Document of The World Bank FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY L'2*,; ., -on Report No. 4590a-IN STAFF APPRAISAL REPORT INDIA KARNATAKA SOCIAL FORESTRY PROJECT November 18, 1983 General Agriculture Division South Asia Projects Department This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by zecipients ontIy in the perfoance of their offcial duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disciosed without Worl Bank autho Currency Equivalents US$1 = 9.75 Indian Rupees (IRs) Indian Rupee = US$0.1025 IRs I Million = US$102,564 Wei,yhts and Measures (IIetric System) Glossary Gomal Lands - Also known as Peranboke 'Lands are cultivable waste lands set aside for comnon use by villagers as grazing grounds. Panchayat System - Elective corporate bodies at the village, sub-district and district: levels Rajya Sabha - State Legislative Assembly Taluk - Administrative sub-district for revenue purposes 175 Taluks in the State Tehsil dar - Assessor and collector of land revenue ]Fiscal Years GOI - April 1 - March 31 IDA - July 1 - June 30 ODA - July 1 - June 30 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Abbreviations and Acronyms ACF - Assistant Conservator Forests AEO - Agricultural Extension Officer of the Department of Agriculture, GOK CCF - Chief Conservator of Forests CF - Conservator of Forests DEA - Department of Economic Affairs DDC - District Development Council DCF - Divisional Conservator of Forests FRI - Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun FEW - Forestry Extension Worker of the KSFD GOI - Government of India GOK - Government of Karnataka ICB - International Competitive Bidding IDA - International Development Association KSFD - Karnataka State Forest Department KSFIC - Karnataka State Forest Industries Corporation LCB - Local Competitive Bidding MAI - Mean Annual Increment MEC - Monitoring and Evaluation Cell ODA - Overseas Development Administration of the United Kingdom RFO - Range Forest Officers RTA - Retroactive Terms Adjustment Fund of the ODA SIDA - Swedish International Development Agency SFW - Social Forestry Unit of the KSFD SFAC - Social Forestry Advisory Committee, GOK SFPWC - Social Forestry Project Working Committee SCF - Standard Conversion Factor TDB - Taluk Development Board TLFC - Taluk Level Forestry Committees on Social Forestry USAID - United States Agency for International Development VEW - Village Extension Worker of the Department of Agriculture This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization. -i- INDIA KARNATAKA SOCIAL FORESTRY PROJECT Staff Appraisal Report Table of Contents Page No. I. INTRODUCTION ..... .......................................... 1 Background .................................. ......... 1 GOI Policies for the Sector ..................................... 2 Present Social Forestry Program ........................ 2 Bank Group Role in Social Forestry ........... .............. 3 Performance of On-going Projects ................................. 3 II. KARNATAKA STATE . .... .. ........... 5 A. Socio-Economic Background .................................... 5 Fl?elwood and Fodder Situation..... 6 Rural Institutions. ... 7 B. Forestry in Karnataka. . . 8 Forestry Institutions .... . 9 III. THE PROJECT .................... 12 A. General .12 Project Objectives, Rationale and Strategy 12 B. Detailed Features . . .14 Plantations Established by KSFD . . .15 Strip Plantation by KSFD ........... . ......... ... 16 Plantation Techniques ..................................... 19 Plantation Establishment . . ................................. 19 Species Mix and Plantation Design ....... ................... 21 Implementation Assistance to KSFD .......................... 22 IV. PROJECT COST ESTIMATES, FINANCING, PROCUREMENT AND DISBURSEMENT.. 25 Project Costs .............. ............................. 25 Proposed Financing ........................................... 27 Procurement ........................................... 27 Disbursement ............... ...... .... ..... 000 0...... 00.... 29 Accounts and Audit ..................... ..-.-. -............. 30 V. ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMIENT ...............o_ ............... 30 -ii- KSFD Organization o ........................ 30 Forestry Extension ...................... ........................ 31 Publicity and lIass Communication ..... ........................... 32 Monitoring and Evaluation ...... ............. .................... 32 Programming, Budgeting, Financial Control and Reporting Requirements ... ...................... .......... 33 Project Coordination .................................... ........ 33 Special Provision for the Rural Poor ................... ......... 34 Distribution of produce from KSFD Plantations ........ o .......... 35 VI. PRODUCTION, MIARKETING AND PRICES ............................... 36 VII. BENEFITS, JUSTIFICATION AND RISKS .............................. 39 Project Benefits ..... ........................................... 39 Financial and Economic Analysis ................................. 40 Cost Recovery ....... .................................................. 41 Risks and Sensitivity Analysis . . ............... 42 VIII. RECOMMENDATIONS ................. ................................ 43 LIST OF ANNEXES Annex 1 Priority Districts for Implementation ...................... 45 Annex 2 Choice of Species ........................................... 46 Annex 3 Suggested Species Mix by Plantation Models .................. 47 Annex 4 Summary of Major Technical Recommendations for Plantation Models .... ....................................... 48 Annex 5 Project Costs and Disbursement ....... ....................... 49-57 Table 1: Project Costs by Component and Time ............... 49 Table 2: Summary Account by Time ..... ...................... 50 Table 3: Incremental Staff Cost ............................ 51 Table 4: Operation and Maintenance Costs ................... 52 Table 5: Vehicles, Equipment and Furniture Costs .. ......... 53 Table 6: Civil Works Costs ............ ...................... 54 Table 7: Plantation Establishment Costs ... ......... 55 Table 8: Staff Development, Research and Studies ... ........ 56 Table 9: Disbursement Schedule ............................. 57 Annex 6 Financial and Economic Analysis ............................. 58-60 -iii- Table 1: Economic Analysis of Incremental Costs and Benefits (all lodels) ... 58 Table 2: Switching Value Test ........................... 59 Table 3: Financial Analysis ................................ 60 Annex 7 Proposed Outline of a Wood Balance Study ....... .............. 61 Annex 8 List of Materials Available in Project File ................. 62 Chart - World Bank 2486 Haps - IBRD 17162, IBRD 17163 INDIA KARNATAKA SOCIAL FORESTRY PROJECT STAFF APPRAISAL REPORT 1/ I. INTRODUCTION Background 1.01 India's designated forests cover 23% of the total land area, or about 75 million hectares. However, increasing pressures of human (688 m and growing at 2% per annum) and cattle populations on forest lands for food, fuel and fodder has resulted in rapid depletion and degradation of much of the natural forests. Consequently, at present about only 61 million ha (45 million ha exploitable and 16 million ha potentially exploitable) of the designated forest areas are available for the production of bio-mass. 1.02 In India, non-commercial energy sources, including fuelwood, agricultural wastes and animal dung, account for nearly 40-50% of the total consumption of energy. Such fuel contributes to 80% of rural and about 50% of urban households' energy consumption. Nearly 55% of non-commercial energy is derived from fuelwood obtained primarily from reserve forests as well as from trees grown on private and communal lands, gardens and on land around households. 90% of the consumption of wood is in primary form while about 10% is used as charcoal, briquettes, etc. Much of the fuelwood burnt is gathered by women, and an estimated 20% of available manpower in farming families is spent on fuelwood collection. Many families, however, due to the absence of forest areas adjacent to their homes, are forced to burn only dung cake and crop residues. 1.03 Although fuelwood as a source of non-commercial energy will con- tinue to be important into the foreseeable future, the development and management of fuelwood resources has not, until recently (paras 1.04-1.05) received the required attention. Requirements for fuelwood in India by the year 2000 are projected to be nearly 225 million n3. Existing planting programs should be able to meet most of the industrial requirements for 1/ This report is based on the findings of an appraisal nission which visited India in January-February 1983, and which consisted of Messrs. M. 0. Farruk (M4ission Leader), Pyong lloo Rhoe (IDA), Ronald H. Kemp, George D. Gwyer, and Peter J. Wood (ODA), and R. Noronha (Consultant). .1 -2- hardwood and, to a lesser extent, for coniferous pulpwood, but are neverthe- less inadequate for meeting the demand for fuelwood. According to some estimates, annual plantings of at least 300,000 ha over the next two Develop- ment Plan periods would be required to meet the projected shortfalls. 1/ Government of India (GOI) Policies for the Sector 1.04 The social, economic and ecological crisis created by the progres- sive depletion of forest resources has made two things apparent: firstly, traditional development and management of forest resources will not succeed in providing the rural and urban population with their basic needs for forestry products and secondly, development of forest resources outside the traditional reserve forests through active participation of local communities will be required to help break the vicious circle created by the shortages of fuelwood, fodder and small timber. In recognition of this, the National Forest Policy of 1952, for the first time, recommended functional class- ification of forests into "village forests" and "tree lands" and thereby laid the conceptual framework for the social forestry programs of the following decades. Thus, during the 1950's and 60's, increasing emphasis was given to plantings on farm, village and communal lands. The GOI-appointed National Commission on Agriculture gave further impetus to social forestry programs by more clearly defining the objectives of the program and cogently arguing for its priority in sectoral development investments. This was subsequently reflected in the country's Fifth (1974-79) and Sixth (1980-85) Plans which allocated 49% and 78% of total sectoral allocations, respectively, and 46% and 70% of total forestry planting targets, respectively, to social forestry. Present Social Forestry Programs 1.05 GOI has increasingly mobilized domestic and external resources for implementing a national program for rural afforestation. Through a number of centrally sponsored schemes, State Governments are being assisted in the implementation of these programs. The "Social Forestry/Rural Fuelwood Plan- tations" program, which has a Sixth Five Year Plan allocation of Rs 1,000 million, provides for 50% GOI financing of plantation costs. It emphasizes plantations in districts that have severe fuelwood shortages, and is now operational in about 147 such districts. Similar assistance is also provided by GOI for social forestry plantations established under the National Rural Employment Program, the Minimum Needs Program and the Drought Prone Areas Program. Additionally, statewide projects with external financial assistance are also being implemented in the States of Gujarat, littar Pradesh, West Bengal, Jammu and Kashrnir (World Bank assisted), Madhya Pradesh and Maharasthra (USAID assisted) and Tamil Nadu (SIDA). Similar projects for the 1/ IBRD Reports 3480-IN, 3434-IN and 2601a-IN. According to GOI estimates, nearly 1.5 M ha would need to be planted annually to meet the shortfalls. -3- States of Rajasthan, Bihar, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala are also being contemplated. These represent a total investment of about Rs 6,000 million over a period of five years, and is expected to result in afforestation of about 2 million ha by the late 1980's. Bank Group Role in Social Forestry 1.06 The Bank Group's first intervention, the iladhya Pradesh Forestry Technical Assistance Project (Credit 609-IN, December 1975) was directed primarily towards the development of plantation for the pulp and paper industry. Since then the main thrust of Bank Group operations in this sector has been in the sphere of social forestry development. So far, four such projects have been approved: the Uttar Pradesh Social Forestry Project (Credit 925-IN; US$ 23 million; June 1979); the Gujarat Community Forestry Project (Credit 961-IN; US$ 37 million; December 1979); the West Bengal Social Forestry Project (Credit 1178-TN; US$ 29 million; October 1981) and the Jammu and Kashmir and Haryana Social Forestry Project (Credit 1286-IN; US$ 33 million; August 1982). In addition to these, the Kandi Watershed and Area Development Project (Loan 1897-IN; US$ 30 million; July 1980) and the Himalayan Watershed Management Project (Loan 2295-IN) also include substan- tial components for reforestation and pasture development. The proposed project, which was identified and prepared by GOK with assistance from the GOI, would be the fifth Bank Group operation in this sector and the first jointly financed with Overseas Development Administration (ODA) of the United Kingdom. IDA has also recently (February 1983) completed a review of the forestry research, training and education system(s) in India, and which may lead to further IDA assistance to institutions supporting development of social forestry programs. Performance of On-going Projects 1.07 The recent mid-term review of the Uttar Pradesh and Gujarat projects, and the recent supervisions of the lWest Bengal, and Jamnu and Kashmir and Haryana projects show that overall progress in tree planting under those programs has been most satisfactory despite staffing shortages and high plant mortalities in the early stages of project implementation. The situation with respect to the latter, however, is improving. Table 1 below summarizes the physical progress of the various planting components: -4- Table 1.01: PERFORMANCE OF IDA-FINANCED SOCIAL FORESTRY PROJECTS % of Appraisal Targets Gujarat Uttar a/ West b/ Jammu Haryana Category of Planting a/ Pradesh Bengal and b/ g/ Kashmir Strip Plantations 132 123 109 42 71 Degraded Forests 100 149 345 10 - Community Woodlots Village Woodlots 191 144 85 78 12 Private Lands 34 Farm Forestry or Seedling Distribution 202 166 19 30 Self-help Village Woodlots 43 8 a/ At the end of the 3rd planting season. o/ At the end of the first planting season. 