient availability, much remains to be accomplished.  1. METHODOLOGY 1.01 The substantial increase in the flow of information from China during the last several years has facilitated the compilation of a food balance sheet time series with a greater degree of accuracy than was previously possible. Nevertheless, the accuracy and availability of infor- mation regarding China's food system differ widely by commodity and by year. Compilation of the food balance sheets has necessarily relied upon certain assumptions regarding food production, trade, utilization, and nutrient composition. The data sources, models, and assumptions used to compile the food balance sheets are detailed in Annex 2. Agricultural production and trade, and national population time series are presented in Annex 3. A brief summary of these data resources and methodology is presented in this section. 1.02. The food balance sheets model China-s production, international trade, and utilization of food (Annex 1). The 21 commodities included, rows 1-21 of the food balance sheets, are comprehensive in terms of the nutritionally important items in the Chinese diet. Production, trade, end uses, and nutrient availabilities for the 21 commodities are presented in columns I-X of the food balance sheets. Domestic supply of the commodities (unprocessed) (column IV) are derived from agricultural production figures/1 net of trade. There are no data available for foodgrain reserves, so changes in stocks are assumed to be negligible in the study. Seed, feed, and nonfood manufacturing requirements, dehusking, milling, crushing, other processing losses, and waste are then deducted from domestic supply to determine net food available for human consumption (column VI). The yearly net food availability figures are then converted to per capita daily nutrient availabilities (energy, protein, and fat) according to the mid-year population, the number of days per year, and the nutrient composition of the commodity. 1.03. Agricultural production data have been drawn from Chinese sources as far as possible. Population figures are from the World Bank's demographic model of China, which is also closely tied to official Chinese figures. (Midyear population figures for 1950-81 are presented in Table 9 of Annex 3). Foreign data have played a subsidiary role in the substantiation of the Thinese production data and in providing selected year production data for ninor commodities. Trade, processing and utilization, and nutrient composi- tion data rely upon foreign sources because of the absence of Chinese sources. The food balance sheets exclude Taiwan. 1L Agricultural production data are harvest figures (i.e., net harvest after crop losses during the growing season and harvest). -2- 1.04 All data and models used to compile the food balance sheets have been retained on computer files. With these computer,models, the food balance sheets are easily revised to accommodate new data and/or changes in the underlying assumptions. In particular, the impact upon per capita nutrient availability of different values for population, foodcrop production, feedgrain consumption, and other variables is readily determined. A. Production Data 1.05 Complete time series are only available for China's production of total grains, rice, wheat, and aquatic products./l Selected year data are available for production of all other commodities except pulses, vegetables, poultry, other meat, eggs, and animal fat. 1.06 Although these production data appear to be reasonably accurate and consistent, one must remain generally cautious with their use. Understatement of production is typical of most newly developed agricultural reporting systems such as China-s./2 In China, these likely technical difficulties may have been of secondary importance relative to political pressures in the collection and reporting of statistical information. China's statistical system fell into considerable disarray during the Great Leap Forward (1959 and following years). Production data currently reported for those several years are in part based upon more recently conducted "multiyear recall" surveys. /1 The primary reference for production data is the 1980 Chinese Agricul- tural Yearbook (Beijing, Agricultural Publishing House, 1981). Ten Great Years (Beijing, Foreign Language Press, 1960) supplies some addi- tional production data for the 1950s. Finally, China: Country Economic Memorandum (Washington, World Bank, 1982) and China: Review of Agricul- ture in 1981 and Outlook for 1982 (Washington, USDA Economic Research Service, 1982) (and previous issues of this USDA supplement) have pro- vided some other selected year production figures. Bruce Stone of the IFPRI has reviewed the currently available agricultural production data in "The Use of Agricultural Statistics," Appendix A of Barker, et al. eds. The Chinese Agricultural Economy, (Colorado, Westview Press, Inc., 1982) pp. 205-245. Also see Fred Surls' brief summary in USDA, China: Review of Agriculture in 1981 and Outlook for 1982 op. cit. pp. 11-12. /2 See T. Poleman, "Quantifying the Nutrition Situation in Developing Countries" in Food Research Institute Studies, XVIII:l, 1981, pp. 1-58. - 3 - 1.07 The Chinese Government has reported production data for grains other than rice and wheat for only 9 of the 32 years under study. The residual "other grains" (row 9) is derived as the difference between total grains /1 and all other grains for which production data were available for that year. For the years with an incomplete disaggregation of grain production data, the other grains composite residual is the total of all coarse grains, tubers, soybeans, and other minor grains. For the nine years with a complete disaggregation of grain production, the other grains residual includes only other minor grains (i.e., the residual estimates barley, oats, and other minor grains). 1.08 There are no national figures for production of pulses, vegetables, and eggs. For the nine years with a complete breakdown of grain production, pulse production has been estimated as a residual of the total grain production figures for those years. The procedure relies on the USDA time series for China's production of oats and barley and should be considered as a rough estimate. Vegetable production data are based upon the available selected year vegetable acreage data and assumed yields. The 1957 yield is assumed to have been 20 tons per hectare and to have been increasing at 2% p.a. The resulting vegetable production figures must be regarded as only very rough estimates. Egg production figures have been estimated from per capita. consumption figures reported for recent years. 1.09 Production of red meat (pork, beef, and mutton), poultry, other meat, and animal fat was estimated using assumed liveweights, slaughter rates, dressing weights and time series of animal populations and yearly slaughter of swine in accordance with selected year production data. Production figures for edible oil and sugar have been estimated using assumed crush and extrac- tion rates and time series for oilseed, sugar cane and sugar beet production in accordance with selected year production data. Underlying coefficients and models are fully specified in Annex 2. The models and coefficients reflect information available in late 1982 and are generally incomplete in the case of poultry, other meat, and animal fat. Production data for the nutritionally more important commodities (i.e., red meat and edible oil) are believed to be reasonably accurate for most years. /1 The State Statistical Bureau defines total grains as the sum of rice, wheat, coarse grains (corn, sorghum, millet, and pulses), tubers con- verted to dry weight, soybeans, and other minor grains (e.g. barley and oats). B. Trade Data 1.10 Agricultural trade data for China for the period 1950-81 are available in the FAO Trade Yearbook and other sources./l Imports and exports to China for all reporting countries are summed to derive estimates of China's yearly trade. Trade with nonreporting countries (most notably other communist countries of Asia during the 1950s) is not included and, therefore, the total trade figures understate actual trade to a minor extent. The FAO Trade Yearbooks' figures for China's agricultural trade in the 1970s include Taiwan. As Taiwan's production and trade figures have been excluded from all other segments of the food balance sheets in this exercise, Taiwan's trade figures have also been subtracted from FAO's trade figures for China for the 1970s. Rice trade figures have been converted to their paddy rice equivalents in the food balance sheets and trade in flour and other processed commodities has been expressed in their unprocessed equivalents. C. Processing and Utilization Data 1.11 Part of China's domestic food supply is diverted from human consumption during transportation, storage, processing and through alternative end uses./2 These losses and alternative end-use requirements are summed and entered as column V of the food balance sheets. Knowledge of the magnitude of food disappearance due to waste and through alternative end uses is incomplete and represents a weak element in the composition of food balance sheets. Disappearance through waste, manufacturing, seed and feed grain requirements, etc., have been approximated using available information and in conjunction with the relevant biological and manufacturing limits. The impact of different assumptions regarding food disappearance upon nutrient availability is discussed in Section 2 E below. /1 FAO trade data for China for the period 1950-69 have been summarized in the USDA's Agricultural Trade of the PRC, 1935-69 (Washington, Economic Research Service, 1972), pp. 26-39. For other years, the FAQ Trade Yearbook (Rome, FAO), USDA, China: Review of Agriculture in 1981 and Outlook for 1982, op. cit., and World Bank, China: Country Economic Memorandum, op. cit., have been relied upon for trade data. /2 Roughly 30% of domestic food supply is diverted from direct human consumption. Much of this loss, however, represents inedible portions of domestic food supply (e.g., about 40% of this loss is in the form of rice husk). - 5 - 1.12 Dehusking paddy rice and the milling of other grains is quantita- tively the most significant form of such food disappearance./1 Extraction rates reported in China: Rural Processing Technology /2 are somewhat below those reported to the World Bank economic mission to China (1980). A rice extraction coefficient of 67% has been adopted in light of the antiquated inefficient rice processing equipment generally in use in China. 1.13 Grain for use in animal husbandry in China is estimated to account for 7 to 11% of total grain output. Results of a feeding regimen model similar to that used by Dawson /3 suggest that roughly 12% of China's total unprocessed grain production is used as feed grain (roughly 22% when including.grain millings and oilseed cake). These figures are used in the food balance sheets and may overstate the true amount of grain used in animal husbandry by several million metric tons. Little is known as to which of the grains produced in China are used as feed grains. 1.14 Seed requirements have been estimated from data reported by the World Bank Staff Appraisal Reports for the North China Plain Agricultural and Hebei Agricultural Development Projects and from other references. The 3% figure for waste which is used in the FAO provisional food balance sheets has been adopted in this study for most commodities. Coefficients for the share of domestic food supply used for nonfood manufacturing end uses (e.g. soap, candles, starch) have been taken from the FAO provisional food balance sheets for China. Due to inadequate information, food manufacturing end uses such as alcoholic beverage and tofu (soybean curd) production have not been reported in the food balance sheets. This implicitly assumes that the net nutrient loss from such food manufacturing is negligible relative to total nutrient availability. 1.15 Total domestic food supplies are converted to their per capita equivalents by dividing by mid-year population as estimated by the World Bank's demographic model. Though foreign estimates of China population are now converging, it is generally accepted that the figures released by the Chinese Government may be undercounts of the true population. The World Bank's demographic model is developed from China's official demographic data /1 Over 50% of this disappearance, however, is in the form of rice husk. As rice husk is not edible, it is inaccurate to consider this food disappearance. Dehusking paddy rice generally involves some loss of the rice bran, however, especially with more antiquated rice husking technology. The milling of wheat and other grains also results in a loss of nutrient value. /2 FAO, China: Rural Processing Technology (Rome, FAO, 1979), pp. 24-27. /3 Owen L. Dawson, Communist China's Agriculture: Its Development and Future Potential (New York, Praeger Publishers, 1970), pp. 178-185. - 6 - using internally consistent birth and death rates. China's official figures for 1982 are based upon household registration and may omit citizens existing outside of the household registration system and thereby possibly understate total population by as much as 5 or 6%. D. Nutrient Composition 1.16 The per capita food availabilities presented in column VII of the food balance sheets are converted to their nutrient equivalents using the food conversion rates shown in Table 2.1. Most of the figures in Table 2.1 -have been adopted from FAO./l Several of the commodities listed in Table 2.1 are composites of similar like foods. Such composites are the weighted average of each of the component foods. The "other grains" composite, for instance, is composed of 20% oats and 80% barley./2 1.17 A comprehensive reference for the food conversion rates is Tables of Food Composition /2 (in Chinese). Unfortunately, the extensive breakdown of each commodity by numerous varieties and grades makes this excellent reference unusable at present. Tables of Food Composition clearly shows the tremendous variation in nutrient content across variety and grade. Protein content, for instance, varies from a low of 47 g/kg to a high of 139 g/kg for the 28 varieties and grades of rice listed. Fat varies from 3 g/kg to 93 g/kg and energy from 3,330 kcal/kg to 3,730 kcal for these same varieties and grades./4 If, for example, the nutrient content of rice has been overestimated by 10%, then total energy availability has been overstated by 4%, total protein by 2.5%, and total fat by less than 1%. /1 FAO, The Composition of Some East Asian Foods (Rome, FAO, 1968). /2 The "other grains" composite food conversion rate for years with incomplete data is a weighted average of the nutrient composition of the several coarse grains, pulses, and tubers represented by the "other grain" composite. Time period specific food conversion rates for the "other grain" composite are specified in Table 2 of Annex 2. /3 Tables of Food Composition (Beijing, People's Public Health Press, 1982). /4 Tables of Food Composition, op. cit., pp. 4-8. Variety, grade, and degree of processing are more important determinants of protein and fat content relative to energy content. - 7 - Table 1.1: FOOD CONVERSION RATES (Nutrient content per kilogram of food) Energy Protein Fat Commodity (KCal) (g) (g) Vegetable Products Rice /a 3,660 64 8 Wheat (flour) /a 3,500 113 15 Corn (flour) /a 3,620 90 34 Sorghum /a 3,570 76 24 Millet /a 3,540 106 16 Tubers 7- 1962 and before 4,112 48 10 1963 and after 5,140 60 13 Soybeans (food) 4,000 351 177 Soybeans (oil) 8,830 U 999 Pulses /c 3,339 234 13 Other grains /d 3,462 98 18 Peanuts (food) 5,480 234 453 Peanuts (oil) 8,840 0 999 Edible oils (except soy & peanut) 8,840 0 1,000 Sugar /e 3,510 0 0 Fruit 7 537 6 3 Vegetables /9 262 16 3 Animal Products Pork, beef & mutton lb 3,002 117 278 Poultry lb /1 1,989 1!6 146 Other meat / 1,276 177 57 Fish 630 103 21 Eggs 1,450 115 102 Milk /k 634 32 36 Animal fats 9,020 0 1,000 /a Expressed in milled weights. /b Expressed as a grain equivalent (one fourth the wet weight prior to 1963 and one fifth the wet weight beginning in 1963). /c Composite of broad beans, peas, and mung beans. 7- Composite of rolled oats and milled barley. 7e Refined sugar. If Composite of eight fruits. g Composite of 14 vegetables. /h Expressed in dressed weight. /i Composite of chicken and duck meats. 7 Without fins, skin, entrails, or bones. k Composite of cow and goat milks. Source: The Composition of Some East Asian Foods, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the US Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Rome, 1968. - 8 - 2. TRENDS IN NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY 2.01 The yearly food balance sheets constructed for China present detailed information as to the levels and sources of average daily per capita nutrient availability. Energy, protein, and fat supplied by each of the 21 commodities /1 is presented for each of the years 1950-81. Change over time in the sources of nutrient supply and the issues of the adequacy of the average diet of the Chinese and of protein quality are also discussed. These results are then compared with results of other food balance sheets compiled for China. The section concludes with an examination of the reliability of the results. A. Trends in Average Per Capita Daily Nutrient Availability 2.u2 Total per capita daily availability and availability by source (animal and vegetable) for energy, protein, and fat are presented in Table 2.1.' Production of selected commodities and of total grains is presented in Table 2.2. Per capita daily energy and protein availability figures are plotted in Figures 2.1 and 2.2. These data point out the close relationship between per capita nutrient availability and trends over time in the production of grain and other commodities. Trends in average per capita nutrient availability are also, consequently, closely related to the political and organizational changes which have contributed to the large swings in agricultural production in China. 2.03 Per capita nutrient availability increased sharply during China's recovery from civil war and throughout implementation of the First Five-Year Plan (1953-57). Grain production increased over 50% with the rehabilitation of the war-damaged agricultural infrastructure, extensive agrarian reform, and other reorganizations of the agricultural sector during the 1950s. Food production outpaced population growth and per capita daily energy avail- ability grew by more than 25% during these years. Similar advances were achieved in per capita availabilities of protein and fat. By 1958 national average per capita energy availability approached 2,200 kcal per day, approximately equal to per capita energy requirements. 2.04 The sharp decline of agricultural production beginning in 1959 has been ascribed to the sudden implementation of the People's Commune system, excessive conscription of agricultural labor for nonagricultural production during the Great Leap Forward, widespread unfavorable weather patterns, and /1 Only 15 or 16 commodities are presented for the years with incomplete disaggregation of grain production. -9- TABLE-2.1: PER CAPITA GRAIN PRODUCTION AND DAILY NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY Capita Total Total Total Protein Protein Energy Energy lear Grain Energy Protein Fat Animal Vegetable Animal Vegetable Production Source Source Source Source KG/year (MCal) (W) (g) (g) (1) (MCal) ([Cal) 1950 229 1613.98 43.21 19.72 2.74 40.47 58.52 1555.46 1951 245 1723.68 45.65 21.29 3.02 42.63 63.02 1660.67 1952 274 1916.89 52.03 24.44 3.48 48.55 73445 1843.44 1553 273 1923.63 50.76 23.97 3.73 47.03 80.17 1843.46 1554 270 1927.47 50.90 24.66 3.98 46.92 84.11 1843.36 1955 288 2031.36 53.18 25.07 3.79 49.39 78.33 1953.02 156 296 2073.37 53.59 24.75 3.66 49.92 72.61 2000.75 1557 293 2064.61 55.69 24.17 4.04 51.65 78.42 1986.19 1958 295 2071.90 54.80 25.87 4.18 50.61 92.10 1979.80 1559 248 1736.81 46.60 21.92 3.85 42.74 80.14 1656.66 1960 210 1462.32 39.70 15,75 3.16 36.54 57.92 1404.40 1961 217 1568,62 42.90 16.30 2.76 40.14 49.29 1519.32 1962 233 1678.59 45.69 16,76 2.78 42.91 49.59 1629.00 1963 243 1802o57 46.84 19,16 3.65 43.19 71.65 1730.92 1964 261 1965.51 50.66 21.86 4.09 46.57 84.98 1880.54 1965 264 1996.55 53.88 22.42 4.31 49.57 91.05 1905.50 1.966 283 2105.63 54.03 23.19 4.45 49.59 95.30 2010.34 1967 281 2066,50 53.03 23.32 4.41 48.62 96.58 1969.92 1968 263 1951.26 49,84 22.23 4.16 45.68 92.50 1858.76 1969 258 1897.67 48.30 21.69 4.10 44,19 88.40 1809.27 1970 2.86 2092.40 52.70 22.91 4.14 48.56 86.08 2006,31 1971 291 2097.83 51.03 23.56 4.62 46.42 97.57 2000,26 1972 274 2020.50 49.49 23.84 4.92 44.57 107.31 1913.19 1973 296 2175.01 53.26 24.78 4.89 48.37 106.21 2068.80 1.974 302 2209.19 54.53 24.55 4.88 49.65 104.16 2105.03 1975 308 2225.98 55.11 24.57 4.86 50.25 103.65 2122.34 1976 306 2234.60 56.54 23.97 4.76 51.78 102.62 2131.98 1977 299 2247.63 56.30 24.66 4.80 51.51 103-08 2144.55 1.978 318 2370.08 58.29 25.39 4.99 53.30 109.31 2260.77 1979 343 2571.81 65.47 30.67 5.59 59.88 130.39 2441.42 1930 325 2496.29 64.05 32.54 6.10 57.96 144.35 2351.94 1931 328 2525.70 65.25 33.43 6.33 58.93 146.89 2378.8:1. S,urce: See Annex 2 for details of the data sources, models, and assumptions used to compile this table. - 10 - Table 2.2: FOOD PRODUCTION (FIGURES ARE TOTALS) a/ (million metric tons/year) Total* Edible c/ Red b/ Aquatic Year Population Grain Rice Wheat Oil Meat (millions) Production .Production-Production Production Production Products 1950 576.3 132.12 55.10 14.48 1.21 2.44 .91 1951 586.4 143.68 60.55 17.23 1.45 2.71 1,33 1952 598.2 163.91 68.42 18.12 1.65 3.39 1.67 1953 611.1 166.83 71.27 18.28 1.60 3.78 1.90 1954 624.7 168.51 70.85 23.33 1.62 4.07 2.29 1955 638.1 183.93 78.02 22,96 1.84 3.62 2.52 1956 651.0 192.74 82.48 24.80 1.93 3.51 2.65 1957 665.0 195.04 86.77 23.64 1.79 3.99 3.12 1958 677.8 200.00 80.85 22,58 1494 4.84 2.81 1959 684.8 170.00 69.36 22.18 1.72 3.83 3.09 1960 683.4 143,50 59o73 22.17 1.11 2.29 3.04 1961 680.2 147.50 53.64 14.25 1,00 1.85 2.31 1962 685.7 160.00 62,98 16.66 1.00 1.94 2.28 1963 700.2 170.00 73.76 18.47 1.18 3.75 2,61 1964 717.7 187.50 83.00 20.84 1.45 4.87 2.80 1965 735.7 194.52 87.72 25.22 1,61 5,51 2.98 1966 755.0 214.00 95.39 25.28 1.67 6.00 3.10 1967 774.3 217.82 93.68 28.48 1.70 6.08 3.05 1968 795.4 209.05 94.53 27.45 1.74 5.99 2.71 1969 817.7 210.97 95.06 27.28 1.71 5.82 3.05 1970 838.9 239.95 109.99 29.18 1.80 5.96 3419 1971 858.6 250.14 115.20 32.57 1,83 7,28 3.50 1972 877.1 240.48 113.35 35.98 1.78 8.09 3,84 1973 894.7 264.93 121.73 35.22 1.91 8.13 3.93 1974 910.4 275.27 123.90 40.86 1.92 7,96 4.28 1975 924.0 284.52 125.56 45.31 1.91 7.97 4.41 1976 936.0 286.30 125.80 50.38 1.70 7.80 4.48 1977 947.0 282.72 128.56 41.07 1.73 7.80 4.70 1978 957,9 304.76 136.93 53.84 2.10 8.56 4.66 1979 968.9 332.11 143.75 62.73 2.39 10.62 4.31 1980 979.6 .318.22 139.26 54.16 2.81 12.06 4.50 1981 991.3 325.02 143.21 58.49 3.35 12.61 4.61 a/ Source: See Annex 2 for details of the data sources, models, and assumptions used to compile this table. b/ Including pork, beef and mutton. c/ Including soy, peanut, cottonseed, rapeseed, sesameseed, sunflowerseed, and other minor edible oils. - 11 - TOTAL DAILY PER CAPIT% YAVAILABILITY (KCAL) 2600.00 + I , I. . I .t I I 4 2400.00 + I t I I . I I S I *4* 2200.00 + 4* I * I I . I * ,t 4 t t 4 I. * . . * . . . I * 4. . . . t 2000.00+ . * 4 I I .. I .. . 