Oman - Power and Water Studies Project

Document of The World Bank FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Report No. 4245 PROJECT COMPLETION REPORT OMAN ENGINEERING FOR POWER AND URBAN WATER SUPPLY LOAN 1442-OM December 17, 1982 Europe, Middle East and North Africa Region This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of | their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization. |   oMAN FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY PROJECT COMPLETION REPORT ENGINEERING FOR POWER AND URBAN WATER SUPPLY LOAN 1442 OM TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No. PREFACE ............ ...................................... i BASIC DATA .. ............................................... ii HIGHLIGHTS ........... ...................................... iv PROJECT COMPLETION REPORT I. INTRODUCTION. 1 II. PROJECT PREPARATION AND APPRAISAL. 2 III. PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION. 3 Outcome of the Studies. 5 IV. PERFORMANCE. 6 V. LESSONS LEARNED. 7 LIST OF ANNEXES ANNEX NO. 1 Objectives in Consultant's Terms of Reference 2 Key Dates 3 Level of Effort for Engineering Services 4 List of Consultant's Reports 5 Disbursements 6 Telex from Government on PCR MAP - IBRD 12915R, May 1979 This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization.   - i - PROJECT COMPLETION REPORT OMAN: ENGINEERING FOR POWER AND URBAN WATER SUPPLY (LOAN 1442-OH) PREFACE This is the Completion Report of the Engineering for Power and Urban Water Supply Project for which Loan 1442-OM was approved on May 18, 1977, for US$ 1,500,000, of which US$ 1,088,601 was disbursed and US$ 411,399 was cancelled on May 15, 1981. The objective of the project was to prepare the studies necessary to enable Oman (i) to address the urgent development needs of the power and urban water supply sector in the period through 1980; (ii) to carry out the next phase of development through 1985; and (iii) to improve sector institutions. The Project Completion Report was prepared by the Europe, Middle East and North Africa Region Office on the basis of a review carried out in Washington during February 1982. Comments from the Oman Government indicate concurrence with the findings of the Project Completion Report. These comments are attached in Annex 6 to this report. The project has not been subjected to audit by the Operations Evaluation Department.   - ii - PROJECT COMPLETION REPORT DATA SHEET OMAN: ENGINEERING FOR POWER AND URBAN WATER SUPPLY (LOAN 1442-OM) KEY PROJECT DATA APPRAISAL ITEM EXPECTATION ACTUAL Total Project Cost (US$ million) 2.5 1.43 Underrun () - 0.43 Loan Amount (US$ million) 1.5 1.5 Disbursed 1.5 1.1 /a Date Physical Components Completed N/A N/A Proportion completed by above date (X) N/A N/A Time Overrun (%) N/A N/A Incremental Financial Rate of Return (X) N/A N/A Financial Performance N/A N/A Institutional Performance N/A N/A Cumulative Estimated and Actual Disbursements (US$ '000) As of December 31, 1978 1979 1980 1981 (i) Appraisal Estimate N/A N/A N/A N/A (ii) Actual 488 958 1,088 1,088 /a OTHER PROJECT DATA Appraisal Item Estimate Actual First Mention in Files - 01/17/77 Government Application - 01/17/77 Negotiations - 04/21/77 Board Approval - 05/18/77 Loan Agreement - 06/20/77 Effectiveness - 09/14/77 Closing Date 12/31/79 05/31/81 Borrower Sultanate of Oman Executing Agency Ministry of Electricity and Water Fiscal Year of Borrower January 1 - December 31 Follow-on Project Name N/A /a US$ 411,398.62 was cancelled on May 15, 1981   - iii - MISSION DATA Month/ No. of No. of Staff Date of Item Year Days Persons Days Report Identification 01/77 02/22/77 Preparation 03/77 15 1 15 04/01/77 Supervision I (Power & Water) 12/77 6.25 4 25 01/06/78 Supervision II (Water) 04/78 5 3 15 05/01/78 Discussions with Power Consultants 06/78 0.5 1 0.5 06/30/78 Discussions with Water Consultants 06/78 1 1 1 - Discussions with Power Consultants 08/78 5 1 5 08/14/78 Management Discussions in Oman 09/78 4 1 1 10/03/78 Supervision III (Water) 12/78 7.5 2 15 12/27/78 Management discussions in Oman 02/79 5 1 5 02/26/79 Supervision IV (Water) 05/79 10 1 10 05/16/79 Supervision V (Water) 06/79 15 3 45 /b 06/27/79 Supervision VI (Water) 03/80 5 2 10 04/09/80 Supervision VII (Power) 05/80 5 3 15 06/17/80 Supervision VIII (Water) 06/80 5 2 10 07/03/80 89.25 172.5 COUNTRY EXCHANGE RATES Name of Currency (Abbreviation) Omani Rials (OR) Appraisal Year Average (1977) US$ 1.00 = 0.3454 Average over Project Period US$ 1.00 = 0.3454 Completion Year Average (1981) US$ 1.00 = 0.3454 /b includes staff time for the appraisal of the capital area water supply project which was aborted.   