1.08 The above table shows that tree planting in all categories has exceeded appraisal targets with the exception of self-help village woodlot schemes which have proceeded slower than anticipated. There are two main reasons for this delay: firstly, the Indian village is not a homogeneous society and group decisions do not come easily or quickly. Secondly, village panchayats have a very limited capacity to raise funds either directly or indirectly for development works. Nevertheless, cooperation between village and Forest Departments has been good, particularly in respect to protection of village plantations, and costs of this item are much reduced. 1.09 It is too early to evaluate the impact of on-going social forestry projects, particularly when monitoring and evaluation systems have not yet been firmly established. Nevertheless, the mid-term reviews of Gujarat and UP projects have shown that mortality rates of all categories of plantations are now low (15-20 %) with the exception of tree planting on waste lands by small farmers (30-50 %). Factors responsible for this include poor timing of planting and erratic rains, and inadequate protection of planted trees from grazing animals. However, experience to-date indicate that given sufficient resources State Forest Departments are able to implement successfully sub- stantial programs for rural afforestation. -5- II. KARNATAKA STATE A. Socio-Economic Background 2.01 Demographic Features. The State of Karnataka is situated in South- west India, with an area of about 192,000 km2 (19.2 million ha) and a popula- tion of about 37 million (1981). With an average population growth rate of about 2.4 % per annum during 1971-81, it is one of the fastest growing States of the Union. Scheduled Castes in 1971 (the last year for which such figures are available) accounted for 14.1% of the population, and Scheduled Tribes for 8.4%. Scheduled caste members are distributed throughout the State. 2.02 The labor force constitutes about 35% of Karnataka's population. Nearly 3.6 million people, equivalent to about 14% of total rural population, are landless laborers. Average rural per capita income is estimated at about Rs 750 per year. Nearly 70% of the rural population is considered as living at or below the poverty threshold, estimated at about Rs 780 per capita per annum for rural India. 2.03 Agro-climatic Conditions. The State forms the southwestern part of the Deccan peninsula. Most of the state lies on a plateau, bordered in the west by a coastal strip (about 30 km wide; average annual rainfall 3,000 - 3,700 mm) and the Western Ghats (low hills with altitudes of up to 1,500 m and average annual rainfall of 2,500 mm). Average rainfall elsewhere in the state is about 1350 mm. The State enjoys a bi-modal rainfall pattern with the major portion of its rainfall coming from the southwest monsoon, which starts in early June and continues till September (peak Jlne - July). There are, however, considerable variations in both amount and distribution of monsoon rains and as many as 135 out of 175 taluks (an administrative sub-division of a district) are classified as "drought prone". 2.04 Land use classification and utilization: 1/ About 11.9 million ha, equivalent to 62% of the States total area, is under cultivation (net cropped area 9.9 million ha and fallow 2.0 million ha), of which about 1.4 million ha are under irrigation. Some 4.2 million ha lie uncultivated (including cul- tivable and uncultivable fallow and wastelands) and about 1.9 million ha are not available for cultivation (for reasons of being contiguous to roads, canal banks, railway tracks, bridges, public buildings, etc.). Of the uncul- tivable and fallow lands, (totalling about 4.2 million ha), about 1.4 million ha are cultivable wastes (categorized as A&B class lands) and about 2.8 million ha are barren non-cultivable lands (categorized as C&D class lands). Most of the government owned A&B class lands have been made available to 1/ Based on 1981 census data. -6- villages for common use by villagers as grazing grounds (locally known as gonal or peramboke lands). Included in the A&B lands are about 40,000 ha of cultivable lands, comprised of foreshores of large reservoirs and higher reaches of derelict tank beds and which have been designated for tree plant- ing. Finally, about 3.2 million ha are under forests which amounts to about 16% of the State's land surface. This is in contrast to the all India average of 23% and the national policy recommendations for maintaining 33% of total geographical area under forests. 2.05 Farm sizes. 2/ There are about 3.6 million holdings in the state giving an average farm size of about 3.2 ha. 53% of the holdings are below 2 ha and cover only 15.5% of the cuLtivated area; at the other extreme, a little over 6.2% of all holdings cover nearly 32% of the cultivated area. 2.06 Land tenure and tenancy laws. Basically, there are two types of land ownership: State-owned land and privately-owned land (which includes land owned by individuals, by joinit families, and by legal persons -- cor- porations, trusts, and idols). According to the 1975-76, census nearly 90% of all holdings are wholly owned and self-operated; 5% wholly rented and about 5% partly rented. The Karnataka Land Reforms Act, 1961, provides for security of tenancy, limits the amount of land holdings by individuals, legal persons or families and allows for redistribution of lands among the landless and persons belonging to scheduled castes/tribes. 2.07 Under the Land Grant Rules, 1969, the Revenue Officers (i.e, Tah- sildars, Assistant Commissioners, Deputy Commissioners and the Revenue Secretary) can grant surplus government-owned lands to individuals. Lands granted under the Land Reforms Act: or the Land Grant Rules can only be used for the purpose for which they were let, leased or transferred. For instance, gomal lands can only be used for grazing. The planting of trees, and even fodder grasses, amounts to a change in use. An application can, however, be made to the Deputy Cormmissioner -- the chief revenue officer of a district -- to authorize the change in land use. From this point of view, therefore, there is no legal obstacle to the use of gomal lands for planting trees or grasses (para 3.08). Fuelwood and Fodder Situation 2.08 There is a growing shortage of firewood, small timber for con- structing dwellings and for making agricultural implements, and of fodder. Such shortages are more acute in the semi-urban and urban areas and in the drier districts of the State. Per capita availability of firewood is estimated at about 60% of total requirements and the State is annually some 1 million m3 short in supply. Available fodder from arable and non-arable 2/ 1976-77 agricultural census. -7- lands and forest areas are estimated to be about 5 million tons of dry matter equivalent, which is sufficient only for maintaining the existing livestock population at survival and low performance levels. 2.09 The undesirable consequences of the adverse fuelwood and fodder balance have been well documented. 1/ An average rural family spends about 10% of its daily labor on firewood collection and 26% on livestock tending (including collection of fodder) compared to less than 20%' on agricultural activities. Similarly, nearly 12% of the daily calories expended is spent on firewood gathering, 24% on livestock tending compared to about 23% on agricultural activities. Rural Institutions 2.10 Panchayat System: Karnataka Village Panchayats and Local Boards Act, 1959, provides for a three tier system of panchayats (elective corporate bodies) within the Department of Rural Development, Cooperation and Panchayats. At the lowest level are the Village Panchayats, each covering on an average three revenue villages and about 3,200 persons, elected by all the adult members residing in a village or group of villages and who are listed on the Legislative Assembly electoral roll. There are 8,249 village panchayats. At the intermediate level are the Taluk Development Boards (TDB) which correspond, territorially, to a revenue taluk. These bodies comprise directly elected members, co-opted, and ex-officio members. The District Development Council (DDC) is at the apex of the system, each corresponding, territorially, to a revenue district. 2.11 Functions. Village panchayats, TDBs and DDCs can undertake a wide range of functions, some of which relate to forestry development. For instance, village panchayats are responsible for the "planting and preserv- ation of trees"; the management and maintenance of forests adjacent to the villages, as well as the management of waste lands, pasture lands or vacant lands belonging to the government situated within the village; and the main- tenance of "grazing lands and forest lands vesting in or under the control of the Panchayat." Among the obligatory functions which TDB have are the "plant- ing and preservation of trees on the sides of roads and other public grounds under its control." Further, in 1982, Taluka Level Forestry Committees on Social Forestry (TLFC) were constituted for every taluk. These committees, with an initial life of two years, comprise members of the TDB, and other officials at the Taluka level. The primary purpose of these comnittees is the encouragement and supervision of social forestry schenes within each taluk. 1/ Application of Science and Technology to Rural Areas (ASTRA), 1981. Rural Energy Consumption Patterns -- A Field Study. Bangalore: Indian Institute of Science. -8- B. Forestry in Karnataka 2.12 Forest Types. Of the 3.2 million ha of the State forests nearly 75% are classified as reserved forests, 10% as district (protected) forests, 1% as village and private forests while the remaining 14% are unclassified. About 50% of the total growing stock of 216 million m3 is to be found in the high rainfall evergreen and semi-evergreen forests (15% of total forest area), 26% in the moist deciduous (15% of forest area) and 17% in dry deciduous (19% of forest area) forests, while the remaining 7% comprise scrub and thorny bushes (covering 21% of forest area) found in the eastern and north-eastern dry zones of the State. About 30% of the designated forest area has little or no tree cover and, hence, is void of any growing stock. Within the State, there is a wide variation in the location of forest area. 2.13 Forest Produce and Its lJtilization. Total recorded production of roundwood, sawn lumber, poles and other construction timber and firewood amount to about 2.5 million m3 per year (average of 1978-81) of which nearly 1.4 million m3 are firewood. The State also produces about 1.4 million tons of bamboo. In reality, however, a much larger quantity is extracted from the existing forests as the official estimate does not include the substantial quantity of wood illegally removed from forest areas. Round timber of com- mercial importance, both hard and softwood species, are sold to the public through 36 government timber depots. In respect of softwood, pulpwood and bamboo, specific areas in existing government forests are leased to industries for extraction. There are some 88 firewood depots, 34 run by the Karnataka State Forest Department (and KSFD, para 2.17) and 54 by the Kar- nataka State Forest Industries Corporation (KSFIC) from which firewood is sold to consumers in the urban and semi-urban areas. KSFD also runs 37 depots specifically for supplying green bamboo, seeds, etc. to members of the scheduled caste and scheduled tribes (para 2.01), who depend heavily on handicrafts made of such raw materials for their livelihood. 2.14 GOK Objectives, Policies and Commitment for Sector Development. Government data on the output of forest produce over recent years shows that current production in 1980-81 was about 30% lower than the State's average annual production during the period 1978-80. It is estimated that to correct the present imbalance, annual plantings of about 95,000 ha per year would be required and, in order to achieve this objective, GOK has initiated the following program: (a) mobilization of the State's own resources in order to ensure increased outlay for plantation development; (b) enforcement of the Karnataka Preservation of Trees Act of 1976 (see para 2.17) thereby regulating indiscriminate felling of trees on private lands by individuals; -9- (c) afforestation on public lands that are not available for cultiva- tion of annual/seasonal crops; (d) provision of incentives to private individuals for tree planting; and (e) accelerated afforestation of drought prone areas (DPA) through soil conservation programs, etc. to halt the overall deterioration of the ecology. 2.15 Karnataka was the first State to introduce, in 1975, a forest development tax (5% ad valorem) on all sales of forest produce. The rate has since been increased to 8%. The proceeds from this tax, currently estimated at over Rs 20 million, are available only for the developTment of forestry activities and have provided crucial financial support for most on-going social forestry activities (para 2.21 and 2.22). The proposed allocations of Rs 160 million in the Sixth Five Year Plan to the forestry sector represent substantial increases over previous Plan allocations of Rs 10.5 million in the Second Plan, Rs 40 million in the Third Plan, Rs 50.2 million in the Fourth Plan and Rs 70.2 million in the current (i.e., Fifth) Plan period. 