8 I . 4 1800.00 + , . & I . * I. . t 1600.00 - .-- I 4, I .4. I 1400.001+---+--+- +-+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+ 1950 1952 1954 1956 - 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 YEAR Source: See Annex 1 for details of the data sources, models, and assumptions used to compile this graph. - 12 - FIGURE 2.2 TOTAL DAILY PER CAPITA PROTEIN AVAILABILITY (GM) 70.00 + I I I I T I 0 65.00 + T I A I L I I P I R 60.00 + 01 T I E I I I N I 55.00+ * A I * * * V I*, * AI * * * I I t . , L I . * * * * A 50.00+ * * * B I . * * * I I . , L I. I I. * S T I t * Y 45.00 + . I. G I S M I I 40.00 + * I I I I 35.00+-- +-+-----------+------------+------------------------+------------------+------------ -- 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 YEAR Source: See Annex 1 for details of the data sources, models, and assumptions used to compile this graph. - 13 - the sudden withdrawal of Russian economic assistance. Whatever the reasons, food production fell sharply during this period. The 1959-64 food crisis may have been exacerbated by the slow response of the government due to systematic falsification of production data in 1959-60. Because food crop production data in the late 1950s were overstated, grain imports were not increased until 1961 (i.e., until well into the food crisis). The drop in per capita nutrient availability as quantified by the food balance sheets was severe and protracted. By 1960 per capita daily energy availability had declined to under 1,600 kcal, a drop of approximately 30% from the 1958 level. This level of per capita energy availability was several hundred kcal below requirements. Per capita energy availability remained well below requirements for several more years./1 Per capita protein and fat availability also fell below even the very depressed levels of 1950. The extended fall in per capita nutrient availability brought about a great deal of human suffering. Total population, which had been growing by more than 10 million people per year prior to 1959, appears to have decreased by several million during at least one and perhaps two years of this period. The crude death rate in 1960 exceeded the 1959 rate by a large margin./2 Per capita nutrient availability did not regain the levels achieved during the 1950s until the mid-1970s. Energy availability was below energy requirements for most of this period. The steady recovery from the 1960 floor in nutrient availability was temporarily reversed with the disruption of production at the height of the Cultural Revolution (1966-69). 2.05 Beginning with the harvest of 1978, average per capita nutrient availability has reached. a record high in China. In 1979, per -capita energy availability exceeded 2,500 kcal per day. Though 1980 and 1981 energy availability figures were somewhat below the 1979 record, energy availability has continued to exceed requirements by several hundred kcal and remains at record high levels. Average energy and protein availability figures for China for the years 1979-81 are compared with those of other countries in Table 2.3. Average nutrient availability compares favorably with that of other low-income countries and approaches the average level of the middle-income countries. /1 Daily per capita energy availability is expressed as a percentage of estimated requirements in Table 2.9. Energy availability only met 71% of energy requirements in 1960. /2 The extent of the decline in population and the increase of the death rate during the 1960-63 period is uncertain. John Aird, for instance, has pointed out that the decline in population for one or more years of the 1960-64 period claimed by the Chinese Government is not substantiated by the age structure as reported by the official 1964 census. See John Aird, "Recent Demographic Data from China: Problems and Prospects", in China under the Four Modernizations (Washington, USGPO, 1982), p.172. - 14 - Table 2.3: ENERGY (CALORIES) AND PROTEIN AVAILABILITY, CHINA AND OTHER COUNTRIES Per capita daily availability of Energy Protein % of % of require- Total require- % animal Country Calories ment (grams) ment and pulse China, 1979-81 2,531 107 64.9 169 19 Bangladesh 1,812 78 36.0 100 18 Brazil 2,562 107 62.7 161 56 Hong Kong 2,883 126 86.0 257 59 India 2,021 91 50.0 136 26 Indonesia 2,272 105 47.0 130 13 Korea, Rep. of 2,785 119 73.0 183 21 Mexico 2,654 114 66.0 173 41 Nepal 2,002 91 48.0 121 19 Pakistan 2,281 99 63.0 165 32 Sri Lanka 2,126 96 43.0 121 16 Low-income countries 2,052 91 n.a. n._. n.a. Middle-income countries 2,590 108 n.a. n.a. n.a. Sources: For China, Table 2.1. For other countries, information on energy availability is for 1977 and comes from the World Bank, World Development Report 1980, pp. 152-153. Information on protein avail- ability comes from the World Bank's Social Indicators Data Sheet, October 1980. Energy and protein requirements are those calculated by the Food and Agricultural Organization of the UN in May, 1977 (2360 KCal and 38.4 g per day respectively). - 15 - 2.06 Record production of grains as well as oilseeds, sugar, red meats, and other commodities have been central to the rise in per capita nutrient availability since 1978.' Net grain imports have also risen to record levels, though such imports make only a minor contribution to national level per capita nutrient availability./1 This jumps in per capita nutrient availability is remarkable. Projected rates of growth for population and agricultural production in the 1980s suggest that these per capita levels can be maintained./2 B. Sources of Nutrient Supply 2.07 Increased per capita production of preferred and higher-quality /3 food commodities (e.g., fine grains, vegetable oils, and animal products) /1 Net grain imports have contributed between 4 and 5% of total energy availability since 1979. /2 Population grew by just under 1.5% in 1981 and it is likely that the per annum growth rate will decrease slightly from this level during the 1980s. China's 1985 output targets for total grain, oilseeds, and meats all imply growth rates well above the current population growth rate. The 1985 target for total grain output of 375 million metric tons implies an average yearly growth rate of 2.9% from Tuan and Surls' 1977-79 average base period production level. Tuan and Surls consider the 1985 target to be the upper bound for 1985 production, but report a historical growth rate for grain production (2.3% p.a. for the 1955-57 to 1977-79 period) which is well above the likely population growth rate during the 1980s. See Frederic Surls and Francis Tuan, "China's Agriculture in the Eighties" in China Under the Four Modernizations, op. cit., pp. 419-48. /3 This transition of production follows consumer preferences which are, in general, consistent with nutritionally higher-quality foods. Consumer preferences dictate increased consumption of red meats, vegetable oils, and dairy products, for instance. Increased consumption of these items is likely to be nutritionally advantageous because of the presently very low levels of consumption of these products in China. The consumer preference for increased consumption of refined sugar, however, may not be consistent with improved nutrition given that average per capita energy availability exceeds requirements. On the whole it appears that the current preference-driven transition in the mix of agricultural production is nutritionally advantageous. Improved absorption of amino acids, vitamins, minerals, and micronutrients and increased availability of linoleic acid and high nutrient density weaning foods result from this transition. (Consumer preference for more highly refined products such as white bread and highly polished rice, on the other hand, have a negative nutritional impact.) - 16 - accompanied growth in per capita income in China during the 1950s./l Increased production of preferred commodities led to an absolute and relative increase in the per capita availability of these commodities in the 1950s. Per capita availability of preferred foods declined precipitously during the period 1959-63, with the sharp fall in agricultural production. Only gradual change in the relative shares of production of preferred commodities occurred during the remainder of the 1960s and most of the 1970s. Since 1978, however, substantial growth in the per capita production of preferred commodities has resumed. 2.08 Changes in the importance of preferred commodities in the average Chinese diet are most clearly evidenced by trends in the share of total nutrient availability they supply. Tables 2.4 and 2.5 give percentage share of total energy and protein availability from grains, fine and coarse grains, vegetable oils, all crops, red meat, and all animal products. The percentage shares of energy coming from aggregate crop production and from total grain /1 This transition to "higher quality" and preferred foods is consistent with Engel's Law, although income elasticity of demand may not play the operative role to the same extent that it does in market economies. In the 1950s Chinese planners foresaw the need for two changes in the mix of agricultural production over time, though it has proven impossible to carry out these changes until recently. As stated by Yen Shao-ch'un in 1955: (a) "With the rapid growth of crop production, the growth rate of the output of staple food crops will be lower than those of industrial crops, fodder crops, and horticultural crops. Consequently, the relative share of staple food crops in the output of crop production will gradually decrease. This change is also determined by a change in the composition of people's consumption. With the increasing satisfaction of people's staple food requirements, the needs for light industrial products, vegetables, and fruits will steadily increase; and (b) When the rate of growth of gross agricultural output increases, the rate of growth of animal husbandry will be faster than that of crop production. Consequently, the share of animal hus- bandry in gross agricultural output will gradually increase. This change is determined by a change in the composition of people's consumption. The higher the people's standard of living, the higher the proportion of consumer goods such as meat, milk, oil, and woolen fabrics in people's consump- tion. Consequently, the output of animal husbandry must be increased correspondingly." (See "Lecture 6: Agricultural Production Planning" by Yen Shao-ch'un in Nicholas Lardy ed. Chinese Economic Planning (USA, M.E. Sharpe, Inc., 1977) pp. 24-36.) - 17 - TABLE 2.4: PERCENTAGE SHARE OF TOTAL ENERGY AVAILABILITY a/ All Fine Coarse All Edible All Red Animal Year Grains b/ Grains c/ Grains d/ Oils e/ Crops f/ Meats &/ Products h/ 1950 47.89 40.39 88.28 2.83 96.37 2.10 3.63 1951 49.14 38.85 88.00 3.04 96.34 2.12 3.66 1952 48.11 40.15 88.25 3.04 96.17 2.34 3.83 1953 48.47 39.49 87.96 2.76 95.83 2.55 4.17 1954 49.95 37.25 87.21 3.01 95.64 2.67 4.36 1955 49.52 38.42 87.94 3.03 96.14 2.21 3.86 1956 50.23 38.01 88.24 3.08 96,50 1.97 3.50 [957 51.17 37,21 88.38 2.79 96.20 2.25 3.80 1958 46,33 40.86 87.18 2.88 95.55 2.62 4.45 1959 47.98 38.46 86.44 2.95 95.39 2.45 4.61 1960 51.45 35.54 86.99 2.15 96.04 1.70 3.96 1961 42.44 45,42 87.86 2.06 96.86 1.35 3.14 1962 46.79 42.66 89,45 1.94 97.05 1.30 2.95 1963 48.87 39.90 88.77 2.04 96.03 2.31 3.97 1964 49.53 39.04 88.57 2.19 95.68 2.64 4.32 1965 51.54 36.83 88.37 2.23 95.44 2.84 4.56 1966 50.89 38.16 89.05 1,97 95.47 2.85 4.53 1967 49.82 38.93 88.76 2.06 95.33 2.91 4.67 1968 52.34 36.25 88.59 2.17 95.26 2.95 4.74 1969 51,61 36.86 88.47 2.29 95.34 2.87 4.66 :1970 51.86 37,67 89.53 2.12 95,89 2.64 4.11 1971 53..29 35.67 88.96 2.17 95.35 3.14 4.65 1972 55.37 32.32 87.69 2.25 94.69 3.54 5.31 1973 52.92 35.67 88.59 2,10 95.12 3.25 4.88 1974 53.64 35.28 88.92 1,99 95.29 3.08 4.71 1975 53.96 35,07 89.02 1,96 95.34 301 4.66 1976 54,58 34,56 89.13 1.70 95.41 2.91 4.59 1977 53,09 35.34 88.44 1.83 95.41 2.87 4,59 1978 56.15 32.10 88.25 2.05 95.39 2.95 4o61 1979 55.60 32.41 88.01 2.22 94.93 3.35 5.07 1980 54.19 32.68 86.87 2.50 94.22 3.84 5.78 1981 55.56 30.94 86.50 2.87 94.18 3.94 5.82 a/ Figures are the commodities' percentage shares of total energy availability (after trade and nonfood end uses) in 1979. See Annex 1 of Food Balance Sheets for details of the data sources, models, and assumptions used to compile the Food Balance Sheet time series from which this table was derived. b/ Fine grains include rice and wheat. c/ Coarse grains include corn, sorghum, millet, tubers (at a grain equivalent), soybeans not consumed as soy oil, pulses, and other grains. Soybeans, pulses, and tubers have been included as they are included in the "total grains" figures as reported by the Chinese Government. d/ The sum of fine and coarse grains (including tubers, soybeans, and pulses) is reported as"all grains". e/ Including soy, peanut, cottonseed, rapeseed, sesameseed, sunflowerseed, and other minor edible oils. f/ Includes commodities 1 through 14 of the 1979 food balance sheet. &/ Including pork, beef and mutton. h/ Includes commodities 15 through 21 of the 1979 food balance sh2et. Source: See Annex 2 for details of the data sources, models, and assumptions used to compile this table. - 18 - TABLE 2.5: PERCENTAGE SHARE OF TOTAL PROTEIN AVAILABILITY a/ All Fine Coarse All Edible All Red Animal Year Grains b/ Grains c/ Grains d/ Oils e/ Crops f/ eats / Products h/ 1950 37.17 46.08 83.25 .00 93.67 3.05 6.33 1951 38.96 44.14 83.10 .00 93.39 3.12 6.61 1952 36.88 47.16 84.05 .00 93.31 3.36 6.69 1953 38.09 44.99 83.08 .00 92.64 3.77 7,36 1954 40.51 41.89 82.40 .00 92419 3,95 7.81 1955 39.91 43.56 83.47 .00 92.87 3.28 7.13 1956 41.16 42.51 83.66 .00 93.16 2.98 6.84 1957 39.63 44.00 83.63 .00 92.75 3.26 7.25 1958 36.82 46.29 83.11 .00 92.36 3.86 7.64 1959 38.26 42.96 81.21 .00 91.73 3.56 8.27 1960 41.34 39.23 80.56 .00 92.03 2.44 7.97 1961 33.21 49.77 82.98 .00 93.56 1.92 6,44 1962 37.10 46,97 84.07 .00 93.92 1.87 6.08 1963 40.07 42.65 82.71 .00 92.21 3.47 7.79 1964 41.12 42.0? 83,20 .00 91.93 3.99 8.07 1965 41.34 42,68 84.02 .00 92.00 4,09 8.00 1966 42.72 41.31 84.03 .00 91.77 4.33 8.23 1967 41.89 42.15 84.04 .00 91.69 4,41 8.31 1968 44.32 39.43 83,75 .00 91.65 4.50 8.35 1969 43,37 40.24 83.60 .00 91,50 4.39 8.50 1970 43.97 41.10 85,07 .00 92.15 4,09 7.85 1971 46.61 36.96 83.56 .00 90.95 5.03 9.05 1972 49.03 33.26 82.29 .00 90.07 5.63 9.93 1973 46.69 36.71 83,40 .00 90.82 5.17 9.18 1974 47.55 36.03 83,58 .00 91.05 4.87 8.95 1975 47.86 35.70 83.56 .00 91.18 4.74 8.82 1976 47.76 36.29 84.05 .00 91.58 4.48 8.42 1977 46.31 37,16 83.47 .00 91.48 4.46 8.52 1978 51.31 32.16 83.46 .00 91.45 4.67 8.55 1979 49,68 34.70 84.38 .00 91.46 5.12 8.54 1980 47.77 35.37 83,14 .00 90,48 5.83 9.52 1981 48.97 34.50 83.47 .00 90.30 5.95 9.70 a! Figures are the commodities' percentage shares of total protein availability (after trade and nonfood end uses) in 1979. See Annex 1 of Food Balance Sheets for details of the data sources, models, and assumptions used to compile the Food Balance Sheet time series from which this table was derived. b/ Fine grains include rice and wheat. c/ Coarse grains include corn, sorghum, millet, tubers (at a grain equivalent), soybeans not consumed as soy oil, pulses, and other grains. Soybeans, pulses, and tubers have been included as they are included in the "total grains" figures as reported by the Chinese Government. d/ The sum of -fine and coarse grains (including tubers, soybeans, and pulses) is reported as"all graind'. e/ Including soy, peanut, cottonseed, rapeseed, sesameseed, sunflowerseed, and other minor edible oils. f/ Includes commodities 1 through 14 of the 1979 food balance sheet. j/ Including pork, beef and mutton. h/ Includes commodities 15 through 21 of the 1979 food balance sheet. Source: See Annex 2 for details of the data sources- models, and assumptions used to compile this table. - 19 - production are remarkably steady over time. Crop production's share of total energy availability declines only slightly (96% to 94.5%) over the 32 years under study. Energy supplied by all grains is nearly constant at 88% of total energy availability, reflecting the dominance of this commodity group in the Chinese diet. Energy availability from all animal sources has generally remained within. a narrow band centered around 4% of total energy. Since 1979, however, animal sources have supplied greater than 5% of total energy availability. 2.09 Relative shares of total protein supplied by these commodities have not been as constant as those for energy (Table 2.5). Increased per capita production of animal products resulted in only minor changes in the sources of energy supply but has altered the sources of protein availability. This is due to the fact that animal products are richer in protein relative to grains and most other crops. Protein supplied by all animal sources increased from less than 7% in 1950 to roughly 8.5% in the mid-1970s. The share has increased to over 9.5% beginning in 1980. 2.10 The long-term growth of the relative share of total nutrients supplied by fine grains (rice and wheat) at the expense of coarse grains is also apparent (Tables 2.4 and 2.5). Except during the implementation of People's Commune system, the Great Leap Forward Period, and at the height of the Cultural Revolution, the share of total energy and total protein supplied by fine grains has increased steadily since 1950. 2.11 These broad trends in the sources of protein and energy reflect the substantial changes in the production and availability of individual Foods. These changes in food availability in China are most clearly avidenced by trends in per capita availability of specific commodities. Per :apita availability (kg per year) for each of the 21 commodities of the food ,alance sheet time series are presented in Tables 2.6 and 2.7. Per capita :-ice and wheat availability has steadily increased. Per capita rice availability increased from about 63 kg in 1950 to roughly 90 kg beginning 1979. Per capita wheat availability increased from less than 20 kg in 1950 1:o over 50 kg/year by 1979. Corn availability has also increased steadily nince 1950, though the increase was offset by the rapid decline in availability of the other coarse grains (e.g., sorghum and millet). Sharp increases in per capita availability of other nongrain crops in recent years are also recorded in Table 2.6. Recent increases in supplies of edible iregetable oil,/1 sugar and fruit further substantiate this changing pattern of food production and consumption in China. Table 2.7 details the sizeable /1 Per capita production of edible vegetable oil now exceeds the levels of the 1950s. Because total nutrient availability now exceeds that of the 1950s, however, edible vegetable oil's share of total energy availability is only now approaching the level attained in the mid 1950s. TABLE 2.6 : PER CAPITA AVAILABILITY OF GRAINS AND OTHER CROPS (Figures are kg per year) Soy- Vege- Total Sorg- beans Other table Vege- Year Grains Rice Wheat Corn hum Millet Tubers (food) Pulses Grains a/Oils b/ Sugar Fruit tables 1950 142.32 59.95 17.92 NA NA NA 13.56 NA NA 50.90 1.89 .49 3.40 90.27 1951 151.45 64.45 20.94 NA NA NA 15.04 NA NA 51.02 2.17 .74 3.53 92.13 1952 168.63 71.30 21.60 16.76 10.69 10.43 17.22 -.31 6.12 7.21 2.40 .72 3.66 93.75 1953 168.84 72.56 21.36 NA NA NA 17.11 RA 1W 57.81 2.19 1.05 4.36 94,97 1954 167.86 70.53 26.66 NA NA 'NA 17.14 NA NA 53.53 2.40 1.42 4.25 96.39 1955 178.26 75.82 25.62 NA NA NA 18,66 NA NA 58.15 2.54 1.46 4.23 98.15 1956 182.30 77,96 27.08 NA NA NA 21.10 NA MA 56.16 2.64 1.54 4.06 99.76 1957 181.91 81.11 25.35 19.24 6.63 6.94 20.75 5.65 10.31 5.93 2.38 1.27 4.18 101.23 1958 180.18 72.87 23,90 PA NA NA NA NA NA 83.42 2.46 2.19 4.04 98.60 1959 149.94 61.19 22.92 NA NA NA NA MA NA 65.82 2.12 1.55 4.11 97.08 1960 127.25 53.10 22.94 NA NA NA NA NA NA 51.21 1.30 1.91 4,19 96.71 1961 137.40 48.81 18.38 NA NA NA NA NA NA 70.21 1.33 2.66 4,29 96.53 1962 149.89 56.65 22.67 NA NA NA NA NA NA 70.56 1.35 1.40 4,28 95.06 1963 154.57 65,18 23.70 NA NA NA NA NA NA 65.69 1.52 1.40 4.20 92.64 1964 168.35 71.44 26.82 MA NA NA NA NA 70.08 1.77 1.66 4.06 89.60 1965 172.07 73.78 30.16 19.01 5.56 4.55 16.99 3.14 13.28 5.60 1.84 1.86 3.91 86.86 1966 181.60 77.58 30.62 NA NA NA NA NV "A 73.40 1.72 1.77 3.81 84.05 1967 177.47 74.32 29,66 NA NA NA NA NA NA 73.49 1.75 1,93 3.74 81,61 1968 167.77 73.34 29.82 NA NA NA NA NA NA 64.61 1.75 1.60 3.67 78.79 1969 162.74 71.93 26.92 NA NA NA NA NA M& 63.90 1.80 1.73 3.59 76.22 1 1970 181.04 79.97 29.54 23.49 6.04 6.28 20.04 4.37 6.05 5.25 1.83 1.99 3.66 73.83 1971 180.96 82.94 29.86 NA NA NA NA NA NA 68.16 1.88 1.92 3.86 75.52 1972 172.49 79,89 33.12 NA NA NA NA NA NA 59.48 1.88 2.50 4.08 77.61 1973 186.91 82.85 33.40 NA NA NA NA NA NA 70.66 1.89 2.33 4.33 79.82 1974 190.78 83.08 36.70 NA NA NA NA NA NA 71.00 1.81 2.15 4.59 82422 1975 192.54 83.58 37.86 MA NA NA NA M MA 71.10 1.80 1.96 4.88 84.86 1976 194.17 83,35 40,02 30.58 5.35 3.20 17.93 3.15 5.69 4.91 1.57 2.40 4.82 87.97 1977 192.75 83.91 36.69 31.05 69 9 3.51 19.72 3.78 5.02 4.38 1.70 3.23 5.01 93.21 1978 204.56 88.02 46.74 NA NA NA NA MA NA 69.80 2.01 3.37 5.73 94.84 1979 221.98 91.93 53.00 36.93 4,36 3.28 17.61 3.86 5.87 5.14 2.36 3.36 6.00 92.77 1980 212.49 88.11 48.93 35.81 4.34 3.37 17.05 4.30 5.81 4.78 2.58 3.25 5.69 91.56 1981 215.13 89.95 52.27 33.85 4.45 3.33 15.09 4.19 6.80 5.19 2.99 3.80 5.66 92.29 a/ Other grains is a composite of barley, oats, other minor grains, and all other coarse grains in that year for which data is not available. The value for other grains in 1950, for example, includes 1950 per capita corn, sorghum, millet, soybeans (food), pulses, barley, oats, and other minor grains. b/ Vegetable oils include soy, peanut, cottonseed, rapseseed, sesameseed, sunflowerseed, and other minor edible vegetable oils. Source: See Annex 2 for details of the data sources, models, and assumptions used to compile this table. - 21 - TABLE 2.7: PER CAPITA AVAILABILITY OF MEATS AND. OTHER ANIMAL PRODUCTS (FIGURES IN KG PER YEAR) Pork Other Beef & Poultry Red Animal Year Mutton Meats Meats Fish Eggs Milk Fats 141 .63 .15 1.50 1.43 .92 .38 95 4. ,.88 .15 2.5 1.43 ,92 ,41 1916 2.65 1.43 .92 .46 .Qr3 . .88 .16 2.95 1.43 .92 .54 19 46.7.8 16 3.48 1.43 .2.56 J-2 5.45 .88 .17 3.75 1.43 .92 1956 4.98 .38 .16 3.87 1.40 .92 .51 [957 5.66 .88 .16 4.46 1.38 .91 .48 1953 6.60 .88 .15 3.94 1.36 .91 .76 1959 5.17 .89 .15 4.29 1.44 .92 .71 .960 3.02 .91 .14 4.23 1.48 .94 .52 1.961 57 .93 .14 .3 1.53 497 .38 1.962 66 .94 .13 3.16 1 .98 .36 .963 5.06 .94 .13 3. 