Social infrastructure and services in Zimbabwe

I b c~odurlooaa d *leva e r p t a r r r d La rhir paper ace rbow e l &a wchor and & eat a r c ~ s s a r l l 7teflecc t b a o OI the Meld a1xk Croup. Tbs papst i m a dtadr tor d l s c u ~ t l o a ; p b a s o do ooc clce with- out tbe autbor'm pormt~aloa. Prepared by: Worhld Faroqea - * 0 ~ O O C La Unshlagton, D.C. ~ ~ l t 2W33  the coaclurloor and vieus srprerred la this pap.; are thorn of tho w t b o r sad do mc arcessarll~reflect rbora o f th arid Bark Croup. lhe papar t o a dra for dlscutsioa; p h a s e do aoc clre vlt art the author's permlrsioa. Prepared by: Andra Saloon provldod a back8rou.d nporc oo s d u u t l o ~for thla paper. lloberc sCJers, Arthur Etaahmod, ltuv Jooes, Peter bll a d L C . 2otbrrl.h ~ a v e voluble comentr oo an m t l l e r draft. J. b c k i tnlm wlth roo* background material oa houslna a d ?h S i n balprd l a muarch.  SOCUI. 1wruSTBm AXP S&BO1CES 1s Z w B m n Abrt race Iha black m j o r l t y govrmmmr of Zlmbabua, copLog to pour; a f t e r 4 1 tor lndapradonca, b r ~ w u a c a dl t r s t r o a t c-lr-r a long r t r u ~ l a to drvalop social Intrartrucrura aad rarvlcaa t o b a o t l r cha w a r t o r B r l t y of rha populatioa, aad to e l l e l a r t a tba past wloctlva covora80. k t h r r urgracy l a addad the uar b r u a a s ro the rarvlca latrartruccura-aekoolr, cllolca and so on--la tha d l ~ o i ~ m arorr. ~ g d Overall, rba covoraga of w r v l c u fa the rural Trlb.1 t r u r c kad (mL) aroaa, avto vlrbour tha war &-ye h a k a o poor, la r b r p c o a r r u r of rha coverago lo tbe u r b o a r a u , especially tor rba aonbluk popuhtloo rhrra. l o cooprrlron to orbor A l r i u n m r a l popukrloo Ln tho n g l o n (much ra lo b y a , Z . s b l r , .ad Taotrola), l?L popuktlon krr a coaparabla rtatua, bur u e uorw off La carcrlo upacta. Coarldarltq rbe geaerrl Lavel of &valopmmr lo Zlmbabue a d t h r hi* quallty servltor axlac lor a tau, Tn condltloar l u v a aucb to k daslrad. Ib geaaral dfrocrloa tor tba tutura l a c l u r l y t o radrarr the l o b a l ~ c e . In eduurloo, tuo rrhnlcally seprrrred systems u f l l have ro k a f f e c c i v d y ao8lg.ur.d aod more basic d u u t l o ~ program l for tha TTL population vlll ha*. to k deslfrwd. Ibis c a l l s for r d r a m t l c lacrearm l a tha mabat of qual1fl.d tercbars, uhlcb f s ~posslblam l y tbrough a crarh trelnlaa proarao. I n haaltb, thora ku to ba slgaltlcaar axteasLon of rervlces lo the fn armas u l t b l a a primary health care mystom. In bowlag, l o r e o s r s b a l t e t p t a r a o r l a the urban a t u s should k closely l i n a d v l t h nurrl development strategies to create mu urhaa calters i n TTL areas. In amring t o v u d these directions, several sectoral issues d questions have to k addressed: What u e tb aduqrslte lewels of public erpaoditure oa these s8ctorst Bou u a more rrsources be mobillzed t o f l a ~ n c e those services? Ebu u o the o r g a a l u t i a o r l a d prrsonael coartraints be handled? And flually, hou can the d o a p t l a g goals of high standards and . exteasiwe coverage of services k resolwed? ?he paper l o o b a t these issues and outlines the prospects. Specific plaru aod requireoencs of resources are -- also rewieued. !. 'Yhs paper eoocludes t h a t Zimb~bueneeds additional resources, .- especially for recoascruction but, =re inportaacly, national policymakers - * = s t review the sectoral issues and design a scr-tegy for the much needed 8 transformation of the existinlg social i a f r a s t r u t ~ u r efrom a highly,duolistic structure to an q u l table and responsive system of services. Augwt 24 t o September 11, 1980. llorhid F a r q r e , a member o t the r i a r i o a reviewed rlu r o c i a l rectora rad b u i c meda e e n t c e r La Z-bue racept d ~ c a t i o a . Andre Salmon n r i e w i rlu d u u t i o o rector. 'Ikir report bu k e n prepared by -hid ?aruqee urlw an e d u u t l o o r e c t o r wmoraadum by &dm kL+oo. A &ortar veroioo o t chi, report baa k e o iocluded l a rb. muat7 u o o o ~ f c npocc f o r Zimbabm. 'Ika arccoral & c a l l a included i o r h l a a e p r n t o mport a m L a t d d f o r tkalch rrd k t r i t l o o Dopartmaat, U t b ProJecta Dopartocot rad R u t - 4 (Yn ... a a .. . a . .. e a . a , . .. a a a * . . a a * . ... m e * . . a m o m . . a a a . . 0 0 . . . . .. a . a . a 0 . . . .. a . . a a e . . . a * . a . a a . a . a ig . ad d 3 iS i.i l w u :P ia : 1;:t l U W 11 w a d d %!i a, t a b l e of Contents (Cont'd) Current S t a t u r Future Directlonr ............................................ ......................................... 