2.16 Legal Basis for Forestry Development. Two pieces of legislation -- the 1lysore Forest Act, 1963 and the Karnataka Preservation of Trees Act, 1976, along with the pertinent Rules framed under those Acts -- provide the legal framework for the creation, management, protection and exploitation of forests on public communal and private lands. The Act of 1976, provides for setting up of Tree Authorities in rural and urban areas to create woodlots (defined as any piece of land on which trees form the main crop by virtue of having at least 25 trees in each ha) and regulate the felling of trees (no individual can fell a tree on his or on occupied land without prior permission of the Tree Officers designated for each area). Forestry Institutions 2.17 The Karnataka State Forest Department (KSFD) is an entity within the Department of Agriculture and Cooperatives and responsible to the Secretary, Food and Forests Department. KSFD has two operational wings, General and Development, each headed by a Chief Conservator of Forests (CCF). The General Wing is responsible for undertaking all tasks relevant to tradi- tional forest management in forest reserves and other designated forest areas. The Development Wing, which was created in 1981, has responsibility for working plan development, forestry research, wild life preservation, survey and demarcation of State forests and other revenue lands transferred to KSFD for afforestation and, more importantly, implementation of social forestry programs. The State is divided into 7 territorial circles, each headed by a Conservator of Forests (CF). Next in line are the Forest Divi- sions, each headed by a Divisional Conservator of Forests (DCF), assisted by about two or three Assistant Conservators of Forests (ACF). There are -10- presently 35 such Divisions. Within each Division there are Range Offices, which generally coincide with the administrative boundaries of a Taluka, and these are headed by Range Forest Officers (RFO). There are 466 RFOs in the State who are supported by some 1,500 Foresters. About 4,000 Beat Guards are employed to protect plantations and forests. E'SFD organization, staffing pattern and staff background, training and orientation are based on the philosophy and concept of traditional forest management and protection and hence are not geared towards prov!ding extension and advisory services to individuals. 2.18 Silviculture Research. 1/ The State has a generally satisfactory research infrastructure with a research unit at Bangalore headed by a Conser- vator of Forests and three regional silviculturalists (DCF) stationed at Bangalore, Dharwad and Hlercara to cover the wet, intermediate and dry zones. These stations also have seed tesl:ing laboratories. The TJniversity of Agricultural Sciences at Bangalore has a small Farm Forestry Department which also undertakes silvicultural research. Additionally, the Central Wood Research Technological Institute and the Indian Institute of Science, both located in Bangalore, are also capable of carrying out silviculture research. While much of KSFD's ongoing research has overall relevance to development of social forestry, there is a need to focus the program more narrowly towards the problems of social forestry and concentrate on a few priority areas such as species and provenance trials, agro-forestry and intercropping, nursery techniques etc. (para 3.36). Additionally, there is a need to estab- lish systematic and more effective links and collaboration between KSFD, the FRI in Dehra Dun and other state and regional forestry research institutions. 2.19 Training. 2/ Most of the senior professional staff, (RFO and above), are now trained at the GO]: Forest Trairting Institute at Dehra Dun and some at Coimbatore. The state has a training school for Foresters at Dhar- wad, which provides a 15-month course and has an annual output of 50. There are two facilities at Bidar and Karhangar for the training of forest guards which offer six months long programs and have a combined annual throughput of 240. 2.20 Seedling Nurseries. KSFD maintains some 600 nurseries located throughout the State. Although on an average one nursery serves about 45 villages, the spread is not even and there is a heed for increased coverage, particularly in the drier districts. Currently, large nunbers of seedlings (over 100 million annually) of some 30 differentt species are raised. However, Eucalyptus tereticornes, which enjoys the greatest demand from the 1/ February 1983 IDA Forestry Sub-sector Revi(ew (para 1.06). 2/ The February 1983 IDA Forestry Sub-Sector Review included among other things, a review of forestry t:raining in India (para 1.06). -11- public, accounts for more than 50% of seedlings raised. Few, if any, nur- series are presently run by the private sector. 2.21 Social Forestry Plantations. KSFD began a modest program of tree planting outside its traditional domain, the forest reserves, in 1979/80. This was in response partly to the critical fuelwood and fodder shortage prevailing in the State (paras 2.08, 2.09) and, partly to the policy direc- tives of GOI following recommendations of the National Conmission for Agriculture (paras 1.04-1.05). Since inception of the program, KSFD has spent about Rs 81 M, as of December 1981, on social forestry plantings, details of which are given below. 1/ A sum of Rs 121 million has been allo- cated for the proposed 1983-84 program: Table 2.02: PROGRESS OF KSFD SOCIAL FORESTRY PROGRAI Achievements 1979-80/1982-83 _Frogram 1979-80 1980-81 1981-82 1982-83 Total Roadside Planting (km) 430 292 37 100 859 Tank Foreshore Planting (ha) 50 650 100 102 902 Public Institutions (ha) 50 80 111 120 361 Gomal/Wasteland Planting (ha) -- 396 7,500 8,000 15,896 Distribution of Seedlings (million) 30 30 56 95 211 Financial Outlay (Rs million) 9 15 29 34 87 2.22 The present social forestry program is heavily concentrated on plantings on government revenue lands by KSFD, including some that have been transferred for communal use. There is very little participation by local people and communities, even when plantations are on communal lands. KSFD does not have a separate organization for implementing the program, and all social forestry programs are now undertaken by the existing territorial staff in addition to their normal duties, i.e., traditional forest management. Consequently, the program is implemented on a somewhat ad hoc basis, no systematic extension program exists and relevant staff are not adequately trained for providing advisory services. 1/ Includes allocations under State Plan only. In addition, funds were also provided from Forest Development Fund, and by GOI under several centrally sponsored schemes. -12- III THE PROJECT A. General Project Objectives, Rationale and Strategy 3.01 The primary objective would be to increase supplies of fuelwood to rural and semi-urban areas through the esta'blishment of some 150,000 ha of plantations located throughout the State. Secondary objectives would be to provide small timber, livestoclk fodder, fruit, bamboo for cottage industry and other minor forest and agricu:Ltural products. In order to carry out this program, the project would provide additional vehicles, housing, equipment and forestry staff and improve existing staff training, silvicultural research and forestry extension activities. Although the project would cover the entire State, priority for tree establishment would be in those districts which fulfill at least two of the following three conditions: (a) mean annual rainfall below 800 mm; (b) designated forest area less than 15% of total geographic area; and (c) moze than nine rural based persons per ha of I presently designated forest area. Based on these criteria there would be 13 priority districts 1/ having a total rural population of 20 million and comprising over 19,550 villages and 130 Talukas (Annex 1). Detailed dis- trict-wise annual targets for all tree planting components (para 3.02) were agreed during negotiations. 3.02 Over the five year project period, the proposed project would: (a) Establish plantations on: (i) about 20,000 ha of government owned gomal lands and agriculturally unproductive (C & D class) public waste lands (also see para 3.05); (ii) 3,000 ha of foreshores of irrigation tanks and (iii) 4,000 ha of strip plantation along roadsides (3,000 ha) and canal banks (1,000 ha); (b) Establish 2,000 ha of bamboo plantations in forest areas as a source of material for cottage industry; 1/ Bangalore, Belgaum, Bellary, Bidar, Bijapur, Chitradurga, Dharwad, Gulbarga, Kolar, M4ysore, Mandya, Raichur and Takmur. -13- (c) Establish 120,000 ha of forestry on private farm land through development of additional nurseries, distribution of planting material and provision of advisory services; (d) Provide forestry staff, vehicles, equipment, housing, offices and incremental operating costs in support of plantation development including publicity and project monitoring; (e) Strengthen research through provision of additional staff and funds for contract research; (f) Develop staff training through increased in-service training, inproved facilities and provision of fellowships; and (g) Carry out a wood balance study and short-term studies related to issues arising out of project implementation. 3.03 In arriving at project design the following points have been taken into account and would form the guiding principles in project implementation: (a) Land of minimal agricultural potential would be planted to trees; (b) Farmers would be encouraged not to plant on lands that have a potential for production of subsistence crops and to intercrop trees with food crops, wherever possible (also see para 3.17); (c) Emphasis would be placed on those activities that err!ourage com- munal participation and create employment opportunities for the rural poor and the unemployed; (d) Project output would be first made available to meet the needs of the area in which development takes place; priority in its dis- tribution would be for the rural landless, marginal farmers and other disadvantaged sections of the population; (e) Development costs would be recovered wherever possible; and (f) Full participation of local communities would be sought in carrying out project actions. 3.04 Project Phasing. The proposed planting program is as follows: -14- Table 3.01: PIROPOSED PROJECT PHASING (ha per year) Plantation Fiscal Year a! Category 1983-84 1984-85 1985-86 1986-87 1987-88 Total By KSFD 2,150 3,950 5,750 8,950 8,200 29,000 Gomal land 1,000 2,000 3,000 5,000 4,000 15,000 C & D Lands 300 600 1,000 1,500 1,600 5,000 Tank Foreshore 150 500 500 850 1,000 3,000 Canal Banks 100 100 200 300 300 1,000 Roadsides 200 350 650 900 900 3,000 Bamboo 400 400 400 400 400 2,000 Farm Forestry 10,500 15,000 25,000 35,000 35,000 120,500 Total ('000 ha) 12.6 18.9 30.8 44.0 43.2 149.5 % Farm Forestry 83.0 79.0 81.0 80.0 81 81.0 % KSFD 17.0 21.0 19.0 20.0 19.0 19.0 % of Total 8.4 12.6 20.6 29.5 28.9 100.0 Total Seedlings Required (H1) b/ 73.0 114.0 184.0 263.0 257.0 891.0 Of which Farmi Forestry b/ 66.0 99.9 166.5 233.1 233.1 798.6 a! Runs fron April 1 - Mlarch 31. b/Inclusive of 20% replacement and 12% due to damiage in transit. 3.05 As it is not possible to predict with,- certainty the response of farmers and Panchayats to the alternative approaches suggested above, flexibility would be maintained duiring project implementation and would allow shifting from one category of planiting to anot'her according to results. This would be accomplished by monitorinlg of results by the Monitoring and Evalua- tion Cell (MEFG) (para 5.08), and by a mid-term review to be held after com- pletion of the third year's tree planting. Assurances were obtained during negotiations that Karnataka would undertake a joint review of the project with GOI and IDA no later than Ma-rch 31, 1986. B. Detailed Features 3.06 All six categories of p!Lantations (i.e. those on gomal lands, agricultural wastelands, tank foreashores, canal banks and roadsides, bamboo plots in reserved forests and on private land) have differing conceptual, establishmient, management, harvest:ing, marketing, legal and financial fea- tures which distinguish them from one another. To meet the various needs of end use and to accommodate the varying climatic and soil conditions found -15- throughout the State, it has been necessary to develop eight plantation models. Details of each category and the plantation model associated with its development are summarized in the following paragraphs. Plantations established by KSFD (23,000 ha representing 15% of total planting program) 3.07 Plantation on gomal lands (Model I; 15,000 ha representing 10% of total planting program). According to official estimates, some 600,000 ha of gomal lands (owned and managed by the Revenue Department but made available to communities for grazing purposes) are at the disposal of the Government. Proposed plantings would involve only about 2.5% of all such available land and, hence, there should be no difficulty in finding the required lands for this purpose. The Social Forestry Wing (SFW) (para 5.01) of KSFD would establish these plantations and would bear the cost of planting as well as the cost of maintenance and protection for the subsequent two years. There- after managemenitand protection would be the responsibility of the village Panchayat. 3.08 Plantations on gomal lands, however, would involve using land for purposes other than for which they have been set aside (i.e., grazing) and, hence, permission would be required from the land revenue authority and the panchayats to change the use. Mloreover, since such planting would involve temporary closure of gomal land, at least for the first three years after establishment, this could affect the availability of land for grazing and fodder in the area. In view of this, assurances were obtained at nego- tiations that: (a) KSFD would ensure that aggregate fodder supplies would not be adversely affected by closure of the gomal lands on which plantations would be established; (b) identification of gomal land (and its extent) to be planted and of species to be planted would be done in full agreement with the respective Panchayats and concerned villagers; (c) once such agreements had been reached, the Deputy Commissioner would authorize tree plantation on gomal lands in accordance with Karnataka State laws. 3.09 Plantations on C&D Class Lands (Mlodel II; 5,000 ha representing 3% of total planting program). 5,000 ha of C&D class lands, out of some 300,000 ha transferred to the KSFD for management, control and afforestation (para 2.04) would be planted with fodder, fuel, fruit and small timber species, or bamboo (in wet zones). These plantations would be developed as village forests, and hence would be sited on lands as close to vil- lages/tribal settlements as possible. Costs of planting, maintenance and protection would be borne by KSFD, who would employ, for such purposes, the landless laborers, marginal farmers and members of other disadvantaged sec- tions of the population (according to the principles now being followed in determining beneficiaries under the IRDP programs) living in the neighboring villages. Land preparation would generally be by labor but on certain lands, due to poor soil types and terrain, use of heavy machinery would be necessary (paras 3.20-3.21). Wlherever possible, all or portions of such plantation -16- blocks would be earmarked for maintenance and protection by the poorer sec- tions of the community in return for a specified share of the produce (para 5.13). 