54 1. 498 .43 L964 6.31 .93 .13 3.71 1.50 .97 .55 .965 6.88 93 .13 3.85 1.49 .97 .59 1966 7.29 .92 .13 3.90 1 .47 .96 .63 1967 7.3 +92 .14 3.-74 1. 48 .96 .69 1.968 7.00 .91 .14 3.24 1.47 .95 .66 .969 6. 62 .91 .11 3.54 1.46 .94 .61. 1.970 6.7 .9 .09 3.61 1.45 94 .49 1971 8.01 .89 .09 3.87 1 .44 9 .51 191721 8.70 .88C .08 4.16 1.45 .93 .6r 1973 8.59 .88 .09 4.17 1 . .9 .64 1974 8. 9 .88 .11 4.47 1.4 .94 .64 1.9 8.16 .88 .10 4+53 1.4 . .65 1976 7.90 .8,9 .10 4.46 1.47 96 . 0 !977 7,84 .90 .10 4.62 1.48 .96 .72 . 978 8.50 .89 .10 4.53 1. 47 98.6 1979 10.46 .89 .09 4.13 1.68 1.31 .93 1980 11.64 .89 .08 . 4.26 1å98 1.34 1.05 .981 1.2.1. .90 .07 4.32 216 1, 4 .95 Source: See Annex 2 for details of the data sources, models, and assumptions used to compile this table. - 22 - increases in red meat and dairy product availabilities. Per capita pork, beef and mutton availability has grown by over 50% since 1977. Egg and milk availability have also increased since 1978,/1 though current levels are still relatively low by international standards. C. Nutrient Requirements and Adequacy of the Diet 2.12 The nutritional adequacy of the average diet implied by the food balance sheets may be broadly determined through comparison with reference standards for average nutrient requirements. Food balance sheets present only average nutrient availability, however, and may be poor indicators of actual nutritional status. Adequate average nutrient availability should not be misconstrued as necessarily implying adequate levels of nutritional intake for the population as a whole. Unequal access to food supplies may result in insufficient dietary intake for a large segment of the population, despite a level of average per capita nutrient availability which exceeds average nutrient requirements. However, the comparison of average nutrient availability with average requirements remains a useful first step in assessing adequacy of the diet. 2.13 Average nutrient requirements for a population are a function of the population's age and sex distribution as well as activity levels and body weights./2 Nutrient requirements differ across similar individuals, furthermore, so that, at best, mean nutrient requirements can only be roughly approximated. 2.14 Because these determinants of nutrient requirements change over time, nutrient requirements also change over time. Current nutrient requirements are in part also indirectly determined by current and previous levels of nutrient intake, because weight and activity level are the body's primary means for adjusting to fluctuations in dietary intake. Per capita nutrient requirements increase, for example, for a population which has experienced a long-term improvement in dietary intake. /1 The stability of the poultry, eggs, and milk availability time series in all but recent years is an artifact of the constant growth rate assumed in the food balance sheet time series for eggs and milk prior to 1978 and poultry meat for all years. /2 Nutrient requirements are also a function of health status, climate, and other factors. Poor health may increase nutrient requirements, for example, through the energy cost of running a fever or through the loss of iron with hookworm infestation. - 23 - 2.15 Per capita energy and protein requirements for China in 1979 have been carefully estimated by Jamison et al./1 They estimated daily energy requirements to be 2,160 kcal and a safe level of protein intake at between 35.4 and 41.3 g/day./2 This model used the energy and protein requirements specified by the 1973 FAO/WHO expert committee on nutrient requirements./3 Requirements have been adjusted for China's age, sex, and weight: distributions and activity levels as estimated for 1979 by the World Bank./4 2.16 The 1979 energy requirement of 2,160 kcal per day proposed by Jamison et al appears to be a reasonable approximation of true requirements and is used in assessing energy availability in Table 2.9 below. Comparison of protein availability with the upper bound for protein requirements proposed by Jamison et al (i.e., 41.3 g/day), however, results in the erroneous conclusion that average protein availability exceeded requirements for all years since 1950. 2.17 Comparison of protein availability with safe levels of protein intake is an imperfect maasure of the adequacy of average protein intake for at least three reasons. First, under conditions of inadequate energy intake the body may utilize protein intake as a source of energy (rather than synthesizing the amino acids from the protein). The safe level of protein intake estimated by Jamison et al assumes adequate levels of energy intake. Such estimates of protein requirements may be misleading for all years for which energy availability is substantially below energy require- ments (e.g., during the 1959-1964 food crisis). /1 D.T. Jamison, F.R. Trowbridge and T.J. Ho, "Food Availability and the Nutritional Status of Children in China" (Supplementary Paper III to Annex B of China: Socialist Economic Development) (Washington, World Bank, 1981). /2 These safe levels have been adjusted for protein quality (see discussion of protein quality below). Jamison et al estimated a safe Level of 24.8 g/day of protein in egg protein equivalent. 35.4 and 41.3 g/day are the equivalent values for protein with scores of 70% and 60%. /3 FAO/WHO Energy and Protein Requirements (FAO, 1973). /4 Jamison et al estimate of energy requirements differs only slightly from Smil's estimate of 2,120 kcal/day (See Smil, China's Food: Availability, Requirements, Composition and Prospects, op cit., p. 70). - 24 - 2.18 Secondly, the levels of absorption and utilization of amino acids determine the adequacy of protein intake, not gross protein intake. Protein which is poorly absorbed by the intestines and contains a large fraction of redundant (and hence unutilizable) amino acids is considered "low quality" protein. By this definition, vegetable proteins are of a lower quality relative to protein from animal sources. The bulk of the protein available in the typical Chinese diet is of low quality as a consequence of the primary reliance upon cereals for nutrient supply. Alternative measures of protein quality which account for digestibility and amino acid profile are more accurate standards for assessing protein availability. 2.19 Finally, the small stomach capacity of infants limits their total daily food intake. Though gross nutrient supplies may be adequate, the infant may not be capable of consuming the required quantities of food. This consideration is important where the local diet is largely composed of bulky foods and gruels. In China, the primary reliance upon cereals and the inadequacy of high nutrient density weaning foods may present special problems for infants after their sixth month of life. Protein Quality 2.20 The adequacy and net utilization of gross protein intake is determined by the digestibility and the amino acid profile of the proteins consumed. Because digestibility and amino acid profiles differ widely between foods, protein quality also differs greatly across foods. The body requires a certain ratio of amino acids for the synthesis of new protein molecules and superfluous amino acids are utilized as energy. Synthesis of new protein molecules is constrained by the amino acid which is in shortest supply relative to requirements (i.e., the limiting amino acid). Chemical score is a measurement of protein which devalues gross protein content according to the amino acid profile of the particular food (but does not account for digestibility). The content of each essential amino acid in a food is expressed as a percentage of the content of the same amino acid in the same quantity of a near perfect reference protein, egg. The amino acid showing the lowest percentage is called the limiting amino acid and this percentage is the chemical score./l Ho's estimate of a safe level of protein intake of 41.3 g/day is for a protein with a chemical score of 60%. 2.21 Net protein utilization (NPU) is a superior measure in that it accounts for both digestibility and amino acid profile (Table 2.8). NPU is the product of digestibility ("The proportion of nitrogen that is absorbed.") and biological value ("The proportion of absorbed nitrogen that is retained /1 See FAO, Amino-Acid Content of Foods and Biological Data on Protein (Rome, FAO, 1970). - 25 - Table 2.8: NET PROTEIN UTILIZATIONS OF SELECTED FOODS (NPU) /a /b Commodity NPU Rice 47% Wheat 52% Corn 55% Sorghum 49% Millet 56% Tubers 71% Soybeans 56% Pulses 46% Other grains 47-50% Peanuts 48% Vegetables 50% Pork, beef, & mutton 76-80% Fish 75-83% Eggs 91-100% /a Commodities which supply an insignificant quantity of protein in the Chinese diet are excluded. NPU's for pulses, other grains, vegetables, and pork, beef & mutton are calculated composite values. /b NPU is defined as the product of the biological value and the digestibility of the protein. Source: Milner, et al. Protein Resources and Technology: Status and Research Needs (Avi Publishing Company, Inc. 1978), pp. 165, 266, 311, 398 and King et al. Nutrition for Developing Countries (Oxford University Press, London, 1972). - 26 - TABLE 2.9 ADEQUACY OF PER CAPITA DAILY ENERGY AND PROTEIN AVAILABILITY Energy NPU Total as a % of as a % of Year Energy Requirements a/ NPU Requirements bl (KCal) (g) 1950 1613.98 4 . 2 1,47 1951 1723.68 01 1952 19:16.89 88.4 98 112.82 1953 192.3 .SJ1 89.06 26.77 107.96 1954 17 .47 89.23 26. 95 1.08.66 19j5 2031.36 9404 28. 05 113.10 19 56 ?07337 95.99 28. 28 114.02 1957 264.61 95.58 29. 80 120.15 1958 7.1. 90 95.92 98.4 114.6ä .1959 1736 .81 80 .4-1. 2ý4.*31. 98.04 1960 1462.32 67.70 20.74 83.64 1961 1568.62 7. 62 22.24 89.68 1962 1.678.9 771 23.62 95.25 1963 1802.57 83.45 24.38 98.32 1964 1965.51 91 00 26.39 106.40 1965 .1996.55 92.43 28.79 116.10 1966 2105.63 97.48 28.16 113.53 196- 2066.50 95.67 27.65 111.51 1968 1951.26 90.34 26.00 104.85 1969 189767 87.85 25.20 101.60 1970 2092.40 96.87 28.55 115.13 1971 2 097.83 97.12 26.66 107.49 1972 2020.50 93.54 26.00 104.83 1973 2175.01 100.69 27.87 112.37 1974 2209.19 102,28 28.52 115.00 1975 2225.98 103.05 28.81 116.16 1976 2234.60 103.45 30.59 123.36 1.977 2247.63 104.06 30,59 123.35 1.978 2370.08 1.09.73 30.47 122.86 1979 2571.81 119.07 35.44 142.89 1980 2496.29 115.57 34.86 1.40.56 1981 2525. '70 116.93 35.49 142.23 a/ According to an estimated 1979 energy requirement of 2,160 KCal/day. b/ According to an estimated safe limit of protein intake of 24.8 g/day. Source: See discussion of requirements and NPU in text. - 27 - in the body for maintenance and/or growth.")./l Total daily per capita energy and NPU protein are reported and expressed as a percentage of requirements in Table 2.9. When gross protein availability is converted to its NPU equivalent, protein availability does not achieve a safe level (i.e., 24.8 g/day) in 1950 or the years 1960-1963. As mentioned above, however, any measurement: of protein intake may be a misleading indicator of protein sufficiency under conditions of inadequate energy intake./2 D. Other Estimates of Nutrient Availability in China 2.22 A number of other estimates of average nutrient availability in China during the twentieth century have been compiled. Agricultural surveys conducted by the National Agricultural Research Bureau and by J.L. Buck in the 1930s provided data for the first such estimates. These agricultural surveys were necessarily limited in scope, but they represent the only reasonably accurate references for that time period. FAO, Smil, Ho and others have since compiled estimates for a number of years since 1949. Chinese agricultural data for the period 1959 to 1977 has only recently improved, and most of these subsequent: studies depended upon extensive estimates of production, population, etc. for the period prior to 1978. The Chinese Government has also estimated and released figures for per capita nutrient availability. Many of these previous estimates have been reviewed by Smil./3 /1 FAO, ibid. /2 Both NPU and, to a lesser extent, chemical score fail to account for the ameliorating effects of the complementarity of proteins from different foods. In effect, the total NPU for all the proteins consumed in the same meal is greater than the sum of the NPU's for each of the proteins indi- vidually. This complementarity is greater between proteins which have been supplied from different classes of food. The complementarity qf the proteins from rice (a cereal) and fish (an animal product), for instance, is greater than the complementarity between rice and corn (both cereals). In general, complementarity between proteins plays only a minor role in the Chinese diet because of the dominance of cereals as a source of nutrient supply. /3 See V. Smil, "Communist China's Food: A Long Way to Go," in Issues and Studies, 16, No.4 (April 1980), pp. 37-44. Also see T. Wiens, "Agricultural Statistics in the People's Republic of China," in Alexander Eckstein, ed., Quantitative Measures of China's Economic Output (USA, University of Michigan Press, 1980) pp. 67-77. - 28 - 2.23 The results of Western and Chinese estimates of per capita daily nutrient availability in China are Aummarized and compared with the results of this study in Table 2.10. The impression of only little fluctuation over time in per capita nutrient availability since 1933 is an artifact of the years represented in Table 2.10. Considerable variation occured./1 The significant decline in per capita nutrient availability of the 19 0s, for instance, is not indicated in the Table./2 The consistent dominance of crop production as a source of nutrient supply is clearly evidenced in Table 2.10. 2.24 The results of this study are reasonably consistent with the results of the earlier studies. The Chinese studies seem the most optimistic in terms of per capita availability and the FAO results are also somewhat generous. Smil's and Ho's studies represent the lower bound. All of the studies except Klatt's are within + 10% of the results of this study for corresponding years. Klatt's estimate of average per capita daily energy availability in 1960/61 of 1900 KCal exceeds the results of this study by over 300 KCal (20%). The source of the discrepancy is Klatt's higher estimate of total grain production of 190 million metric tons, which is roughly 30% higher than the figures now reported by the Chinese. (Klatt's estimate for the 1960-61 population of 650 million is also below current estimates for that period). Production figures from this time period are probably the least reliable of those of the post 1949 period. Klatt's grain production figure for 1960-61 suggest, however, only a relatively minor deviation from trend and is inconsistent with the massive shortfall of production generally acknowledged for the 1959-63 period. /1 The relatively high energy availability reported by Buck for the period 1929-33 is probably the result of an upward bias due to coverage of richer agricultural zones in years of good weather. Smil ("Communist China's Food: Still a Long Way to Go," op. cit.) devalues Buck's estimate by 10% (i.e., down to 2,280 Kcal). /2 Shen estimates that by the late 1940s population had increased about 5% while foodcrop production had decreased about 5% relative to prewar levels. Consequently, "the food consumption level of China since the war has not recovered to the prewar level of consumption, which is (itself) considered to (have been insufficient)." See, T.H. Shen, Agricultural Resources of China, (N.Y., Cornell University .Press, 1951), p. 158. - 29 - Table 2.10: ESTIMATES OF DAILY PER CAPITA NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY/a (* indicates results of explicitly constructed food balance sheets) Energy Protein Year Total Vegetable Animal Total Vegetable Animal Source KCal (%)------- gm -------(%)------- 1929-33 2,537 91 9 - - - Buck/b 1933 2,130 91 9 - - - Liu,Yeh/c,* 1931-37 2,226 93 7 70.8 92 8 FAO/d,* 1949-58 2,017 - - - - - Buck7e 1957 2,075 95 5 - - - SmiilTf,* 1957 2,024 95 5 58 90 10 Jamison, et al/9,* 1957 2,064 96 4 56 93 7 This study* 1959 2,060 - - 57 - 0 SSTC/h 1959 1,737 94 6 47 90 10 This study* 1960-61 1,900 94 6 - - - Klatt/1 1960-61 1,514 95 5 41 91 9 This study* 1964-66 2,045 91 9 - - - FAO/J,* 1964-66 2,022 96 4 53 92 8 This study* 1972-74 2,278 91 9 62 81 19 FAD/k,* 1972-74 2,135 95 5 52 91 9 This study* 1974 2,045 93 7 - - - Smil/f,* 1974 2,209 96 4 55 91 9 This study* 1975-77 2,325 90 10 62 82 18 FAD/1,* 1975-77 2,236 95 5 56 91 9 This study* 1976 2,200 92 8 64 81 19 Smil/m,* 1976 2,235 95 5 57 91 9 This study* 1977 2,044 93 7 54 87 13 Jamison., et al /9* 1977 2,247 95 5 56 91 9 This study* 1977-78 2,130 94 6 57 86 11 SMIL/f,* 1977-78 2,309 95 5 57 92 8 This study* 1978 2,311 - - 70.8 - - SSB/n 1978 2,370 96 4 58 92 8 This study* 1978-80 2,472 90 10 65.4 82 18 FAO/1,* 1979 2,441 93 7 63 86 14 Jamison, et al/1,* 1979 2,572 95 5 65 91 9 This study* 1981 2,666 - - 78.8 - - SSB/n 1981 2,525 94 6 65 90 10 This study* /a Adopted from V. Smil,"Communist China's Food: Still a Long Way to Go," in Issues and Studies, 16, No.4 (April 1980), pp. 37-44. /b J.L. Buck, Land Utilization in China (Nanking, Nanking University Press, 1937) p.407. Smil agrees with Liu and Yeh (see footnote /c below) that Buck's figure should be depreciated by at least 10% (i.e., down to 2,283 KCal). /c Ta-chung Liu and Kung-chia Yeh, The Economy of the Chinese Mainland: National and Economic Development 1933-59 (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1965), pp. 28-30. /d FAO quoted in T.H. Shen, Agricultural Resources of China, op. cit., pp. 378-381. /e J.L. Buck in Food and Agriculture in Communist China (New York, Praeger, 1966), p. 72. /f Smil, "China's Food: Availability, Requirements, Composition, Prospects", Food Policy (May 1981) pp. 67-77. /g D.T. Jamison et a, "Food Availability and the Nutritional Status of Children in China", (Supplementary Paper III to Annex B of China: Socialist Economic Development) (The World Bank, 1981), pp. 5-,53 and 54. /h The results of the State Science and Technology Commission's National Nutritional Study (1959) as reported in Beijing Review, No. 43, 10/25/82, p. 21. /i W. Klatt, "Communist China's Agricultural Calamities", The China Quarterly, No. 6, April-June 1961, p. 75. / FAO, Food Balance Sheets 1964-66 Average (Rome, FAO, 1971) p. 134 /k FAO, Provision Food Balance Sheets, 1972-74 Average, (Rome, FAO, 1977) 71 FAO, 1981 Production Yearbook (Rome, FAO, 1982) pp. 245-247. 7 V. Smil, "Food in China", Current History 75: 69-72, 1978. 