84 89 ........................... I o r u e r f a h a l t h S e r v i c e r Development 92 (Avel of Urprodlturer ..................................... .................... Dudaat burdao and F l o a n c i q o f S a r r i c e r 92 95 . O r ~ . 0 i z a t i o o and P a r m ~ a l ...........~~.......~~.~~e....o.o Staadardr Covaraaa and E.pharir o f S a r r l c e r ............... 100 106 8 a a l t h Sector Davalopuot Lo tha S%.t Plva~Yaarr ................ 107 H O U S ~Coaditioru ~ ......................................... 127 ............................................. 123 HOU8fq m@d8 H o u r l q Supply ............................................. 130 L a v d of Exp.oditure ....................................... Housing Types. S t d u d s a d Costs ......................... 134 138 Fi~ncfq of 8 B 6 r u i w Progrm: Soutcer of F f o , ~ c i n g...... 141 Housing Sector Development f a the Nart Five Pears ............... 168 Bf b l f ography  P.4. Yo. Table ...... 1: t o r o l l m a t o f a Rlsrw L k c o n d a r t k b o o l r. .. Cb Table Tabla - 2: t d u c a t l o o r l S t a t f s t f c o of Feu Afrlcaa Couatrirs 3: tducatloo and halalw Sector ......................... 47 lCIcurraot Uzpoadlturar capitd ~ u t b y o - ................................ Table 4: W a f r t r t o t Mucatloo rod Culture 55 57 Tabla Tabla .. ................. 1: Prtacfp.1 ?actorr o t lCIafotarod Wortallty, 1979 2: l o t a n t Mortallcy b e a r , Ud-1979 66 68 Tabla Tabla ................................ 3: R l o t l p r l ?actors of -Lotand Wortdfty, 1979 totrot 4: Rfotipal Faccoro of Zborbldlty, Afrleoru Ooly, 69 197P1978. .s. ... ... ... ... ....a. ....e * . ... ... ... 70 Tabla ........*...*.................. 5: Prfoelp.1 Factoro of t o t r o t Worbfdfty, A f r l u w m y , 1971978 . 73 Tabla Tabla Tabla 8: W l t b Rmoourcu l o % l u t e d Couatrles ......... 6: P a p d a t l o o rod Food Supply of S e l u c e d Csuatrlao 7: k d o Provided by ? a e l l l t l a o of IdDII, 1979 ........... 75 86 88 Tabla 9: QlrP P k d a tb for S a l u t e d Cmntrles ................. r C a p l u rod Publlc Krpeadlturu oa .......... 93 Tabla Tabla 10: Anoual h t i r u c u of C u m n t Erp.odlcura 11: Avarr8a Cost rod Soboldles f o Varloua LLospltals .. 96 98 Table 12: Patcenturn Dlstrfbutloo of Rmvmue !3eurcu for F l d TWO 1979-80 and 1980-81 ............... 101 Tabla 1: Urban Poprrlatioa, 1960-80 ........................ 113 ................. Tabla 2: Popdatloor l a DIsQruted A f t f u n Tovoshlps of Sareo n P o i c i p l l e 1 o (1977) Table 3: Population E s t i n r t e s of Urban Canters 114 a d t b e i r Crovth ............................... Table 4: Emplomnt and !3rPiags by Urban Related Sectors . 117 120 ................... Table 5: E m p l o ~ e n tand Population C r w t h i n !fa Jor ~ r b &-ties, 1969-1978 Table 6: Povert Datm t i n e by P d l y i n Dollars 122 Wn d ly, Salisbury, September 1978 Table 7: Lou I l o m e Houslag Stock, 1978-80 ............. ................ 123 128 Table 8: ~ o p u l a f i o aProjection f o r !fala Toms as of 30th June ............................... Table 9: S u ~ b e tof Jew t o w Cost Houses ................... 131 132  ..................................... table 10: Crorr Fixed Caplral ?omatloo (C.F.C.?.), 1968.1977 135 table 11: 8xpoodlrure o ....................... m b u Coot Mwlag lo Cowp8rlrom v i t b krourcea Awallable table 12: helL.lorry Coat trclolcea o l Irprereotatlvr 136 .................................... S b d t a r Optloma ?reaaatly k l a g Bullt l a ZLmbab. 110 ...................~~~~~ table 13: t o t a l Coarr, all- trlcea, lbothly ? a m t o , 145 - ~ ................... l o t ?lwa t u r a (1980 ?ricer) table 16%Coru o t b l l d l )(.terL.lr ~ Wet t b 3Put Flwa t u r r ....................... bum table 17: t o u l Wrul Capleal Coru lor a ?lvcYear 1st  rural m. popularloo. Tb. aew g o v e m t ' r =st i w r c a a t goal I s to develop 7TC, areor to b r l w rlgalfleant Improvement lo rho rtandard of llvlng o l the 7TC, paplatlon. 'Ihs k c o m . Zlobrbum lr rlcb lo alaeral rerour;or, lncludlag gold, r l l v e r , u k r t o r , nfcL.1, copper, chroaa, cobalt, aad coal. Campared wlth I t s poteatlal, rba s l a l t u l a d u r t q 10 r c l l l soall, accouatlal lor 0017 about 8 prrcent of r& 1979 Crors W t l c Product (CDP). n\r saaulaccurlag sector 1s the most i s p o r u a t acooolalc acclvity warured tbe coatrlbutloa to a?(25 prceat ln 1979). T& c w most laporcaat araufaccurlry braaches a r e food scuffs, w c a l s , rad meal products. Hovewet, cbe agricultural rector is s t i l l c h . doahmat sector for e a p l o ~ r e , a p b y l w cbe v a t mjorlcy of the worklaa ole ; o p l a t t o o , alt-h its 1979 coatrlbutloo to CDP uu only 12 percent. 