3.10 Assurances were obtained during negotiations that up to the mid-tern review (para 3.05) plantations on gomal lands would not exceed 8,000 ha and those on C & D lands 5,000 ha, oul: of the 20,000 ha of agriculturally unproductive wasteland to be pianted under the project. 3.11 Plantations on Tank Foreshores and Upp(er Reaches of Derelict Tank Beds: (Model III; 3,000 ha representing 2% of total planting). Karnataka has several irrigation reservoirs, the upper resaches of whose foreshores remain submerged for about 1/10 of the year. Furthermore, nearly 50% of the gtate's 28,000 minor irrigation tanks are known to have silted up resulting in dry (or partly submerged) foreshore areas. Such lands, which are estimated to cover about 40,000 ha, would be suitable for planting of certain tree species, particularly those that are capable of growing on clay and wet soils and could withstand brief pe!riods of inundation. The pro~posed project would develop about 3,000 ha of such lands. 3.12 Assurances were obtained during negotiations that establishment of plantations on C & D class lands, on tank foreshores and on tank beds (paras 3.09, 3.11) would be the responsibility of KSFD and that its later manage- nent, including usage, would be governed by an agreement between KSFD and concerned village panchayats. Strip Plantations by KSFD (4,000 acres representing 2.7% of total plantings). 3.13 Plantations on Canal Banks (MIodel IV; 1,000 ha representing less than 0.7% of total planting). The total length of canal banks in Karnataka is about 4,500 km. Depending on whether the cana:Ls are main, branch or dis- tributory, strips of land between 10-20 rm wide are available on both sides of canals, some of which would be suitable for planting of trees. The proposed project would plant up 1,000 ha of land covering some 800-900 km length of canal banks. Plantations would be in 150-200 ha blocks, in four row strips (on an average) and at 2m x 2m spaLcing. Wherever possible, the strips would be undersown with herbaceous fodder and legumes. All plantation costs and maintenance costs for the first three years would be borne by KSFD. Site selection, plantation design and techniques would be in consultation with the Irrigation Department. 3.14 Strip Plantations on Roadsides -- Dry Zones: (Model V; 2,500 ha representing 1.7% of total plantings). In areas where annual rainfall is less than 650 mm, avenue plantations equivalent to about 2,500 trees/ha, would be established. Two rows would be planted on each side of the road, the spacing between plants and rows being 9m and 3m, respectively. Each km length of road would thus be plant;ed with some 475 plants, corresponding to about 1-2 ha of intensive planting. Species that are hardy, drought -17- tolerant, permanent and have value as ornamental, shade, fuel, timber and fruit would be planted. 3.15 Strip Plantations on Roadsides -- Moist Zones (MIodel VI; 500 ha representing 0.3% of total plantings). In areas where rainfall is between 650 mm and 1,000 mm, some 420 kms of roadsides, equivalent to about 500 ha, would be planted with a mixture of fast-growing fuelwood species and per- manent fruit and avenue trees. Some 1,330 trees would be planted per km length, which would correspond to intensive plantation on about 1.3 ha at a spacing of 3 m x 3 m. 3.16 Bamboo Plantations for Tribal People (Model VII; 2,000 ha repre- senting 1.3 % of total plantings). Some 700,000 tribal people live in forest areas and are part of the forest ecosystem (para 2.01). Bamboo provides one of the important raw materials for the manufacture of tradi- tional crafts. The proposed project would plant 2,000 ha of bamboo specifi- cally for the benefit of tribal groups. Bamboo clumps (177 per ha in 7.5 m x 7.5 m spacings) of different species, suitable to the particular ecological and edaphic conditions, would be planted. Suitable Government owned forest areas or other lands would be selected as far as possible in the vicinity of the tribal colonies. 1/ The tribals living in the vicinity of the selected areas would be employed in the operations of raising the plantations, i.e., soil preparation, plantings and subsequent cultural operations and they would be paid wages by the KSFD for the work done by them. They would be also employed to watch and guard the plantations until they become mature for harvesting. lWherever feasible tribal associations/cooperatives would be formed by the KSFD and the harvested bamboos released to the members of such associations/cooperatives at rates 25%-50% less than the current schedule of rates for sale of bamboos from regular forest areas. The Taluk Level Forest Advisory Committees would review the demand of bamboos from the tribals of the areas and ensure that their demands are fully met before the surplus material is sold to other cottage industries. 1/ The following districts were tentatively identified during negotiations: Mlysore (200 ha); Bangalore (200 ha); Dharwad (300 ha); N. Kanara (300 ha); Belgaum (300 ha); Shinoga (400 ha); Chikmaglur (300 ha). -18- 3.17 Farm Forestry (Mlodel VIII; Plantation on 120,000 ha representing 80% of total plantings) 1/ The KSFD would raise and distribute 600 million seed- lings of a wide variety of fuel, fodder, small timber, poles and fruit tree species for plantations by private individuals, mostly farmers. lIost Kar- nataka farmers currently practice high density plantings (up to 10,000 per ha in some wet areas) with a view to maximizing biomass production. Cost-benefit ratios of high density plantings beyond a certain level are not known. Stand density trials would therefore be initiated as part of the silviculture research program under the project and in the meantime the maximum number of trees that would be recommended for farm forestry would be 5,000 per ha (2,500 where intercropping/undercropping would be done). The forestry extension staff, with the help of agricultural extension staff, would help farmers in site selection, keeping in view the guiding principles contained in para 3.03 (a) and (b). 3.18 Seedlings would be raised primarily in KSFD nurseries, but incentives would be given for the development of nurseries by private individuals, and by local institutions such as schools, cooperatives, religious entities, etc. In order to reduce transportation and transit damage, the existing nursery network would be expanded, particuLarly in drier areas. The long term objec- tive would be to create nurseries to serve groups of 8-10 villages with KSFD maintaining larger regional/district nurseries for the needs of large block and strip plantings, and for conducting research and plant introduction activities. GOK has prepared a detailed nursery development plan showing, inter alia, the proposed spatial dLstribution of future KSFD nurseries, measures for promoting private nursery development and for improvements in nursery and seedling distribution/handling techniques. Inplementation of this program would start prior to the 1984-85 planting season. 3.19 It has been agreed with GOl and GOI that the present policy of free distribution of seedlings in unlimited quantities would be changed in the interest of equity, cost recovery, increased privatization of nurseries and efficiency in seedling use. It is estimated that an average farm family would require approximately 750 trees in order to meet its needs for fuelwood and fodder. Accordingly, up to 750 seedlings (including losses) would be given free of charge to each family during the project period and quantities above this limit would be charged at the actual financial cost of production in KSFD nurseries, which currently is estimated at 30 paise per seedling. 1/ Three sub-categories under thLs model have been assumed: (a) on rainfed croplands (84,000 ha) where currently minor grains such as ragi are grown; (b) on rainfed marginal lands (30,000 ha) including areas with poor soils, difficult terrain and those around homestead, field bunds, etc., and hence, without any crop potentials, and (c) marginal wet lands (6,000 ha) including swamps, marshy and seasonally inundated low lying areas when no crops are currectly grown. -19- However, germinated seedlings in baskets and/or seeds would be supplied free of charge. Assurances were obtained during negotiations that during the 1984-85 planting season, the limit for the distribution of tree seedlings would be 1,500 per family and the project proposal for restricting free distribution to 750 seedlings per family would be effective from the 1985-86 planting season. Plantation Techniques 3.20 Site Preparation. Except on hard compacted soils, especially on C&D lands and some gomal areas where mechanical ripping and ploughing would be necessary (para 3.21), land and site preparation would be done by hand labor. Pitting and/or trenching, which are well established methods, would be used for most species, including Eucalyptus. 3.21 Although mechanical ripping and/or ploughing has been used by KSFD (mostly with equipment hired from Agro-Industries Corporation) for some plantations on gomal and C & D lands, the technical, economic, and silvicul- tural advantages of such practices have not been fully demonstrated. Specifications for ripping--depth, spacing, follow-up ridging etc.--have also not been standardized nor based on satisfactory studies/trials. More impor- tantly, large scale use of heavy machinery for social forestry plantation, particularly on communal lands, is not desirable because it would hinder community participation as well as employment generation. Assurances, there- fore, were obtained at negotiation that: (a) Mechanical ripping and ploughing would be limited to C&D lands and under some exceptional circumstances on gomal land and which are either lateritic or compacted soils and which make manual land preparation costly; and (b) Such lands would only be selected if better sites were not avail- able. Plantation Establishment 3.22 In order to improve survival rates and tree growth, KSFD would take measures to improve nursery practices, planting methods and handling and transportation of seedlings. Such measures would include: (a) Elimination of the long delays that now occur between moving the plants from the nursery and actual planting in the field, (b) Discarding seedlings that do not strictly conform to established quality specifications, (c) Raising seedlings in polytubes, and effecting proper root pruning with a view to promoting better and more fibrous root systems and (d) Reducing handling and transpor- tation damage. 3.23 Direct sowing is not common but has been partially successful in some areas where seed of Eucalyptus citridora was sown on the spoils of trenches. -20- Properly done, and where good quality seed is cheap and easily available, this would be an effective method of plantation establishment, Direct sowing, therefore, would be done on those gomal and C & D lands where trenches would be used for planting of seedlings. 3.24 Weeding, Fertilizing, Watering and Fire Protection. For most of the plantation models, weeding for the first three years (except for tank fore- shores, canal banks and bamboo models where weeding would be only for the first two years)--once after the rains and a number of times thereafter--- would be necessary for ensuring proper sapling growth. Herbacious fodder and/or legumes, which would be undersown in some plantations, would need to be harvested in a timely manner. In the context of social forestry projects, grass, fodder and other forageable vegetation are regularly collected by villagers for feeding their cattle and, therefore, weeding on project planta- tions should not involve any substantial resource commitment from the Forestry Department. 3.25 Chemical fertilizers (mainly urea) and some dung are now sporadically used in KSFD plantations as well as by some farmers. The current recommenda- tion of using 5 g of urea per sappling planted is not based on any systematic trials. In the absence of any meaningful data on the optimum amount and type of fertilizer that should be used on the different species of trees and on different types of soils, no recommendations for fertilizer use have been made. However, farm yard manure would be used as a conditioner to the soil in the pits for plantings on roadsides and canal banks. 3.26 All the proposed models are based on non-irrigated and semi-arid conditions. However hand waterings of all species on road and canal sites, on gomal and C&D lands, particularly of those in the dry areas and during the dry seasons, would be done during the first two years following estab- lishment. 3.27 Protection. All plantations require protection against insect attack (particularly for eucalyptus, fruit trees, and some other species that are vulnerable to ant and termite infestations), grazing and fire. Fire protec- tion by fire lines or fire traces is standard practice in KSFD production plantations but in social forestry most flammable vegetation would be removed by villagers (para 3.24). Fire protection is therefore included as part of weeding, for the first three years on gomal and C&D lands, until the planta- tions are, by law, opened to village herds when all grown vegetation would be grazed. Insecticides would be used on all plantations except on tank fore- shores (model III) and canal banks (model IV). 1/ Protection of plants would 1/ BHC and/or Sevin would be used to control termites on seedlings. Alter- natively, Aldrin could be used for treating soil in pits against such infestations. Application would be at a very low dose - 0.2 liter per 2,500 plants and hence would not pose any environmental hazards. -21- by way of constructing cattle proof trenches on the perimeter of block plan- tations on gomal and C&D lands. W4herever necessary, brushwood fences of local materials would be constructed. In strip plantations some individual tree protectors, using local materials would be used. In addition, KSFD (or the Panchayats) would employ watchmen for this purpose. Protection against physical damage should, however, be provided by the respective communities who are expected to be the beneficiaries and as such KSFD would work through its extension staff to generate community cooperation in this respect. Species Mix and Plantation Design 3.28 The species mix for each model is based on their suitability to prevailing agro-ecological conditions in the locality, anticipated output in terms of yields, simplicity of management requirements, and established preferences of the rural population. Overall 95% of the species planted would produce fuelwood and/or small timber, poles and softwood. Many of the recommended species also produce good leaf fodder. Wherever possible, plan- tations would be undersown with herbaceous legumes and grasses, while produc- tion of naturally occurring grasses, particularly on gomal and C&D lands and tank foreshores, would be enhanced by the protection of the plantation. 