7In The results of calculations by the Chinese State Statistical Bureau as reported in Beijing Review (6/7/82) p. 7. - 30 - E. Accuracy of the Results Production and Demographic Data 2.25 It is possible to speculate as to the likely direction of the bias of agricultural production and demographic data. Constraints of skilled manpower and funding for statistical work are expected to have resulted in undercounts of agricultural production and population totals. Falsification of data due to political pressures may have had a greater impact upon the collection and reporting of statistical data. Political exhortation at times resulted in considerable overstatement of agricultural production and, to a lesser extent, understatement of true population./1 2.26 Technical constraints and political expedience may have had signifi- cant but offsetting effects upon the collection and reporting of agricultural production data. Understatement of production is typical of newly developed agricultural reporting systems such as China's./2 China's agricultural production data have been revised upwards by more than 25%, however, when considered to have been politically advantageous to do so./3 The net effect of these two influences upon the currently official production figures is ambiguous. Technical constraints and political expedience, on the other /1 John Aird, "Recent Demographic Data from China: Problems and Prospects," in China Under the Four Modernizations (Washington, D.C., USGPO, 1982), presents a brief history of the falsification of data in China. Aird summarizes the abuses, disruptions, and eventual dismantling of the SSB during the political tides of the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution. /2 Much of this problem arises from the difficulties inherent in measuring remote and small scale subsistence production. Collectivization of China's agriculture in the 1950s ameliorated this problem and thereby greatly enhanced the SSB's ability to collect accurate and comprehensive agricultural data. China-s statistical system, however, is not designed to collect production data from private plot production. Such production is probably estimated by the Chinese as the product of private plot area and assumed yields. Currently private plot area is approaching 15% of total arable land and private plot production as a percentage of total production no doubt exceeds 15%.' /3 The 1958 production figure for total grain of 250 million metric tons reported in China: Ten Great Years (op. cit.), for example, is clearly inflated and exceeds the current estimate for 1958 by 25%. - 31 - hand, have together given an unambiguous downward bias to China's demographic estimates. China's birth control campaigns of the past decade and a half have undoubtedly exerted great political and economic pressure upon cadres to underreport births. In the present context of planned agricultural production and human reproduction, the penalties are severe for the cadre who is responsible for reporting above quota reproduction. 2.2/ Wiens has presented a careful review of the agricultural produc- tion data for China available as of the mid-1970s (i.e., data available prior to the more recent release of official data)./l Official agricultural statistics for the period 1949-57 have been questioned on the grounds that initial estimates of production were subject to incomplete enumeration and nonrandom sampling and that area and yield figures were below those reported for the 1930s. After a careful analysis, Wiens concludes that 1949-50 data understate true product.ion, but data for 1952 to 1957 are reasonably accurate. The impact of this discrepancy between true and reported production would result in an understatement of nutrient availability in the food balance sheets for the 1950-51 period. 2.28 The recent release of a large amount of official demographic data and the completion of the 1982 census have brought about a convergence of the foreign estimates of China's population. According to John Aird, "What divergence still remains among foreign estimates is due to differences of opinion about the margin of undercount in the official figures."/2 The mid-year population figures used in the food balance sheet time series compare closely with those released by the Chinese and with estimates prepared by Aird and others. Food Utilization and Other Data 2.29 Little reliable data on food utilization and nutrient composition are available from Chinese sources. The food balance sheets have instead relied upon whatever evidence could be gleaned from various Chinese publica- tions, biological and manufacturing standards, and international comparison to construct estimates of the relevant parameters. The parameters estimated include important variables such as the percentage of grain fed to livestock and less important items such as the sucrose content of China's sugarbeet production. The number of parameters estimated is large and only those parameters which have a significant affect on nutrient availability are discussed below. /1 Tom Wiens, "Agricultural Statistics in the People's Republic of China" in Alexander Eckstein ed. Quantitative Measures of China's Economic Output (USA, University of Hichigan Press, 1980), pp. 44-107.* /2 John Aird, Recent Demographic Data from China: Problems and Prospects, op. cit., p. 1/5.' - 32 - 2.30 Production and trade figures for rice are expressed in the food balance sheets in paddy weight. Removal of the husk and polishing of the kernel results in an estimated loss of 33% of paddy weight. Modern rice milling technology (rubber rollers) results in a loss of only 30% of paddy weight, while smaller scale antiquated technologies involve losses of perhaps 32% (disk shellers) to 37% (steel hullers)./1 If all of China's rice were processed by modern rubber rollers,/2 per capita daily energy supplies would be roughly 2% greater than the availabilities presented in the food balance sheets (protein and fat would increase about 1%)./3 Most of China's rice is processed in rural areas with antiquated equipment, however.' If all of China's rice were processed by steel hullers, per capita nutrient supplies would be between 1 and 2% less than the availabilities reported in the food balance sheets. The 67% rice extraction coefficient used in the food balance sheets lies between these extremes and would at most involve a distortion of nutrient availability of + 2%. 2.31 It has generally been assumed that livestock consume between 7 and 11% of China's total grain production. The livestock feeding regimen model used in the food balance sheets implies a somewhat higher level of feedgrain consumption of between 11 and 12% of total grain production. Feedgrain consumption has been estimated in this study by assuming zero feedgrain consumption by poultry and a feedgrain to pork meat conversion ratio of 3.85:1 /4 (1979 figures). Despite these conservative assumptions, the figures for feedgrain employed in the food balance sheets should be interpreted as the upper bound for actual feedgrain consumption. Diversion of grain to the livestock sector, furthermore, would be rapidly curtailed during years of inadequate supplies of grain for human consumption such as the period 1959-64. /1 See Merle Esmay, et al., Rice Postproduction Technology in the Tropics (USA, University Press of Hawaii, 1979), p. 99. /2 The 70% extraction figure reported to the World Bank's Economic Mission to China implies that all rice produced in China is processed by rubber rollers. /3 These percentage increases would obtain only in recent years. Smaller increases would obtain for earlier years as per capita rice production has increased over time. /4 The pork conversion ratio implies a high level of efficiency relative to world standards. The concentrate (i.e., feedgrain plus high nutritive value bran, oil seed cake, etc.) to pork meat ratio is roughly 7.45:1 (1979 figure), however, which seems more consistent with the relatively inefficient standards of pork production in China. - .33 - 2.32 If only 9% of total grain production was consumed by China's live- stock in 1981, true per capita daily energy availability would be approxi- mately 3% (and protein 3% and fat 1%) greater than the figures presented in the 1981 food balance sheet. Total per capita daily energy availability would have been about 2,600 kcal, which more closely approximates the SSB estimate of 2,666 kcal for 1981. If only 6% of total grain production was fed to livestock in 1960, per capita daily energy supply would have exceeded 1,600 kcal (5% greater than the figure in the 1960 food balance sheet). Protein availability would have been 4% greater and fat 2% greater. Had no grain been fed to livestock in 1960, per capita daily energy availability would have still been less than 1,700 kcal. In sum the feedgrain consumption figures used in the food balance sheets may understate nutrient availability by as much as 4% (or more in crisis years). Unfortunately, even assuming that no grain was fed to livestock during the 1959-1964 food crisis, per capita daily energy availability would still have been several hundred kcal below requirements. 2.33 Other areas where little precise, documented information is avail- able are the amount of food lost through waste,/l seed requirements, food and nonfood manufacturing requirements,/2 and stocks. Several of the parameters assumed involve substantial disappearance of domestic food supplies or are otherwise important determinants of net nutrient availability. The margins of error, however, are small relative to the degree of error which may be present in the production and demographic data or the assumptions regarding milling or feedgrain consumption. /1 The 3% waste coefficient assumed for most commodities greatly exceeds the figures claimed by the Chinese, but nevertheless seems low by compa- rison with other developing and developed countries. Vaclav Smil, "China's Food: Availability, Requirements, Composition, Prospects," op. cit., p. 68, uses a 4% coefficient for waste. /2 An unknown amount of barley, rice, sorghum, and other foods was required to produce between 2 and 3 million metric tons of alcoholic beverages in 1981.' (Production of alcoholic beverages is estimated from the rural per capita consumption figures from the 1981 consumption survey of rural households. See SSB, 1981 Chinese Statistical Yearbook, (Hongkong, Chinese Overseas Press, 1982) p. 434.) The net loss of nutrient content involved in brewing and distilling is not known. Omission of the net loss of nutrients due to production of alcoholic beverages (and all other such processing not reflected in the food balance sheets) results in a relatively minor upward bias to the food balance sheets. - 34 - 2.34 Very little is known about the size of China's grain reserves or of year to year fluctuations in such stocks. Smil uses the figure of 15.5 million metric tons for central government stocks in the 1950s./i Stone reports the figure of 40+ million metric tons for the early 1970s./2 No figures are available for total local and provincial level stocks, but such stocks are not large relative to central governments stocks. The 1950s and early 1970s stocks figures imply that stocks were increasing by roughly one million metric tons of grain per year on average. For the average year, the ommission of the yearly one million metric tons addition to stocks as a grain end use would result in only a minor overestimate of nutrient availability for that year. As stocks are built up in years of heavy production and disbursed in years of insufficient production, the omission of changes in stocks from the food balance sheets presumably results in underestimates of nutrient availability in years of lean harvests and overestimates in other years. 2.35 In summary, it appears that the per capita nutrient availability figures presented here may be positively biased due to (i) undercount of the population and (ii) the omission some manufacturing end uses of food supplies. The amount of grain presumed fed to livestock may overstate true feedgrain consumption, on the other hand, which would bias the results downward. Inaccuracy in the production data and in the assumptions regarding rice extraction rates, waste losses, etc. result in potentially major margins of error which are of ambiguous direction. However, major trends in nutrient availability would not be reversed by a 5 or even a 10% margin of error. Nutrient availability in 1960, for instance, would remain far below requirements under any set of plausible assumptions. Similarly, the possibility is remote that average nutrient availability does not cur- rently significantly exceed requirements 3.' REGIONAL AND PROVINCIAL TRENDS IN NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY 3.01 Differences in food availability and consumption across locality and socioeconomic status cannot be directly assessed through national level food balance sheets. Instead, regional food availability is approximated through regional food balance sheets. Differences in food consumption across locality and socioeconomic status can be estimated using data from /1 See Smil, China's Food: .Availability, Requirements, Composition, Prospects op. cit., p. 69. /2 See Stone, Food Production in People's Republic of China op. cit., p. 98.' - 35 - food consumption and anthropometric surveys./l In this section the available information on regional agricultural production and interregional agricultural trade is assembled. Provincial crop production for 1979-80 and provincial grain production and population data for selected years are presented in Annex 4.' Regional and provincial trends in per capita grain production over time, and then provincial nutrient availability for the years 1979 and 1981 are broadly approximated. Regional Per Capita Grain Production 3.02 Official per capita provincial grain production data /2 for 1979 have been recorded for each province, autonomous region and municipality in Figure 3.1. Per capita average grain production in all of the provinces inside and to the right of the heavy dividing line in Figure 3.1 is above the national per capita average grain production figure of 342 kg/year./3 Per capita production in all of the provinces and autonomous regions outside and to the left of the boundary is below the national average. The ten provinces producing above the national average include the three Northeastern provinces as well as seven provinces which are located in the river basin areas of the Huang and Changjiang rivers. The three Northeastern provinces have received substantial support from the central government to assist in reclaiming large tracts of land for agricultural production. The central government's investments in the Northeast were made in large part with the intention of establishing an area with a large marketable surplus of food production, so it is not surprising that per capita production of grain in these provinces is above the national average. The below average areas are comprised of both densely populated provinces (e.g. Henan province) and sparsely populated provinces and autonomous regions (e.g., Qinghai and Xizang). /1 Results from a number of food consumption and anthropometric surveys have recently been released by the Government. Anthropometric data broken down by locality, household income and other socioeconomic indicators are available for a number of years from 1910 to present. /2 Grain as defined by the SSB includes rice, wheat, coarse grains, tubers, soybeans and other pulses. Per capita figures are as reported in the 1980 Chinese Agricultural Yearbook op. cit. These figures use the 1979 year-end provincial populations and are therefore compiled according to the year-end 1979 revised provincial boundaries. /3 Beijing, Tianjin, and Shanghai municipalities, however, are all sub- stantially below the national average. Actual foodgrain availability in these municipalities, however, is well above the national average due to interprovincial and international grain trade. - 36 - 3.03 Interprovincial grain trade is currently quite limited in China (perhaps about 1% of annual production) and roughly 88% of daily average energy intake (see the 19/9 food balance sheet) comes from grains. It is therefore quite likely that in 1979 the region to the right of the dividing line Figure 3.1 enjoyed a significant advantage in average nutrient availability and consumption. 3.04 The 1979 national division between above and below average per capita grain producing regions does not hold for other commodities. Most notably (in terms of nutritional consequences), several provinces and autonomous regions to the left and outside of the national division are above the national per capita red meat production figure. Similarly, most of China's sugar production is in Guangdong, Fujian, and Guangxi provinces. Nevertheless, the national division as determined by per capita grain production is a key indicator of provincial per capita nutrient availability. Provincial Per Capita Grain Production, 1949-81 3.05 Due to data constraints, per capita grain production by province has been calculated for selected years only. Figures for the 17 years presented here, furthermore, are complete for only 3 provinces and are unreliable for some provinces for some years. Preliminary results have been estimated from very rough calculations of provincial production and population. 3.06 Except for recent years for which Chinese provincial grain production data are readily available, all previous years' production figures are taken from the USDA's "PRC Provincial Total Grain Production."l Tuan has carefully reconstructed provincial grain production figures from output and growth rates gleaned from numerous sources. Midyear provincial populations for the 17 years have been estimated from the provincial population breakdowns available for the years 1953, 1957, 1964, 1978, 1979 and 1981.' The estimated provincial populations have been adjusted to agree with the World Bank's demographic model of China. Unfortunately, the production and population estimates are subject to considerable error and the two series may not be strictly comparable with each other due to changes in provincial boundaries in 1969 and in 1979. /1 Provincial total grain production for 1949, 1952, 1957, 1965 and 1969-1978 are from Tuan, PRC Provincial Total Grain Production 1969-1979 (Washington, USDA/IED.ERS, 1981) p. 4.' Official 1979-1981 provincial breakdowns of total grain production are from the 1980 and 1981 Chinese Agricultural Yearbook's op. cit. and the 1981 Chinese Statistical Yearbook op. cit. - 37 - 3.07 Official provincial population estimates are available for year end 1957, 1978, 19/9 and 1981 and midyear 1953 and 1964.11 No provincial popula- tion time series has been estimated heretofore for China because of lack of data and due to complications regarding interprovincial migration and redefinitions of provincial boundaries. Most significantly, the boundaries between Nei Mongol and the five neighboring provinces of Gansu, Ningxia, Liaoning, Jilin, and Heilongjiang were altered in 1969 and then returned to the pre-1969 boundaries in 1979./2 Accurate per annum population growth rates for these six provinces cannot be estimated for the period 1969-78, so a composite population growth rate figure for those provinces has been used. All of the estimated provincial populations are for the purposes of tracking trends in provincial per capita grain production only. 3.08 The provincial population breakdowns for 1953, 1957 and 1964 have been weighted according to the ratio of total population.from the World Bank's demographic model of China to official figures for total population for the same years. Provincial populations have been interpolated from these and other years with known provincial populations. Yearly growth rates for the provincial populations have been weighted by the growth rate of the total population for each year in each of the subperiods. The resulting estimates assume that interprovincial migration has been evenly distributed within each of the subperiods. 3.09 The available provincial grain production data are in general expressed according to the provincial boundaries in effect at the time the data were released./3 The major exceptions are the six provinces mentioned above. Provincial production figures for these provinces for the 1977-78 period appear to be reported according to current (i.e., post 1979) boundaries while early and mid-1970s figures appear to be reported according to the boundaries of the period 1969-78. /1 See 1981 Chinese Statistical Yearbook op. cit. p. 90 for 1981 and John Aird "Recent Demographic Data from China: Problems and Prospects op. cit." pg. 197 for all other years. /2 Parts of Nei Mongol were absorbed by these neighboring five provinces in 1969 and then returned to Nei Mongol in July 1979. Consequently, Nei Mongol's 1978 population of 8.9 million was reported as 18.52 million in 1979 (year-end figures). Corresponding decreases in population were registered in the neighboring five provinces. /3 Tuan is not precise on this matter, presumably because provincial boundaries were not usually released along with the provincial production figures he used. - 38 - 3.10 The midyear provincial population figures for this same period, 1965-1979, have been estimated using 1979 yearend figures. This ignores the boundary revisions in effect during the 1969-79 period. Consequently, the per capita grain production figures for the six provinces mentioned above are not reliable for the period 1969-76./1 In particular, the results for Gansu are misleading and are not presented for the years 1970-75. 