11 Major crop. Laclud. matte, cbe staple food; suoslsceace crops; cobacco, c b . a ~ o r tlaportant c u b crop: cottoa; soybeans: coffee; and sugaruae. k nored brfore, cba overall uooomic structure l a highly dunllstlc. Oaly 35 percent of ck p p u h t l o a 1s la cbe f o W u p l u l l s c l c sector pro- docing amre cbm 90 percent of tbe CDP. Sixcy-floe perceat of the population I s in c b . c r a d i t i o d subslsceace sector yhlch produces only 10 perceat of b CDP. O t o 60 Marant labor coortituces the bridle ktweeo cbe sectors; S percent of the p u s a a t bburebolds wbolly or partly depend on lacoou derived f r o m the modem t o m d *tor. well, a c h l e r t q aa averam growth rate of 7.5 percect a year. 10 1975, the cconosic doemturn started. Durtng 1975-75, the ecoaoky decllaed by l . L percent per year. Rw oegattre growth race reached 7 . L percent by 1977, but I 1. Zimbabwe experieaced drought 13 1979; la m=al 8 petcene. years, the shnre 1s about  t o 3.1 percroc to 1978. tmprovd s l t ~ b t l y l o 1979, cbo a o ~ o t l v oeconorlc curroot prlcos chm COP of 2 t a b a h I s eatlsacod a t Z 32,627 o i l l l o o f o r 1979, or about Z $360 (OfS580) por eopltr. f& Oewrraphy. l a t e a t c e s r u ~lo Z l a b u o urr t a k a ia 1969. trcrapoleti~cba 1969 c e o w , cbe Cmtrrl f u t l r t f e a l Ottfca o r t l u t e r the t o t a l populrcioo la Ztmbbur a t 7,487,000. tba u m source rbwn t b c tho p r c o n c a d tha rase 0.5 peruoc. lb A t r f c u u belong to o w o t cuo u j o r erlbal gtsups. TB. S b o l - s p u k l o g t r f k r r c o u a c t o r 77 perceoc o t c& poprlatloo sad a n dlrlded loco a h r of w u l l e r t r l k a . tba second mujor e r l k I s the Xdehle, uho toarricuce 18 perconc o t tbe t o t a l popubtfoo. OI Lb. fur0pl.a popolacfoo more t h o h u l t wore born eLwuhrro. Abooc 60 perceoc o t cbe t o t o p m u cow to Zimbhm a f t o r 1945; receacly, fb. African p o p d a t i o a lo 2-be 1s pradomkmntly rural-u noted provfowly. ?lm r e v u u I s ttfv of the E u r o p u u , but they coartlcute oaly 18 parcent of tbe t o c r l urban populrcfoo. In 2-h u r b o growth from * rural-urban L e r a t i o a brs been coastrainad by o f f i c l a l p l i c i e s r e g u k t l n g Adriuo mSgranu t o eit?es. k c a w e of put policies, _the urban African i popalatioa is disptopcrclooltely d a up of workfag ag8 males and, t c a lesser d&r.:e, females. s s The rural popul8tloa Ls l e f t u l t h o ~ ~ c e of o l d people, 8 * As erpectad, the age curves of the Afrtcan and European populations d i f f e r sLgrxiflc8ntly. The age curve of the European population 1s usually eyliadrlcally shaped k c a u s = of the high level of adult eaigratioa. The  - 4 - -. pyramidal shap. of t & Afrlcan poprlatloa lm chrraccerlstlc of underdeveloped counrrlas. T h Z l a b k r u a p o ~ l o t l o a1s y o u q - m r e than 30 percent of the l s under LS years o t alee p a ~ ~ p are RH ZlPbrbuma popuLatloa l o &rowla( a t a rapld 3 . 3 poreoat a year. Cfudo blrth rat. 10 about 47 (artlaaced for 1918). hlgh evea by ACrlcaa srandards. b o p l r a t i v a l y , tho death raro ( e r c l r u c d lor tho orno year) 1s lowr-about 13. !lorrallty coodlcloam vary rigmlflc.aotly k c w e a tlu Alricaa and noa-Atrlcao p o p l a r lonm. Avaiboblo data ladlcato chat L.etoac w r t o l l t y race .rums Europmana u u about 15 la 1978, a0 a~imrc120 to 220 aamg the ~ r a Atrlcaaa l lor t k r u m yearm u r k a Alrlcaa poprlatloa had aa l a f a a t m:rallty rate o t 30 la 1978, n f l r c t i m tbelr k c t e r eavlroaworal aoadltloa, r a r i r r recess to t a e l l t t l e s d services, sad t r a e r a l l y h l t h r LlvLa# r t r a - & expected, rbe p r e u a c ~ v o m m m t o t f l a b b u r ham expresred a stroag eoenltmaat to develop -la1 r ed b w l t servlcer such labrut~~ctua or ducatloo, h r l t b , bourltq, water, aad u a l t a t t o a . TUo faetorr arpeclally motlvrted chlr c d t m m t r f l r r t , rbe h I r r s t r u c t u r o tor srrvlces-hospltrlr, d l n i c s , scbools and so on--ere serlowl7 &wed durlag tho Lateraul s t r l f r . Qaick t e h b i l i t a t i o a of tbase f r c l l l t l e s L, the amst l a r m d l ~ t ecoacera. Yhe secood faccot 1s e a t deeprr. The prraeat :erder*lp coarlders that dewdopin.$ services, uprclrL17 those r e l e v ~ n tto basic weds, uoufd s i g a i f i - c a n t l j iaprore obc l e w d of Llvhg of elre NAL population Living on Tribal (m). Tnuc Lands - . 8  - 5 - Current S t r t u s oh S w i r l I a f r u t r u c t u r o , S e d , aad S e t r l c e s U&a& c-.