3.29 Fuelwood and/or small timber, poles and fodder yielding species (e.g. Acacia nilotica, A. tortillis and A. auriculiformi; Casuarina equiselificia; Leucaena leucocephalia; Prosopis juliflora, etc.) would constitute over 65% of all trees planted on gomal lands, 45% on C&D lands, 95% on tank foreshores and 40% on canal banks. Overall, nearly 55% of all trees planted on public lands would be of the above species, 38% Eucalyptus sps, 5% fruit trees and the remaining 2% would be bamboo and miscellaneous avenue trees. 3.30 In farm forestry, nearly 92% of all trees planted is likely to be Eucalyptus teretecornis, which is a fast growing tree that has a ready market for pulpwood, fuel, poles and even for sawn wood. On many poorer soils, particularly in the drier areas, where traditional grain crops provide unat- tractive returns, planting Eucalyptus sps has proven to be a lucrative alter- native and, in fact, has assumed the position of a cash crop in many areas. Nevertheless, Eucalyptus sps are also known to have some important drawbacks in that they do not lend themselves well to intercropping, are competitive, consume large volumes of water, have no value as fodder, and, because of its value as an industrial raw material, part of the produce nay not reach the firewood market. In view of the above, the KSFD would: (a) Adequately publicize the benefits and drawbacks of planting cropland with Eucalyptus sps; (b) Explore viable alternatives to Eucalyptus that would have its attractive characteristics, but not the obvious drawbacks; -22- (c) Intensify research on new species and provenances of Eucalyptus that would be more suitable for social forestry; and (d) Closely monitor the social, economic and agronomic effects of large scale afforestation with Eucalyptus. Implementation Assistance to KSFD 3.31 Incremental Staff (Base Cost Rs 83.2 Million). The proposed project would provide incremental staff for the establishment of a Social Forestry Unit (SFU) within the existing structure of KSFD (para 5.01). This would include recruitment of technical, professional, administrative, and other support staff of all levels for the headquarters, circle offices, district offices, and field services, staff training, and project monitoring and evaluation. It would also provide additional staff (2 ACFs, 6 RFOs, 5 laboratory assistants and a soil scientist) to KSFD for strengthening social forestry related silvicultural research, with particular emphasis on species and provenance work. Given below are details cf the technical, administra- tive, professional and support staff that would be appointed under the project (Annex 5, Table 3). Table 3.02: IMIPLEMIENTATION ASSISTANCE TO KSFD Position Number Total Man Years Technical Staff 1,188 5,194 Additional CCF (SFW) 1 5 Conservator of Forests (CF) 3 15 Divisional Conservator of Forests (DCF) 17 85 Assistant Conservator of Forests (ACF) 30 150 Range Forest Officers (RFO) 156 780 Foresters 580 2,482 Forest Extension Workers (FEW) 394 1,642 Research and Economics 7 35 Senior Administrative Staff 28 140 Support Staff (clerical, survey, etc.) 177 871 Drivers, Peons, Watchman, etc. 268 1,177 Total KSFD Full Time Staff 1,661 7,382 Part Time Motivators 3,000 12,000 a/ a/ Also see para 5.03. -23- 3.32 Vehicles (Base Cost Rs 22e7 Million), Equipment (Base Cost Rs 4.3 Million), Furniture (Base Cost Rs 0.7 Million) and Operation and Maintenance Base Cost (Rs 21.3 Million). The SFU would be provided with 2 bulldozers with rippers, 34 tractor-trailers, 17 water tankers, 46 jeeps, 150 motor- cycles, 2 bicycles, and some 16 passenger vehicles (cars, vans, etc.). Equipment to be provided would include the usual office equipment (e.g., typewriters, calculators, copying machines, etc.), as well as field equipment such as pump sets and sprayers. Furniture would be provided for offices and the training centers (details in Annex 5, Table 5). Costs of operating and maintaining vehicles and equipment, office expenditures, and building main- tenance would also be provided (details in Annex 5, Table 4). 3.33 Civil Works (Base Cost Rs 25.5M). The project would finance con- struction of a training center at Dharwad for foresters and forest extension workers within the existing Campus of the State's Forest training Centre at Dharwad (9000 sq ft), including contribution of dormitories and expansion of existing training facilities. Additionally, offices for additional CCF (SFU) and DCFs (SFU), 13 residential houses for senior professional staff, and 246 for RFOs, Foresters, and FEWs would also be constructed. These would meet only partial requirements of staff housing, particularly of the lower level field staff. Construction of a new forestry extension school would also be financed. All buildings would be of standard public works department design and specifications, and would have approximately the following floor areas (in sq ft): CCF: 2,000; DCF: 1,500; SCF: 1,200; RFO: 800; Foresters: 600; FEW: 400. Other civil works under the project would include construc- tion of seed testing laboratories, storage, pump houses, garages, etc, for which a sum of Rs 3.5 million would be provided. 3.34 Staff Development (Base Cost Rs 7.6 Million). All Staff on first appointment, or on transfer from territorial duties to SFU would be given orientation training with particular emphasis on farm forestry and extension. This would be followed by short duration in-service training administered as appropriate within the state, out of state, as well as out of the country. The school at Dharwad would liaise closely with the State Agricultural University's Farmer's Training Center nearby, including the use of their facilities and staff, if so required. The following provides an outline of a suggested training program. (a) Forest Officers (Other than ACF): Senior officers would be sent to overseas institutions 1/ for short duration higher level courses covering subjects such as social and community forestry (including topics covering sociological, silvicultural, 1/ One such place could be the Commonwealth Forestry Institute at Oxford. -24- agro-forestry, and communication techniques), accounting, sil- vicultural research methods, and monitoring and evaluation of social forestry projects, etc. (60 man-months); (b) ACF. Five officers wouLd be sent every year to Dehra Dun to attend the recently introduced 6-month course in Social and Community Forestry (150 man-months); (c) Range Forest Officers. One hundred and eighty would be given two weeks in-service training (in batches of 20) at Dharwad (90 man-months); (d) Foresters. One day orientation training/seminars every month would be given at the district level by the respective DCF or ACF. All foresters would be covered by this training; (e) Forest Extension Workers: All Forest Extension Workers (394) would be given eight weeks training at Dharwad in groups of 30-35; additionally, regular monthly training sessions would be held in the districts; (f) Motivators. These part-time village level workers would be given two-three weeks oE training at the district headquarters in groups of 30, followed by monthly one-day refresher training at the Taluka headquarters. 3.35 All in-state training would be conducted according to the historic and currently followed "officers and men" model, with State Forest Officers and Rangers providing in-service training to their subordinates. Hence, no additional trainers/instructors would be necessary. However, the project would provide for an ACF, supported 'by three Rangers, at headquarters, who would oversee the programming and imjplementation of the project's training activities. 3.36 Research, Studies and Consultancies (Rs 0.7 Million). Excluding Incremental Staff). Funds would be provided to selected individuals and/or institutions to undertake on contract social forestry-related research (sil- vicultural, as well as socio-economic). Selection would be based on estab- lished criteria acceptable to IDA. An outline of a suggested (silvicultural) research program is available in the project file. during negotiations that KSFD shall by June 30, 1984: (a) Review its current social forestry research program and, identify the areas of deficiency as well as the priority topics for research under the proposed project; and (b) Based on such review, prepare a detailed program for implementation and furnish the same to the Association for its concurrence. If -25- required, KSFD would recruit out of state (country) consultants for assistance in respect of the above, for which funds would be provided under the project. 3.37 Funds would also be provided for hiring consultants (local and/or expatriate, as appropriate) for conducting a wood-balance study (emphasizing the long term supply, demand, pricing, and marketing aspects), and for assisting KSFD in the monitoring and evaluation of the project (emphasizing distribution of benefits and other socio-economic aspects). Assurances were obtained during negotiations that KSFD would employ consultants whose qualifications, experience and terms and conditions of employment would be satisfactory to the Association and who would be selected in accordance with principles and procedures satisfactory to the Association. During nego- tiations the Association approved a list of local institutions from which a final selection might be made for carrying out the proposed studies, etc. The terms of reference for the proposed wood balance study, as outlined in Annex 14, were discussed and agreed upon during negotiations. It was also agreed that the study would be initiated by March 1985 and be completed by June 1986. IV. PROJECT COST ESTIMATES, FINANCING, PROCUREMENT, AND DISBURSEH1ENT Project Costs 4.01 Project costs, based on prices prevailing in January-February 1983 and updated to July 1983, are estimated at Rs 552.3 million (US$ 56.6 mil- lion), of which Rs 32.8 million (US$3.4 million) or 6% would be direct and indirect foreign exchange costs. Duties and taxes included in total costs are estimated at Rs 11.0 million (US$1.1 million), equivalent to 2.0% of total project costs. Total contingencies are estimated at Rs 98.5 million (US$10.1 million), which is roughly about 18% of total (22% of baseline) costs. Over 65% of total investment costs (inclusive of contingencies) would be for the direct cost of plantation establishment; 17% for incremental staff, 11% for capital goods and civil works, 5% for operation and main- tenance costs, and the remaining 2% for research, studies, and staff develop- ment. Estimated project costs are summarized in Table 4.02 (details at Annex 5, Tables 1-8). 1/ 4.02 Physical contingencies, estimated at Rs 25.1 million (US$ 2.6 mil- lion) amounts to 5.5% of total base costs and were estimated using the fol- lowing rates: (a) Civil works: 10%; (b) Plantation establishment: 7%; 1/ Assumed inflation rates: domestic (excluding salaries, wages, etc.) - 1983/84 - 1985/86: 7%; 1986/87 - 1987/88: 6%: international - 1983/84: 7.9%; 1984/85: 7.4%; 1985/86: 6.8%; 1986/87: 6%. -26- (c) Vehicles, equipment, furniture and operation and maintenance costs: 5%. Price contingencies, estimated in accordance with current Bank projections of local (Indian) and international ral:es of inflation, compounded annually, amounts to Rs 73.3 million (US$7.5 Tmillion) or about 16% of baseline costs. Table 4.01 F'ROJECT COST SUMMARY (Rs '000) (USS '000) Z of ----------------------------------- ------------------------------- Foreisn % of Total Local Foreign Total Local Foreitn Total Ex<chance Base Costs A. PROJECT GROANIZATION Incremental Staff 83y225.536 - 83y225.536 8,535.952 - 8S535.952 - 18.3 operating Costs 18S588.400 2,677,600 21,266.000 1,906.503 274.626 2y181.128 12.6 4.7 ~)ehicle and EGuiPments 21s114.700 6,565.900 27J680.600 2Y165,610 673.426 2,839.036 23.7 6.1 Civil Woriks 24,615.040 858,960 25,474.000 2,524.619 88.098 27612.718 3.4 J.6 Sub-Total PROJECT ORGANIZATION 147y543.676 10,102.460 157i646.136 15,132.685 1,036.150 16,168.834 6.4 34.,' B. PLANTATION Gomal Land 60t286.200 2,020,800 62,307.000 6,183.200 207.262 6,390.462 3.2 13.7 C and D Land 25,847.200 2,314,200 28i161.400 2,650,995 237.354 2P888.349 8.2 6.2 Tank Foreshores 6,772.650 307.>200 7,079.850 694,631 31.508 726.138 4.3 1.6 Tribal Bamboo 993,600 14,800 1,008.400 101.908 1.518 103.426 1.5 0.2 Roadside(drv zone) 4y544.767 145+508 4,690,275 466.130 14.924 481.054 3.1 1.0 Roadside(wet zone) 1,043.700 34,995 1,078.695 107.046 3.589 110.635 3.2 0.2 Canal Bank 3,424,700 79,100 3,503.800 351,251 8.113 359+364 2.3 0.8 Farm Forestry 171,000.000 9,000,000 180,000,000 17,538.462 923,077 18,461.538 5.0 39.7 Sub-Total PLANTATION 273,912.817 13,916,603 287,829.420 28,093.622 1427.344 29f520.966 4.8 63.4 C. TRAINING In-Country Training 5,802.820 - 5,802.820 595.161 - 595.161 - 1.3 Foreign Fellowship - 1,800 000 1,800.000 - 184.615 184.615 100.0 di4 Sub-Total TRAINING 5,802.820 1,800.000 7,602.820 595,161 184,615 779,776 23.7 1.7 D, RESEARCH AND STUDIES 700,000 - 700,000 71.795 - 71.795 - 0.2 Total BASELINE COSTS 427y959.313 25,819.063 453y778+376 43,893.263 2,648.109 46,541.372 5.7 100.0 Physical Continsencies 23,620.556 1,522 233 25,142.789 2,422.621 156.126 2,578.748 6.1 5.5 Price Contingencies 67,831.494 5507.423 73,338.918 6,957.076 564.864 7,521.940 7.5 16.2 Total PROJECT COSTS 519,411.363 32,848.720 552,260.083 53,272.960 3,369,099 56,642.060 5.9 121.7 -27- Proposed Financing 4.03 An IDA credit of US$27.0 million, equivalent to about 49% of total project costs, net of taxes and duties, is proposed. The Overseas Develop- ment Administration of UK would provide US$23 million (equivalent of UK pounds 15 million), or 42% of net project costs (see para 4.04). GOI would contribute the remaining US$6.6 million, or 11.7% of total (8.0% of net) project costs. The following table summarizes the proposed financing of the project. Table 4.02: PROJECT FINANCING GOI/GOK IDA ODA Total US$ million 6.6 27.0 23.0 56.6 Rs million 64.5 263.5 224.3 552.3 % of net costs 8.0 50.0 42.0 100.0 % of gross costs 11.7 47.7 40.6 100.0 4.04 The proposed IDA credit would be made to GOI on standard terms and conditions. GOI would channel the proceeds to GOK in accordance with GOI's terms and conditions for development assistance to constituent States. ODA financing would be from its Retrospective Term Adjustment (RTA) Funds which in effect is equivalent to an interest-free debt relief on assistance pre- viously provided. GOK has allocated an amount of Rs 550 MI, including GOK, GOI, and external funding, under the Sixth Five Year Plan for the proposed project. 