PROJECT COMPLETION REPORT OMAN: ENGINEERING FOR POWER AND URBAN WATER SUPPLY (LOAN 1442-OM) HIGHLIGHTS The project consisted of the preparation of studies necessary for the Government to undertake the rehabilitation and expansion of the power and water supply sector in the short and medium term and to improve institutional arrangements (para. 2.03). The loan was approved in May 1977 and became effective in September 1977. Proposals received were substantially lower than original estimates and US$ 411,399 or 27% of the loan was eventually cancelled. The consultants mobilized rapidly and produced their reports with diligence. The Government accepted these reports, except the one on institutional aspects which it found inappropriate. The Bank concurred with this view. The project was very successful, the major objective of rehabilitating and expanding the power and water supply sector having been rapidly undertaken by the Government. Supplies of electricity and water have already improved dramatically while water losses have been substantially reduced (para. 4.03). The principal lesson learned is that consultants expected to advise on institutional matters should have developing country experience (para. 5.01). Another point of special interest is the identification of a major water source (para. 3.05).   OMAN PROJECT COMPLETION REPORT ENGINEERING FOR POWER AND URBAN WATER SUPPLY LOAN 1442 OM I. INTRODUCTION 1.01 Oman occupies most of the southern corner of the Arabian peninsula, and covers an area estimated at 300,000 square kilometers. No reliable popu- lation census has been taken, and estimates of the total population in 1975 ranged from 750,000, based on UN figures, to the Government's official esti- mate of 1.5 million. The dominant urban region is the Capital Area, compris- ing a strip some 50 km in length along the coast between the Sultan's palaces in Muscat and Seeb. The 1975 population of the Capital Area was estimated at about 80,000. Oman's second urban region, Salalah, located along the southern coast some 850 km southwest of the Capital Area, had a 1975 population of less than 25,000. Some 30 towns and villages were all much smaller in size. 1.02 Oman has an arid climate characterized by extremely hot and dry summers and mild winters. Annual precipitation averages about 100 mm along the Gulf coast and rises to about 300 mm in the Hajar mountain range in the north. Scarcity of water has been a factor limiting agricultural development of the country. Since 1973 various water resources studies have been conduct- ed, and considerable information exists on the water available in the country. 1.03 Prior to exploitation of oil, which was first commercially exported in 1967, Oman's economy was at a subsistence level and was based entirely on agriculture, fisheries and handicrafts. Infrastructure was negligible. The road network consisted of only 10 kilometers of paved roadway and an unknown length of earth tracks. There were no modern port facilities. The public power system consisted of scattered small diesel generators. The Capital Area had a small distribution system supplied by a total capacity of 2.2 MW. Sev- eral unconnected diesel generators with a combined capacity of 2.1 MW served Salalah. Water supplies consisted mostly of private wells, occasionally equipped with diesel-powered pumps and a few small pipelines. 1.04 In July 1970 when Sultan Qaboos bin Said came to power, a series of political and social reforms were initiated to transform the country's medi- eval society into a modern one. The economic development efforts of the Gov- ernment and the growth of the private sector caused dramatic increases in the demand for basic infrastructure. The Government was thus anxious to complete projects to provide, inter alia, electric power and water supply, particularly in the urban areas. 1.05 Until 1978 most of Oman's infrastructure was the responsibility of the Ministry of Communications, power and water being the responsibility of two separate Directorates General. In June 1978, these Directorates were taken over by a newly created Ministry for Electricity and Water. Omani and expatriate skilled staff were extremely scarce. Technical staff were pre- occupied mainly with managing construction of urgently needed facilities and operating the rapidly expanding systems.  - 2 - 1.06 In 1974, the Ministry of Communications had contracted for the con- struction of the Ghubrah desalination plant to provide a total of 50 MW of power plus 18,250 m3/day of water. In the same year several other contracts were signed to provide transmission systems to convey the electricity and water produced at the Ghubrah desalination plant to the Capital Area. In 1976 the Ministry of Communications was already anticipating power shortages by mid-1978 despite the committed installed capacity of 115 MW for the Capital Area. This view, which was shared by the technical and economic planners, was reflected in the country's first Five-Year 1976-1980 Development Plan, pub- lished in mid-1976. This Plan envisaged expenditures totalling OR 122 million (US$ 365 million) for the power and water sectors, about 15 percent of total planned investments. Oman's request for Bank assistance led to the Engineer- ing Loan described in this report. II. PROJECT PREPARATION AND APPRAISAL 2.01 Request for Bank assistance was first made to a Bank economic mission in November/December 1976 by the Minister of Communications, and was confirmed by Oman's Development Council in January 1977. The request was for the Bank to carry out or finance the execution of a study of Oman's electricity and water requirements during the next ten years. The Bank confirmed its willing- ness to assist the Government in February 1977. 