-.gltem farotably with o t h r r A f r i u a aotloam a t Ladepea- dance i n basic e d u c l t l w i a f t o r t r u c t u r e . I/ 1& basic Loformatloo about t e a e r a 1 primary rod wcoadary o d u u c l o a Lo Zlabrbue f o r I ' k u La uraurlted am CLtlr Afrluam Earoll- Scudeat am t o t r X ot wt Taachrr 1. W W Y (L) totrrl 1,236,000 47% 97% Z 28,162 4411 3,161 ( L L ) rublie =,000 49s TI2 3 Mt1 212 ( L L L ) Private 1,031,000 4% 99% 21,764 45; 1 2,9b9 m v a r c t u X of coral 83% 812 932 82m 3,737 20t1 200 (il) Publlc 2,027 19t1 74 ( i l f ) Ptivaro 432 %x 1,710 21r1 U6 R i v a r a u X of coral 49Z 462 63x 6 1 2 aa-roup - H 13-18 -coup 'fba high primary e o r o l k t r a t i o p l u u Zfobabu. i a t h e top t h i r d of A f r f u o countries. Compand t o t h i s , secoodrry scbool a a r o l l o r n t r a t i o Ls Lou, only I 8 perceot, p r i a s t l l y &use feu M r f u o r a t t e e d secoodary scbools. z/ 3 1. At iodependcnce, Kenya, Tanzania, W a u i and Zambia respectively had primary school r a t i o s of 53 percent, 25 percent and 54 percent s i g a i f f - u n t l y Iaver t h r n Ziababue. - * 2. 30th Kenya a d Zambia have higher secondary enrollment r a t i o -- 198 percear and 16 p r c e n t respectively i n 1980. Tanzania has, houevet, a lover s c c o n d e r ~school e n r o l h e n t r a t i o because of a d e l i b e r a t e policy to r e s t r i c t t h e 0up1kr of secondary school graduates fa keeping 4 t h ampower needs.  Both public (govonmoac) rod privato uhoolr &st a t tho p r k r y and s e c o d a q lovelr. 309. 83 percent of African p r f a a q rtudentr a r e oorollod fa privat8 rural uboolr, th8 cost a c t e d #ovomont p r b q 8chool8. Ia quality a d etliciency, govorrwnt primary rcboolm a n brttor. l'h dropout rat8 over the sev.o-par period i r oaly 5 porcoot l a aovorarsont pr-q m a ubole. rckoolr, caparod wlth 45 panmat l a p r h q educacioa a 'Ibm ruporiority of # o v e r a r n t scboolr u a k aalaly attributed to the h k h o t q u L l f l c a t l o a r o l c b t a a c h l q mtatf. La rbmr uhoolm, o h m t a l l teachera are fully qdLI1.d. Ln o t k t rcboola, oaly o n c t l t t h have adequrt8 q u l i l l - cocioar. Tb8 qualit7 dlllarontlal betwean prlvat8 and govrromat a8eoadar~ rckoolr re- to k al-1, kuuu all t o a c h r r l a the prlvate mocodoq scboolr are ttelood a d tban 11 a t b h t u t e e a i q procear for o n t q loco secodary u h o o b . u t m b p r i u q a-ttoa LS em. ), ( h t t ~ eto p p u l ~ ~ q CHI or. cbar8.d l o t u c o o d r q edwrtlon. Ib8 tees La srcoodaq scbools vow betrrren a o v o m t a d prlvotm uboolr. afvan m a g pvonrwnt scbools, tors v a q bennen urban and r u r 8 l r r . U . edoutioa is tk n s p o o r l b l l l t y of tb. M P i s c q of Eduutlon uul Cblhrre (HOEC). hen th prlvrte school. a n ro61ster.d and aided by th $weruseor, a c h finances u l r r i e s rod provides per capita cuitioa msd boarding graocs. ibueter, l a -risoa to some African couotries, such a s Keoyr, prlvrte schools p y a a E 4 h -re s i g a l t i c r a t role especlrlly for primary cducrtion. - Tbe to13 of prlvate scboals fa Z h b a b u e may be due to a authority aod to ~ i s s i o ~ r i providing strooger tradition of l o u ~ o v a m a e o c es t h i s seroice.  XXC a l r o provfdos a o a - f o n d courser p r a p r f a g tor foraal axaailu- rfoas to ooro than 18,000 srudoars aad coammfry dovrlopoar program to an o s c f ~ c o d25,000 srudaarr. In addfrfoa, soma 150 prfvate caacorr, facludfag . rbose of rho Aduir Lfroracy Orgaafrarfoa, m r o l l aa artfaatod 100,000 rrudoarr annually In fuacclowl llrorac7, b s l c oducarfoa, aad rkf 11 rrafnfna prosrams. . . W C 1s respmrfblo tor r u c k ; tralalaa. Tbrcborr are rrrfaed In Trafalaa Collrae (Slit) a d , aa a more 1fplr.d r u l e , a t the uafvarrfry. The w l . c i l o a of t r a f a r r s la rrrfagroi a d ib. level aa4 quality of crafafna a r e hlah. 01 cha 2,726 c r u h o r c r r l w e s la I=, m r a than 90 percent mare Africans and 5S percoat uerr uawa. Wpacnr P l d - and Dlrrlopmmr. Skflled worlur .od rechafcfaa trafafag fr amlrrly ptovlded chroo* tb. 'appteatfcrshfp' supported by system l f ~ a c f a l l y q l o m r s ' payroll taxes a d uarkrts' salary leafar. 