3.11 Provincial per capita total grain production figures are presented in Table 3.1. Table 3.2 expresses these figures as a percentage of same year national per capita total grain production. Provincial per capita production figures for the 1970s are roughly consistent with the ranking according to per capita production represented in Figure 3.1. Provinces producing above the national per capita average in 1979 (see Figure 3.1) have been producing above the average for most of the years 1970-81. The pattern of provincial per capita production was significantly different during the 1950s, however. Most notably, .Sichuan, Yunnan, Gansu, Xinjiang and Guangdong were producing at or above the national average during the 1950s. These provinces experienced declines in per capita production during the 1960s and are now producting below the per capita national average. Per capita produc- tion in Hebei, Liaoning, Shandong and Jiangsu was well below the national average during the 1950s, but these provinces are now producing above the national average. Provincial Food Balance Sheets, 1979 and 1980 3.12 Provincial breakdowns of production of grains, oilseeds, sugar, fruit, red meats, fish and milk detailed in the 1980 and 1981 Chinese Agricultural Yearbook's make possible the compilation of provincial-level tables of total food production for 1979 and 1980. These several commodities are the nutritionally most important foods in the Chinese diet. Deriving provincial per capita nutrient availability figures from these provincial production figures requires all of the same information as do the national food balance sheets plus data for interprovincial trade in grain and other commodities. /1 The 1977 and 1978 provincial production and population figures are apparently based upon the same border definitions and are expected to be accurate. TABLE 3.1 : PROVINCIAL PER CAPITA UNPROCESSED GRAIN PRODUCTION (FIGURES ARE KG/YEAR) (".00" indicates data not available) Province, Municipality, or Region 1949 1952 1957 1965 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 SICHUAN 238.32 258.74 325,96 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 277.35. 268,34 292.51 325.05 328.75 332.68 350.49 GUIZHOU 205,70 229.98 318i15 .00 286.46 305.06 311.06 .00 .00 238.90 .00 .00 .00 .00 230.10 235.24 202.31 YUNNAN 22?86 274.95 334.91 on :An no 2on inn 301.95 .00 267.15 .00 254.51 281.76 254.71 274.33 286.49 XIZANG .00 .00 .00 173.60 .00 151.62 173.63 .00 178.05 198.25 200.23 214.01 222.03 224.31 230.44 272.12 259.12 SHAANXI 245.23 255.91 254,05 227.23 .00 271.79 .00 .00 293.50 317.35 343.83 .00 229.81 290.75 325.49 268.31 263.12 GANSU 220.52 289.31 411.82 .00 .00 NA NA NA NA NA NA .00 266,20 265.13 245,43 258.71 225.49 QINGHAI 204.30 222.07 319.54 .00 .00 201.53 237.75 275.50 238.95 263.33 284,17 279.05 229.76 237.32 221,90 256.36 210.82 NINGXIA .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 294.94 325.50 333.19 XINJIANG 224.81 338.64 370.22 .00 .00 .00 374,42 342.16 354.48 350,64 391.17 .00 272.35 306.06 316.59 306.88 302.07 HEH4N 154.18 211.16 257.62 233.70 229.11 248.45 258,97 249,41 248,04 283,48 296.76 285.98 281.78 268.59 298.97 296.67 315.07 HUREI 197.37 299.27 364,67 364,87 266.46 326.01 .00 291.33 309.67 327.52 372.92 390.09 361.60 380.30 401.38 329.65 362.19 HUNAN 199,74 311,71 316.50 279.56 351.90 344.32 356.99 329.53 349.47 351,98 370.59 375.84 389,47 407.43 427.42 404,04 407.48 GUANGXI 222.11 325.41 283,99 306.00 279.06 307.27 .00 354,61 .00 341.52 348.94 344.53 316.09 321.28 341.47 339.78 321.25 IGUANGDONG 216,56 256.84 328.96 289,30 .00 .00 .00 .00 306.31 331.69 .00 .00 .00 286.93 308.63 315.47 283.75 SHANGHAI 90.50 .00 .00 148.76 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00. 212.90 .00 223.17 185.85 227.29 230.35 164.08 160.15 JIANGSU 170,99 250,63 267.03 286,43 234.28 252.84 314.17 299.20 35964 316.33 352.32 375.58 317.35 393.13 428.80 398.06 419.88 ZHEJIANG 193.33 328,01 315,81 .00 311.77 336.38 .00 368.66 .00 332.82 374.75 241.01 332,79 381.76 427.30 376,48 368,47 ANHUI 154.94 - 275.47 350.74 298.10 .00 324.88 347.16 340.93 365.45 368.10 357.12 393.64 315,02 306.43 337.64 300.36 363.61 FUJIAN 224,33 282.90 306.01 .00 .00 .00 .00 288.98 .00 308.26 .00 255.42 272,21 298,93 308.37 320.15 318.95 JIANGXI 244.36 347.88 375.65 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 327.95 354,23 358.76 403.98 381.82 385.99 SHANDONG 170,14 227.09 245.32 209.12 .00 217.68 231.22 255.08 273,34 254.08 290.69 323.13 293.29 316.52 343,72 327,81 314,39 BEIJING 200.37 .00 201.65 .00 .00\ .00 .00 .00 183.40 201.07 .00 .00 174.44 214.13 200.37 211.69 201.31 TIANJIN .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 155.87 .00 160.84 188.96 184.88 141.27 HEBEI 125,44 242.70 240.47 241.55 272.22 294.40 289.68 259.33 298.39 323.56 319.39 .00 .00 335,67 351.03 295,97 301.85 SHANXI 192.71 259.79 228.95 .00 .00 236.86 269.91 .00 .00 303,81 328.98 .00 .00 292.78 329,39 278.60 290.77 NEI MONGGOL 318o87 468,73 312.63 .00 .00 .00 .00 205.16 241.16 271.68 272.98 303.14 .00 .00 277.25 212.91 269.82 LIAONING 191.81 245.11 252.38 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 305.55 318.48 349.08 352.59 330.32 JILIN 416.89 446.81 349.06 304.22 254.35 342.52 343.48 .00 .00 334.80 463,14 347.60 378.76 417.75 415.67 391,68 415.47 HEILONGJIANG 495.06 564.62 423.61 347.23 .00 .00 .00 277.36 395.82 404.07 429.92 365.12 395,06 486.17 464.19 458.83 388.04 Source: See Text. TABLE 3.2 PROVINCIAL PER CAPITA UNPROCESSED GRAIN PRODUCTION (FIGURES ARE PERCENTAGE OF NATIONAL AVERAGE) (".00" indicates data not available) Province, Municipality, or Region 1949 1952 1957 1965 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976-1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 SICHUAN 11.1 89 108 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 89 86 97 101 95 102 106 GUIZHOU 95 79 105 0 110 105 105 0 0 78 0 0 0 0 66 72 61 YUNNAN 107 94 111 0 0 0 0 0 101 0 85 0 84 88 73 84 87 XIZANG 0 0 0 66 0 52 58 0 59 64 64 69 73 70 66 83 78 SHAANXI 114 88 84 86 0 94 0 0 97 103 110 0 76 90 94 82 80 GANSU 102 99 136 0 0 112 107 123 116 146 154 0 88 82 71 79 68 OINGHAI 95 76 105 0 0 69 80 99 79 86 91 90 76 74 64 78 64 NINGXIA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 85 99 101 XINJIANG 104 116 122 0 0 0 127 123 118 114 125 0 90 95 91 94 91 HENAN 71 72 85 89 88 86 87 89 82 92 95 92 93 83 86 91 95 HUBEI 91 103 120 139 102 113 0 104 103 106 119 126 120 118 116 101 110 HUNAN 93 107 104 106 135 119 121 118 116 114 119 121 129 127 124 124 124 GUANGXI 103 112 94 116 107 106 0 127 0 111 112 111 105 100 99 104 97 GUANGDONG 100 88 109 110 0 0 0 0 102 108 0 0 0 89 89 96 86 1 SHANGHAI 42 0 0 56 0 0 0 0 0 69 0 72 61 71 66 50 48 4 JIANGSU 79 86 88 109 90 87 106 107 119 103 113 121 105 122 124 122 127 o ZHEJIANG 90 113 104 0 120 116 0 132 0 108 120 78 110 119 124 115 112 ANHUI 72 95 116 113 0 112 117 122 121 120 114 127 104 95 97 92 110 FUJIAN 104 97 101 0 0 0 0 104 0 100 0 82 90 93 89 98 97 JIANGXI 113 120 124 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 106 117 112 117 117 117 SHANDONG 79 78 81 79 0 75 78 91 91 83 93 104 97 98 99 100 95 BEIJING 93 0 66 0 0 0 0 0 61 65 0 0 58 66 58 64 61 TIANJIN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 0 50 54 56 43 HEBEI 58 83 79 92 105 102 98 93 99 105 102 0 0 104 101 90 91 SHANXI 89 89 75 0 0 82 91 0 0 99 105 0 0 91 95 85 88 NEI MONGGOL 148 161 103 0 0 0 0 73 80 88 87 98 0 0 80 65 82 LIAONING 89 84 83 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 101 99 101 108 100 JILIN 194 154 115 116 98 118 116 0 0 109 148 112 126 130 120 120 126 HEILONGJIANG 230 194 140 132 0 0 0 99 131 132 138 118 131 151 134 140 118 Source: See Text. - 41 - 3.13 Provincial per capita nutrient availabilities for 1979-80 (Table 3.3) are closely related to provincial per capita grain production for these years./l The regional pattern in per capita grain production of Figure 3.1 roughly approximates the regional pattern in per capita nutrient availability. Except for China's three municipalities which were the chief beneficiaries of interprovincial and international trade in grain, the provincial per capita nutrient availability figures are reasonably good indicators of nutrient supply for these years./2 Most of the serious shortfall in average provincial nutrient availability occurs in the Northwestern and Southwestern provinces noted earlier. 3.14 Provincial per capita nutrient availability for 1979 and 1980 has been estimated assuming zero interprovincial and international trade of food commodities. Interprovincial trade in food grains represents a very small and declining share of total grain production./3 Total interprovincial trade of grain in 1965, for example, was only .7 million metric tons and declined to 2.05 million metric tons in 1978 (i.e., a decline from only 2.4% of total grain production to less than 0.7% in 1978). "Comparing 1965 to 1978, provinces which transferred out grain diminished from 15 to only 8, and the amount of grain transferred decreased by 2.65 million metric tons from 4.7 million metric tons to 2.05 million metric tons. The number of provinces, municipalities, and autonomous regions receiving shipments increased from 12 to 18 and the amount of grain transferred increased by 2.95 million metric tons from 6.55 million metric tons to 9.5 million metric tons."/4 (The figures include both interprovincial and international trade /1 National average per capita nutrient availability is underreported in Table 3.3 because of the omission of international trade. Provincial breakdowns for vegetables, noultry meat, other meats, eggs, and animal fats are not available. Energy from these five commodities represents less than 5% of the total energy available in the average diet of the Chinese. The figures for energy, protein and fat contributed by these five commodities to the national average diet have been added directly to the nutrient availabilities supplied by the other 16 commodities for which provincial production data is available. /2 Actual nutrient availability in 1979 in Beijing, Tianjin, and Shanghai was substantially greater than the levels reported in Table 3.3. /3 See the discussion of interprovincial grain trade in Nick Lardy, "Comparative Advantage, Internal Trade, and the Distribution of Income in Chinese Agriculture" a Paper prepared for the Trade and Development Workshop, Yale University, 1/25/82, pp. 32-33 and 36-38. /4 Lin Kang, "China's Rapid Population Growth is the Root Cause of Its Agricultural Backwardness," Population Studies, no. 1, 1981 p. 22 (in Chinese). - 42 - TABLE 3.3: 1979- 80, PROVINCIAL PER CAPITA NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY a/ (RANKED BY PER CAPITA ENERGY PRODUCTION) Energy Protein Fat 1979 Region (KCal) (g) (g) TIANJIN (29) 1307,23 39.74 23.09 BEIJING (28) 1460.57 45.65 45.90 GUIZHOU (26) 1577.40 37.20 22*20 GANSU (23) 1721.72 54,42 25.71 SHANGHAI (25) 1741.89 47.90 38.71 YUNNAN (22) 1757.54 42.82 22,73 QINGHAI (27) 1865.37 63.15 41.72 NEI MONGOL (21) 1882.28 58,21 31.92 XIZANG (24) 1926.11 77.44 42.77 NINGXIA (20) 1995.30 59.96 28.43 SHANXI (14) 2041,28 59.34 37.91 HENAN (19) 2106.01 60.63 36.14 LIAONING .(9) 2139.45 60.09 69.21 SHAANXI (15) 2189.70 63.64 36.27 XINJIANG (16) 2227.88 64.82 45.11 GUANGDONG (18) 2313.00 43,80 29.99 HEBEI (8) 2313.04 67.63 48.47 FUJIAN (17) 2318.37 47.10 27.62 SICHUAN (13) 2363.73 54.08 33.31 NATIONAL AVERAGE 2371.65 59.92 38.35 ANHUI (12) 2393,53 58.31 32,62 GUANGXI (11) 2434.16 53.54 29.97 JILIN (5) 2475.62 71.65 38.39 SHANDONG (10) 2548.56 69.72 70.10 JIANGXI (6) 2735.40 53.25 29414 HUBEI (7) 2757.55 62.48 35.79 ZHEJIANG (3) 2862.77 65.93 38.00 HEILONGJIANG (1) 2887.93 97,43 44,00 JIANGSU (2) 2888.20 76.07 40.02 HUNAN (4) 2905.74 57.76 32.64 1980 TIANJIN 1277.20 36.70 27.16 SHANGHAI 1335.61 40.51 33,24 BEIJING 1502.04 44.60 47,29 NEI MONGOL 1577.39 46.91 34.97 GUIZHOU 1631.05 38,27 26.09 SHANXI 1764,26 51,20 37,83 GANSU 1815.19 57,96 30.14 SHAANXI 1832.28 52.52 37.96 YUNNAN 1895.17 46.75 26.50 HEBEI 1997,90 56,03 50,37 XIZANG 2061.41 81.02 38.95 QINGHAI 2079.21 69.21 46.13 HENAN 2114.97 59,58 38.00 ANHUI 2190.30 52,80 33.46 XINJIANG 2190.60 63.13 47.53 NINGXIA 2226.08 64.78 27.21 LIAONING 2226418 61.36 67.50 NATIONAL AVERAGE 2295.62 58.18 40.37 HUBEI 2299.27 53.40 29.76 GUANGXI 2380.78 49.93 30.22 FUJIAN 2384.16 49.31 28,41 GUANGDONG 2387.20 47.91 32.38 SICHUAN 2388.53 56.16 37.89 SHANDONG 2482.42 67.10 70,79 JILIN 2495.22 68.97 49.33 JIANGXI 2577.84 51.36 25.59 ZHEJIANG 2679,39 62.69 40.72 HUNAN 2762.98 55,72 30.56 JIANGSU 2793.86 77.42 39.79 HEILONGJIANG 3084.25 101,22 60.62 a/ Figures exclude all interprovincial and international trade in food crops. Consequently, the nutrient availability figures for China's three municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, and Shanghai) and perhaps other regions are gross underestimates of true nutrient availability. Source: See Text. - 43 - of grain. Interprovincial imports exceed exports by the amount of net international grain trade in 1965 and 1978.) International and domestic grain shipments of only 6.55 million metric tons in 1965 and only 9.5 million metric tons in 1978 were transferred to 12 (1965) and 18 (1978) provinces. 3.15 The combined impact of interprovincial and international trade of grain (and other foods) upon provincial disparities in nutrient availability cannot be specified due to lack of knowledge as to which provinces are the recipients of food transfers. The energy requirements in unprocessed wheat equivalent in 1979 to meet the energy shortfalls in those provinces and municipalities falling below average energy requirements are calculated in Table 3.4. Food transfers no doubt increase per capita daily nutrient availability in China's three municipalities to well above the national average nutrient availability. Increasing per capita energy availability in Beijing, Shanghai, and Tianjin to 2,600 KCal per day (i.e. roughly the 1979 national average) would have required about 3.5 million metric tons of unprocessed wheat in 1979. Increasing per capita energy availability to the average energy requirement of 2,160 KCal per day in 1979 in the 10 provinces with average energy availability below this level would require a further 6.5 million metric tons of wheat. 3.16 The 1979 total energy shortfall was equivalent to roughly 10 million tons of unprocessed wheat or 3% of China-s total grain production. It is not clear to what extent the regional nutrient shortfalls are currently being redressed in China. Previous efforts to correct for provincial disparity in nutrient availability were minimal and appear to have been insufficient./l Supplying these nutritional shortfalls will require a far reaching program of agricultural development and income generation in these outlying provinces. /1 See Nick Lardy, "Food Consumption in the PRC" in Barker et al. eds., The Chinese Agricultural Economy, op. cit. - 44 - TABLE 3,4: ENERGY SHORTFALL IN WHEAT EQUIVALENT, 1979 Province Daily Municipality Per Capita Per Capita Mid-1979 Total Muniopa y Energy Shortfall a/ Population Daily or Region Aalblt Availability Shortfall (KCal) (MCal) (millions) (KCal-106) MUNICIPALITIES Beijing 1461 1139 8.63 9830 Tianjin 1307 1293 7.36 9516 Shanghai 1742 858 11.24 9644 PROVINCES & REGIONS SUBTOTAL 28990 Guizhou 1577 583 27.08 15788 Gansu 1722 438 18.82 8243 Yunnan 1758 402 31.13 12514 Qinghai 1865 295 3.7 1091 Nei Mongol 1882 278 18.39 5112 Xizang 1926 234 1.82 426 Ningxia 1995 165 3.59 592 Shanxi 2041 119 24.32 2894 Henan 2106 54 71.38 3855 Liaoning 2139 21 34.20 718 SUBTOTAL 51233 Total 80223 This is equivalent to 29.28*1012KCal per year. This is roughly the energy available in .9.96 million metric tons of unprocessed wheat. a! Shortfall from the target of 2600 KCal/day for the municipalities and 2160 KCal/day for the other regions. - 45 - ANNEX 1 PAGE 1 CHINA 1950 FOOD BALANCE SHEET (A) (NATIONAL FIGURES IN MILLION METRIC TONS EXCEPT WHERE OTHERWISE NOTED) ---------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ DOMESTIC USE(B) PER CAPITA SUPPLY (C) ------------------------------ -------------------------------- PRODUC- DOMESTIC NONFOOD KILOGRAMS ENERGY PROTEIN FAT COMMO:ITY TION IMPORTS EXPORTS SUPPLY I WASTE FOOD PER YEAR (KCAL) (GM) (GM) I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X ------------------- --------- ------- ------ ------- -------- ------- ----- ------------------------------- CROP PRODUCTION TOTaL GRAINS(D) 132*12 1. RICE (E) 55.10 .13 .03 55.20 20.66 34.55 59.95 601.11 10.51 1.31 2. WHEAT 14.48 .00 .00 14.48 4.15 10.33 17.92 171.82 5.55 .74 6TU8ER~ (F) 12.40 .00 N 12.40 4.59 7.81 13.56 152.121 1.79 .37 9B AS(O OIL) (6) 3.65 NA .0 3.65 3.28 .37 .65 1 54i 1Q0 1.77 9OTHER GRAINS (H) 46.49 .00 NA 46.49 17,16 29.33" 50.90 499,75 18,1 5.58 0In. PEANUTS (FOOD) (1) .87 .00 *05 .82 .11 .71 1,23 10.23 .511 .66 10. PEANUTS (OIL) (J) .87 .00 .03 .78 .56 .21 .37 8.98 00 1 . 11 EDIBLE OILS (EXCEPT SOY AND PEANUT) (K) .60 .00 .01 .59 .08 .50 .87 21.07 .00 2.38 12. SUGAR .29 NA .00 .29 .01 .28 .49 5.25 .00 .00 13. FRUIT (L) 2.18 .00 .00 2.18 .22 1.96 3.40 4.68 .04 .02 14. VEGETABLES (M) 57.81 NA NA 57.81 5.78 52.02 90,27 64.80 3.96 .74 VEGETABLE PRODUCTS SUBTOTAL 239.61 1555.46 40.47 14.58 ANIMAL PRODUCTS (SUBTOTAL) 9.41 58.52 2.74 5.13 15 PORK, BEEF I MUTTON (N) 2.44 . NA .00 2.44 .07 2.37 4.11 33.83 1.32 3.13 16, POULTRY MEAT (N) .52 .00 NA .52 .02 .51 .88 4.80 .38 .35 17. OTHER MEAT (N) .09 .00 NA .09 .00 .08 .15 .51 .07 .02 18, FISH (0) .91 NA NA .91 .05 .86 1,50 2.59 .42 .09 19 EGGS .90 .00 NA .90 .04 .8 1.48 5.87 .47 .41 20. MILK .56 .00 .00 .56 .03 .53 .92 1.60 .08 .09 21. ANIMAL FATS .25 NA NA .25 .03 .22 .38 9.31 .00 1.03 OTAL 249.02 1613.98 43,21 19.72 -.- - - - - - - - - ----------- ------ -- - - (A) SEE ANNEX 2 FOR DETAILS OF THE DATA SOURCES, MODELS, AND ASSUMPTIONS USED TO COMPILE THIS TABLE. (B) COMPUTATION OF THE QUANTITY OF AVAILABLE FOOD NOT DIRECTLY UTILIZED AS FOOD IS SPECIFIED IN TABLE 11. PERCENTAGE LOSSES DOE TO SEED REQUIREMENTS, USE AS LIVESTOCK FEED, NONFOOD MANUFACTURING USES, WASTE, MILLING, AND PROCESSING ARE SPECIFIED IN TABLE 11 AND DISCUSSED IN ANNEX 2. (C) PER CAPITA FIGURES DERIVED FROM THE NATIONAL AVAILABILITY FIGURES (I.E., COLUMN F ABOVE) AND A MID-1950 POPULATION OF 5:6.3 4ILLION. (0) TOTAL GRAINS (AS DEFINED BY THE CHINESE GOVERNMENT INCLUDE RICE, WHEAT, CORN, SORGHUM, MILLET, TUBERS, SOYBEANS. PULSES, Al1D OTHER MINOR GRAINS (IE., TOTAL GRAINS ARE THE SUM OF ROWS 1 THROUGH 9). (E) R.CE PRODUCTION AND TRADE AND DOMESTIC SUPPLY FIGURES (COLUMNS I THROUGH IV) ARE EXPRESSED IN 'PADDY' WEIGHTS (WITH HUSK). DOMESTIC FOOD USE FIGURES (COLUMN VI) ARE WEIGHTS AFTER REMOVAL OF THE HUSK. (F) EYPRESSED AS GRAIN EQUIVALENT AT ONE FOURTH THE WET WEIGHT. (G) APPROXIMATELY 45% OF SOYBEAN PRODUCTION IS PRESUMED TO BE CRUSHED FOR SOYBEAN OIL. THE PRODUCTION AND DOMESTIC SUPPLY Fj.GURES (COLUMNS I THROUGH IV) ARE EXPRESSED AS WHOLE SOYBEANS. TRADE AND DOMESTIC FOOD USE FIGURES (COLUMNS II, III, AND VJ EXPRESS SOYBEANS AS OIL EQUIVALENT. THE ENTRY UNDER NONFOOD AND WASTE (COLUMN V) PRIMARILY REPRESENTS SOYBEAN MEAL AFTER EXTRACTION OF THE OIL AND IS RECYCLED AS AN ANIMAL FOODSTUFF AND AS AN ORGANIC FERTILIZER, (H) OHER GRAINS ARE THE RESIDUAL BETWEEN TOTAL GRAINS MINUS RICE AND WHEAT PRODUCTION (TOTAL GRAINS FIGURE MINUS PRODUCTION EPTRIES IN ROWS 1 AND 2). THE FIGURES PRESENTED ARE A COMPOSITE OF CORN (34%)? SORGHUM (17%), MILLET (17Zy SOYBEANS FOR FOOD (9%)1 PULSES (10%)p AND BARLEY, OATS, AND OTHER MINOR GRAINS (13%). ENTRIES FOR DOMESTIC SUPPLY AND USE. AND NUTRIENT COMPOSITION FIGURES ARE ALSO COMPOSITE VALUES. TRADE ENTRIES ARE THE SUM OF UNWEIGHTED QUANTITIES OF COMMODI TIES TRADED. (1) APPROXIMATELY 50% OF PEANUT PRODUCTION IS CONSUMED DIRECTLY AS PEANUTS. (J) APPROXIMATELY 50% OF PEANUT PRODUCTION IS CRUSHED FOR PEANUT OIL. ENTRIES FOR PEANUTS (OIL) ARE EXPRESSED IN WHOLE AND PF:OCESSED EQUIVALENTS AS SOYBEANS (OIL) ABOVE (SEE FOOTNOTE H). (K) ElIIBLE OILS FROM COTTONSEED, RAPESEED, SESAME SEED. AND SUNFLOWER SEED. (U Ff:UITS INCLUDE BANANAS (1%) APPLES (41%)1 ORANGES (9%)t PEARS (24%)? GRAPES (2%h PINEAPPLES (1%), RED DATES (6%) AND PIRSIMMON 19%). (M) VEGETABLES INCLUDE LEAFY VEGETABLES (60%), ROOT AND STEM CROPS (20%)y AND FRUITING CROPS (20%). (N) MEAT PRODUCTION FIGURES rPORK, BEEF, MUTTON, POULTRYr RABBIT, AND OTHER LARGE ANIMALS) ARE EXPRESSED AS DRESSED WEIGHT. (0) FISH PRODUCTION FIGURES ARE EXPRESSED AS LIVEWEIGHT. - 46 -ANNEX 1 PAGE 2 CHINA 1951 FOOD BALANCE SHEET (A) (NATIONAL FIGURES IN MILLION METRIC TONS EXCEPT WHERE OTHERWISE NOTED) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- DOMESTIC USE(B) PER CAPITA SUPPLY (C) PRODUC- DOMESTIC NONFOOD KILOGRAMS ENERGY PROTEIN FAT COMMODITY TION IMPORTS EXPORTS SUPPLY I WASTE FOOD PER YEAR (KCAL) (GM) (GM) I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X CROP PRODUCTION TOTAL GRAINS(D) 143.68 1. RICE (E) 60.55 .03 .18 60.40 22.61 37.80 64.45 646.30 11.30 1.41 2. WHEAT 17.23 .00 .01 17.22 4.94 12.28 20.94 200.80 6.48 .86 6. TUBERS (F) 14.00 0.00 .00 14.00 5.18 8.82 15.04 168.79 1.98 .41 7B. SOYBEANS (FOR OIL) (6) 3.88 NA .02 3.72 3.34 .38 .64 15.54 .00 1.76 9. OTHER GRAINS (H) 48.02 .00 .37 47.45 17.53 29.92 51.02 500.93 18.17 5.59 10A. PEANUTS (FOOD) (I) 1.06 .00 .04 1.02 .14 .89 i.51 12.55 .62 .80 1OB. PEANUTS (OIL) (J) 1.06 .00 .02 1.00 .72 .28 .47 11.43 .0( i.29 11. EDIBLE OILS (EXCEPT SOY AND PEANUT) (K) .76 .00 .02 .74 .12 .62 1.05 25.51 .00 2.89 12. SUGAR .43 .01 .00 .44 .01 .43 .74 7,84 .00 .00 13. FRUIT (L) 2.30 .00 .00 2.30 .23 2.07 3.53 4.85 .04 .02 14. VEGETABLES (M) 60.03 NA NA 60.03 6.00 54.02 92.13 66.13 4.04 .76 VEGETABLE PRODUCTS SUBTOTAL 251.52 1660.67 42.63 15.79 ANIMAL PRODUCTS (SUBTOTAL) 10.40 63.02 3.02 5.50 15. PORKo BEEF & MUTTON (N) 2.71 99.90 .02 2.69 .08 2.61 4.44 36.54 1.42 3.38 16. POULTRY MEAT (N) .53 .00 NA .53 .02 .52 .88 4.82 .38 .35 17. OTHER MEAT (N) .09 .00 NA .09 .00 .09 .15 .53 .07 .02 18. FISH (0) 1.33 NA NA 1.33 .07 1.26 2.15 3.72 .61 .12 19. EGGS .91 .00 .03 .88 .04 .84 1.43 5.69 .45 .40 20. MILK .57 .00 .00 .57 .03 .54 .92 1.60 .08 .09 21. ANIMAL FATS .28 NA NA .28 .04 .24 .41 10.12 .00 1.12 TOTAL 261.92 1723.68 45,65 21.29 (A) SEE ANNEX 2 FOR DETAILS OF THE DATA SOURCES, MODELS, AND ASSUMPTIONS USED TO COMPILE THIS TABLE. (B) COMPUTATION OF THE QUANTITY OF AVAILABLE FOOD NOT DIRECTLY UTILIZED AS FOOD IS SPECIFIED IN TABLE 11. PERCENTAGE LOSSES DUE TO SEED REQUIREMENTS& USE AS LIVESTOCK FEED, NONFOOD MANUFACTURING USES, WASTE, MILLING, AND PROCESSING ARE SPECIFIED IN TABLE 11 AND DISCUSSED IN ANNEX 2, (C) PER CAPITA FIGURES DERIVED FROM THE NATIONAL AVAILABILITY FIGURES (I.E., COLUMN F ABOVE) AND A MID-1951 POPULATION