4.05 Retroactive Financing of up to US$2.8 million would be provided to cover the following expenditures incurred after March 1, 1983: nursery development, advance soil works for plantations, civil works related to construction of training center, procurement of essential vehicles and equip- ment, and incremental staff employed (transferred) on the 1984 planting operation. Procurement 1/ 4.06 Civil Works (US$3.1 Million). Most civil works would be small, and simple structures widely dispersed geographically, and scattered over the 1/ All figures include contingencies. -28- project period. As such, International Competitive Bidding (ICB) would not be suitable and contracts would be let on the basis of local competitive bidding (LCB), under established GOI procedures satisfactory to IDA and ODA and/or by force account. Suitable local construction firms exist in suffi- cient numbers to ensure adequate competition. However, snall civil works contracts up to Rs 150,000 each and building maintenance would be carried out through force account. Civil works contracts up to Rs 0.7 million would be subject to post award review and those over this amount, to preaward review by IDA. Land acquisition (US$ 0.5 million) would follow established rules and regulations of GOK. 4.07 Vehicles, Equipment and Furniture (US$3.2 million). Vehicles (US$2.6 milTion), comprising small numbers ot several types, would be pur- chased over three years and, as adequate maintenance and availability of spare parts would be of paramount importance, this would necessitate purchase of locally made vehicles of types already used by Government departments. Thus procurement would be by LCB unzder existing Government procedures which are acceptable to IDA. Equipment iand furniture (US$0.6 million), comprising small numbers of a wide and miscellaneous range of items purchased over five years would be purchased by LCB with bulking wherever appropriate to facilitate this. 4.08 Direct Plantation Costs (US$37.2 MIillion). Nearly 50% of expendi- tures under this category would be for hired labor, 26% for materials, and 24% for transportation costs. Nursery work, including raising of seedlings, would be carried out by force account of KSFD as competitive bidding for small nurseries scattered all over the state would not be feasible. For KSFD plantations, land preparation, planting and maintenance would be contracted out to laborers on the basis of piece rates established by Public Work Department for each work season. 1/ However, where such contracts exceed Rs 150,000 LCB would be followed. Assurances were obtained at negotiations that KSFD would give priority to landless laborers, marginal farmers, members of scheduled castes/tribes, and other disadvantaged communities when hiring laborers. Materials such as polybags, fertilizer, insecticides, seeds, nursery tools, etc., would be procured locally in accordance with standard GOK competitive bidding procedures which are satisfactory to IDA. Transpor- tation of seedlings and other nursery and plantation materials would be by KSFD-owned vehicles and/or leased vehicles. In the case of leased vehicles, contracts over Rs 0.5 million would be let on the basis of LCB, for which procedures are satisfactory to IDA. 1/ In the past, KSFD has managed to obtain laborers at 20% below the PWD established rates. -29- 4.09 Incremental Recurrent Costs (US$12.1 Mlillion), including salaries, wages, vehicle and equipment operation and maintenance costs, office expen- ses; overseas and local training costs (US$0.9 million) and costs for research and studies (US$ 0.08 million) would not be suitable for any form of competitive bidding. Disbursement 4.10 The proposed IDA credit of US$27.0 million would be disbursed as follows: (a) Civil works, including maintenance of buildings: 707 of total costs; (b) Vehicles, equipment, and furniture: 100% of c.i.f. costs if imported; 100% of ex-factory price if locally manufactured; or 75% of purchase price if procured locally; (c) Plantation costs, including cost of raising seedlings, and labor, transportation, and materials cost for plantation: 50% of total costs; (d) Incremental staff salaries, in-country training and vehicle opera- tion and maintenance costs; 50% of total costs; (e) Overseas training, research, and studies, including consultants costs: 100% of total costs; and 4.11 The proposed ODA grant of UK pounds 15 million (equivalent to US$23.0 million) would be disbursed as follows: (a) Civil Works including building maintenance: 25% of all costs; (b) Plantation costs: 50% of total costs; and (c) Incremental staff salaries, etc. 45% of total costs. 4.12 Disbursements against expenditures for the following items would be against statements of expenditures certified by the CCF (Development), the documentation for which would not be submitted to IDA/ODA for review but would be retained by KSFD/GOK and made available to IDA/ODA review missions for their inspection: (a) staff salaries operating costs, local training and plantation costs, (b) civil works contract not exceeding Rs. 300,000 and those carried under force account; (c) locally procured vehicles, equipment and furniture costing Rs. 150,000 or less, (d) research, studies and local consultant costs. Disbursement against all other items and excluding the above would be contingent upon full and satisfactory docunentation. All disbursement applications would be submitted to IDA and ODA through the -30- Department of Economic Affairs (DEA) of the GOI. Assurances covering the above were obtained during negotiations. 4.13 The estimated disbursement schedule for the proposed IDA credit is at Annex5 , Table 9. This has been based on the disbursement records for ongoing IDA-financed Social Forestry Projects in. India, which have been quicker disbursing than other IDA-financed agricultural projects in India. Accounts and Audit 4.14 Assurances were obtained at negotiaticns that KSFD would maintain separate accounts for all project expenditures, categorized by each com- ponent. Such accounts and certified statements of expenditures (para 4.12) would be audited annually by government or private auditing firm satisfactory to IDA, in accordance with sound auditing principles consistently applied, and submitted to IDA and ODA within nine months after the end of each fiscal year. The final audited accounts and statements of expenditures would provide a statement that the project funds were used for the purpose intended, that all goods had been received and/cr services rendered, that such goods and services were not utilized for any non-project activities, and that full payments had been made. V. ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT KSFD Organization 5.01 The Development Wing of KSFD has respc,nsibility for implementing social forestry programs in the State (para 2.21.), and the proposed project would be implemented under the overall supervision and guidance of the Chief Conservator of Forests in charge of this Wing. A Social Forestry Wing (SFW) headed by an Additional Chief Conservator of Forests, has been created within the Development Wing for the implementation of the proposed project and also for continuing activities during post project years. 5.02 Below the headquarters level, project implementation would be overseen and coordinated by Circle Conservators of Forests (CF), who are responsible for all forestry development activities within their respective territorial jurisdiction and of which there are now seven (para 2.17). However, implementation of the proposed project would require additional management and supervison and would also involve plantations in additional areas (which were not part of past forestry programs), for which three addi- tional circles would therefore be established. 5.03 While at the Circle level there would be no staff specifically designated for social forestry programs, at the divisional level, a separate echelon of professional and field staff, with scile responsibilities for -31- social forestry programs, would be provided. This would be required in view of the fact that the general orientation and duties of field staff respon- sible for implementing social forestry program would be substantially dif- ferent from those working in production forestry. Thus, at the field levels, DCFs (SFW), responsible to the Additional CCF (SFW) through the Circle CF, would have direct responsibility for implementation of the respective area's programs. DCFs would be assisted by ACFs (2-3 per division), Range Forest Officers (1 per Taluka), Foresters (4 per Taluka), Forestry Extension Workers (1 per 12 Panchayats) and part-time Tiotivators (1 per 5 villages) (para 3.31). The above structure for the Social Forestry Wing was agreed with GOK/KSFD during appraisal. Assurances were obtained at negotiations that: (a) senior and mid-level professional staff including CF, DCF and ACF, and at least 20 percent of field staff (Foresters, Forest Extension Workers and Mlotivators) would be appointed by April 30, 1984; (b) further appointments to SFW would be on the basis of the requirements as per annual implementation schedule and (c) the proposed monitoring and evaluation cell (para 5.09) would be established and staffed by September 30, 1984. Forestry Extension 5.04 As elsewhere in India, the KSFD has had minimal experience in forestry extension, and its staff operate under job definitions and in an environnent that is predominantly regulatory. Consequently, most Forest Department staff lack the training and understanding of changed forestry objectives that are essential for effective development of a rapidly expand- ing social forestry sub-sector. The needs of forestry extension are dif- ferent from those of agricultural crops and the simple technical information necessary for the successful establishment and maintenance of plantations can be conveyed easily and quickly to potential growers. WJhile there is a need for providing advisory services to tree planters, a separate extension serv- ice within KSFD, comparable to that existing in the Agricultural and Live- stock Departments, would neither be cost effective nor operationally jus- tified. In building up advisory services for tree planters, KSFD would, therefore, emphasize the development of a core of well motivated and trained field staff (DCF and below) within the KSFD for providing technical expertise and guidance to and general supervision of social forestry programs. This capability would be supplemented by the grass root level extension resources available with the Agriculture, Livestock, Rural Development and other relevant GOK departments, as well as with semi-government and non-government agencies (details below). 5.05 Developing Extension Capabilities within KSFD: During appraisal, job descriptions of social forestry extension staff, including DCF,ACF, RFO, Foresters and Forest Extension Workers (replacing Forest Guards) were developed. Those for RFOs, Foresters, FEWs, tIotivators and VEWs are in Annex 13. These would be further reviewed by KSFD and, in consultation with farmers, Panchayats and relevant government departments, finalized. The job descriptions of territorial staff, particularly the Circle CF, would also be -32- suitably amended to reflect the range of support they would be required to provide for social forestry programs. An intensive training and orientation program (induction, in service and on-the-job), particularly for the RFOs, Foresters, Forest Extension Workers and Motivators, would be organized, details of which, were discussed with GOK/GOI during appraisal (para 3.34). 5.06 Linkages with Other Relevant Agencies. Karnataka is implementing a statewide Training and Visit System of agricultural extension under which 5200 Village Extension Workers (VEW), 750 Agricultural Extension Officers (AEO) and 170 Assistant Directors will be appointed. It was agreed during appraisal that VElls would be used, wherever they had been appointed to convey forestry messages to villagers. Simple, timely messages concentrating on a few critical impact points (such as choice of species, planting density and spacing, land preparation methods, depth of planting hole, watering regimes, fertilization and protection, etc) would be delivered. RFOs and/or other senior district level forest officers would participate in the monthly workshops and fortnightly training of the VEWs and AEOs. Similarly, the services of the Livestock Department's field staff would be utilized to disseminate messages related to the development and use of fodder plants and herbaceous and leguminous fodder grasses. Assurances were obtained during negotiations that GOK would, by June 30, 1984, make suitable arrangements for utilizing the services of the field staff of all relevant Departments of the State for social forestry extension and the orientation and training of such field staff would be initiated in time for their services to be available for the 1984 planting season. Publicity and Mlass Communication 5.07 A Publicity Cell, headed by an officer of DCF rank would be estab- lished within the office of the CCF who would be responsible for the plan- ning, production and dissemination of social forestry-related publicity materials including, inter alia, printed materials and audio-visual programs for use of extension staff training and for public relations purposes. Addi- tionally, Divisional Publicity Cells, within the offices of DCFs and under the supervision of an ACF would be set up for dissemination of material received from headquarters as well as for undertaking public rela- tions/publicity activities specific to the needs of particular areas. At the divisional level, mobile vans equipped with audio-visual aids would be provided. The Publicity Cells, both at headquarters and at the Divisions would be established as a matter of priority. Monitoring and Evaluation 5.08 A Monitoring and Evaluation Cell (1EC) would be established in the office of the CCF and which would be responsible for programming, designing, coordinating and implementing the overall program for; -33- (a) collection of data for improving knowledge about the socio-economic and technical aspects of social forestry prograns; (b) providing SFW with information about physical progress of project plantations, and implementation constraints; and (c) ongoing and ex-poste evaluation of the impact of the project. In support of the above objectives, MEC would organize collection of time series and cross section data based on systematic and well-designed sample surveys and also conduct short-term studies on special topics related to social forestry projects. MEC's in-house capabilities in these regards would be supplemented by retaining consultants (individual or institutional), particularly for the special studies. 