'Ibe rrafafaa proaraam Ladode t e c h n f u l e d o u t f o a fa p o l y t e c h ~ f cscbools l o l l w e d by practfce on the shop floor d e r the pfdance of registered, hfghly skflled s t a f f . ( jotantapma). Ia 1980, 2,UO f a d u r r r f a l studears were earolled fa the two polytechmfo. Ph. q u r l f r y a f the courses is high b a u r u a the curricula are , . gob-orieated a d the t u c k e r s hve a r t s t a d l a g gualif icatlons. Currently, about 6,800 former p o l y t t c ~ i c are stude~~ s golag through pradkical crafrl- .9 - lag i n s e r m i ~ d ~ t r f prograa al categories cowering 80 trades. - these A Of . r p p n n c i a s , 1,160 a r e Africans ( 2 5 percent). Although the . l m t e r Cip*cre i s s t i l l aoufest, i t represents m b s ~ a n t l a lp r ~ g r e s scoopared with the 575 Africaa apptenticer trained over 1s pearr (1961-76). 'Ibe polytachaicr also provide courser of t h e i r wo ln eomwrce and sacratarfa1 o k i l l r (3,300 studeatr), adult uducatloa (460 studaatr), adarlalrtratloa aad oraaagaarent (760 part-tima rcudeaca), and supervirlon t r a l n l n t courses to upgrade Africaa A al,rkr of omall trainla# ceatatr have also b a a r a t up by private lirw and publlc a#.acier t o u r t t b e l t r p e c l l l c tralnloa aeadr. Right trchnical educotfm 10 p m v l d d by tba uafverrlty, vhlcb malotairrr e l o u t a a m a ~ tralufry 10 otterad by tb. Zimbabuurr l o r t l t u t a of X.Maemant, the Publle S e n l c a C o r i r r i o o and S u f f Colleaa of L& Hlnlrtry of Public Sacvice, th. uoivarrity, and r aurkr o t private lnstltutas. PLulth persolma1 t t r i a i a g is uader th. nrpoamiblllty of tba unlverrlty for odlcrl Qctorr .od e k n l s t o aod tba Walstry of B u l c b lor n 8 l r t e r . d nutsas, wdfcal, maternity aad health u s i r t a n t s , and villaae k a l t b work.rr. Health An in most u p t c t o of its citlreu's livem, Zbbabua preseatm a dichotooau pletore of h r l t h rt8ttu. B u l t h conditlonr for the Africaor a n s i g d f i c a n t l y d l f f e r e a t froo those surrouadlng tba Europaaa and Asian dnority. Similar t o a typical underdeveloped couatry, tbe health conditions of Africans are largely affected by poor nutrition and by poor s a d t a t i o n , usually from contralnrted water, Mhich'aggravates the incidence of com- 8 mniceble diseases. D.e ~ I n o r i t y5 pefcent suffers from degenerative diseases that often can be attributed to the environment, b u t are o a r h d l y d i f f e r e n t from vha t the Africans eadure.  - LO - 0 t the a l t - b o n e (both v i t a l and k c r a r l a l ) diseases, the co-a oaoa dlagaowd f o r n p o t r o d dearha am pnoumala (9 potcoat), measlea (LO patcaar), vhooplna cough (2 patcaar), t u k t c u l o s l r ( 2 percone) a d dlphchorla (.0L parcaor). r)w a r r i l a b l a ourparlaor: d a t a tma T a a u a i a , W a u l , .ad lbaya o t Lba d i a u a a p r o f l l a 1rr Z l d o b u a with that o t cha popla- shov a i ~ l l a r l t l a a clorr l a rbaaa couarrlaa, olrbouah cbasa Atrlcaa cauarrler hrw r l ~ l t i u o r l y lovat pat caplra lot- I a r a l r h Zlmhbuae ' Ih. prloclpal u u a a of aorbldlry o f Afrlcazr lntaorr la Zl&bua 11 d l a t t h a a , vhlch l a l wotarbotcrr d l a a o u . I ' br prapoodararrca o t dlarrhool d l ~ a a r a ar a l l a c t s poor byaonlc aoadlrloaa aad Lack o t ~ c c r a ato a a t a worm;. k la w a r lea@davalopd carp~rrlaa( m a ) , ~ o u r r l t l o ola ooa of the eajor u u a a s of 111 bmrlcb l a Zl*buera Aftlcoo populorioa, t r p u l o l l y ooag p u n t chlldtan. has k ~loocrirloo ao mpotcad u a mura o t death l o 3.7 parcanc o t adult e u e s ln 1978; the p a t c a a t y a rose t o 4.1 prtcaot La 1979. m 'Ibaaa p a t c a o c a ~ a sioeluda omly chow d u c h s c h c uera d l a g w u d a dmrcritioo. ttodamutritioa rod d o o c r l c l o n otceo occut i o canden with otber diseases d p.7 not be reported as tbe u r u e of d u t b , rltbough the - ~ ~~C lC O -7 t n r ~ t l t i C ~ k ~lgdfl-OC. Although tba average d l e t a r y eaergJr )upply s e e m to k adequate l a Zinbbue, d o u t r i t i o a t a d d e m u t r i t i o a cases e x i s t because of distribution. The d i e t a r y energy supplies f o g the 1969-71 period is 11 percent above d a i l y 1 requlreaears, prhlch is b e t t e r a811 most African countries recorded f o r the s u e period (Rcnya has only 2 &cent a b o e , Tanzania h a s 2 percent belau, and Yalawi has 5 percent b a l w doily requireeteats). 'IhIs average aggregate picture fs, however, alaleadiag, because there e x i s t s r i d e d i f fercnce in the  food a o a l l a b i l i t y a d l a t a l e k r w e a t h e v a r l o u r group8 of t h e p p u l a t l o a . Per c a p l t a p r o t r l a supply, r v r a oa t h e a l l m a a t e , l r a i g a l i i c r a t l y l a s r thaa t h r rrqulrmnaot, a l t b o q b tho a g g r q a t e p l c t u r e cooparer favorably v l t h o t h e r rvldrar -w chlldrea. ?or m p l e , i f u s l e a oad e r l a u t r l t l o a occur t o a r t h r , tb. r a s u l e is o i t r o local. !boy d u t b r n s u l c ftm maarlrr lo Zlobbw. I a 1978, mrrr1.a a c c w a t d l o r 3.6 perceac of reported l a f a n r deaths. 