2.02 In early March 1977, a former Bank staff member was contracted by the Bank as consultant to prepare the project. Preparation work consisted of the review of available sector information and the drafting of terms of reference for the project studies at Bank Headquarters. A mission visited Oman during the last ten days of March, 1977, and reached agreement with the Government on the scope of the project, its objectives and the terms of reference for the proposed b,udies. 2.03 The work of the proposed study was grouped into three phases and included: a) Phase One 1. Studies to identify high priority projects to supply power and water to the Capital Area and Salalah for the period 1977 - 1980, and to prepare designs and tender documents for approved pro- jects. 2. Supervision of construction and commissioning of facilities for projects identified in Phase One (1) above. b) Phase 2 1. Studies to identify projects required to meet urban power and water requirements for the period 1981 - 1985 (essentially for the Capital area, Salalah and 26 towns and villages), including field investigations and preparation of feasibility studies with preliminary designs.  -3- 2. Preparation of a master plan for development in the power and water sectors covering the period 1986 - 1995. c) Phase Three 1. Studies relating to strengthening the institutional structure, organization, procedures, operations and finances, including ary necessary legislative changes for the power and water sectors. 2.04 The objectives of the Project were included in the Consultant's terms of reference. These objectives are detailed in Annex 1. The scope of the work reflected the priority given by the Government to the expansion of ser- vices in the Capital Area and Salalah. Hence these cities were included in Phase One. However, since the Government had already arranged for the con- struction of isolated power systems (up to 2.0 MW each) to supply 26 rural towns and villages and because modern water supplies were non-existent in most of these rural locations, these towns and villages were included in the scope of work for Phases Two and Three. Finally, although contained in the project description, the costs for (i) construction supervision for power and water facilities for the Capital area and Salalah to be built by 1980, and (ii) field investigations required for the studies had not been included in the cost estimates for the study, because a realistic estimate for these could not be established at the time of loan approval. These items were to be financed separately by the Government. The Government was also to provide financing for detailed engineering of projects recommended for implementation in the period 1981 - 1985. 2.05 Bank loan negotiations were concluded on April 21, 1977. An engineer- ing loan of $1.5 million was approved in May 1977 to cover the foreign ex- change portion of the cost of consulting services. III. PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION 3.01 Invitation for engineering services was made in early 1977, and pro- posals were received from four consulting firms in May 1977. Three of the proposals contained offers of less than $ 1 million, i.e. substantially below the original estimated cost of $ 2.5 million. The proposals were independent- ly evaluated by the Ministry of Communications and the Bank, and after some exchange of views concurrence was reached to enter negotiations with a con- sulting consortium from the United Kingdom. The consultant's proposal was accepted in principle by the Government on June 18, 1977 and the contract was signed on July 10, 1977. The contract amounted to $954,000 equivalent. Annex 2 provides a list of the key dates and Annex 3 provides data on consulting manpower and costs. 3.02 The power and water studies were conceived to be implemented as separate but related activities, linked primarily by the existence and possi- ble expansion of the Ghubrah thermal power and desalination plant serving the Capital Area. This separation between the power and water supply studies was observed consistently:  -4 - a) Within the Bank, the Water Supply and Power Divisions were responsible for the project, with the Water Supply Division designated as the lead division; b) in Oman, power and water systems were the responsibility of two separate Directorates, at first within the Ministry of Communica- tions, and after 1978 within the Ministry for Electricity and Water; c) the terms of reference for the consultant contained separate scopes of work for the power and water studies; d) the consultant's team comprised two main firms, each working fairly independently, albeit under common leadership, on their respective tasks. Reports for Phase One, which covered immediate measures to be taken were required within three months for both sectors. Reports for the remaining phases were scheduled for 12 months after commencement for the power study and 26 months for the water study, where considerable field work was anticipated. 