5.09 The proposed MEC would be headed by a qualified forester of DCF rank with practical experience in forestry programs and with a post-graduate training in economics/agricultural economics and statistical mmthods. MEC would also require an economist/agricultural (forestry) economist, an ACF and statistical and support staff. At the circle, division and range levels, there would be no special staff for field investigation and enumeration; instead the RFO's, Foresters and Forestry Extension Workers would be given training in data collection and interviewing techniques and would be made responsible for implementing the routine survey activities. 5.10 Currently FAO and the Bank are jointly preparing a manual for the monitoring and evaluation of social forestry projects in India which, when finalized, would form the basis of the work program. A mid-term review would be undertaken by MEC by March 31, 1986 after the third year's planting season (para 3.05). Programming, Budgeting, Financial Control and Reporting Requirements 5.11 The Additional CCF (SFW) would have the overall responsibility, for the preparation of annual work programs and contingent financial estimates, maintenance of accounts and processing of IDA and ODA disbursement claims. He would also be responsible, with assistance from MEC, for the preparation of bi-annual progress reports (financial as well as physical). Assurances were obtained during negotiations that bi-annual progress reports would be submitted to IDA and ODA no and that no later than six months after project completion, GOK would prepare and submit to IDA and ODA a project completion report. Project Coordination 5.12 Three Committees, two of which would be set up under the project, would provide policy and advisory support to KSFD in the implementation of the proposed project. First, at the State level, a Social Forestry Advisory -34- Committee (SFAC) would be foried and headed by the Secretary, Department of Food and Forests, and comprising the two CCFs (Development and General), the Additional CCF (SFW), the Directors of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Director of Agricultural Extension Department of the SAU, one representative (not below the rank of a Joint Secretary) each from the Public Works, Rural Development, Panchayats, Finance and the Revenue Departments. The Additional CCF (SFW) would be the member-secretary. Its overall function would be to provide policy gu:idelines for social forestry activities in the State, ensure appropriate inter-ministerial collaboration in such activities and to review progress of social forestry development. At the territorial level, Social Forestry Project Working Committees (SFPWC) would be established with Conser- vators of Forests as chairmen, and other relevant officers of the Agricul- ture, Livestock, Panchayat and Public Works Departments as members. Finally, coordination, policy guidance and implementation assistance at the local level would be provided by the existing Taluka Level Forestry Committees on Social Forestry (para 2.11). The composition and overall functions of the SFAC and the SFPWCs were discussed and agreed with GOI/GOK during nego- tiations. Assurances were obtained during negotiations that (a) the SFAC and SFPWCs would be established by September 30, 1984 and (b) by Mlarch 31, 1984, GOK would review the functions and compositions of the TLFCs to ensure their effective contribution to project implementation. Special Provision for the Landless Small Farmers and Disadvantaged Communities 5.13 About thirty percent of KSFD plantations on tank foreshores, C&D lands and non-gomal wasteland would be designated to individuals (or groups of individuals) from the poorer sections of nearby communities. 1/ The allottees would be responsible for protection and maintenance of their respective areas and would be given the produce generated thereof free of cost (see also para 5.14). The allottees would also be paid wages for their work in the establishment, maintenance and protection of their respective tree plots. The list of such allottees (beneficiaries) would be prepared by TLFC on the principles now followed in determining beneficiarims of IRDP programs. In order to facilitate such participation by the poorer section, KSFD plantations would be located, as far as practicable, in close proximity to villages or tribal settlements. Agreements on the above principles were reached during appraisal and assurances confirming these agreements were obtained during negotiations. 1/ Right of usufruct only and not a transfer of title. -35- Distribution of Produce from KSFD Plantations 5.14 Distribution of forestry produce from project plantations on public lands would be done in a manner that would: (a) help meet the needs of the local population, particularly the rural poor; (b) encourage community- /Panchayat participation in social forestry plantings on public lands; (c) promote further forestry plantations by the Panchayats; (d) provide addi- tional resources to Panchayats for undertaking general development work; and (e) help KSFD recover all or part of the investment costs of such planta- tions. Assurances were obtained during negotiations that GOK, by December 31, 1984, would finalize arrangements for the distribution of forestry produce from public plantations in accordance with principles agreed with the Association. The following are recommended as a guideline for determining the relative shares of the various participants in the public plantations: (a) Production from Gomal Lands. Fifty percent of the total production of firewood, small timber, poles and fruit would be given to the respective Panchayats and the remaining fifty percent would be retained by KSFD. The Panchayats would distribute one-third of its share to the poorer sections of the villages (as defined under the IRDP program) free of cost for use as firewood, and/or small timber/poles for dwelling construction; the other two-thirds would be sold in the market and the proceeds would be retained by the Panchayats for general development activities, including social forestry plantations. 1/ KSFD would sell its share of the produce, either on site or at other nearby centers. Up to fifteen percent of the proceeds, net of all direct costs of plantation establishment and maintenance, would be given to the respective Panchayats for developing additional forestry plantations for firewood, fodder and small timber. (b) Production from non-gomal cultivable wastes, C&D class lands and tank foreshores: Except as under para 5.13, thirty percent of the produce would be given to small and marginal farmers, landless laborers and other poorer sections of the community free of cost. The remainder would be sold by KSFD, preferably for the use of neighboring communities; 1/ Under the IRDP programmes, criteria have been set up for defining small and marginal farmers and members of the scheduled castes and tribes. These are used for selecting special beneficiary groups in agricultural development projects and administration of subsidy programs and have been found to be satisfactory. -36- (c) Production from roadsides and canal banks: Where the local comnunities/Panchayats agree to provide maintenance and protection, twenty percent of the produce would be given to them free of cost. Otherwise, all produce would accrue to KSFD for sale; (d) Output from bamboo plantations: All bamboo produced from KSFD plantations would be given free to the respective tribal populations. KSFD would make appropriate arrangements with the respective Tribal Cooperatives and/or organizations involved in tribal matters (see para 3.14); and (e) General provisions: 'Lol) and top' and fruit from all KSFD plantations would be made available to the poorer sections of the communities. Fodder would be made freely available to everyone. VI. PRODUCTION, MARKETING AND PRICES 6.01 Incremental Project Production, Forestry produce from the block and strip plantations under the proposed project would include fuelwood, small timber, bamboo, poles, leaf fodder, grass and fruit. Per ha yields under the various models are based on estimated Mean Annual Increment (MAI) of individual species in pure stands, reduced pro rata by the number of stems expected to survive (80% estimated throughout) and adjusted by a conversion factor of 1.42 m3 over bark per ton. The estimated M4AIs, for all the major species, expressed in tons/ha/year, are given below. Table 6.01: YIELD OF THE MAJOR SPECIES TO BE PLANTED UNDER PROJECT tons/ha/ MAI (m3) year Eucalyptus, farm forestry, good soils, wet zone 13 9 Eucalyptus, gomal lands, dry zone 10 7 Eucalyptus, roadsides, wet zone 8 5.5 Eucalyptus, C&D lands, compacted, poor soils 6 4 Leucaena, gonal lands, dry zone 7 5 Leucaena, C&D lands, dry zone 6 4 Miscellaneous, fuel and timber species, all zones 4.3 3 Fruit trees, miscellaneous 10 kg/tree/year Bamboo - 2.5 Avenue and ornamentals, dry zone 1.1 0.8 Avenue and ornamentals, wet zone 2.3 1.6 Fodder, Leucaena, N=1,250 2 tons/ha/year * Fodder, herbaceous, intersown (4 kg per ha) 2 tons/ha/year 1 1 ton/ha/year 2 -37- 6.02 Based on the estimated IMAI, the incremental production from the proposed project is estimated to be as follows: Table 6.02: INCREMIENTAL PROJECT PRODUCTION c/ ('000 tons) Species/ Source Product Public Farm Total Lands Forestry (M tons) Eucalyptus Poles/Pulpwood 1626 20000 21.6 Fuelwood 1320 a/ 4246 a/ 5.6 Small timber 134 205 0.3 Timber 73 18 0.1 Bamboo 140 60 0.2 Fruits 638 1100 1.7 Fodder b/ 30 360 0.7 Total 3961 24999 30.2 of which biomass 3293 24529 27.8 a/ Including 15% of 'lop and top' and bark from Eucalyptus trees. b/ Leaf as well as herbaceous. c/ during project life. 6.03 lIarketing of project output. There would be no marketing con- straint to the incremental production of fuelwood, poles, small timber and livestock fodder because of the rapidly increasing shortage of these com- modities and the existence of a functioning marketing infrastructure. Except for larger farmers and for special occasions, such as festivals, weddings, etc., firewood is not generally purchased in rural areas. The bulk of biomass from the fuelwood species, along with the 'lop and top', and leaf and bark from other species, would be consumed by the tree growing households, substituting part of the supplies of otherwise collected firewood from the reserve forests. The remainder would be sold in rural markets to itinerant merchants from urban and semi-urban areas. Of the fuelwood, poles and small timber produced on KSFD plantations, approximately one third would be made available for meeting the needs of the poorer sections of the rural popula- tion (para 5.14) and the balance would be auctioned or sold through KSFD's -38- firewood depots, for consumption in the urban and semi-urban areas. Poles, small timber (for construction and agricultural implements) and bamboo which were brought in from other States due to short supply in Karnataka, would have a ready market in the State. Eucalyptus trees, apart from providing fuelwood and poles, are also in high demand from a paper mill and two rayon mills in the State for use as pulpwood. 6.04 While current shortages are obvious, no reliable information exists on the long term demand and supply situation. Such information, however, is of utmost importance particularly when substantial private and public plant- ings are now underway in response to the prevailing high prices of forestry produce. The proposed Wood Balance Study (para 3.37) would be devoted to analyzing the factors most likely to influence future demand for and supply of forestry products and to estimating their net availabilities during the late 1990's. A suggested outline of the study, which was agreed with GOK/GOI, is in Annex 7. 6.05 Prices: Except for subsidized prices applicable to the small quantities of fuelwood sold through government fuelwood depots, there are no other market interventions by the public sector and most fuelwood, poles, construction timber, etc. are sold at prices determined in the free market. KSFD subsidized prices are established on a no loss/no profit basis and take into account the direct costs of harvesting and transportation to the depots. KSFD prices are substantially lower than market prices. The following table summarizes the subsidized, free market and estimated economic prices for the different forestry products. -39- Table 6.03: FINANCIAL (SUBSIDIZED AND MIARKET) AND ECONOMIIC PRICES OF FOREST PRODUCTS (Rupees per ton) GOK Subsidized Market Economic prices /a price /b price Eucalyptus 330 500 400 Fuelwood 200 350 280 Timber 600 1,000 800 Small Timber 480 750 600 Bamboo 110 420 340 Fruit (assorted) 1,200 2,000 1,600 Babul 200 350 280 Leucaena 200 350 280 Fodder 600 600 /a M1inimum stump price required for no-profit/no-loss operation for KSFD. Based on KSFD data. /b Based on GOK data supplemented by mission observations. VII. BENEFITS, JUSTIFICATION AND RISKS Project Benefits 7.01 Project Beneficiaries. The direct beneficiaries of the proposed project would primarily be the rural and semi-urban population in Karnataka who depend heavily on forest produce such as fuelwood, small timber, poles and fodder for their everyday living. The rural poor, including the landless laborers, small and marginal farmers, members of tribal groups and of other disadvantaged communities, would be particularly benefitted by the additional employment that would be generated by the project (para 7.03) and by part of the output from plantations on public land that would be given to them free of charge (paras 5.13 and 5.14). The existing pulpwood industry is also likely to benefit from the incremental production of softwood. 