'Ikh wre t b r o doubled to 7.8 parcant l o 1979. A l o c a l b e a l t b rod o u c r l t l m s u r r e y , c&o la 1972 l a Quo Que - T r i b a l h u s c l a d , I/ produces s a n evldcaca about t b e a u t r l c l o r u l s t a t u s amow c h l l d r e a aod tb. Loporuac corrrlacem of th LA& of oucrlcloa l a t b e area. Ibe n s d t of t b a s u r r e y showed t b . c a b s c 40 perceac of scbool c u d n o -re k l o v tb. loch p r c e n c l l e of b r l a h c f o r age, tirrvard scaodards. This s w e s t d a severe h l t b ood a u c r l c l o o r l p c ~ b l a namow tbe chlldrea a d tbe problem vas s c r o q l y r e l a t e d to po-rty. F . n l l i o were divided f a t o f f v e cacagorfes f o regard to a r a b l e land rued and nrnrber of l f v u t o c k ovaed. J u t r f c f o d s:acus uas scrorrgly c o r n l a c e d ufch both f a c t o r s . About 7 1 . percent of tk e h l l d r e a frtm femflfes f a cbe l w e s c category w r e belw t h e 1 0 t h p e r c e n t i l e of t b e b r p a r d staodards. COrrespondiag f f g u r e s f o r t h e next 1. Iha Que Que Trfb8.l hurt land l i e s i n t h e Mdland ptovfnce agd 1s and cannot ba c o a t fauously cu:civated wf thout s u b s t a a t l a 1 edd i t ions of two hlgher c a t a g o r l e s ware 55 and 40 percent. 1t v u a l m fouad t h a t t h e a d u c r t l o a a l lava1 of family haads, ladapaadant of t h a l r l a c o w , had a r l ~ n l f l - c a t p o s l t l v r a f f e c t on family o u t r i t i o a a d haalth. Th, study t h u s c l a r r l y rhoan that tba -rt lapor-ant f a c t o r s La cousin8 n u t r l t i o r u l & f i c i a a c i a s a r e povarty ood lack of p a r e n t a l o d u u t l o a . The l a r 8 r r t advancamst in b a a l t b , t h a r a f o r a , vould oooa from improvommt l a t h r p h p l c 8 1 lava1 of l l ~ l lnad ~ e d u c a t i o o l l a t t a l a o s n t a o f moat Z i*bueaor. A s discussad l a t a r , water and u a i t r t i o r r a n a l s o c r u c i a l . Baalth S a r r l c a s . I ' hr p r a s a a t h a l t h a a n i c a mystam l a Zimbabwe is the l a 8 u y of c o l o o l a l days d w u p r i m r i l y d e s l g w d t o c a t e r t o t h e c u d s of a m c t i o a of cba p o p u h t i o a . Ib. uQbuis w u on curatlvm f a c i l l t i a s . t l t t l e r t t a a t l o a uor aim to pra+tntlve d p r o m t l v a s e m i c a r t o t h u l t h de~doplant In many l a s s davrlopod oormtcies (WCs), t h e h e a l t h i o f r o s t r u c t u r e s h o w an u r b a b i a s , krt the Z i r h b u u r r s y s t a o 1s trtremm, airah the colon- izers' d f s e r i n i n a t o r y policies. Tbc h e a l t h s t a t u s of t h e m a - A f r i u a population i n ZillDhbwe a d t h e s e r v i c e s t o M c h they have access a r e almost comparabla t o t b o u found i n m y developed society. conditions of Tba h e ~ l t h t h e ~ f r i c a n populatioa ' and t h e i r access to h e a l t h s e r v i c e s t o n t r a s t sharply. Currently t h e r e a r e f i v e d f f f e r e n t providers of h e a l t h s e r v i c e s i n Ziahbue. These are the c e n t r a l goverascnt , through t h e -istry of Health (X09); ooluatary agencies, usually c h u r c h h o s p i t a l s aod c l i n i c s f o r t h e r u r a l 8 p o p l a t i o n : l o c a l authorities-urban and r u r a l ( m i a l y African) councils; s e r v i c e s ; and, l a s t , t h e p r i v a t e s e c t o r . industrial ~ c d i c a l Of these f i v e , XOCt is che oost important provider of k e a l t h s e r t i c e s as neasured by l e v e l of expenditures, folloved by local autboritles awl missiocu. Altbough %I expeadltures on its health f a c l l l t l e s alona usra nearly 50 percent higher than that spent by local authorltler l a 1979, the t o t a l amber of outpatleats s e r v d by these tw rources -re reughly equal l o 1979. WR I s rerpoarlble l o r lour lor80 d a r n horpltals locatod l a the two major c l t l e s , S a l l s b u q aod hlnnp. Provloualy, o w hospltal l a each of t h e u t w c l t l e s ws u-rlr+d for tbr U r l c a a p.ople. Elevaa amoral hospitals ulth approximately 250 k d a aach ara s1turt.d l a smaller toma. Thara aeaeral hospitals ara l a c h . beadqurrcors o t a ptovlaca o t a d l a t r l c t . The WH a180 amaoges 29 d l a t r l c c bo#p:eals each vlcb approximately 100 beds a d 58 small, rural borpltals. Zlmbabua bu seven boapltals speclollrlng l a ~ p c c l f l cdlrerses auch a s TB, leprosy, rod u a t a l lllaeas. 