OF 586.4 MILLION. (D) TOTAL GRAINS (AS DEFINED BY THE CHINESE GOVERNMENT INCLUDE RICE, WHEAT, CORN, SORSHUM, MILLET, TUBERS, SOYBEANS, PULSES, AND OTHER MINOR GRAINS (I.E., TOTAL GRAINS ARE THE SUM OF ROWS 1 THROUGH 9). (E) RICE PRODUCTION AND TRADE AND DOMESTIC SUPPLY FIGURES (COLUMNS I THROUGH IV) ARE EXPRESSED IN 'PADDY' WEIGHTS (WITH HUSK). DOMESTIC FOOD USE FIGURES (COLUMN VI) ARE WEIGHTS AFTER REMOVAL OF THE HUSK. (F) EXPRESSED AS GRAIN EQUIVALENT AT ONE FOURTH THE WET WEIGHT4 (G) APPROXIMATELY 45% OF SOYBEAN PRODUCTION IS PRESUMED TO BE CRUSHED FOR SOYBEAN OIL, THE PRODUCTION AND DOMESTIC SUPPLY FIGURES (COLUMNS I THROUGH IV) ARE EXPRESSED AS WHOLE SOYBEANS. TRADE AND DOMESTIC FOOD USE FIGURES (COLUMNS II, III, AND VI) EXPRESS SOYBEANS AS OIL EQUIVALENT. THE ENTRY UNDER NONFOOD AND WASTE (COLUMN V) PRIMARILY REPRESENTS SOYBEAN MEAL AFTER EXTRACTION OF THE OIL AND IS RECYCLED AS AN ANIMAL FOODSTUFF AND AS AN ORGANIC FERTILIZER. (H) OTHER GRAINS ARE THE RESIDUAL BETWEEN TOTAL GRAINS MINUS RICE AND WHEAT PRODUCTION (TOTAL GRAINS FIGURE MINUS PRODUCTION ENTRIES IN ROWS 1 AND 2). THE FIGURES PRESENTED ARE A COMPOSITE OF CORN (34%), SORGHUM (17%), MILLET (17%), SOYBEANS FOR FOOD (9%), PULSES (10%), AND BARLEY, OATS, AND OTHER MINOR GRAINS (13%). ENTRIES FOR DOMESTIC SUPPLY AND USE, AND NUTRIENT COMPOSITION FIGURES ARE ALSO COMPOSITE VALUES. TRADE ENTRIES ARE THE SUM OF UNWEIGHTED QUANTITIES OF COMMODITIES TRADED, (1) APPROXIMATELY 50% OF PEANUT PRODUCTION IS CONSUMED DIRECTLY AS PEANUTS, (J) APPROXIMATELY 50% OF PEANUT PRODUCTION IS CRUSHED FOR PEANUT OIL. ENTRIES FOR PEANUTS (OIL) ARE EXPRESSED IN WHOLE AND PROCESSED EQUIVALENTS AS SOYBEANS (OIL) ABOVE (SEE FOOTNOTE H). (K) EDIBLE OILS FROM COTTONSEED, RAPESEEDi SESAME SEEDi AND SUNFLOWER SEED. (L) FRUITS INCLUDE BANANAS (1%). APPLES (41%), ORANGES (9%), PEARS (24%), GRAPES (2%), PINEAPPLES (1%), RED DATES (6%) AND PERSIMMON (9%). (M) VEGETABLES INCLUDE LEAFY VEGETABLES (60%), ROOT AND STEM CROPS (20%), AND FRUITING CROPS (20%). (N) MEAT PRODUCTION FIGURES (PORKr BEEFr MUTTON, POULTRY, RABBIT, AND OTHER LARGE ANIMALS) ARE EXPRESSED AS DRESSED WEIGHT. (0) FISH PRODUCTION FIGURES ARE EXPRESSED AS LIVENEIGHT. ANNEX 1 - 47 - PAGE 3 CHINA 1952 FOOD BALANCE SHEET (A) (NATIONAL FIGURES IN MILLION METRIC TONS EXCEPT WHERE OTHERWISE NOTED) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- DOMESTIC USE(B) PER CAPITA SUPPLY (C) PRODUC- DOMESTIC NONFOOD KILOGRAMS ENERGY PROTEIN FAT COIMODITY TION IMPORTS EXPORTS SUPPLY I WASTE FOOD PER YEAR (KCAL) (GM) (GM) I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CR)P PRODUCTION TOTAL GRAINS(D) 163.91 1. RICE (E) 68.42 .03 .28 68.17 25.51 42.65 71.30 714.98 12.50 1.56 2. WHEAT 18.12 .00 .00 18.12 5.20 12.92 21.60 207.14 6.69 .89 3. CORN 16.85 .00 .03 16.82 6.80 10.02 16,76 166,21 4.13 1.56 4. SORGHUM 11.10 .00 .00 11.10 4.71 6.39 10.69 104.54 2.23 .70 5. MILLET 11.55 .00 .00 11.55 5.31 6.24 10,43 101,12 3.03 .46 6. TUBERS (F) 16.35 .00 .00 16.35 6.05 10.30 17.22 193.23 2.26 .47 7A. SOYBEANS (FOR FOOD) (G) 5.22 ..00 .07 5.15 .78 4.37 7.31 80.12 7.03 3.55 7B. SOYBEANS (FOR OIL) (H) 4.27 NA .01 4.19 3.77 .43 .71 17,24 .00 1.95 8. PULSES (1) 4.23 .00 .02 4.21 .55 3.66 6.12 55.98 3.92 .22 9. OTHER GRAINS (J) 7.79 .00 .09 7.70 3.39 4.31 7.21 68.35 1.93 .36 10A. PEANUTS (FOOD) (K) 1.15 .00 .03 1.12 .15 .98 1.63 13.54 .67 .87 10B. PEANUTS (OIL) (L) 1.15 .00 .02 1.09 .79 .30 .51 12.23 .00 1,38 11. EDIBLE OILS (EXCEPT SOY AND PEANUT) (M) .89 .00 .04 .85 .14 .71 1.19 28.74 .00 3.25 12. SUGAR .42 .03 .01 .44 .01 .43 .72 7.70 .00 .00 13. FRUIT (N) 2.44 .00 .01 2.43 .24 2.19 3.66 5.03 .04 .02 14. VEGETABLES (0) 62.31 NA NA 62.31 6.23 56.08 9 .7 6 3 411 7 VEGETABLE PRODUCTS SUBTOTAL 27RP 184 R 485 18.0 ANIMAL PRODUCTS (SUBTOTAL) 11.95 73.45 3.48 6.44 15. PORK, BEEF & MUTTON (N) 3.39 NA .03 3.36 .10 3.26 5.45 44.81 1.75 4.15 16, POULTRY MEAT (P) .54 .00 NA .54 .02 .53 .88 4.81 .38 .35 17. OTHER MEAT (P) .10 00 NA .10 .00 .09 .16 .54 .08 .02 18. FISH (0) 1.67 tA NA 1.67 .08 1. 9 2.65 4.58 .75 .15 19. EGGS .93 .00 .03 .90 .05 .6 1.43 5.69 .45 .40 20. MILK .58 .00 .00 .58 .03 .55 .92 1.60 .08 .09 21. ANIMAL FATS .32 . NA NA .32 .04 .28 .46 11.41 .00 1.27 TOTAL 282.75 1916.89 52.03 24.44 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (P) SEE ANNEX 2 FOR DETAILS OF THE DATA iOURCES, MODELS, AND ASSUMPTIONS USED TO COMPILE THIS TABLE. (E) COMPUTATION OF THE QUANTITY OF AVAILABLE FOOD NOT DIRECTLY UTILIZED AS FOOD IS SPECIFIED IN TABLE 11. PERCENTAGE LOSSES DUE TO SEED REQUIREMENTS, USE AS LIVESTOCK FEED, NONFOOD MANUFACTURING USES, WASTE, MILLING, AND PROCESSING ARE SPECIFIED IN TABLE 11 AND DISCUSSED IN ANNEX 2. (1) PER CAPITA FIGURES DERIVED FROM THE NATIONAL AVAILABILITY FIGURES (I.E., COLUMN F ABOVE) AND A MID-1952 POPULATION OF 598.2 MILLION. (l1 TOTAL GRAINS (AS DEFINED BY THE CHINESE GOVERNMENT INCLUDE RICE, WHEAT, CORN, SORGHUM, MILLET, TUBERS, SOYBEANS, PULSES, AND OTHER MINOR GRAINS (I.E., TOTAL GRAINS ARE THE SUN OF ROWS 1 THROUGH 9). (E) RICE PRODUCTION AND TRADE AND DOMESTIC SUPPLY FIGURES (COLUMNS I THROUGH IV) ARE EXPRESSED IN 'PADDY' WEIGHTS (WITH HUSK). DOMESTIC FOOD USE FIGURES (COLUMN VI) ARE WEIGHTS AFTER REMOVAL OF THE HUSK. (F) EXPRESSED AS GRAIN EQUIVALENT AT ONE FOURTH THE WET WEIGHT, (0) APPROXIMATELY 55% OF SOYBEAN PRODUCTION IS CONSUMED IN THE FORM OF SOYBEANS, SOY MILK, AND SOY CURD. (H1) APPROXIMATELY 45% OF SOYBEAN PRODUCTION IS PRESUMED TO BE CRUSHED FOR SOYBEAN OIL. THE PRODUCTION AND DOMESTIC SUPPLY FIGURES (COLUMNS I THROUGH IV) ARE EXPRESSED AS WHOLE SOYBEANS. TRADE AND DOMESTIC FOOD USE FIGURES (COLUMNS II, III, AND VI) EXPRESS SOYBEANS AS OIL EQUIVALENT. THE ENTRY UNDER NONFOOD AND WASTE (COLUMN V) PRIMARILY REPRESENTS SOYBEAN MEAL AFTER EXTRACTION OF THE OIL AND IS RECYCLED AS AN ANIMAL FOODSTUFF AND AS AN ORGANIC FERTILIZER. I-) PRODUCTION OF PULSES ARE ESTIMATED AS THE RESIDUAL BETWEEN TOTAL GRAIN PRODUCTION AND RICE, WHEAT, CORN, SORGHUM, MILLET, TUBERS, SOYBEANS, AND OTHER GRAINS (TOTAL GRAINS MINUS ROWS 1 THROUGH 9 AND ROW 9). AS SUCH, THE PULSES RESIDUAL INCLUDES BROAD BEANS, DRY BEANS, AND OTHER MINOR GRAINS. (J) OTHER GRAINS INCLUDES BARLEY AND OATS PRODUCTION AS ESTIMATED BY THE USDA (AGRICULTURAL SITUATION - PRC: REVIEW OF 1980 AND OUTLOOK FOR 1981, SUPPLEMENT 6 TO WAS-24, JUNE 1981, P. 20). () APPROXIMATELY 50% OF PEANUT PRODUCTION IS CONSUMED DIRECTLY AS PEANUTS. (L) APPROXIMATELY 50% OF PEANUT PRODUCTION IS CRUSHED FOR PEANUT OIL. ENTRIES FOR PEANUTS (OIL) ARE EXPRESSED IN WHOLE AND PROCESSED EQUIVALENTS AS SOYBEANS (OIL) ABOVE (SEE FOOTNOTE H). (if) EDIBLE OILS FROM COTTONSEED, RAPESEED, SESAME SEED, AND SUNFLOWER SEED. (if) FRUITS INCLUDE BANANAS (1%)q APPLES (41%), ORANGES (9%), PEARS (24%), GRAPES (2%), PINEAPPLES (1%), RED DATES (6%) AND PERSIMMON (9%). (o) VEGETABLES INCLUDE LEAFY VEGETABLES (60%), ROOT AND STEM CROPS (20%), AND FRUITING CROPS (20%). (P) MEAT PRODUCTION FIGURES (PORK, BEEF, MUTTON, POULTRY, RABBIT, AND OTHER LARGE ANIMALS) ARE EXPRESSED AS DRESSED WEIGHT. 0) FISH PRODUCTION FIGURES ARE EXPRESSED AS LIVEWEIGHT. ANNEX 1 - 48 - PAGE 4 CHINA 1953 FOOD BALANCE SHEET (A) (NATIONAL FIGURES IN MILLION METRIC TONS EXCEPT WHERE OTHERWISE NOTED) DOMESTIC USE(B) PER CAPITA SUPPLY (C) PRODUC- DOMESTIC NONFOOD KILOGRAMS ENERGY PROTEIN FAT COMMODITY TION IMPORTS EXPORTS SUPPLY I WASTE FOOD PER YEAR (KCAL) (GM) (GM) I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X CROP PRODUCTION TOTAL GRAINS(D) 166.83 1. RICE (E) 71.27 .00 .40 70.87 26.53 44.34 72.56 727.58 12.72 1.59 2. WHEAT 18.28 .02 .00 18.30 5.25 13.05 21.36 204.81 6.61 .88 6. TUBERS (F) 16.60 .00 .00 16,60 6.14 10.46 17.11 192.05 2.25 .47 78. SOYBEANS (FOR OIL) (8) 4.47 NA .02 4.30 3.87 .44 .71 17.28 .00 1.95 9. OTHER GRAINS (H) 56.21 .00 .00 56.00 20.67 35.33 57.81 567.63 20.59 6.34 10A. PEANUTS (FOOD) (I) 1.13 .00 .03 1.10 .15 .96 1.56 12.99 .64 .83 10B. PEANUTS (OIL) (J) 1.13 .00 .02 1.07 .77 .30 .48 11.73 .00 1.33 11. EDIBLE OILS (EXCEPT SOY AND PEANUT) (K) .83 .01 .10 .74 .13 .61 .99 24,06 .00 2.72 12, SUGAR .66 .00 .01 .65 .01 .64 1.05 11.18 .00 .00 13. FRUIT (L) 2,97 .00 .01 2.96 .30 2.66 4.36 6.00 .05 .02 14. VEGETABLES (M) 64.48 NA NA 64,48 6.45 58.04 94.97 68,17 4,16 .78 VEGETABLE PRODUCTS SUBTOTAL 272.97 1843.46 47.03 16.91 ANIMAL PRODUCTS (SUBTOTAL) 12.86 80.17 3.73 7.06 15. PORK, BEEF & MUTTON (N) 3.78 NA .02 3.76 .11 3.65 5.97 49.12 1.91 4.55 16* POULTRY MEAT (N) .56 .00 NA .56 .02 .54 .88 4.81 .38 .35 17. OTHER MEAT (N) .10 .00 NA .10 .00 .10 .16 .56 .08 .03 18. FISH (0) 1.90 NA NA 1.90 .09 1.80 2.95 5.10 .83 .17 19. EGGS .95 .00 *O3 .92 .05 .87 1.43 5.69 .45 .40 20. MILK .59 100 .00 .59 .03 .56 .92 1.60 .08 .09 21, ANIMAL FATS .38 NA NA .38 .05 .33 .54 13.30 .00 1.47 TOTAL 285.83 1923.63 50.76 23.97 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (A) SEE ANNEX 2 FOR DETAILS OF THE DATA SOURCES, MODELS, AND ASSUMPTIONS USED TO COMPILE THIS TABLE, (B) COMPUTATION OF THE QUANTITY OF AVAILABLE FOOD NOT DIRECTLY UTILIZED AS FOOD IS SPECIFIED IN TABLE 11. PERCENTAGE LOSSES DUE TO SEED REQUIREMENTS, USE AS LIVESTOCK FEED, NONFOOD MANUFACTURING USES, WASTE, MILLING, AND PROCESSING ARE SPECIFIED IN TABLE 11 AND DISCUSSED IN ANNEX 2. (C) PER CAPITA FIGURES DERIVED FROM THE NATIONAL AVAILABILITY FIGURES (I.E., COLUMN F ABOVE) AND A MID-1953 POPULATION OF 611.1 MILLION. (D) TOTAL GRAINS (AS DEFINED BY THE CHINESE GOVERNMENT INCLUDE RICE, WHEAT, CORN, SORGHUM, MILLET, TUBERS, SOYREANS, PULSES, AND OTHER MINOR GRAINS (I.E., TOTAL GRAINS ARE THE SUM OF ROWS I THROUGH 9). (E) RICE PRODUCTION AND TRADE AND DOMESTIC SUPPLY FIGURES (COLUMNS I THROUGH IV) ARE EXPRESSED IN 'PADDY' WEIGHTS (WITH HUSK). DOMESTIC FOOD USE FIGURES (COLUMN VI) ARE WEIGHTS AFTER REMOVAL OF THE HUSK. (F) EXPRESSED AS GRAIN EQUIVALENT AT ONE FOURTH THE WET WEIGHT. (6) APPROXIMATELY 45% OF SOYBEAN PRODUCTION IS PRESUMED TO BE CRUSHED FOR SOYBEAN OIL. THE PRODUCTION AND DOMESTIC SUPPLY FIGURES (COLUMNS I THROUGH IV) ARE EXPRESSED AS WHOLE SOYBEANS. TRADE AND DOMESTIC FOOD USE FIGURES (COLUMNS II, III, AND VI) EXPRESS SOYBEANS AS OIL EQUIVALENT. THE ENTRY UNDER NONFOOD AND WASTE (COLUMN V) PRIMARILY REPRESENTS SOYBEAN MEAL AFTER EXTRACTION OF THE OIL AND IS RECYCLED AS AN ANIMAL FOODSTUFF AND AS AN ORGANIC FERTILIZER. (H) OTHER GRAINS ARE THE RESIDUAL BETWEEN TOTAL GRAINS MINUS RICE AND WHEAT PRODUCTION (TOTAL GRAINS FIGURE MINUS PRODUCTION ENTRIES IN ROWS 1 AND 2). THE FIGURES PRESENTED ARE A COMPOSITE OF CORN (34%), SORGHUM (17%), MILLET (17%), SOYBEANS FOR FOOD (9%), PULSES (10%), AND BARLEY, OATS, AND OTHER MINOR GRAINS (13%). ENTRIES FOR DOMESTIC SUPPLY AND USE, AND NUTRIENT COMPOSITION FIGURES ARE ALSO COMPOSITE VALUES. TRADE ENTRIES ARE THE SUM OF UNWEIGHTED QUANTITIES OF COMMODITIES TRADED. (l) APPROXIMATELY 50% OF PEANUT PRODUCTION IS CONSUMED DIRECTLY AS PEANUTS. (J) APPROXIMATELY 5('% OF PEANUT PRODUCTION IS CRUSHED FOR PEANUT OIL. ENTRIES FOR PEANUTS (OIL) ARE EXPRESSED IN WHOLE AND PROCESSED EQUIVALENTS AS SOYBEANS (OIL) ABOVE (SEE FOOTNOTE H). (K) EDIBLE OILS FROM COTTONSEEDw RAPESEEI:, SESAME SEED, AND SUNFLOWER SEED. (L) FRUITS INCLUDE BANANAS (1%), APPLES (41%), ORANGES (9%), PEARS (24%), GRAPES (2%), PINEAPPLES (1%), RED DATES (6%) AND "ERSIMMO]N ;9%1, (M)- VEGETABLES INCLUDE LEAFY VEGETABLES (60%), ROOT AND STEM CROPS (20%), AND FRUITING CROPS (20%). (N) MEAT PRODUCTION FIGURES (PORK, BEEF, MUTTON, POULTRY, RABBIT, AND OTHER LARGE ANIMALS) ARE EXPRESSED AS DRESSED WEIGHT. (0) FISH PRODUCTION FIGURES ARE EXPRESSED AS LIVEWEIGHT. ANNEX I -49 - PAGE 5 CHINA 1954 FOOD BALANCE SHEET (A) (NATIONAL FIGURES IN MILLION METRIC TONS EXCEPT WHERE OTHERWISE NOTED) ------------- ------------------------------------------------- -- ---------------------------------------- I-------------------------------------------------------------------- DOMESTIC USE(B) PER CAPITA SUPPLY (C) PRODUC- DOMESTIC NONFOOD KILOGRAMS ENERGY PROTEIN FAT COMMODITY TION IAPORTS EXPORTS SUPPLY I WASTE FOOD PER YEAR (KCAL) (GM) (GM) I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X ----------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------ ------------------ CROP PRODUCTION TOTAL GRAINS(D) 168.51 1. RICE (E) 70.85 .00 .43 70.42 26.36 44.06 70.53 707.22 12.37 1.5 2. WHEAT 23.33 .02 .00 23.35 6.70 16.65 26.66 255.63 8.25 1.10 6. TUBERS (F) 17.00 .00 .00 17.00 6.29 10.71 17.14 192.39 2.25 .47 7R. SOYBEANS (FOR OIL) (6) 4.09 NA .00 4.09 3.67 .42 .67 16.14 .00 1.83 9. OTHER GRAINS (H) 53.24 .00 .00 53.01 19.57 33.44 53.53 525.63 19,07 5.87 1')A. PEAMUTS (FOOD) (I) 1,26 .00 .02 1.24 .16 1008 1.73 14.36 .71 .92 1B. PEANUTS (OIL) (J) 1.26 .00 .01 1.23 .89 .34 Zl 1.27 .00 1.50 It. EDIBLE OILS (EXCEPT SOY AND PEANUT) (K) .86 .03 .02 .87 .13 .74 1.18 28.59 .00 3.23 12. SUGAR .83 .08 .01 .90 .02 .88 1.42 15.08 .00 .00 15. FRUIT (L) 2.98 .00 .03 2.95 .29 2.65 4.25 5.85 .05 .02 I. VEGETABLES (M) 66.90 NA NA 66.90 6.69 60.21 96.39 69.19 4.23 .79 VEGETABLE PRODUCTS SUBTOTAL 274.04 1843.36 46.92 17.27 ANINkL PRODUCTS (SUBTOTAL) 13.70 84.11 3.98 7.38 15. PORKY BEEF & MUTTON (N) 4.07 .00 .03 4.04 .12 3.92 6.27 51.55 2.01 4.77 16. POULTRY MEAT (N) .57 .00 'NA .57 .02 .55 .88 4.80 .38 .35 17. OTHER MEAT (N) .10 .00 NA .10 .00 .10 .16 .57 .08 .03 13. FISH (0) 2.29 NA m 2,29 .11 2.18 3,48 6.01 .98 .20 19. EGGS .97 .00 .03 .94 .05 .89 1.43 5.68 .45 .40 20. MILK .60 .00 .00 .60 .03 .57 .92 1.59 .08 .09 21. ANIMAL FATS .40 .00 NA .40 .05 .35 .56 13.91 .00 1.54 TOTAL 287.75 1927.47 50.90 24.66 (A) SEE ANEX 2 FOR DETAILS OF THE DATA SOURCES, MODELS, AND ASSUMPTIONS USED TO COMPILE THIS TABLE. (B) COMPUTATION OF THE QUANTITY OF AVAILABLE FOOD NOT DIRECTLY UTILIZED AS FOOD IS SPECIFIED IN TABLE 11. PERCENTAGE LOSSES DUE TO SEED REQUIREMENTSr USE AS LIVESTOCK FEED, NONFOOD MANUFACTURING USES, WASTE, MILLING, AND PROCESSING ARE SPECIFIED IN TABLE 11 AND DISCUSSED IN ANNEX 2. (C) PER CAPITA FIGURES DERIVED FROM THE NATIONAL AVAILABILITY FIGURES (I.E., COLUMN F ABOVE) AND A MID-1954 POPULATION OF 624.7 MILLION. (D) TOTAL GRAINS (AS DEFINED BY THE CHINESE GOVERNMENT INCLUDE RICE, WHEAT, CORN, SORGHUM, MILLET, TUBERS, SOYBEANS, PULSES, AND OTHER MINOR GRAINS (I.E., TOTAL GRAINS ARE THE SUN OF ROWS 1 THROUGH 9). (E) RICE PRODUCTION AND TRADE AND DOMESTIC SUPPLY FIGURES (COLUMNS I THROUGH IV) ARE EXPRESSED IN 'PADDY' WEIGHTS (WITH HUSK). DOMESTIC FOOD USE FIGURES (COLUMN VI) ARE WEIGHTS AFTER REMOVAL OF THE HUSK. (F) EXPRESSED AS GRAIN EQUIVALENT AT ONE FOURTH THE WET WEIGHT, (G) APPROXIMATELY 45% OF SOYBEAN PRODUCTION IS PRESUMED TO BE CRUSHED FOR SOYBEAN OIL. THE PRODUCTION AND DOMESTIC SUPPLY FIGURES. (COLUMNS I THROUGH IV) ARE EXPRESSED AS WHOLE SOYBEANS. TRADE AND DOMESTIC FOOD USE FIGURES (COLUMNS II, III, AND VI) EXPRESS SOYBEANS AS OIL EQUIVALENT. THE ENTRY UNDER NONFOOD AND WASTE (COLUMN V) PRIMARILY REPRESENTS SOYBEAN MEAL AFTER EXTRACTION OF THE OIL AND IS RECYCLED AS AN ANIMAL FOODSTUFF AND AS AN ORGANIC FERTILIZER. (H) OTHER GRAINS ARE THE RESIDUAL BETWEEN TOTAL GRAINS MINUS RICE AND WHEAT PRODUCTION (TOTAL GRAINS FIGURE MINUS PRODUCTION ENTRIES IN ROWS 1 AND 2). THE FIGURES PRESENTED ARE A COMPOSITE OF CORN (34%), SORGHUM (17%), MILLET (17%), SOYBEANS FOR FOOD (9%)t PULSES (10%), AND BARLEY, OATS, AND OTHER MINOR GRAINS (13%). ENTRIES FOR DOMESTIC SUPPLY AND USE, AND NUTRIENT COMPOSITION FIGURES ARE ALSO COMPOSITE VALUES. TRADE ENTRIES ARE THE SUM OF UNWEIGHTED QUANTITIES OF COMMODITIES TRADED. (1) APPROXIMATELY 50% OF PEANUT PRODUCTION IS CONSUMED DIRECTLY AS PEANUTS. (J) APPROXIMATELY 50% OF PEANUT PRODUCTION IS CRUSHED FOR PEANUT OIL. ENTRIES FOR PEANUTS (OIL) ARE EXPRESSED IN WHOLE AND PROCESSED EQUIVALENTS AS SOYBEANS (OIL) ABOVE (SEE FOOTNOTE H). (K) EDIBLE OILS FROM COTTONSEED, RAPESEED, SESAME SEED, AND SUNFLOWER SEED. (L) FRUITS INCLUDE BANANAS (1%), APPLES (41%), ORANGES (9%), PEARS (24%), GRAPES (2%)p PINEAPPLES (1%), RED DATES (6%) AND PERSIMMON (9%). (M) VEGETABLES INCLUDE LEAFY VEGETABLES (60%), ROOT AND STEM CROPS (20%), AND FRUITING CROPS (20%). (N) MEAT PRODUCTION FIGURES (PORK, BEEF? MUTTON, POULTRYr RABBIT, AND OTHER LARGE ANIMALS) ARE EXPRESSED AS DRESSED WEIGHT, (0) FISH PRODUCTION FIGURES ARE EXPRESSED AS LIVEWEIGHT. ANNEX 1 5 0 -------- PAGE 6 CHINA 1955 FOOD BALANCE SHEET (A) (NATIONAL FIGURES IN MILLION METRIC TONS EXCEPT WHERE OTHERWISE NOTED) DOMESTIC USE(B) PER CAPITA SUPPLY (C) PRODUC- DOMESTIC NONFOOD KILOGRAMS ENERGY PROTEIN FAT COMMODITY TION IMPORTS EXPORTS SUPPLY I WASTE FOOD PER YEAR (KCAL) (GM) (GM) I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X CROP PRODUCTION TOTAL GRAINS(D) 183.93 1. RICE (E) 78402 .24 .92 77.33 28.95 48.38 75.82 760,32 13.30 1.66 2. WHEAT 22.96 .00 .03 22.93 6.58 16.35 25.62 245.70 7.93 1405 6. TUBERS (F) 18.90 .00 .00 18.90 6.99 11.91 18.66 209.40 2.45 .51 7B. SOYBEANS (FOR OIL) (G) 4410 NA .00 4.10 3.69 .42 i66 15.87 .00 1l80 9. OTHER GRAINS (H) 59.95 .00 .00 58.88 21.77 37,11 58.15 571.02 20.71 6.37 10A. PEANUTS (FOOD) (I) 1.42 .00 .23 1.19 .18 1.01 1.58 13.14 .65 .84 10B. PEANUTS (OIL) (J) 1.42 .00 .01 1.39 1.00 .38 .60 14.61 .00 1.65 11. EDIBLE OILS (EXCEPT SOY AND PEANUT) (K) 1.02 .01 .04 .99 .17 .82 1.29 31.14 .00 3.52 12. SUGAR .86 .09 .00 .95 .02 .93 1.46 15.55 .00 .00 13. FRUIT (L) 3.10 .00 .10 3.00 .30 2.70 4.23 5.82 .05 .02 14. VEGETABLES (M) 69.59 NA NA 69.59 6.96 62.63 98.15 70.45 4.30 .81 VEGETABLE PRODUCTS SUBTOTAL 286.23 1953.02 49.39 18.24 ANIMAL PRODUCTS (SUBTOTAL) 13.17 78.33 3.79 6.83 15. PORK, BEEF & MUTTON (N) 3.62 .00 .04 3.58 .11 3.48 5.45 44.82 1.75 4,15 16. POULTRY MEAT (N) .58 .00 NA .58 .02 .56 .88 4.79 .38 .35 17. OTHER MEAT (N) .11 .00 NA .11 .00 .11 .17 .58 .08 .03 18. FISH (0) 2.52 NA NA 2.52 .13 2.19 3.75 6,48 1.06 .22 19. EGGS .99 .00 .. .96 .05 . 1 1.43 5.67 .45 .40 20. MILK *62 .00 .00 .62 .03 .58 .92 1,59 .08 .09 21. ANIMAL FATS .43 .00 .00 .43 .06 .37 .58 14.41 .00 1.60 TOTAL 299,40 2031.36 53.18 25,07 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (A) SEE ANNEX 2 FOR DETAILS OF THE DATA SOURCES, MODELS, AND ASSUMPTIONS USED TO COMPILE THIS TABLE. (B) COMPUTATION OF THE QUANTITY OF AVAILABLE FOOD NOT DIRECTLY UTILIZED AS FOOD IS SPECIFIED IN TABLE 11. PERCENTAGE LOSSES DUE TO SEED REQUIREMENTSr USE AS LIVESTOCK FEED, NONFOOD MANUFACTURING USES, WASTE, MILLING, AND PROCESSING ARE SPECIFIED IN TABLE 11 AND DISCUSSED IN ANNEX 2. (C) PER CAPITA FIGURES DERIVED FROM THE NATIONAL AVAILABILITY FIGURES (I.E., COLUMN F ABOVE) AND A MID-1955 POPULATION OF 638.1 MILLION. (D) TOTAL GRAINS (AS DEFINED BY THE CHINESE GOVERNMENT INCLUDE RICE, WHEAT, CORN, SORGHUM, MILLETP TUBERS, SOYBEANSi PULSES, AND OTHER MINOR GRAINS (I.E., TOTAL GRAINS ARE THE SUM OF ROWS 1 THROUGH 9). (E) RICE PRODUCTION AND TRADE AND DOMESTIC SUPPLY FIGURES (COLUMNS I THROUGH IV) ARE EXPRESSED IN 'PADDY' WEIGHTS (WITH HUSK). DOMESTIC FOOD USE FIGURES (COLUMN VI) ARE WEIGHTS AFTER REMOVAL OF THE HUSK. (F) EXPRESSED AS GRAIN EQUIVALENT AT ONE FOURTH THE WET WEIGHT. (G) APPROXIMATELY 45% OF SOYBEAN PRODUCTION IS PRESUMED TO BE CRUSHED FOR SOYBEAN OIL. THE PRODUCTION AND DOMESTIC SUPPLY FIGURES (COLUMNS I THROUGH IV) ARE EXPRESSED AS WHOLE SOYBEANS. TRADE AND DOMESTIC FOOD USE FIGURES (COLUMNS II, III, AND VI) EXPRESS SOYBEANS AS OIL EQUIVALENT. THE ENTRY UNDER NONFOOD AND WASTE (COLUMN V) PRIMARILY REPRESENTS SOYBEAN MEAL AFTER EXTRACTION OF THE OIL AND IS RECYCLED AS AN ANIMAL FOODSTUFF AND AS AN ORGANIC FERTILIZER. (H) OTHER GRAINS ARE THE RESIDUAL BETWEEN TOTAL GRAINS MINUS RICE AND WHEAT PRODUCTION (TOTAL GRAINS FIGURE MINUS PRODUCTION ENTRIES IN ROWS 1 AND 2). THE FIGURES PRESENTED ARE A COMPOSITE OF CORN (34%), SORGHUM (17%), MILLET (17%), SOYBEANS FOR FOOD (9%), PULSES (10%), AND BARLEY, OATS, AND OTHER MINOR GRAINS (13%). ENTRIES FOR DOMESTIC SUPPLY AND USE, AND NUTRIENT COMPOSITION FIGURES ARE ALSO COMPOSITE VALUES, TRADE ENTRIES ARE THE SUM OF UNWEIGHTED QUANTITIES OF COMMODITIES TRADED. (1 APPROXIMATELY 50% OF PEANUT PRODUCTION IS CONSUMED DIRECTLY AS PEANUTS. (J) APPROXIMATELY 50% OF PEANUT PRODUCTION IS CRUSHED FOR PEANUT OIL. ENTRIES FOR PEANUTS (OIL) ARE EXPRESSED IN WHOLE AND PROCESSED EQUIVALENTS AS SOYBEANS (OIL) ABOVE (SEE FOOTNOTE H). (K) EDIBLE OILS FROM COTTONSEEP, RAPESEED, SESAME SEED, AND SUNFLOWER SEED. (L) FRUITS INCLUDE BANANAS (1%), APPLES (41%), ORANGES (9%), PEARS (24%), GRAPES (2%), PINEAPPLES (1%), RED DATES (6%) AND PERSIMMON (9%). !M) VEGETABLES INCLUDE LEAFf VEGETABLES (60%)p ROOT AND STEM CROPS (20%), AND FRUITING CROPS (20%). (N) MEAT PRODUCTION FIGURES (PORK, BEEF, MUTTONi POULTRYY RABBIT, AND OTHER LARGE ANIMALS) ARE EXPRESSED AS DRESSED WEIGHT, (0) FISH PRODUCTION FIGURES ARE EXPRESSED AS LIVEWEIGHT. ANNEX I - 51 - PAGE 7 CHINA 1956 FOOD BALANCE SHEET (A) (NATIONAL FIGURES IN MILLION METRIC TONS EXCEPT WHERE OTHERWISE NOTED) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- DOMESTIC USE(B) PER CAPITA SUPPLY (C) PRODUC- DOMESTIC NONFOOD KILOGRAMS ENERGY PROTEIN FAT COMMODITY TION IMPORTS EXPORTS SUPPLY A WASTE FOOD PER YEAR (KCAL) (GM) (GM) I Il III IV V VI VII VIII IX X ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ CROP PRODUCTION TOTAL GRAINS(D) 192.74 1. RICE (E) 82.48 .13 1.48 81.14 30.39 50.75 77.96 781.76 13.67 1.71 2. WHEAT 24.80 .00 .07 24.73 7.10 17,63 27.08 259.69 8.38 1.11 6. TUBERS (F) 21.80 .00 .00 21.80 8.07 13.73 21.10 236.75 2.77 .58 7B, SOYBEANS (FOR OIL) (6) 4.60 NA .00 4.60 4.13 .47 .72 17.45 .00 1.97 9. ITHER GRAINS (H) 59.06 .00 .01 58.01 21.45 36.56 56,16 551.44 20.00 6.15 10A, PEANUTS (FOOD) (I) 1.49 .00 .24 1.25 .19 1.07 1.64 13.60 .67 .87 108. PEANUTS (OIL) (J) 1.49 .00 .01 1.46 1.06 .41 .62 15.11 .00 1.71 1 IB 1.05 .00 .04 1.01 .17 .84 1.29 31.29 .00 3.54 12. SUGAR .92 .11 .00 1.03 .02 1.01 1.54 16.47 .00 .00 13. FRUIT (L) 3.07 .00 .13 2.94 .29 2.65 4.06 5.59 .04 .02 14. VEGETABLES (M) 72.16 NA NA 72.16 7.22 64.94 99.76 71.61 4.37 .82 VEGETABLE PRODUCTS SUBTOTAL 291,94 2000,75 49.92 18.49 ANIMAL PRODUCTS (SUBTOTAL) 12.71 