7.02 Production Impact. Average annual incremental production of biomass 1/ would include 0.36 million tons of fuelwood, 0.97 million tons of Eucalyptus wood, 0.02 million tons of small timber and sone 0.01 million tons of bamboo. The incremental quantity is over 45% of current production level 1/ From 8th year of plantation for fuelwood species and Eucalyptus, and from 15th year for bamboo and timber. -40- of these goods, and hence would help reduce the gradually increasing shortage of fuelwood, timber and poles. Incremental production of fuelwood would help meet the needs of some 300-400,000 people in the state. The incremental production of fodder, estimated at about 16,000 tons of dry matter annually, would be sufficient to provide additional dry matter required to make some 30-40,000 cattle productive. 7.03 Employment Generation. Over the five year project period, 70 million mandays (12 million on public and 58 million on private plantations) of labor would be generated by the project. Additionally, some 118 million mandays are expected to be created during the post-investment years on account of harvesting, protection, maintenance and fodder collection activities. Ilost of the additional employment would benefit the poorer sections of the popula- tion. 7.04 Environmental Benefits. Major environmental benefits from project plantations would include soil cDnservation, improvement in soil fertility and micro-climatic improvements (e.g. reduction in evaporation loses, etc.). Hlost of the plantations would ha-ve a mixture of species, some of which would be leguminous. This would prevent the instability that is associated with monocultures and also would contribute to soil fertility. Block plantations on gomal and C&D lands, and strip plantations on roadsides and canal banks, would help prevent soil erosion. Plantations on foreshores of tanks and resevoirs would prevent silt deposits and thereby improve the productive life of tanks. Finally, increased availability of forest produce generated by the project would relieve pressures on the "traditional" forests and thereby help reduce their depletion. 7.05 Institutional Development. A long-term benefit of the project would be the development of organizational and operational capabilities within KSFD for providing effective social forestry extension services. Financial and Economic Analysis 7.06 Based on the assumptions and estimates summarized in para 7.07 below the financial and economic rates of return for the proposed project are estimated to be 20% and 22%, respectively. The net present value (NPV) of the project is Rs 691 million andl that of the KSFD plantation and farm forestry components, Rs 6 million and Rs 581 million respectively. The NPV of the bamboo plantations, plantations on tank foreshores and roadside plan- tations in dry zones are negative. However, t:hese represent only about 5% of total project plantations and less than 3% of project costs. Moreover, bamboo plantations would benefit exclusively tribal people, while the planta- tions on tank foreshores and roadsides would help prevent soil erosion. -41- 7.07 Assumptions for Economic and Financial Analysis. (a) Project Life. 36 years based on the rotations of the species planted. (b) Standard Conversion Factor. All costs and benefits were adjusted by an SCF of 0.8, as currently estimated by the Bank, to derive economic values. (c) Opportunity Cost of Capital. All costs and benefits were discounted by 12% which is the currently estimated OCC. (d) Project Costs. All direct costs of nursery works and planta- tion establishment, staff, vehicle, equipment, civil works and operation and maintenance costs were included. Value of some agricultural crops foregone as a result of tree planta- tions was included as project cost. For economic analysis, all costs were adjusted by the SCF's. (e) Project Benefits. Only incremental forestry production resulting from the project, including fuelwood, timber, poles, bamboo, fruit and fodder, were included in the benefit stream. Indirect project benefits such as increased crop production due to improved soil fertility brought about by greater availability of cow dung manure, reduced soil erosion and silting of irrigation reservoirs and canals, etc., were not included in the analysis because of the methodological problems in quantifying such benefits. For similar reasons benefits from improvements in ecology and the environment, time savings in gathering fuelwood and reduced pressure on reserved forest areas were not included in the analysis. (f) Prices. All costs and benefits were valued in mid 1983 constant prices for financial analysis. Produce from KSFD plantations was valued at GOK subsidized prices and others at average market prices. Labor was valued at Rupees 7 per day and 70% of it was taken as the economic wage rate which is roughly equivalent to the weighted average of peak and off season market wage rates. Cost Recovery 7.08 The proposed project is intended to meet some of the critical basic needs of the rural and semi-urban people, particularly the poor (paras 7.01 - 7.03). Such public sector investments are generally viewed as part of the government's normal program for the socio-economic uplift and welfare of the rural population, and costs for which are traditionally not -42- recovered from the beneficiaries. Since there are no direct taxes or cesses on farmers' produce, directly generated revenue from the farm forestry plantations (which accounts for nearly 65% of all direct plantation costs and 80% of forestry produce) wouLd also not increase. However, costs would be recovered wherever possible. For example, some 50% of the production from public plantations would be sold by the (KSFD and the proceeds would help recover a substantial part of its investments on such plantations. Furthermore, costs of seedlings In excess of '750 per family would be fully recovered (currently unlim"ted quantities are given free). Thus, the project would substantially reduce the incremental fiscal impact of the farm forestry component. The indirect benefits arising from improved environmental conditions, improvement in soil fertility and microclimatic conditions, reduced pressure on forest reserves, employment of rural poor, etc. could very well represent a stream of future benefits that would exceed the present values of all project related outlays and thus constitute a substantial indirect: recovery of project costs. Risks and Sensitivity Analysis 7.09 lWhile the proposed projec.t would be implemented by a well established operational department of GOK, its capabilities in social forestry, both in terms of staff resources and field experience, are somewhat limited. Although the project would provide adequate incremental staff and training, delays in recruitment, which have constrained other IDA-financed social forestry projects, could impair implementation, particularly of the farm forestry component. In order to minimize such organizational and management problems, early recruitment of senior professional staff, as well as some essential field staff, would be ensured (para 5.03), staff training would be accelerated (paras 3.34 and 5.05) and wherever possible field staff of other relevant agencies would be utilized (paras 5.04 and 5.06). 7.10 Sufficient public lands would be available for KSFD plantations and farmers are known to be responsive to planting trees on marginally productive land. Hence availability of land would not constrain achievement of planting targets. Limiting free distribution of seedlings to a maximum of 650 seed- lings per family (para 3.19) would not have any adverse effect on planting by private farmers because financial rates of return to all categories of farm forestry are high. However, this issue would be kept under constant review by GOK and IDA supervision missions and particularly at the time of mid-term review (para 3.05). 7.11 Technical risks are minimal because the species to be planted, including the exotic ones, are well known in the state and are well adapted to the local agro-climatic and environmental conditions. Given the pos- sibility of high mortality rates of seedlings and the problens of protection from grazing, there are some risks that projected yield levels rlight not be attained. This has been taken into account in estimating project incremental benefits and estimated yields are well below known potential. -43- 7.12 A sensitivity analysis was done to test the impact of variations in projected benefit and cost streams on the project's economic and financial rates of return. It shows that (a) benefits have to go down by 60% or costs to increase by 149% in order to make the project economically unattractive (i.e. NPV would be equal to zero); (b) risk levels of KSFD plantations, with switching values of -3.29% for benefits and +3.4% for costs, are quite high, and (c) the IRR is insensitive to implementation delays (a two year lag would reduce the IRR to 18%. Details of the analysis are in Annex 10. 7.13 Monitoring and on-going evaluation of the progress of the project, would be continuous, and the proposed mid-term review would enable the project's goals and targets to be appropriately adjusted to ensure financial/economic viability of the project. VIII. RECOIMENDATIONS 8.01 The following major assurances were obtained during negotiations: (a) a joint GOK/GOI/IDA review of project implementation would be held after completion of the third year's tree planting, but no later than March 31, 1986; Karnataka would ensure that up to the mid-term review plantation would not exceed 8,000 ha of gomal and 5,000 ha of C & D land out of the 20,000 ha of agriculturally unproductive wasteland to be planted under the project (para 3.05); (b) beginning with the 1984-85 planting programme, up to 1,500 seed- lings (including replacement for losses) per family and up to 750 seedlings from 1985-86 would be given free of charge and seedlings above this limit would be charged at actual KSFD costs of produc- tion (para 3.19); (c) GOK would, by June 30, 1984, review its current social forestry research program, and, based on that, prepare a detailed research program for implementation during the project and which would be submitted to IDA for concurrence (para 3.36); (d) KSFD would (i) make available to IDA and ODA review missions for their inspection all documents to support project expenditures (para 4.12); (ii) maintain separate accounts for all project expen- ditures categorized by each component (para 4.14); (iii) have such accounts and statements of expenditures audited annually by govern- ment or private auditing firm satisfactory to IDA (para 4.14); and (iv) submit to IDA and ODA within nine months after the end of each fiscal year such final audited accounts and statements of expendi- tures (para 4.14)); -44- (e) senior and mid-level forestry staff and at least 20% of field staff for the SFW would be appoined by April 30, 1984 (para 5.03); the MTEC would be established and staffed by September 30, 1984 (para 5.03); (f) by September 30, 1984, the SFAC and the SFPWCs would be estab- lished; the functions of the TLFCs would be reviewed by Mlarch 31, 1984 (para 5.12); (g) Karnataka would, by December 31, 1984, finalize arrangements for the distribution of forestry produce from gomal lands and other public plantations in accordance with principles agreed with the Association. 8.02 With the above assurances and conditions, the proposed project would be suitable for an IDA credit of US$27.0 million to GOI on standard IDA terms. KARNATAKA SOCIAL FORESTRY PROJECT Priority Districts for Implementation Rural Pop./ha of % Forest Area | Rural | Forest | Cross Cropped | I District | No. of Talukas | No. of Villages | to Total Area | Pop. (M) | Area | Area | Rainfall | ----_-__ ---------------- ----------------- --------------- ---------- ------ -- ~ --------- ------ ----~-- --- 1981 | 1971 | 1981 | 1981 | 1981 1981 mm/p.a. I Bangalore I 11 | 2,470 | 14.6 | 1.74 | 21 | 3.9 | 794 Belgaum I 10 | 1,158 | 16.6 | 2.30 | 12 I 1.9 | 785 Bellary | 8 | 589 | 17.6 1 1 | 9 | 1.4 | 575 Bidar | 5 I 591 | 8.8 | 0.8 I 48 | 1.7 | 908 Bijapur I 11 | 1,239 | 4.8 | 1.8 | 22 I 1.1 | 553 Chitradurga | 9 I 1,250 14.4 I 1.4 | 17 | 3.0 | 579 I Dharwad I 17 | 1,337 9 9 9 1.9 | 17 I 1.4 | 691 I Culbarga I 10 I 1,304 | 7.0 | 1.6 | 23 | 1.1 | 702 Kolar | 11 | 2,828 I 3.9 1 5 | 21 | 5.0 | 731 Mysore | 11 | 1,593 I 34.5 | 1.9 | 6 | 3.0 | 762 Mandya | 7 I 1,339 | 3.9 | 1.2 | 50 I 3.6 I 691 Raichur | 9 | 1,387 | 7.8 | 1.4 | 30 | 1.1 I 602 Tukmur | 10 | 2,452 | 8.2 | 1.7 | 38 3.0 I 688 1 I I s _ I _ I1 - -- . __ _ Sub-total 1/ | 129 | 19,537 I | 20.2 I I I 697 _ '---- 1 V- 7 _I Shimoga I 9 | 1,741 | 31.0 | 1.23 | 4 3 0 | 1526 I S. Kanara | 8 | 662 | 59.8 | 1.79 | 8 | 5.7 | 3932 I Hassan | 8 2 316 8 0 1 15 | 21 I 2.9 | 1040 X Coorg I 3 | 291 30.0 | .39 | 3 I 2.8 | 2725 I Chikmaglur | 7 I 984 | 30.0 . 75 | 4 I 2.6 | 1990 N. Kanara _ 11 | 1,295 | 81.0 I .80 I 1 | 5.5 | 2764 ~~~T_ __ _ --T-1- -V----I-- State I 175 | 26,826 | 20.0 | 26.3 | 6.3 | 2.1 | 1355.0 | 1/ Priority districts -46- ANNEX 2 KARNATAKA SOCIAL FORESTRY PROJECT Choice of Species A wide range of species would be planted on the sites available under the project, although to-date the great majority of trees planted have been of the Eucalyptus tereticornes, locally collected. The following summarizes the dominant characterist:Lcs of the species that will be mostly planted under the project. 1/ ~~~~~~~~~~~~Agro-climatic Species (local name)-H Fuell Pulp I TimberI PolesI Fodder] Fruitl Misc.I Zone Acacia I I I I I I I nilotica (Babul) I B 2/ A 1/I I C 3/1 I Dry tortilis (Babul) I B I Al I C auriculiformis II I I I (Akashmani) I A I A I I B I I All I i I I I Azadirachta I I I I I I I indica (Neem) I B I I A I I B I I I All I I IIIII Bambusa II I I vulgaris (Bamboo) I I A I [ A I I I Al Wet bambusa (Bamboo) I I A I IA I I I A Wet stocksii (Bamboo) I I A I I A i I I A I Wet I I I I I I I Casuarina I I I I I I I equisetifilia I B I I I A I I I B I I I I I I I . Dendrocalamus I I I I I I I I strictus (Bamboo) I I A I I A I I I I All I I I I I I I I Eucalyptus I I I I I I I I tereticornis I C I A I C I A I | I Dry (hybrid) I I I I I I I I citridora IC I A I C I A I I I Dry grandis |C A I C I A I | I Dry * ~~~I I I I I I I I Eugenia I I i I I I I Jambolana (Jamun)| B I I A I I B I Al I Ficus I I I I I I I Spp (Pipul) A I I I B I I I All Leucaena I I I I I I I Leucocephala (soo i
Groupe de la Banque mondiale · Staff Appraisal Report
India - Karnataka Social Forestry Project
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