'Tha m a l l a r t ualts of U t h f r c f l l t l e s reachlag the rural paopla r r a 300 rural health e l l n l c s , vhlch ara a l s o knom a s prLrurf b u l t h u r a craters. T)lrre c l i a l c s were mortly run by local autboritlas, but NOR funded O percent h i s u n t i l receatly Yben it assuaed complete tbere centers oa a S funding . Ia tbe rurd areas, !UXl hrd a restricted role u a t i l September 1, 1980. c s , of tbco funded by !¶Xi, were respoarible for 60 ~ s s l o ~ r y ~ c l i n l some percent of the hospital beds i n TTL at-. Some 2,600 of the 3,560 beds were provided by tbe atission hospitals. On September 1, 1980, tbe aission hospitals !, - - becane tbe respooslbility of 3 8 . % c l o d coverage now 1s 2.0 beds for every - - 1 m 0 people. kt l in the ~ r a areas, a quick calculatioa s h w s that therem . are only 1.7 beds per 1,000 considering a l l Cacilicies. Taking lnto account original XilH f a c i l i t i e s , the figure is 0.5 beds per 1,000 population compared  - 16 - Tho p r d o d w t murco of d r l o 9 i q uaror la tbr beruboleo chat aro -do by Mill 8ad rhoo glvon t o rho d l e t r l c t . W 99 pvrceot of beroholeo uer head ptmpr. Tboro a r e a Iru - 1 1 dam for rural uaror eupply. Mrogrrher, t&r8 are 2,446 barnbolro l o T7L area., each on8 c o v e r 1- about 66.6 squora k l l a w r r r a . ( U r l c a a P-rchorad L a d -- m r o l arror w h r a Atrlcma can mm laad -- baa 343 bonbolrr, o m borrbolr covrrlry oa aver848 30.3 q u a n k l l o r c o n ) . Ikw, v r l l o or8 o f a l l t a t I u c u r 8 l o tb8 l y of rho- r u r a l a r r a r of t l r b a h , bat u a f o r c ~ c ~ may ore uaprotocted aad do aot prowldm put8 uacrr. Lou1 publlc W t h offlclalm rcacad cbat uhea wlls a n proteecod ad fltcod with suod.rd &od pmpr, vacrr quality l r o t t r n axecllaat ad o q r r l y m h t by tba w l l 4 r r r . The rtaniard h.od pump 1s dosunad t o pmp uacrt from ualk a t :rut SO t e a t d-p; t h l r rrqulroa 1.rors and u a t o t t u b t mubrtl. Ib-8 cuo p r c r m a r ou= most u s l l y , rope- c i l l l y i f coadlcloor o n rmfa+otabl8 o t 1f ctm f u l l l t y la abused. Alchowh r@or n p a l r uotL beems aecarucy, oo LOCAL 4 m c y u o do It. nu@,may of tbese t u b m u l l s can remala oat of order for a long t h e , u u r l n g s h o r t a g u of driolting water in tbe r i l l q u . In meal a m u , a c c u s LO safe -tee thus u.u t o k a reriaus p m u r m d ace-ts' for - y diseases. In r&rl LL.S.-, an a r t o o i s b ~ ~ nuaher of people s u f f e r from u r t e r - u s o c l a t d diseases a t aoy t i r e ; i n 1978 more than 12 p r c e a t of tbe Afrlun patieats seeking health u r e e r e u s e s of gastro-eaterftfs rod otber diarrheal diseases. h a n g ioiaats there is evea a larger proportioa of cases of diarrhea. Cholera epidemics are also frequent. Solving the problem of safe, adequate, aod accessible water supplies, together w i t h good s a a i t a t i o a , wuld mean coasiderabla progress in meeting the basic health needs i n Zhbobve.  As a o t d k f o r a , tba n:ral r.3, ar-8, i a sharp cootrant t o tba urban arras, have l l t t l a saaltatloa. Oal7 a I w d i t latriwm h v a buao ~ pp m mlrrm ubara flyboraa maiateaooca, but t b j also hava a sariour d i d v a n t ~ a odorr and t l y broediag c-aly u m o c i a t d with p i c latrlaem. Ia 1976, a and odorr maoatleu from tba p l t vltbout w l u r o t a r cr cbemluls. m a mathod I s s t i l l b.1- tmrtd. Such davlcas .rut k davdoprd lor c h rural ormas, b e u r u a sad- tatlon I r &st a o n u l r t t o t l o r fR. v l l l . l r s . Lack o t adaqruta u ~ l t r r y Bourieu 11 Nost oocrAfriuor Ilva in i n f l a l t a l y k t t r r quality bouras t b a Afrlcaaa, ret1.ctiag tbalr nspecclva locow levels. Alaosr a11 aocrAfrlcoa duellings b e more than om roolt. uch. Watfl r u e o t l y , the urban African did not o~ ;ha bocur l a vhich they lived; uou somm of tbea do. pic ally, l a the urban areas, sfx prwas l i v e l o a crro-bedroom dwelllag. I Tba t e m r a l h o o s i q situation i o the ITL a r c u is not k t t e r thaa that. Accrrrdiag to the - only data-E roa t h e 1969 census-2.8 '3 d l l i o o Mricaas i o areas occupied - 440,0001due1119gs v f t h a t o t a l of - 1.3 d l l i o o roop., giving .sl average oE =ore 1. - Utbo~h the discussion bere fntludes references to the r v e r a l l housing w coaditions, the focus is 00 the h o u a i a needs of the u r b n African populrtioa. Although the urban hausiag shortage is already pressing, it is likely to get far sore serio~., in the future t e c ~ u s eof substantial iocreases expected l o the urban African population. rbao fso parcow a too^. S L x e 1949, s o r a l p p l r r l o o l a the Tn. r r e a r hrr etova aearly