72.61 3.66 6.26 15. PORK, BEEF A MUTTON (N) 3.51 .00 .17 3.34 .10 3.24 4.98 40.94 1.60 3.79 16. POULTRY MEAT (N) .59 .00 NA .59 .02 .57 .88 4.79 .38 .35 17. OTHER MEAT (N) .11 .00 NA .11 .00 .11 .16 .57 .08 .03 18. FISH (0) 2.65 NA NA 2.65 .13 2.52 3.87 6.67 1.09 .22 19. EGGS 1.01 .00 .05 .96 .05 .91 1.40 5.56 .44 .39 20. MILK .63 .00 .00 .63 .03 .60 .92 1.59 .08 .09 21. ANIMAL FATS .38 .00 .00 .38 .05 .33 .51 12.48 .00 1.38 TOTAL 304.65 2073.37 53.59 24.75 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (A) SEF ANNEX 2 FOR DETAILS OF THE DATA SOURCES, MODELS, AND ASSUMPTIONS USED TO COMPILE THIS TABLE. (B) COPUTATION OF THE QUANTITY OF AVAILABLE: FOOD NOT DIRECTLY UTILIZED AS FOOD IS SPECIFIED IN TABLE 11. PERCENTAGE LOSSES DUE TO SEED REQUIREMENTSY USE AS LIVESTOCK FEED, NONFOOD MANUFACTURING USES, WASTE, MILLING, AND PROCESSING ARE SPECIFIED IN TABLE 11 AND DISCUSSED IN ANNEX 2. (C) PEI: CAPITA FIGURES DERIVED FROM THE NATIONAL AVAILABILITY FIGURES (I.E., COLUMN F ABOVE) AND A MID-1956 POPULATION OF 651.0 MILLION. (1) TOAAL GRAINS (AS DEFINED BY THE CHINESE GOVERNMENT INCLUDE RICE, WHEAT, CORN, SORGHUM, MILLET, TUBERS, SOYBEANS, PULSES, AND OTHER MINOR GRAINS (I.E., TOTAL GRAINS ARE THE SUM OF ROWS I THROUGH 9)s (E) RI1E PRODUCTION AND TRADE AND DOMESTIC SUPPLY FIGURES (COLUMNS I THROUGH IV) ARE EXPRESSED IN 'PADDY' WEIGHTS (WITH HUSK). DOHESTIC FOOD USE FIGURES (COLUMN VI) ARE WEIGHTS AFTER REMOVAL OF THE HUSK. (F) EXPRESSED AS GRAIN EQUIVALENT AT ONE FOURTH THE WET WEIGHT. (0) APPROXIMATELY 45% OF SOYBEAN PRODUCTION IS PRESUMED TO BE CRUSHED FOR SOYBEAN OIL. THE PRODUCTION AND DOMESTIC SUPPLY FI1URES (COLUMNS I THROUGH IV) ARE EXPRESSED AS WHOLE SOYBEANS. TRADE AND DOMESTIC FOOD USE FIGURES (COLUMNS II, III, AND VI) EXPRESS SOYBEANS AS OIL EQUIVALENT. THE ENTRY UNDER NONFOOD AND WASTE (COLUMN V) PRIMARILY REPRESENTS SOYBEAN HEAL AFtER EXTRACTION OF THE OIL AND IS RECYCLED AS AN ANIMAL FOODSTUFF AND AS AN ORGANIC FERTILIZER. (H) OTHER GRAINS ARE THE RESIDUAL BETWEEN TOTAL GRAINS MINUS RICE AND WHEAT PRODUCTION (TOTAL GRAINS FIGURE MINUS PRODUCTION EN-RIES IN ROWS 1 AND 2), THE FIGURES PRESENTED ARE A COMPOSITE OF CORN (34%), SORGHUM (17%), MILLET (17%), SO'BEANS FOR FOOD (9%), PULSES (10%), AND BARLEY, OATS, AND OTHER MINOR GRAINS (132). ENTRIES FOR DOMESTIC SUPPLY AND USE, AND NUTRIENT COMPOSITION FIGURES ARE ALSO COMPOSITE VALUES. TRADE ENTRIES ARE THE SUM OF UNWEIGHTED QUANTITIES OF COMODITIES TRADED. (I) APPROXIMATELY 50% OF PEANUT PRODUCTION IS CONSUMED DIRECTLY AS PEANUTS, (J) APPROXIMATELY 50% OF PEANUT PRODUCTION IS CRUSHED FOR PEANUT OIL. ENTRIES FOR PEANUTS (OIL) ARE EXPRESSED IN WHOLE AND PROCESSED EQUIVALENTS AS SOYBEANS (OIL) ABOVE (SEE FOOTNOTE H). (K) EDIBLE OILS FROM COTTONSEED RAPESEEDP SESAME SEED, AND SUNFLOWER SEED. (L) FRuITS INCLUDE BANANAS (1%)p APPLES (412), ORANGES (9%), PEARS (241)r GRAPES (2%), PINEAPPLES (11)t RED DATES (6%) AND PERSIMMON (9%). (M) VEGETABLES INCLUDE LEAFY VEGETABLES (602), ROOT AND STEM CROPS (20%), AND FRUITING CROPS (20%). (N) ME&T PRODUCTION FIGURES (PORK, BEEFr MUTTONr POULTRY, RABBIT, AND OTHER LARGE ANIMALS) ARE EXPRESSED AS DRESSED WEIGHT. (0) FIMH PRODUCTION FIGURES ARE EXPRESSED AS LIVEWEIGHT. ANNEX 1 PAGE 8 CHINA 1957 FOOD BALANCE SHEET (A) (NATIONAL FIGURES IN MILLION METRIC TONS EXCEPT WHERE OTHERWISE NOTED) ---------------------------- ---- -- ----------------------------- DOMESTIC USE(B) PER CAPITA SUPPLY (C) PRODUC- DOMESTIC NONFOOD KILOGRAMS ENERGY PROTEIN FAT COMMODITY TION IMPORTS EXPORTS SUPPLY I WASTE FOOD PER YEAR (KCAL) (GM) (GM) I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X CROP PRODUCTION TOTAL GRAINS(D) 195.04 1. RICE (E) 86.77 .16 .73 86.20 32.27 53.94 81.11 813.28 14.22 1.78 2. WHEAT 23.64 .00 .00 23,64 6,78 16.86 25.35 243,10 7.85 1.04 3. CORN 21.45 .03 .01 21,47 8.67 12.80 19.24 190,86 4.75 1.79 4. SORGHUM 7.65 .00 .00 7.65 3.24 4.41 6.63 64.81 1.38 .44 5. MILLET 8.55 .00 .00 8.55 3.93 4.62 6.94 67.34 2.02 .30 6. TUBERS (F) 21.90 .00 .00 21,90 8.10 13.80 20.75 232,83 2.73 .57 7A. SOYBEANS (FOR FOOD) (6) 5.53 .00 .97 4.56 .80 3.76 5.65 61.92 5,43 2,74 78. SOYBEANS (FOR OIL) (H) 4.52 NA .00 4.52 4.06 .46 .69 16.78 .00 1.90 8. PULSES (I) 7.98 .00 .09 7.89 1.03 6.86 10.31 94.30 6.61 .37 9. OTHER GRAINS (J) 7.05 .00 .01 7.04 3.10 3.94 5.93 56.23 1.59 .29 10A. PEANUTS (FOOD) (K) 1.28 .00 .16 1.12 .16 .96 1.45 12.02 .59 .77 108. PEANUTS (OIL) (L) 1.28 .00 .02 1.22 .88 .34 .51 12.32 .00 1.39 11. EDIBLE OILS (EXCEPT SOY AND PEANUT) (N) .97 .01 .02 .96 .18 .78 1.17 28.41 .00 3.21 12. SUGAR .80 .07 .01 .86 .02 .85 1.27 13.57 .00 .00 13. FRUIT (N) 3.25 .00 .16 3.09 .31 2.78 4.18 5.75 .05 .02 14. VEGETABLES (0) 74.80 NA NA 74.80 7.48 67.32 10123 72,67 4.44 .83 VEGETABLE PRODUCTS SUBTOTAL 292.42 1986,19 51.65 17.45 ANIMAL PRODUCTS (SUBTOTAL) 13.93 78.42 4.04 6.72 15. PORK, BEEF I MUTTON (N) 3.99 .00 .11 3.88 .12 3.76 5.66 46.55 1.81 4.31 16. POULTRY MEAT (P) .60 .00 NA .60 .02 .58 *88 4.78 .38 .35 17. OTHER NEAT (P) .11 .00 .11 .00 .11 .16 .55 .08 .02 18. FISH (0) 3.12 NA 3.12 .16 2.96 4,46 7.69 1.26 .26 19. EGGS 1.03 .00 .06 .97 .05 .92 1.38 5,50 .44 .39 20. MILK .64 .00 .00 .64 .03 .61 .91 1.59 .08 .09 21. ANIMAL FATS .36 .00 .00 .36 .05 .32 .48 11.75 .00 1.30 TOTAL 306.34 2064.61 55.69 24.17 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ (A) SEE ANNEX 2 FOR DETAILS OF THE DATA SOURCES, MODELS, AND ASSUMPTIONS USED TO COMPILE THIS TABLE, (B) COMPUTATION OF THE QUANTITY OF AVAILABLE FOOD NOT DIRECTLY UTILIZED AS FOOD IS SPECIFIED IN TABLE 11. PERCENTAGE LOSSES DUE TO SEED REQUIREMENTS, USE AS LIVESTOCK FEED, NONFOOD MANUFACTURING USES, WASTE, MILLING, AND PROCESSING ARE SPECIFIED IN TABLE 11 AND DISCUSSED IN ANNEX 2. (C) PER CAPITA FIGURES DERIVED FROM THE NATIONAL AVAILABILITY FIGURES (I.E., COLUMN F ABOVE) AND A MID-1957 POPULATION OF 665.0 MILLION. (D) TOTAL GRAINS (AS DEFINED BY THE CHINESE GOVERNMENT INCLUDE RICE, WHEAT, CORN, SORGHUM, MILLET, TUBERS, SOYBEANS, PULSES, AND OTHER MINOR GRAINS (I.E., TOTAL GRAINS ARE THE SUN OF ROWS 1 THROUGH 9). (E) RICE PRODUCTION AND TRADE AND DOMESTIC SUPPLY FIGURES (COLUMNS I THROUGH IV) ARE EXPRESSED IN 'PADDY' WEIGHTS (WITH HUSK). DOMESTIC FOOD USE FIGURES (COLUMN VI) ARE WEIGHTS AFTER REMOVAL OF THE HUSK. (F) EXPRESSED AS GRAIN EQUIVALENT AT ONE FOURTH THE WET WEIGHT. (0) APPROXIMATELY 55% OF SOYBEAN PRODUCTION IS CONSUMED IN THE FORM OF SOYBEANSP SOY MILK, AND SOY CURD. (H) APPROXIMATELY 45% OF SOYBEAN PRODUCTION IS PRESUMED TO BE CRUSHED FOR SOYBEAN OIL. THE PRODUCTION AND DOMESTIC SUPPLY FIGURES (COLUMNS I THROUGH IV) ARE EXPRESSED AS WHOLE SOYBEANS, TRADE AND DOMESTIC FOOD USE FIGURES (COLUMNS II, III, AND VI) EXPRESS SOYBEANS AS OIL EQUIVALENT. THE ENTRY UNDER NONFOOD AND WASTE (COLUMN V) PRIMARILY REPRESENTS SOYBEAN MEAL AFTER EXTRACTION OF THE OIL AND IS RECYCLED AS AN ANIMAL FOODSTUFF AND AS AN ORGANIC FERTILIZER. (I) PRODUCTION OF PULSES ARE ESTIMATED AS THE RESIDUAL BETWEEN TOTAL GRAIN PRODUCTION AND RICE, WHEAT, CORN, SORGHUM, MILLET, TUBERS, SOYBEANS, AND OTHER GRAINS (TOTAL GRAINS MINUS ROWS 1 THROUGH 9 AND ROW 9). AS SUCH, THE PULSES RESIDUAL INCLUDES BROAD BEANS, DRY BEANS, AND OTHER MINOR GRAINS. (J) OTHER GRAINS INCLUDES BARLEY AND OATS PRODUCTION AS ESTIMATED BY THE USDA (AGRICULTURAL SITUATION - PRC: REVIEW OF 1980 AND OUTLOOK FOR 1981, SUPPLEMENT 6 TO WAS-24, JUNE 1981, P. 20). (K) APPROXIMATELY 50% OF PEANUT PRODUCTION IS CONSUMED DIRECTLY AS PEANUTS. (L) APPROXIMATELY 50% OF PEANUT PRODUCTION IS CRUSHED FOR PEANUT OIL. ENTRIES FOR PEANUTS (OIL) ARE EXPRESSED IN WHOLE AND PROCESSED EQUIVALENTS AS SOYBEANS (OIL) ABOVE (SEE FOOTNOTE H). (M) EDIBLE OILS FROM COTTONSEED, RAPESEED, SESAME SEED, AND SUNFLOWER SEED. (N) FRUITS INCLUDE BANANAS (1%)p APPLES (41%), ORANGES (9%), PEARS (24%), GRAPES (2%), PINEAPPLES (1%), RED DATES (6%) AND PERSIMMON (9%). (0) VEGETABLES INCLUDE LEAFY VEGETABLES (60%), ROOT AND STEM CROPS (20%), AND FRUITING CROPS (20%). (P) MEAT PRODUCTION FIGURES (PORK, BEEF, MUTTON, POULTRY, RABBIT, AND OTHER LARGE ANIMALS) ARE EXPRESSED AS DRESSED WEIGHT. (0) FISH PRODUCTION FIGURES ARE EXPRESSED AS LIVEWEIGHT. ANNEX 1 - 53- - PAGE 9 CHINA 1958 FOOD BALANCE SHEET (A) (NATIONAL FIGURES IN MILLION METRIC TONS EXCEPT WHERE OTHERWISE NOTED) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ DOMESTIC USE(B) PER CAPITA SUPPLY (C) PRODUC- DOMESTIC NONFOOD KILOGRAMS ENERGY PROTEIN FAT COMMODITY TION IMPORTS EXPORTS SUPPLY & WASTE FOOD PER YEAR (KCAL) (GM) (GM) I II III IV V VI VII VIll IX X CROP PRODUCTION TOT4L GRAINS(D) 200.00 1. RICE (E) 80.85 .01 1.89 78.97 29.58 49.39 72.87 730.67 12.78 1.60 2. WHEAT 22.58 .13 .01 22.70 6.50 16.20 23.90 229,17 7.40 .98 7B. SOYBEANS (FOR OIL) (F) 4.25 NA .00 4.25 3.82 .43 .64 15.48 .00 1.75 9. OTHER GRAINS (6) 92.32 .00 .01 91.27 34.73 56.54 83.42 846.50 25.37 6.63 104. PEANUTS (FOOD) (H) 1.40 .00 .06 1.34 .18 1.16 1.71 14.22 .70 .91 103. PEANUTS (OIL) (I) 1.40 .00 .02 1.34 .97 .37 .55 13.25 .00 1.50 11. EDIBLE OILS (EXCEPT SOY AND PEANUT) (J) 1.12 .00 .04 1.08 .22 .86 1.28 30.89 .00 3.49 12. SUGAR 1.40 .22 .11 1.51 .03 1.48 2.19 23.31 .00 .00 13. FRUIT (K) 3.26 .00 .22 3.04 .30 2.74 4.04 5.55 .04 .02 14. VEGETABLES (L) 74.26 NA NA 74.26 7.43 66.83 98.60 70.78 4.32 .81 VEGETABLE PRODUCTS SUBTOTAL 289.18 1979.80 50.61 17.69 ANIMAL PRODUCTS (SUBTOTAL) 14.60 92.10 4.18 8.17 15. PORr BEEF & MUTTON (N) 4.84 .00 .23 4,61 .14 4.47 6.60 54.28 2.12 5.03 16. ULTRY NEAT (M) .61 .00 NA .61 .02 .60 .88 4.79 .38 .35 1. OTHER MEAT (M) .11 .00 NA .11 .00 .10 .15 .53 .07 .02 16. FISH (N) 2.81 NA 1A 2.81 .14 2.67 3.94 6,80 1.11 .23 15. EGGS 1,05 .00 .08 .97 .05 .92 1.36 5.40 .43 .38 2C. MILK .65 .00 .00 .65 .03 .62 .91 1.59 .08 .09 21. ANIMAL FATS .59 .00 .00 .59 .08 .51 .76 18.72 .00 2.08 TOTAL 303.78 2071.90 54.80 25.87 (A) SEE ANNEX 2 FOR DETAILS OF THE DATA SOURCES, MODELS, AND ASSUMPTIONS USED TO COMPILE THIS TABLE. (B) COMPUTATION OF THE QUANTITY OF AVAILAPLE FOOD NOT DIRECTLY UTILIZED AS FOOD IS SPECIFIED IN TABLE 11. PERCENTAGE LOSSES IUE TO SEED REQUIREMENTSt USE AS LIVESTOCK FEED, NONFOOD MANUFACTURING USES, WASTE, MILLING, AND PROCESSING ARE SPECIFIED IN TABLE 11 AND DISCUSSED IN ANNEX 2. (C) FER CAPITA FIGURES DERIVED FROM THE NATIONAL AVAILABILITY FIGURES (I.E., COLUMN F ABOVE) AND A MID-1958 POPULATION OF 677.8 MILLION. (D) 10TAL GRAINS (AS DEFINED BY THE CHINESE GOVERNMENT INCLUDE RICE, WHEAT, CORN, SORGHUM, MILLET, TUBERS, SOYBEANS, PULSES, OND OTHER MINOR GRAINS (I.E., TOTAL GRAINS ARE THE SUM OF ROWS 1 THROUGH 9). (E) FICE PRODUCTION AND TRADE AND DOMESTIC SUPPLY FIGURES (COLUMNS I THROUGH IV) ARE EXPRESSED IN 'PADDY' WEIGHTS (WITH HUSK). OMESTIC FOOD USE FIGURES (COLUMN VI) ARE WEIGHTS AFTER REMOVAL OF THE HUSK. (F) OPPROXIMATELY 45% OF SOYBEAN PRODUCTION IS PRESUMED TO BE CRUSHED FOR SOYBEAN OIL. THE PRODUCTION AND DOMESTIC SUPPLY FIGURES (COLUMNS I THROUGH IV) ARE EXPRESSED AS WHOLE SOYBEANS, TRADE AND DOMESTIC FOOD USE FIGURES (COLUMNS II, III, AND %I) EXPRESS SOYBEANS AS OIL EQUIVALENT. THE ENTRY UNDER NONFOOD AND WASTE (COLUMN V) PRIMARILY REPRESENTS SOYBEAN MEAL OFTER EXTRACTION OF THE OIL AND IS RECYCLED AS AN ANIMAL FOODSTUFF AND AS AN ORGANIC FERTILIZER. (6) (THER GRAINS ARE THE RESIDUAL BETWEEN TOTAL GRAINS MINUS RICE AND WHEAT PRODUCTION (TOTAL GRAINS FIGURE MINUS PRODUCTION ENTRIES IN ROWS 1 AND 2). THE FIGURES PRESENTED ARE A COMPOSITE OF CORN (29%), SORGHUM (10%), MILLET (9%), TUBERS (26%), EOYBEANS FOR FOOD (5%), PULSES (12%), AND BARLEY, OATS, AND OTHER MINOR GRAINS (9%). ENTRIES FOR DOMESTIC SUPPLY AND USE OND NUTRIENT COMPOSITION FIGURES ARE ALSO COMPOSITE VALUES. TRADE ENTRIES ARE THE SUM OF UNWEIGHTED QUANTITIES OF COMMODITIES TRADED. (H) OPPROXIMATELY 50% OF PEANUT PRODUCTION IS CONSUMED DIRECTLY AS PEANUTS. (I) hPPROXIMATELY 50% OF PEANUT PRODUCTIOU IS CRUSHED FOR PEANUT OIL. ENTRIES FOR PEANUTS (OIL) ARE EXPRESSED IN WHOLE AND FROCESSED EQUIVALENTS AS SOYBEANS (OIL.) ABOVE (SEE FOOTNOTE H). (J) EDIBLE OILS FROM COTTONSEEDr RAPESEEDv SESAME SEED, AND SUNFLOWER SEED. (K) FRUITS INCLUDE BANANAS (1%), APPLES (41%), ORANGES (9%), PEARS (24%), GRAPES (2%), PINEAPPLES (1%), RED DATES (6%) AND PERSIMMON (9%). (L) VEGETABLES INCLUDE LEAFY VEGETABLES (60%), ROOT AND STEM CROPS (20%), AND FRUITING CROPS (20%). (M) VEAT PRODUCTION FIGURES (PORK, BEEF, MUTTON, POULTRY, RABBIT, AND OTHER LARGE ANIMALS) ARE EXPRESSED AS DRESSED WEIGHT, (N) FISH PRODUCTION FIGURES ARE EXPRESSED AS LIVEWEIGHT. ANEX 54 - PAGE 10 CHINA 1959 FOOD BALANCE SHEET (A) (NATIONAL FIGURES IN MILLION METRIC TONS EXCEPT WHERE OTHERWISE NOTED) DOMESTIC USE(B) PER CAPITA SUPPLY (C) PRODUC- DOMESTIC NONFOOD KILOGRAMS ENERGY PROTEIN FAT COMMODITY TION IMPORTS EXPORTS SUPPLY I WASTE FOOD PER YEAR (KCAL) (GM) (GN) I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X CROP PRODUCTION TOTAL 6RAINS(D) 170.00 1. RICE (E) 69.36 .00 2.34 67.02 25.12 41.90 61.19 613.57 10.73 1.34 2. WHEAT 22.18 .16 22.03 6.33 15.70 22.92 219.81 7.10 .94 78s SOYDEANS (FOR OIL) (F) 4.0 A .00 4.00 3.59 .41 .60 14.42 .00 1,63 9. OTHER OMINS (6) 74.4 % .06 72.83 27,75 45.06 65.82 667.98 20.02 5.23 10A. PIEIfS (FOD) (l) 1.1 .0 .05 1.16 .16 1.00 1.46 12.13 .60 78 103. PE UTS (OIL) (I) 1.21 .00 .02 1.14 .83 .32 .46 11.19 .00 1.27 11, EDIBLE OILS (EXCEPT SOY AND PEANUT) (J) .97 .00 .06 .91 .19 .73 1.06 25.72 .00 2.91 12. SUGAR 1.11 .01 .04 1.08 .02 1.06 1,55 16.51 .00 .00 13. FRUIT (K) 3.27 .06 .20 3.13 .31 2.82 4,11 5,66 .05 .02 14. VEGETABLES (L) 73.87 NA NW 73,87 7.39 66.48 97.08 69.69 4.26 .80 VEGETABLE PRODUCTS SUBTOTAL :256.26 1656.66 42.74 14,92 ANIMAL PRODUCTS (SUBTOTAL) 13457 80.14 3.85 7.00 15. PORK HUTTON (N) 3.93 :00 i 3.65 .11 3.54 5.17 42.54 1.66 3.94 16. PORAU (N) .63 .00 .63 .61 .89 4,83 .38 .35 17. OTIER HEAT (M) .10 .00 AL- .10 .00 .10 .15 .51 .07 .02 18. FISH (N) 3.09 NA NA 3.09 .15 2.94 4.29 7.40 1.21 .25 19. EGGS 1.07 .00 .13 1.04 .05 .99 1.44 5.74 .45 .40 20. MILK .67 .00 .00 .67 .03 .63 .92 1.60 .08 .09 21. ANIMAL FATS .56 .00 .00 .56 .07 .49 .71 17.53 .00 1.94 TOTAL 269.83 1736.81 46.60 21.92 - ------------------------------------------------- --------------------- - - ------------ - --- (A) SEE ANNEX 2 FOR DETAILS OF THE DATA SOURCESi MODELS, AND ASSUMPTIONS USED TO COMPILE THIS TABLE, (B) COMPUTATION OF THE QUANTITY OF AVAILABLE FOOD NOT DIRECTLY UTILIZED AS FOOD IS SPECIFIED IN TABLE 11. PERCENTAGE LOSSES UE TO SEED REQUIREMENTS USE AS LIVESTOCK FEED, NONFOOD MANUFACTURING USESP WASTEi MILLING, AND PROCESSING ARE SPECIFIED IN TABLE 11 AND DISCUSSED IN ANNEX 2. (C) PE WITA FIGURES DERIVED FROM THE NATIONAL AVAILABILITY FIGURES (I.E.. COLUMN F ABOVE) AND A MID-1959 POPULATION OF m.8 MILLION. (D) TOTAL GRAINS (AS DEFINED BY THE CHINESE GOVERNMENT INCLUDE RICE, WHEAT9 CORN, SORGHUM MILLET, TUBERS, SOYBEANS, PULSES, AND OTHER MINOR GRAINS (I.E., TOTAL GRAINS ARE THE SUN OF ROWS I THROUGH 9). (E) RICE PRODUCTION AND TRADE AND DOMESTIC SUPPLY FIGURES (COLUMNS I THROUGH IV) ARE EXPRESSED IN 'PADDY' WEIGHTS (WITH HUSK). DOMESTIC FOOD USE FIGURES (COLUMN VI) ARE WEIGHTS AFTER REMOVAL OF THE HUSK. (F) APPROXIMATELY 45% OF SOYBEAN PRODUCTION IS PRESUMED TO BE CRUSHED FOR SOYBEAN OIL. THE PRODUCTION AND DOMESTIC SUPPLY FIGURES (COLUMNS I THROUGH IV) ARE EXPRESSED AS WHOLE SOYBEANS. TRADE AND DOMESTIC FOOD USE FIGURES (COLUMNS II, III, AND VI) EXPRESS SOYBEANS AS OIL EQUIVALENT. THE ENTRY UNDER NONFOOD AND WASTE (COLUMN V) PRIMARILY REPRESENTS SOYBEAN MEAL AFTER EXTRACTION OF THE OIL AND IS RECYCLED AS AN ANIMAL FOODSTUFF AND AS AN ORGANIC FERTILIZER. (6) OTHER GRAINS ARE THE RESIDUAL BETWEEN TOTAL GRAINS MINUS RICE AND WHEAT PRODUCTION (TOTAL GRAINS FIGURE MINUS PRODUCTION ENTRIES IN ROWS 1 AND 2). THE FIGURES PRESENTED ARE A COMPOSITE OF CORN (29%), SORGHUM (10%), MILLET (9Z), TUBERS (26%)r SOYBEANS FOR FOOD (5%), PULSES (12%), AND BARLEY, OATS, AND OTHER MINOR GRAINS (92). ENTRIES FOR DOMESTIC SUPPLY AND USE, AND NUTRIENT COMPOSITION FIGURES ARE ALSO COMPOSITE VALUES. TRADE ENTRIES ARE THE SUM OF UNWEIGHTED QUANTITIES OF COMMODITIES TRADED. (H) APPROXIMATELY 50% OF PEANUT PRODUCTION IS CONSUMED DIRECTLY AS PEANUTS. (I) APPROXIMATELY 50% OF PEANUT PRODUCTION IS CRUSHED FOR PEANUT OIL. ENTRIES FOR PEANUTS (OIL) ARE EXPRESSED IN WHOLE AND PROCESSED EQUIVALENTS AS SOYBEANS (OIL) ABOVE (SEE FOOTNOTE H). (J) EDIBLE OILS FROM COTTONSEEDr RAPESEED, SESAME SEED, AND SUNFLOWER SEED. (K) FRUITS INCLUDE BANANAS (1%), APPLES (41%), ORANGES (9%)y PEARS (24%), GRAPES (2%), PINEAPPLES (1%), RED DATES (6%) AND PERSIMMON (9%). (L) VEGETABLES INCLUDE LEAFY VEGETABLES (60%)t ROOT AND STEM CROPS (20%), AND FRUITING CROPS (202). (M) MEAT PRODUCTION FIGURES (PORK, BEEF. MUTTON. POULTRY. RABBIT, AND OTHER LARGE ANIMALS) ARE EXPRESSED AS DRESSED WEIGHTt (N) FISH PRODUCTION FIGURES ARE EXPRESSED AS LIVEWEIGHT. ANNEX 1 - 55 - PAGE 11 CHINA 1960 FOOD BALANCE SHEET (A) (NATIONAL FIGURES IN MILLION METRIC TONS EXCEPT WHERE OTHERWISE NOTED) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ DOMESTIC USE(B) PER CAPITA SUPPLY (C) PRODUC- DOMESTIC NONFOOD KILOGRAMS ENERGY PROTEIN FAT COMMO)ITY TION IMPORTS EXPORTS SUPPLY & WASTE FOOD PER YEAR (KCAL) (GM) (GM) I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X CROP PRODUCTION TOTAL GRAINS(D) 143,50 1. RICE (E) 59.73 .04 1.74 58.03 21.74 36.29 53.10 532.44 9.31 1.16 2. WHEAT 22.17 .00 .17 22.00 6.33 15.67 22,94 219.94 7.10 .94 78 SOYBEANS (FOR OIL) (F) 3.76 NA .02 3.60 3.23 .36 .53 12.90 .00 1.46 9. OTHER GRAINS (6) 57.84 .* .06 56.55 21.55 35.00 51.21 519.69 15.57 4.07 10Ni. PEANUTS (FOOD) (H) .53 .00 .02 .51 .07 .44 .65 5.40 .27 .35 101. PEANUTS (OIL) (I) .53 .00 .03 .44 .32 .12 .17 4.23 .00 .48 11, EDIBLE OILS (EXCEPT SOY AND PEANUT) (J) .58 .00 .06 .52 .11 .40 .59 14.30 .00 1.62 12, SUGAR .87 .48 .02 1.33 .03 1,30 1,91 20.32 .00 .00 13. FRUIT (K) 3.29 .04 .15 3.18 .32 2.86 4.19 5,76 .05 .02 14. VEGETABLES (L) 73.44 19.90 .00 73.44 7.34 66.09 96.71 69.42 4.24 .79 VEIIETABLE PRODUCTS SUBTOTAL 232,00 1404.40 36.54 10.89 ANIMAl. PRODUCTS (SUBTOTAL) 11.23 57.92 3.16 4.86 15, PORK, BEEF I MUTTON (N) 2.29 .00 .16 2.13 .06 2.06 3.02 24.81 .97 2.30 16. POULTRY MEAT (M) .64 .00 NA .64 .02 .62 .91 4.94 .39 .36 17. OTHER HEAT (M) .10 .00 NA .10 .00 .10 .14 .50 .07 .02 18. FISH (N) 3.04 NA NA 3.04 .15 2.89 4.23 7.29 1.19 .24 19. EGGS 1.09 .00 .03 1.06 .05 1 1.48 5.87 .47 .41 20, MILK .68 .00 .00 .68 .03 . .94 1.64 .08 .09 21, ANIMAL FATS .39 .02 .00 .41 .05 .36 .52 12.86 .00 1.43 7OTAL 243.23 1462.32 39.70 15.75 - ------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------- (A) SE ANNEX 2 FOR DETAILS OF THE DATA SOURCES, MODELS, AND ASSUMPTIONS USED TO COMPILE THIS TABLE. (B) COMPUTATION OF THE QUANTITY OF AVAILABLE FOOD NOT DIRECTLY UTILIZED AS FOOD IS SPECIFIED IN TABLE 11. PERCENTAGE LOSSES DIE TO SEED REQUIREMENTS, USE AS LIVESTOCK FEED, NONFOOD MANUFACTURING USES, WASTE, MILLING, AND PROCESSING ARE SPECIFIED IN TABLE 11 AND DISCUSSED IN ANNEX 2. (C) PlI CAPITA FIGURES DERIVED FROM THE NAYIONAL AVAILABILITY FIGURES (I.E., COLUMN F ABOVE) AND A MID-1960 POPULATION OF 6113.4 MILLION, (0) TOTAL GRAINS (AS DEFINED BY THE CHINESE GOVERNMENT INCLUDE RICE, WHEAT, CORN, SORGHUM, MILLET, TUBERS, SOYBEANS, PULSES, AID OTHER MINOR GRAINS (I.E., TOTAL GR4INS ARE THE SUN OF ROWS I THROUGH 9). (E) RICE PRODUCTION AND TRADE AND DOMESTIC SUPPLY FIGURES (COLUMNS I THROUGH IV) ARE EXPRESSED IN 'PADDY' WEIGHTS (WITH HUSK), D)MESTIC FOOD USE FIGURES (COLUMN VI) ARE WEIGHTS AFTER REMOVAL OF THE HUSK. (F) APPROXIMATELY 45% OF SOYBEAN PRODUCTION IS PRESUMED TO BE CRUSHED FOR SOYBEAN OIL. THE PRODUCTION AND DOMESTIC SUPPLY FIGURES (COLUMNS I THROUGH IV) ARE EXPRESSED AS WHOLE SOYBEANS. TRADE AND DOMESTIC FOOD USE FIGURES (COLUMNS II, IIIr AND VI) EXPRESS SOYBEANS AS OIL EQUIVALENT. THE ENTRY UNDER NONFOOD AND WASTE (COLUMN V) PRIMARILY REPRESENTS SOYBEAN MEAL A:TER EXTRACTION OF THE OIL AND IS RECYCLED AS AN ANIMAL FOODSTUFF AND AS AN ORGANIC FERTILIZER* (G) OTHER GRAINS ARE THE RESIDUAL BETWEEN TOTAL GRAINS MINUS RICE AND WHEAT PRODUCTION (TOTAL GRAINS FIGURE MINUS PRODUCTION E4TRIES IN ROWS 1 AND 2). THE FIGURES PRESENTED ARE A COMPOSITE OF CORN (292), SORGHUM (10%), MILLET (9%), TUBERS (26%), SIYBEANS FOR FOOD (5%), PULSES (12%), AND BARLEY, OATS, AND OTHER MINOR GRAINS (9%). ENTRIES FOR DOMESTIC SUPPLY AND USE, AID NUTRIENT COMPOSITION FIGURES ARE ALSO COMPOSITE VALUES. TRADE ENTRIES ARE THE SUM OF UNWEIGHTED QUANTITIES OF C)MMODITIES TRADED. (H) AIPROXIMATELY 50% OF PEANUT PRODUCTION IS CONSUMED DIRECTLY AS PEANUTS. (I) ADPROXIMATELY 50% OF PEANUT PRODUCTION IS CRUSHED FOR PEANUT OIL, ENTRIES FOR PEANUTS (OIL) ARE EXPRESSED IN WHOLE AND PIOCESSED EQUIVALENTS AS SOYBEANS (OIL) ABOVE (SEE FOOTNOTE H). (J) EDIBLE OILS FROM COTTONSEED, RAPESEED, SESAME SEED, AND SUNFLOWER SEED. (K) F?UITS INCLUDE BANANAS (1%), APPLES (4:1%), ORANGES (9%), PEARS (24%), GRAPES (2%), PINEAPPLES (1%), RED DATES (6%) AND PERSIMMON (9%). (L) VEGETABLES INCLUDE LEAFY VEGETABLES (60%), ROOT AND STEM CROPS (20%), AND FRUITING CROPS (20%). (M) MEAT PRODUCTION FIGURES (PORKY BEEF, MUTTON, POULTRY, RABBIT, AND OTHER LARGE ANIMALS) ARE EXPRESSED AS DRESSED WEIGHT. (N) F[SH PRODUCTION FIGURES ARE EXPRESSED AS LIVEWEIGHT. ANNEX I - 56- PAGE 12 CHINA 1961 FOOD BALANCE SHEET (A) (NATIONAL FIGURES IN MILLION METRIC TONS EXCEPT WHERE OTHERWISE NOTED) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- DOMESTIC USE(B) PER CAPITA SUPPLY (C) PRODUC- DOMESTIC NONFOOD KILOGRAMS ENERGY PROTEIN FAT COMMODITY TION IMPORTS EXPORTS SUPPLY I WASTE FOOD PER YEAR (KCAL) (GM) (GM) I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CROP PRODUCTION TOTAL GRAINS(D) 147.50 1. RICE (E) 53.64 .09 .66 53.07 19.87 33.20 48.81 489.48 8.56 1.07 2. WHEAT 14.25 L05 .12 17.18 4,68 12.50 18.38 176.23 5.69 .76 7B. SOYBEANS (FOR OIL) (F) 3.54 NA .00 3.54 3.18 .36 .53 12.83 .00 1.45 9. OTHER GRAINS (6) 76,07 1.26 .00 76,94 29.19 47.76 70.21 712.47 21.35 5,58 10A. PEANUTS (FOOD) (H) .50 .00 .00 .50 .06 .43 .64 5.30 .26 .34 1OB. PEANUTS (OIL) (1) .50 .00 .01 .47 .34 .13 .19 4.60 .00 .52 11. EDIBLE OILS (EXCEPT 50Y AND PEANUT) (J) .50 .02 .01 .51 .09 .42 .61 14.84 .00 1.68 12. SUGAR .45 1.53 .13 1.85 .04 1.81 2.66 28.39 .00 .00 13. FRUIT (K) 3.30 1%03 .09 3.24 .32 2.92 4,29 5.90 .05 .02 14. VEGETABLES (L) 72.96 NA NA 72,96 7,30 65.66 96,53 69.29 4.23 .79 VEGETABLE PRODUCTS SUBTOTAL 242.85 1519.32 40,14 12.21 ANIMAL PRODUCTS (SUBTOTAL) 9.73 49.29 2.76 4.09 15. PORK, BEEF I HUTTON (N) 1.85 .00 .05 1.80 .05 1,75 2.57 21,10 .82 1.95 16. POULTRY NEAT (M) .65 .00 NA .65 .02 .63 .93 5.06 .40 .37 17. OTHER MEAT (M) .10 .00 NA .10 .00 .09 .14 .48 .07 .02 18. FISH (N) 2.31 NA NA 2.31 .12 2.19 3.23 5.57 .91 .19 19. E6GS 1.11 .00 .02 1.09 .05 1,04 1.53 6.07 .48 .43 20. MILK .69 .00 .00 .69 .03 .66 .97 1.68 .08 .10 21. ANIMAL FATS .28 .02 .00 .30 .04 .26 .38 9.33 .00 1.03 TOTAL 252.58 1568.62 42,90 16.30 (A) SEE ANNEX 2 FOR DETAILS OF THE DATA SOURCES, MODELS, AND ASSUMPTIONS USED TO COMPILE THIS TABLE. (B) CONPUTATION OF THE QUANTITY OF AVAILABLE FOOD NOT DIRECTLY UTILIZED AS FOOD IS SPECIFIED IN TABLE 11. PERCENTAGE LOSSES DUE TO SEED REQUIREMENTS, USE AS LIVESTOCK FEED, NONFOOD MANUFACTURING USES, WASTE, MILLING, AND PROCESSING ARE SPECIFIED IN TABLE 11 AND DISCUSSED IN ANNEX 24 (C) PER CAPITA FIGURES DERIVED FROM THE NATIONAL AVAILABILITY FIGURES (I.E., COLUMN F ABOVE) AND A MID-1961 POPULATION OF 680.2 MILLION. (D) TOTAL GRAINS (AS DEFINED BY THE CHINESE GOVERNMENT INCLUDE RICE, WHEATY CORN, SORGHUMP MILLET, TUBERS, SOYBEANS, PULSES, AND OTHER MINOR GRAINS (I.E., TOTAL GRAINS ARE THE SUN OF ROWS 1 THROUGH 9). (E) RICE PRODUCTION AND TRADE AND DOMESTIC SUPPLY FIGURES (COLUMNS I THROUGH IV) ARE EXPRESSED IN 'PADDY' WEIGHTS (WITH HUSK). DOMESTIC FOOD USE FIGURES (COLUMN VI) ARE WEIGHTS AFTER REMOVAL OF THE HUSK. (F) APPROXIMATELY 45% OF SOYBEAN PRODUCTION IS PRESUMED TO BE CRUSHED FOR SOYBEAN OIL. THE PRODUCTION AND DOMESTIC SUPPLY FIGURES (COLUMNS I THROUGH IV) ARE EXPRESSED AS WHOLE SOYBEANS. TRADE AND DOMESTIC FOOD USE FIGURES (COLUMNS II, III, AND VI) EXPRESS SOYBEANS AS OIL EQUIVALENT. THE ENTRY UNDER NONFOOD AND WASTE (COLUMN V) PRIMARILY REPRESENTS SOYBEAN MEAL AFTER EXTRACTION OF THE OIL AND IS RECYCLED AS AN ANIMAL FOODSTUFF AND AS AN ORGANIC FERTILIZER. (6) OTHER GRAINS ARE THE RESIDUAL BETWEEN TOTAL GRAINS MINUS RICE AND WHEAT PRODUCTION (TOTAL GRAINS FIGURE MINUS PRODUCTION ENTRIES IN ROWS 1 AND 2). THE FIGURES PRESENTED ARE A COMPOSITE OF CORN (29%), SORGHUM (10%), MILLET (9%), TUBERS (26%), SOYBEANS FOR FOOD (5%), PULSES (12%), AND BARLEY, OATS, AND OTHER MINOR GRAINS (9%). ENTRIES FOR DOMESTIC SUPPLY AND USEP AND NUTRIENT COMPOSITION FIGURES ARE ALSO COMPOSITE VALUES. TRADE ENTRIES ARE THE SUN OF UNWEIGHTED QUANTITIES OF COMMODITIES TRADED. (H) APPROXIMATELY 50% OF PEANUT PRODUCTION IS CONSUMED DIRECTLY AS PEANUTS. (I) APPROXIMATELY 50% OF PEANUT PRODUCTION IS CRUSHED FOR PEANUT OIL. ENTRIES FOR PEANUTS (OIL) ARE EXPRESSED IN WHOLE AND PROCESSED EQUIVALENTS AS SOYBEANS (OIL) ABOVE (SEE FOOTNOTE H). (J) EDIBLE OILS FROM COTTONSEEDr RAPESEED, SESAME SEED, AND SUNFLOWER SEED. (K) FRUITS INCLUDE BANANAS (1%), APPLES (41%), ORANGES (9%), PEARS (24%), GRAPES (2%), PINEAPPLES (1%), RED DATES (6%) AND PERSIMMON (9%). (L) VEGETABLES INCLUDE LEAFY VEGETABLES (60%), ROOT AND STEM CROPS (20%), AND FRUITING CROPS (20%). (M) MEAT PRODUCTION FIGURES (PORKY BEEFY HUTTON, POULTRY, RABBIT, AND OTHER LARGE ANIMALS) ARE EXPRESSED AS DRESSED WEIGHT. (N) FISH PRODUCTION FIGURES ARE EXPRESSED AS LIVEWEIGHT. ANNEX 1 - 57 -- - - PAGE 13 CHINA 1962 FOOD BALANCE SHEET (A) (NATIONAL FIGURES IN MILLION METRIC TONS EXCEPT WHERE OTHERWISE NOTED) -------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- DOMESTIC USE(B) PER CAPITA SUPPLY (C) PRODUC- DOMESTIC NONFOOD KILOGRAMS ENERGY PROTEIN FAT COM11ODITY TION IMPORTS EXPORTS SUPPLY I WASTE FOOD PER YEAR (KCAL) (GM) (GM) I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- m------------- CROP PRODUCTION TOTAL GRAINS(D) 160.00 1. RICE (E) 62.98 .01 .89 62.10 23.25 38.85 56.65 568.09 9.93 1.24 * WHEAT 16,66 4.68 .09 21.25 5.71 15.54 22.67 217.38 7.02 .93 ?B. SOYBEANS (FOR OIL) (F) 3.33 NA .00 3.33 2.99 .34 .49 11,97 .00 1.35 5. OTHER GRAINS (6) 77.03 .51 .00 77.95 29.57 48.39 70.56 716.08 21.46 5.61 10A. PEANUTS (FOOD) (H) .55 .00 .00 .55 .07 .48 .70 5.81 .29 .37 108. PEANUTS (OIL) (I) .55 .00 .00 .55 .40 .15 .22 5.42 .00 .61 11. EDIBLE OILS (EXCEPT SOY AND PEANUT) (J) .51 .01 .00 .52 .09 .43 .63 15.26 .00 1.73 12. SUGAR .33 .94 .29 .98 .02 .96 1.40 14,89 .00 .00 13. FRUIT (K) 3431 .06 .11 3.26 .33 2.93 4.28 5.88 .05 .02 14. VEGETABLES (L) 72.43 Mit NA '2,43 7.24 65.18 95.06 68,24 4.17 .78 VEGETABLE PRODUCTS SUBTOTAL 252.67 1629.00 42.91 12.65 ANIMAL PRODUCTS (SUBTOTAL) 9.76 49.59 2.78 4.11 15. PORK, BEEF I MUTTON (N) 1.94 .00 6 1.88 .06 1.82 2.66 21.87 .85 2.03 16. POULTRY HEAT (M) .66 .00 .66 .02 .64 .94 5.12 .40 .38 17. OTHER MEAT (M) .09 .00 NA .09 .00 .09 .13 .45 .06 .02 18. FISH (N) 2.28 NA NA 2.28 .11 2.17 3.16 5.45 .89 .18 19. EGGS 1,14 .00 .03 1.11 .06 1.05 1.53 6.09 .48 :4 20. MILK .71 .00 .00 .71 .04 .67 .98 1,70 .0 1 :1. ANIMAL FATS .25 .03 .00 .28 .04 .25 .36 8.90 .00 .99 TOTAL 262,43 1678.59 45.69 16.76 ------------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------------- (A) SEE ANNEX 2 FOR DETAILS OF THE DATA SOURCESY MODELSY AND ASSUMPTIONS USED TO COMPILE THIS TABLE, (B) COMPUTATION OF THE QUANTITY OF AVAILABLE FOOD NOT DIRECTLY UTILIZED AS FOOD IS SPECIFIED IN TABLE 11. PERCENTAGE LOSSES DUE TO SEED REQUIREMENTS& USE AS LIVESTOCK FEED, NONFOOD MANUFACTURING USES, WASTE, MILLING, AND PROCESSING ARE SPECIFIED IN TABLE 11 AND DISCUSSED IN ANNEX 2. (C) PER CAPITA FIGURES DERIVED FROM THE KATIONAL AVAILABILITY FIGURES (I.E., COLUMN F ABOVE) AND A MID-1962 POPULATION OF 685.7 MILLION. (D) TOTAL GRAINS (AS DEFINED BY THE CHINESE GOVERNMENT INCLUDE RICE, WHEAT, CORN, SORGHUM, MILLET, TUBERS, SOYBEANS, PULSESP AND OTHER MINOR GRAINS (I.E., TOTAL GRAINS ARE THE SUM OF ROWS 1 THROUGH 9). (E) RICE PRODUCTION AND TRADE AND DOMESTIC SUPPLY FIGURES (COLUMNS I THROUGH IV) ARE EXPRESSED IN 'PADDY' WEIGHTS (WITH HUSK). DOMESTIC FOOD USE FIGURES (COLUMN VI) ARE WEIGHTS AFTER REMOVAL OF THE HUSK. (F) APPROXIMATELY 45% OF SOYBEAN PRODUCTION IS PRESUMED TO BE CRUSHED FOR SOYBEAN OIL. THE PRODUCTION AND DOMESTIC SUPPLY FIGURES (COLUMNS I THROUGH IV) ARE EXPRESSED AS WHOLE SOYBEANS. TRADE AND DOMESTIC FOOD USE FIGURES (COLUMNS II, III, AND VI) EXPRESS SOYBEANS AS OIL EQUIVALENT. THE ENTRY UNDER NONFOOD AND WASTE (COLUMN V) PRIMARILY REPRESENTS SOYBEAN MEAL AFTER EXTRACTION OF THE OIL AND IS RECYCLED AS AN ANIMAL FOODSTUFF AND AS AN ORGANIC FERTILIZER. (6) OTHER GRAINS ARE THE RESIDUAL BETWEEN TOTAL GRAINS MINUS RICE AND WHEAT PRODUCTION (TOTAL GRAINS FIGURE MINUS PRODUCTION ENTRIES IN ROWS I AND 2). THE FIGURES PRESENTED ARE A COMPOSITE OF CORN (29%), SORGHUM (10%), MILLET (9%), TUBERS (26%)r SOYBEANS FOR FOOD (5%), PULSES (12%), AND BARLEY, OATS, AND OTHER MINOR GRAINS (9%). ENTRIES FOR DOMESTIC SUPPLY AND USE, AND NUTRIENT COMPOSITION FIGURES ARE ALSO COMPOSITE VALUES. TRADE ENTRIES ARE THE SUM OF UNWEIGHTED QUANTITIES OF COMMODITIES TRADED. (H) APPROXIMATELY 50% OF PEANUT PRODUCTION IS CONSUMED DIRECTLY AS PEANUTS. (I) APPROXIMATELY 50% OF PEANUT PRODUCTION IS CRUSHED FOR PEANUT OIL. ENTRIES FOR PEANUTS (OIL) ARE EXPRESSED IN WHOLE AND PROCESSED EQUIVALENTS AS SOYBEANS (OIL) ABOVE (SEE FOOTNOTE H). (J) EDIBLE OILS FROM COTTONSEEDY RAPESEEIl, SESAME SEED, AND SUNFLOWER SEED. (K) FRUITS INCLUDE BANANAS (1%), APPLES (41%), ORANGES (9%), PEARS (24%), GRAPES (2%), PINEAPPLES (1%), RED DATES (6%) AND PERSIMMON (9%). (L) VEGETABLES INCLUDE LEAFY VEGETABLES (60%), ROOT AND STEM CROPS (20%), AND FRUITING CROPS (20%). (M) MEAT PRODUCTION FIGURES (PORK, BEEF, MUTTON, POULTRY, RABBIT, AND OTHER LARGE ANIMALS) ARE EXPRESSED-AS DRESSED WEIGHT. (N) FISH PRODUCTION FIGURES ARE EXPRESSED AS LIVEWEIGHT. ANNEX 1 - 58 PAE 14 CHINA 1963 FOOD BALANCE SHEET (A) (NATIONAL FIGURES IN MILLION METRIC TONS EXCEPT WHERE OTHERWISE NOTED) ------------------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- DOMESTIC USE(B) PER CAPITA SUPPLY (C) ------------------ ------------ ------------------------------- PRODUC- DOMESTIC NONFOOD KILOGRAMS ENERGY PROTEIN FAT COMMODITY TION IMPORTS EXPORTS SUPPLY I WASTE FOOD PER YEAR (KCAL) (GM) (GM) I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X -------------------------- ------- ------ ------- -------- ----------------------------------------------- CROP PRODUCTION TOTAL GRAINS(D) 170.00 1. RICE (E) 73.76 .15 .95 72.96 27.31 45,64 65.18 653.61 11.41 f.41 2. WHEAT 18,47 4.40 .11 22.76 6.16 16.60 23.70 227.28 7.34 .97 78. SOYBEANS (FOR OIL) (F) 3,13 NA .00 3.13 2.81 .32 .46 11.02 .00 1.25 9. OTHER GRAINS (6) 74.64 .05 .00 74.21 28,22 46.00 65.69 719.16 19,98 5.22 10A. PEANUTS (FOOD) (H) .68 .00 .01 .67 .09 .58 .83 6.86 434 .44 10B. PEANUTS (OIL) (1) .68 .00 .00 .68 .49 .19 .27 6.51 .00 .74 11. EIBLE OIL (EXCEPT SAND ) .67 .02 .00 .69 .13 .56 .80 19.26 .00 2.8 12. SUGAR .71 .51 .22 1.00 .02 .98 1.40 14.93 .00 .00 13, FRUIT (K) 3.32 .07 12 3,27 .33 2.94 4.20 5.78 .05 .02 14. VEGETABLES (L) 72.07 NA 72.07 7.21 64.87 92.64 66.50 4.06 .76 VEGETABLE PRODUCTS SUBTOTAL 255.16 1730.92 43.19 13.01 ANIMAL PRODUCTS (SUBTOTAL) 12.60 71.65 3.65 6.15 ----------------------------------------- ----- ------ ---- ----- 15. PORKY BEEF I MUTTON (N) 3.75 .01 .10 3.66 .11 3.55 5.06 41.65 1.62 3.86 16. POULTRY NEAT (M) .68 .00 NA .68 .02 .66 .94 5,11 40 .38 17. OTHER NEAT (M) .09 .00 NA .09 .00 .09 .13 .45 .06 .02 18, FISH (N) 2,61 NA -I 2,61 .13 2.48 3.54 6.11 1.00 .20 19. EGGS 1.16 .00 .04 1.12 .06 1406 1.52 6.03 .48 .42 204 MILK .72 .00 .00 .72 .04 .68 .98 1.70 .09 .10 21. ANIMAL FATS .33 .02 .00 .35 .04 .30 .43 10.59 .00 1.17 TOTAL 267.76 1802.57 46.84 19.16 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (A) SEE ANNEX 2 FOR DETAILS OF THE DATA SOURCES, MODELS, AND ASSUMPTIONS USED TO CONPILE THIS TABLE. (B) COHPUTATION OF THE QUANTITY OF AVAILABLE FOOD NOT DIRECTLY UTILIZED AS FOOD IS SPECIFIED IN TABLE 11. PERCENTAGE LOSSES DUE TO SEED REQUIREMENTS, USE AS LIVESTOCK FEEDr NONFOOD MANUFACTURING USESr WASTE, MILLING, AND PROCESSING ARE SPECIFIED IN TABLE 11 AND DISCUSSED IN ANNEX 2. (C) PER CAPITA FIGURES DERIVED FROM THE NATIONAL AVAILABILITY FIGURES (I.E., COLUMN F ABOVE) AND A MID-1963 POPULATION OF 700.2 MILLION. (D) TOTAL GRAINS (AS DEFINED BY THE CHINESE GOVERNMENT INCLUDE RICE, WHEAT, CORN, SORGHUMP MILLET, TUBERS, SOYBEANS, PULSES, AND OTHER MINOR GRAINS (I.E., TOTAL GRAINS ARE THE SUM OF ROWS 1 THROUGH 9). (E) RICE PRODUCTION AND TRADE AND DOMESTIC SUPPLY FIGURES (COLUMNS I THROUGH IV) ARE EXPRESSED IN 'PADDY' WEIGHTS (WITH HUSK). DOMESTIC FOOD USE FIGURES (COLUMN VI) ARE WEIGHTS AFTER REMOVAL OF THE HUSK. (F) APPROXIMATELY 45% OF SOYBEAN PRODUCTION IS PRESUMED TO BE CRUSHED FOR SOYBEAN OIL THE PRODUCTION AND DOMESTIC SUPPLY FIGURES (COLUMNS I THROUGH IV) ARE EXPRESSED AS WHOLE SOYBEANS. TRADE AND DOMESTIC FOOD USE FIGURES (COLUMNS II, III, AND VI) EXPRESS SOYBEANS AS OIL EQUIVALENT. THE ENTRY UNDER NONFOOD AND WASTE (COLUMN V) PRIMARILY REPRESENTS SOYBEAN MEAL AFTER EXTRACTION OF THE OIL AND IS RECYCLED AS AN ANIMAL FOODSTUFF AND AS AN ORGANIC FERTILIZER, (6) OTHER GRAINS ARE THE RESIDUAL BETWEEN TOTAL GRAINS MINUS RICE AND WHEAT PRODUCTION (TOTAL GRAINS FIGURE MINUS PRODUCTION ENTRIES IN ROWS I AND 2)* THE FIGURES PRESENTED ARE A COMPOSITE OF CORN (29%), SORGHUM (10%), MILLET (9%)? TUBERS (26%), SOYBEANS FOR FOOD (5%), PULSES (12%), AND BARLEY, OATS, AND OTHER MINOR GRAINS (9%). ENTRIES FOR DOMESTIC SUPPLY AND USE, AND NUTRIENT COMPOSITION FIGURES ARE ALSO COMPOSITE VALUES. TRADE ENTRIES ARE THE SUM OF UNWEIGHTED QUANTITIES OF COMMODITIES TRADED, (H) APPROXIMATELY 50% OF PEANUT PRODUCTION IS CONSUMED DIRECTLY AS PEANUTS. (1) APPROXIMATELY 50% OF PEANUT PRODUCTION IS CRUSHED FOR PEANUT OIL. ENTRIES FOR PEANUTS (OIL) ARE EXPRESSED IN WHOLE AND PROCESSED EQUIVALENTS AS SOYBEANS (OIL) ABOVE (SEE FOOTNOTE H), (J) EDIBLE OILS FROM COTTONSEEDY RAPESEEDY SESAME SEED, AND SUNFLOWER SEED. (K) FRUITS INCLUDE BANANAS (1%), APPLES (41%), ORANGES (9%), PEARS (24%), GRAPES (2%), PINEAPPLES (1%), RED DATES (6%) AND PERSIMMON (9%), (L) VEGETABLES INCLUDE LEAFY VEGETABLES (60%), ROOT AND STEM CROPS (20%), AND FRUITING CROPS (20%). (M) HEAT PRODUCTION FIGURES (PORKY BEEF9 MUTTONr POULTRY RABBIT, AND OTHER LARGE ANIMALS) ARE EXPRESSED AS DRESSED WEIGHT. (N) FISH PRODUCTION FIGURES ARE EXPRESSED AS LIVENEIGHT. ANNEX 1 - 59 - PAGE 15 CHINA 1964 FOOD BALANCE SHEET (A) (NATIONAL FIGURES IN MILLION METRIC TONS EXCEPT WHERE OTHERWISE NOTED) --------- ------------------------ ----------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- DOMESTIC USE(B) PER CAPITA SUPPLY (C) ------------------------- ---------- ---- - -------------- PRODUC- DOMESTIC NONFOOD KILOGRAMS ENERGY PROTEIN FAT CONtODITY TION IMPORTS EXPORTS SUPPLY & WASTE FOOD PER YEAR (KCAL) (GM) (GM) I II III IV V VI VII VIII Ix X CROF PRODUCTION TETAL GRAINS(D) 187.50 1. RICE (E) 83.00 .12 1.16 81.96 30,69 51.27 71.44 716.33 12.53 1.57 2. WHEAT 20.84 5.61 .11 26.34 7.09 19.25 26.82 257.22 8.30 1.10 ;B. SOYBEANS (FOR OIL) (F) 2.94 NA .00 2.94 2.64 .30 .42 10.12 .00 1.14 is OTHER GRAINS (6) 80.72 .73 .01 81.09 30,79 50.30 70.08 767,28 21.31 5.57 10A. PEANUTS (FOOD) (H) .93 .00 .02 .91 .12 .79 1.10 9.10 .45 .58 JOB. PEAMUTS (OIL) (I) .93 .00 .01 .90 .65 .25 .35 8,38 .00 .95 11. DIBLE OILS (EXCEPT SOY AND PEANUT) (J) .90 .02 .01 .91 .18 .73 1.01 24.48 .00 2.77 12. SUAR 1,17 .41 .36 1.22 .02 1,19 1.66 17.74 .00 .00 13. FRUIT (K) 3.34 .06 .16 3.24 .32 2,92 4.06 5.59 .04 .02 14, VEGETABLES (L) 71.45 NA NA 71.45 7.14 64.30 89.60 64.31 3.93 .74 VEGETABLE PRODUCTS SUBTOTAL 266.54 1880,54 46.57 14.44 ANIIAL PRODUCTS (SUBTOTAL) 14.10 84.98 4.09 7.42 15. PORK, BEEF I MUTTON (N) 4.87 t00 *20 4.67 .14 4.53 6.31 51,92 2.02 4,81 16, POULTRY MEAT (N) .69 .00 NA .69 .02 .67 .93 5.09 .40 .37 :7. OTHER NEAT (N) .10 .00 NA .10 .00 .09 .13 .46 .06 .02 :.8. FISH (N) 2.80 99.90 99.90 2.80 .14 2.66 3,71 6.40 1.05 .21 :19. :GSI 88 .8~ 1:j :8j 1.0 1.50 5.95 .47 .42 20 , MILK : . 7 97 1,69 .09 .10 :!1. ANIMAL FATS .42 .03 .00 .45 .06 .39 .55 13.47 .00 1.49 TOTAL 280.64 1965.51 50.66 21.86 (4) SEE ANNEX 2 FOR DETAILS OF THE DATA SOURCES, MODELS, AND ASSUMPTIONS USED TO COMPILE THIS TABLE. (B) CONPUTATION OF THE QUANTITY OF AVAILABLE FOOD NOT DIRECTLY UTILIZED AS FOOD IS SPECIFIED IN TABLE 11. PERCENTAGE LOSSES DUE TO SEED- REQUIREMENTS, USE AS LIVESTOCK FEED, NONFOOD MANUFACTURING USES, WASTE, MILLING, AND PROCESSING ARE SPECIFIED IN TABLE 11 AND DISCUSSED IN ANNEX 2. (C) PER PITA FIGURES DERIVED FROM THE NATIONAL AVAILABILITY FIGURES (I.E., COLUMN F ABOVE) AND A MID-1964 POPULATION OF 717.7 MILLION. (D) TOTAL GRAINS (AS DEFINED BY THE CHINESE GOVERNMENT INCLUDE RICE, WHEAT, CORN, SORGHUM, MILLET, TUBERS, SOYBEANS, PULSES, AND OTHER MINOR GRAINS (I.E., TOTAL GRAINS ARE THE SUM OF ROWS 1 THROUGH 9), (E) RICE PRODUCTION AND TRADE AND DOMESTIC SUPPLY FIGURES (COLUMNS I THROUGH IV) ARE EXPRESSED IN 'PADDY' WEIGHTS (WITH HUSK). DOMESTIC FOOD USE FIGURES (COLUMN VI) ARE WEIGHTS AFTER REMOVAL OF THE HUSK. (F) APPROXIMATELY 45 OF SOYBEAN PRODUCTION IS PRESUMED TO BE CRUSHED FOR SOYBEAN OIL. THE PRODUCTION AND DOMESTIC SUPPLY FIGURES (COLUMNS I THROUGH IV) ARE EXPRESSED AS WHOLE SOYBEANS. TRADE AND DOMESTIC FOOD USE FIGURES (COLUMNS II, III, AND VI) EXPRESS SOYBEANS AS OIL EQUIVALENT. THE ENTRY UNDER NONFOOD AND WASTE (COLUMN V) PRIMARILY REPRESENTS SOYBEAN MEAL AFTER EXTRACTION OF THE OIL AND IS RECYCLED AS AN ANIMAL FOODSTUFF AND AS AN ORGANIC FERTILIZER. (6) OTHER GRAINS ARE THE RESIDUAL BETWEEN TOTAL GRAINS MINUS RICE AND WHEAT PRODUCTION (TOTAL GRAINS FIGURE MINUS PRODUCTION ENTRIES IN ROWS 1 AND 2). THE FIGURES PRESENTED ARE A COMPOSITE OF CORN (29%), SORGHUM (10%), MILLET (9%), TUBERS (26%), SOYBEANS FOR FOOD (5%), PULSES (12%), AND BARLEY, OATS, AND OTHER MINOR GRAINS (9%). ENTRIES FOR DOMESTIC SUPPLY AND USE, AND NUTRIENT COMPOSITION FIGURES ARE ALSO COMPOSITE VALUES. TRADE ENTRIES ARE THE SUM OF UNWEIGHTED QUANTITIES OF COMMODITIES TRADED. (H) APPROXIMATELY 50% OF PEANUT PRODUCTION IS CONSUMED DIRECTLY AS PEANUTS. (1) APPROXIMATELY 50% OF PEANUT PRODUCTION IS CRUSHED FOR PEANUT OIL. ENTRIES FOR PEANUTS (OIL) ARE EXPRESSED IN WHOLE AND PROCESSED EQUIVALENTS AS SOYBEANS (OIL) ABOVE (SEE FOOTNOTE H). (J) EDIBLE OILS FROM COTTONSEED, RAPESEEDY SESAME SEED, AND SUNFLOWER SEED. (K) FRUITS INCLUDE BANANAS (1%), APPLES (41%), ORANGES (9%)t PEARS (24%), GRAPES (2%), PINEAPPLES (1%), RED DATES (6%) AND PERSIMMON (9%), (L! VEGETABLES INCLUDE LEAFY VEGETABLES (60%)v ROOT AND STEM CROPS (20%), AND FRUITING CROPS (20%). (l) MEAT PRODUCTION FIGURES (PORK, BEEFp MUTTON, POULTRY, RABBIT? AND OTHER LARGE ANIMALS) ARE EXPRESSED AS DRESSED WEIGHT. (NI FISH PRODUCTION FIGURES ARE EXPRESSED AS LIVEWEIGHT. ANNEX 1 - 60 - PAGE 16 CHINA 1965 FOOD BALANCE SHEET (A) (NATIONAL FIGURES IN MILLION METRIC TONS EXCEPT WHERE OTHERWISE NOTED) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- DOMESTIC USE(B) PER CAPITA SUPPLY (C) ---------------------------- ------------------------------- PRODUC- DOMESTIC NONFOOD KILOGRAMS ENERGY PROTEIN FAT COMMODITY TION IMPORTS EXPORTS SUPPLY I WASTE FOOD PER YEAR (KCAL) (GM) (SM) I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X CROP PRODUCTION TOTAL GRAINS(D) 194.52 1. RICE (E) 87.72 .16 1.12 86.77 32.49 54.28 73.78 739.84 12.94 1.62 2. WHEAT 25.22 5.27 .00 30.49 8.30 22.19 30.16 289.25 9.34 1.24 3. CORN 23,65 .07 .25 23.47 9,48 13.99 19,01 188.53 4.69 1,77 4. SORGHUM 7.10 .00 .00 7.10 3.01 4.09 5.56 54.37 1,16 .37 5. MILLET 6.20 .00 .00 6.20 2.85 3.35 4.55 44.14 1.32 .20 6. TUBERS (F) 19. .00 .01 19.84 7.34 1250 16,99 239.25 2.79 .61 7A. SOYSEANS (FOR FOOD) (6) 3.1 *0a .58 2.80 .49 2.31 3.14 34.45 3.02 1.52 78. SOYBEMS (FOR OIL) (N) 2.77 NA .00 2,77 2.49 .28 .38 9.28 .00 1.05 8* PULSES (I) 11.34 . .10 11.24 1.47 9.77 13.28 121.47 8.51 .47 9. OTHER GRAINS (J) 7.29 .07 .01 7.35 3.23 4,12 5,60 53.08 1.50 .28 10A, PEANUTS (FOOD) (K) .96 .00 .03 .93 .12 .81 1.10 9.10 .45 .58 108. PfWS (OIL) (L) .96 .00 .01 .93 .67 .26 .35 8.48 .00 .96 SOY 0 T 1.07 .01 .04 1.04 .22 .81 1.10 26.75 .00 3.03 12. SUGAR 1.37 .42 .39 1.40 .03 1.37 1.86 19.81 .00 .00 13. FRUIT (N) 3.35 .04 .19 3.20 .32 2.88 3.91 5.38 .04 .02 14, VEGETABLES (0) 71.00 NA NA 71.00 7.10 63.90 86.86 62.35 3.81 .71 VEGETABLE PRODUCTS SUBTOTAL 267.64 1905.50 49,57 14.42 ANIMAL PRODUCTS (SUBTOTAL) 14.85 91.05 4.31 7.99 15. POK BEEF I HUTTON (N) 551 .00 .29 5.22 .16 5.06 6.88 56.61 2.21 5.24 I1. PLTRYNEAT TP)- .70 .00 NA .70 .02 .68 .93 5.06 .40 .37 17. OTHER NEAT (P) .10 .00 m .10 .00 .10 .13 .46 .06 .02 18. FISH (0) 2.98 NA NA 2.98 .15 2.83 3.85 6,64 1.09 .22 19. EGGS 1.21 .00 .05 1.16 .06 1.10 1.49 5.93 .47 .42 20. MILK .75 .00 .00 7 .04 .71 .97 1.68 .08 .10 21. ANIMAL FATS .48 .02 .00 .50 .07 .44 .59 14.67 .00 1.63 TOTAL 282.48 1996.55 53,88 22.42 ---------------------------------------------------------------- ::-------------------------------------- (A) SEE ANNEX 2 FOR DETAILS OF THE DATA SOURCES, MODELS, AND ASSUMPTIONS USED TO COMPILE THIS TABLE. (B) COMPUTATION OF THE QUANTITY OF AVAILABLE FOOD NOT DIRECTLY UTILIZED AS FOOD IS SPECIFIED IN TABLE 11. PERCENTAGE LOSSES DUE TO SEED REQUIREMENTS, USE AS LIVESTOCK FEED, NONFOOD MANUFACTURING USES, WASTEP MILLING, AND PROCESSING ARE SPECIFIED IN TABLE 11 AND DISCUSSED IN ANNEX 2. (C) ffl APITA FIGURES DERIVED FROM THE NATIONAL AVAILABILITY FIGURES (I.E., COLUMN F ABOVE) AND A MID-1965 POPULATION OF 735.7 MILLION. (D) TOTAL GRAINS (AS DEFINED BY THE CHINESE GOVERNMENT INCLUDE RICE, WHEAT, CORN, SORGHUNt MILLETP TUBERS, SOYBEANS, PULSES, AND OTHER MINOR GRAINS (I.E., TOTAL GRAINS ARE THE SUN OF ROWS 1 THROUGH 9). (E) RICE PRODUCTION AND TRADE AND DOMESTIC SUPPLY FIGURES (COLUMNS I THROUGH IV) ARE EXPRESSED IN 'PADDY' WEIGHTS (WITH HUSK). DOMESTIC FOOD USE FIGURES (COLUMN VI) ARE WEIGHTS AFTER REMOVAL OF THE HUSK. (F) EXPRESSED AS GRAIN EQUIVALENT AT ONE FIFTH THE WET WEIGHT. (6) APPROXIMATELY 55% OF SOYBEAN PRODUCTION IS CONSUMED IN THE FORM OF SOYBEANS, SOY MILK, AND SOY CURD. (H) APPROXIMATELY 45r OF SOYBEAN PRODUCTION IS PRESUMED TO BE CRUSHED FOR SOYBEAN OIL. THE PRODUCTION AND DOMESTIC SUPPLY FIGURES (COLUMNS I THROUGH IV) ARE EXPRESSED AS WHOLE SOYBEANS, TRADE AND DOMESTIC FOOD USE FIGURES (COLUMNS II, IIIr AND VI) EXPRESS SOYBEANS AS OIL EQUIVALENT. THE ENTRY UNDER NONFOOD AND WASTE (COLUMN V) PRIMARILY REPRESENTS SOYBEAN HEAL AFTER EXTRACTION OF THE OIL AND IS RECYCLED AS AN ANIMAL FOODSTUFF AND AS AN ORGANIC FERTILIZER. (I) PRODUCTION OF PULSES ARE ESTIMATED AS THE RESIDUAL BETWEEN TOTAL GRAIN PRODUCTION AND RICE, WHEAT, CORN, SORGHUM, MILLET, TUBERS, SOYBEANS, AND OTHER GRAINS (TOTAL GRAINS MINUS ROWS 1 THROUGH 9 AND ROW 9). AS SUCH, THE PULSES RESIDUAL INCLUDES BROAD BEANS, DRY BEANS, AND OTHER MINOR GRAINS. (J) OTHER GRAINS INCLUDES BARLEY AND OATS PRODUCTION AS ESTIMATED BY THE USDA (AGRICULTURAL SITUATION - PRC: REVIEW OF 1980 AND OUTLOOK FOR 19811 SUPPLEMENT 6 TO WAS-24, JUNE 1981, P. 20). (K) APPROXIMATELY 50% OF PEANUT PRODUCTION IS CONSUMED DIRECTLY AS PEANUTS. (L) APPROXIMATELY 50% OF PEANUT PRODUCTION IS CRUSHED FOR PEANUT OIL. ENTRIES FOR PEANUTS (OIL) ARE EXPRESSED IN WHOLE AND PROCESSED EQUIVALENTS AS SOYBEANS (OIL) ABOVE (SEE FOOTNOTE H). (M) EDIBLE OILS FROM COTTONSEED, RAPESEED, SESAME SEED, AND SUNFLOWER SEED. (N) FRUITS INCLUDE BANANAS (1%), APPLES (41%), ORANGES (9%), PEARS (24%), GRAPES (2%), PINEAPPLES (1%), RED DATES (6%) AND PERSIMMON (9%). (0) VEGETABLES INCLUDE LEAFY VEGETABLES (60%), ROOT AND STEM CROPS (20%), AND FRUITING CROPS (20%). (P) MEAT PRODUCTION FIGURES (PORK, BEEF, MUTTON, POULTRY, RABBIT, AND OTHER LARGE ANIMALS) ARE EXPRESSED AS DRESSED WEIGHT. (0) FISH PRODUCTION FIGURES ARE EXPRESSED AS LIVEWEIGHT.