3.03 The consultants mobilized quickly and arrived in Oman in August 1977, less than one month after the signature of their contract. The draft Phase One reports were prepared during the first four months, separately for power and for water supply. A consultant was engaged separately by the local Gov- ernnor to advise on the water supply situation in the Salalah city area. This city was therefore not included in the Phase One of the water supply study, although it was included in the power study. 3.04 The draft Phase One Power report underwent extensive revision follow- ing discussions with the Government, and was finalized and issued in March 1978, i.e. eight months after it was started. The Phase Two Power study, which covered developments from 1981 to 1985, was done only for the Capital Area and Salalah, because service to the other 26 rural towns and villages was contracted by the Ministry to another organization, the Oman National Electric Company, which would be looking after the operational and developmental needs of these communities. The Phase Two Report was submitted by the Consultant in January 1979. An interim report for the Phase Three Power Studies, which covered institutional arrangements and accounting procedures, was submitted to the newly created Ministry of Electricity and Water in July, 1978. However, for reasons explained in para. 4.04, the Consultant was instructed by the Ministry to discontinue work on this Phase of the studies. 3.05 The draft Phase One Water report, which covered water supply develop- ments for the Capital Area up to 1980 was submitted in November 1977. An important contribution of this study was the identification of a major surface water source at Wadi Dayqah some 90 km. southeast of the Capital Area. A study was thus initiated to determine the feasibility of using this source. This feasibility study financed under the Bank Loan proceeded until Loan closing and subsequently continued with Government funds. The study is now nearing completion. The Phase Two Water report, which presented development proposals for the period 1981 to 1985 for the Capital Area, was completed in April 1979. Hoever, the report for rural towns and villages was not completed  until the latter part of 1980. A preliminary Phase Three Report on institu- tional recommendations for the water supply sector was completed by the con- sultant in July 1978. However, for reasons explained in para. 4.04, further work on this phase of the studies was discontinued at the request of the Min- istry of Electricity and Water. The full report was never completed. 3.06 The original Loan Closing Date was December 31, 1979, and the actual Closing Date was May 15, 1981. This slippage was due to a delay of about one year in completing the engineering water studies and another four and one half months to finalize disbursements. Bank Loan disbursements totalled $1,088,601.38, and some 27% of the original loan amount of $ 1.5 million was cancelled. The disbursements are listed in Annex 5. Outcome of the Studies 3.07 The recommendations of the final Phase One Power Study Report for the 1978-80 developments in the Capital Area and Salalah were generally accepted and implemented by the Government. In the Capital Area this involved (i) the procurement and installation of three 17.5 MW gas turbine generation units in 1977/78 and a further six 17.5 MW units in 1978/79; (ii) construction of a 132 KV transmission line; and (iii) the expansion of the low voltage distribution system. In Salalah two 6.8 MW diesel generation units were ordered and in- stalled in 1978/79. The consultant was retained by the Ministry to help implement the recommended developments, except for the low voltage distribu- tion system which the Ministry undertook itself. 3.08 The Phase Two Power Report recommended that for the Capital Area a 50 MW steam generation plant be installed at Ghubrah by 1983. The Ministry, how- ever, decided to continue to use gas turbines which, although not the best alternative, were cheaper in capital cost, quicker and easier to-procure and install. 3.09 Based on the consultant's Water Studies, a water supply project was identified for possible Bank financing, comprising: (a) water supply development for the Capital Area - modifications to the existing desalination plant in order to increase its output; - development of the nearby Wadi Mayh groundwater source as a near-term supply; this prospective source was identified by the consultant late in 1978; - distribution and storage facilities; - equipment to improve operational capabilities; - detailed engineering of a long-term supply source; (b) water supply program for villages; (c) wastewater master plan for the Capital Area. The appraisal of the proposed project with Wadi Mayh as groundwater source could not be completed, however, as its feasibility could not be demonstrated due to the lack of data to confirm the quantity and quality of the water and to the increasing use of this source for agriculture.  - 6 - 3.10 In the event, because the other potential source for the Capital Area, Wadi Dayqah, could not be developed rapidly enough to meet near-term requirements, the Ministry decided to construct a second desalination unit at the Ghubrah plant. Separate consultants were engaged by the Ministry to pre- pare technical specifications and tender documents for international competi- tive bidding for this desalination unit. These documents were sent to the Bank for review in May 1980. Nevertheless, the Government preferred to obtain financing from Arab sources rather than from the Bank. A contract was sub- sequently awarded, and the new desalination plant is expected to be operation- al by late 1982. IV. PERFORMANCE 4.01 This engineering loan, and the Bank supervision of the studies, pro- vided the technical assistance requested by the Government. A review of the key dates (Annex 2) confirms that the Bank reacted promptly to the Govern- ment's request, the loan having been approved within six months of this request. Consultants began work in Oman less than three months later. The list of Bank missions shows that fourteen technical missions were mobilized to prepare and supervise the project over a period of 39 months. 4.02 The principal objectives of Phases One and Two of the power and water studies, as outlined in Annex 1, were achieved. The studies provided the first comprehensive development plan for power systems in the Capital Area and 28 towns and villages. The studies also provided the Government with useful data and analyses for the development of the basic power and water supply infrastructure at minimum economic cost. 4.03 The Government has been implementing most of the technical recommen- dations of the study. Supplies of electricity and water have improved dramat- ically in the Capital Area. Water losses were substantially reduced. The improvements in water supplies in the towns and villages outside the Capital Area and Salalah have been equally impressive. Feasibility level studies exist for 28 towns and villages and by early 1982 new systems had been design- ed and constructed in four towns, with eight more in the process of implemen- tation. 4.04 The institutional and financial objectives associated with Phase Three of the project were not achieved. These aspects of the study were sub- contracted by the consultants to two elderly individuals who had no experience in developing countries. The Bank felt some concern about their suitability but concluded that there were insufficient grounds for objection and decided to await their initial report before forming a judgment. As feared, their report put forth recommendations which were overly elaborate and inappropriate to Omani conditions. The Bank agreed with the Minister that little would be gained by pursuing these aspects of the study, and the consultants were asked to suspend work on them. The Minister was nevertheless keen to initiate organizational changes which would lead to improved efficiency and better financial control and hoped measures to this effect could be introduced in conjunction with the implementation of a project which was under discussion between the Government and the Bank. However, as pointed out in paras. 3.09 and 3.10, this project did not materialize and for the only remaining near- term alternative, the Government elected to proceed with funding from Arab sources rather than from the Bank.  V. LESSONS LEARNED 5.01 The Bank's experience with this project reinforces its long-standing knowledge that developing country experience is essential for consultants, especially for those who are called upon to advise on institutional matters.   -9- Annex I Page 1 of 2 OMAN - POWER AND URBAN WATER DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM OBJECTIVES IN CONSULTANT'VS TERMS OF REFERENCEI/ 1. The required work can be divided inco three activities related to the short-term, long-term and institutional requirements of the power and urban water seccors as follows: Phase One - Power and Urban Water Development Program Through 1980 The objectives of the Phase One part of the Study are: (a) to quickly determine the least-cost development program for supplying the power and water require- ments of the Capital Area and Salalah through 1980; and *(b) to implement the approved projects in this short term program, including the design, procurement, supervision of construction and commissioning of facilities. Phase Two - Power and Urban Water Development Program Through 1995 and Feasibility Studies Through 1985 The objectives of the Phase Two work are: (a) to determine the least-cost program to meet the power and urban water requirements for the Capital Area and Salalah in the short-term period 1981-1985 and to conduct feasiability studies and related exploration work so that the recommended projects are fully prepared for the commitment of the relaced investments for the detailed 1981-1985 development program. For the specified towns and villages the least cost program for power and water supply facilities should be prepared in detail from the present until 1985. (b) to prepare a broad plan for future projects required to meet the long-term 1986-1995 power and water requirements at least cost as a basis for initiating feasibility studies of the identified projects and as a guide to future investment requirements. / These objectives form part of the Terms of Reference prepared for the consultants and presenced in the Technical Appendix to the Presidents' Report of May 18, 1977.  - 10 - Annex I Page 2 of 2 Phase Three - Institutional Recommendations for the Power and Water Supply Sectors The objective of Phase Three is to prepare recommenda- tions for improvement in the legislacion, structure, organization, finance, procedures, operations and mainte- nance of the power and urban water systems in the Capital Area, Salalah and the specified towns and villages. 2. Although the three activities have been designated as Phases, the actual work related to achieving the objectives of the three Phases of the Study would necessarily overlap, to some extent, particularly the institutional requirements which must be considered from the outset of the Study. 3. In conducting a power study, normally the long-term program would be developed initiating the short-term projects. In this Study, the results of exploration programs including groundwater investigations may dictate the possible need for desalinacion for water supply in particular cases. This, in turn, may affect the power program if power/ desalination stations are found to be part of the least-cost, power/ water development program. Therefore the long-term program cannot be fully developed until the water resource situation is clarified for each town or vi_lage. Thus the timing of the work related to achieving the short-term, long-term and institutional objecciv2s is not necessarily sequential.  Annex 2 Page 1 of 2 KEY DATES Activity Date Remarks 1. Government asks economic mission December/76 about possible Bank assistance in power and water planning 2. Government formally requests Bank January 17/77 Telex from assistance in power and water Development planning Council 3. Bank mission reaches agreement March 20-29/77 Bank Con- with Government on study terms of sultant reference and consulting procedures previously briefed in Bank 4. Negotiations completed for engineering loan April 21/77 5. Board approves engineering loan of $ 1.5 million May/77 6. Loan Agreement date June 20/77 7. Government signs contract with Consultant July 10/77 8. Consultants commence work in Oman August/77 9. Loan effectiveness September 14/77 10. Draft Phase One Reports submitted November, 1977 Reviewed by first covering recommended developments supervision mission for 1980 for power and water supply in December, 1977 systems in the Capital Area 11. Ministry of Electricity and June, 1978 Electricity and Water created and new minister water formerly appointed responsibility of Ministry of Communications 12. Power study completed October, 1978 Informal review of power report later prepared in November, 1979  - 12 - Annex 2 Page 2 of 2 13. Water study completed n.a. Wadi Dayqah feasibility study nearly complete in April, 1982 14. Closing dare for loan May 15/81 Original closing date Dec 31/79.  - 13 - Annex 3 Page 1 of 2 LEVEL OF EFFORT FOR ENGINEERING SERVICES A. PROFESSIONAL MANPOWER Date Source Manmonths Power Water Total Supply March, 1977 Terms of Reference - - 150 May, 1977 IBRD President's Report 37 109 146 May, 1977 Consultant's Proposal to Government 69 80 149 May, 1978 Consultant's Revised Program (original terms 81.8 93.2 175.0 of reference) Actual Consultant's Records 74.6 114 188.6 Note: 1. Consultant's revised program of May, 1978 for water supply included work beyond that covered in the original terms of reference, as follows: Manmonths Main Study (original terms of reference) 93.25 Additional studies approved by the client 10.00 Wadi Dayqah Study 43.25 Hydrogeological Field Work Study 23.5 Immediate Operational Requirements 2.0 Total 172.0 2. In April 1982, the consultant estimated that the Wadi Dayqah feasibility study (nearly complete) would utilize 54 manmonths in addition to the 114 manmonths used for the remainder of the water supply study.  - 14 - Annex 3 Page 2 of 2 B. COSTS OF CONSULTING SERVICES 1. IBRD Original Estimate (President's Report, 1977/05/18) $ 000 Foreign Costs Professional Staff (146 manmonths) 1,314 Support Staff (118 manmonths) 118 1,432 Contingencies 72 Sub-Total 1,500 Local Costs 1,000 Total 2,500 Note: IBRD estimate assumed all manpower costs would be foreign exchange and that local currency expenditures would cover local costs such as office accomodation, housing and internal travel. 2. Consultant's Proposal to Government (1977/05/06) Foreign Local Equivalent cost in US$ 1/ (E) (Rials) Foreign Local Total Phase I 68,100 28,500 117,100 82,700 199,800 Phase II 96,800 120,300 166,500 348,900 515,400 Phase III 63,800 4,400 109,800 12,700 122,500 228,700 153,200 393,400 444,300 837,700 Reimbursibles 67,700 - 116,400 - 116,400 Total 296,400 153,200 509,800 444,300 954,100 3. Actual Charges of Consultant2/ Foreign Local Equivalent Cost in US $1! (