aO pererac, and LC La c o c c e l r r b l o r b c cba houslag r l t u a r l o o l e aucb w r s a lo rha us11 r e m s h l p r , l m c l u d l q d i s c r l c t dnd p r o v l n c l a l Urban boualaq t o r rba ML I - p p u l r r l o o 18 o rubjacc Chat dosorvdr r p e c l o l a t r e a r l o o b e c a w o f tbr r z p c r e d .rat l o t l u x o f the A f r l c r a p p u l r - r l o a t o rbe u r b m r r e a r . tba l a c n r a e all k cauaod La p o r t tha a r l r t l o ~ and fn. a r m r . A b q e l o t l u x t o c b r elclam cook place l a orbar M r l c a o coaatrleu rooo a t t a r la8ep.adtrrce. u Lo urban l a f r a s r n u r u r a aod davelopenr b r occurred All L a v e s ~ c La r b o u areas, rod ao orbaa c r a t e r s have h a e s u b l l s h e d l o tb. l7La. m ttored before, -st A 1 Europew 1. . l o r& c l c l e s , a d a l t h ~ u g bthey coaprl6e leas than 18 p r c e o ~ 01 cbc urban popdatloa, rbey occupy 70 prrceac o f th8 Atcampu a t 'sqtrrttlry' u r b h n d by f r P l l l e s without oo + a c ~ c tles. Conuqt8eorly, the 9 d y source a t supply u r s rho e x l q t l o g stock i n the t-shlps. By 197i, a b u t 1,074,000 people were l l v l a g f a U0,000 l o r l n c o o e units--approxfnmcely 65 peteeac more t h o a e u a l t s were deslgaed for. .9 - 21th the u s l a o f Laflux r e s t r l e t i o a s l a 1977. squatter s e t t l e - - mmts once q s l a appeared and r g a l a most - c l e ~ r e d . ;'onethelers, by 1978  - 19 - b d Crorr X a t r r l u t i o ~ lrrtiarrted t h e a m 50,800 squatter, L/ ( l o c l u d l q uar r r f u g r r r ) w r o reattorod around tba urban arum. Tho r l t u a t l o o today Lr r i r l l a r t o m a y o t b r r &st M r l c a o couotclor a t tho t l o a o l lodrpoadooce. Zambia, JCILavL, Kenya, a d Taataola a l l had c o a t r o l r over populatioo m v a u o t rod urban s o t t l a w n t , v l t h oo r q u a t t r r r Lo tba urbao a t e a r a t ladrpoadrocr. By t b r mid-rrveotirr a l l tba couotrlom had urban a r u m Lo vhich 30 t o 40 parceat oC t & populatfoo livod Lo mqruttrr r r t t l ~ o t r . ?bra thao 80 porcooc oC r b . h o r u l q d r v r l o p d war loomed o r trntod by th. publlc a r c t o r t o t& octupuatre 7bLm po1f:y 1e ew c w t a g rapidly: a o r t o l t b o w u n l t r rtr k l a g w l d t o rha occupaote. So# ptojoetloor o l w h populrcloa g m t h a n r p p r o p r h t a t o oatL.ca t q h l y cb. -kt of b o w f w d t s weded. t o ' c b put, urban popuf8tl00 kteu a t an a s c h a r d r a t e oC 7 prrcoot pot p a r k l o r a ttu, war bm&a o u t - 8 v o n thir ortlmata a p p u t r t o k oa tha lw sfda k u w a of m y u~toportdcasos. Lo any cru, tb. futura r a t 8 of urban populrtfoo ~ r o v t b is u p e c t d t o k s u b s u o t f ~ L 1 yu b r r f o r cb. I o l l o v l w foportaat rcuommr 1. b e t a o a k r s of u t b mlgrantr ~ (both "logal" a d 'Lllrgrl')b.+a ao: y e t broogbt tbdr fumflies v f t b tlmn t o tba c i t i e s . 2. O.ercrarding of rural laad nsultirrg f t o r put laad s e c t l m o t durlrrg tba v a t y u r s uill u e r t p r u r u r r , a t practicmr and d i s l o u t i o ~ lust in tbe sbort t e r n , oo rural residurts. The govermeat's plm. of a vigorous policy of rural developeat d r e s e t t l ~ e o t rill take t h e t o have -- an effect. 'Z - - 1. The Elousiag Developefi Services of HLCA s t a t e d l a its October 1980 * . study 'Urban Deve1opa;at 13 ZLabah' t b t there a r e 35,000 s q u a t t e r s f a r all u r b a r e a s Lo 1980.  3 'Tbe gap k t v r a a urbaa and rural lncooas and the percelvd oppor- tunltles and a t t r a c t l o o , of the u c b a aceas v l l l eacourage olgratioa. The ?tiairtry of Fiaaace anticipates ao aoaual lacrsase of 11.5 percrar a t least through 1983-a rate s l a l l a r to that whlch accurrad b r l a t l y In Botruaru a d W a u l . 11 Me use a LO porcoar sustalwd annual t r w t h r a t e for the near f1.a y u r s , vhicb Is s l i t h r l y h l g b r tbaa tbow l a Ueaada, bay., aad Lerotho. 1IC. UH our b e y u r a r t l m t e olroady lacludor thls rate b c a u ~ the unreported corer. U t e r the a t r r Ilwa p a r a , ue projwr a 7 porcoar aaaual arovth of urbra popularloa, uhlch lm double the arcutal # r w t b rare of 3.5 porceer, aa erprrleacr aharrd by may M a la Atrlca a d Arlo. that the urban popolrrloa u l l l double l a the wxc 8 VQ r s r l ~ t e t.rra. A dlttlculcy l a e ~ t l m a t l t qtbe ~ . & t u & of thls 6tovth L n deter- a L u h r Lh. 1 dal.~g - brae poprl.rloa rbould k--Lbe 1.3 s l l l l o a o f t l c l a l l y projured or tha 2 alllioa t h e I s bellewed to k the t o t a l u r h poprlarloa oou. 4 estlmate Lbe curreat urban poprlatlon a t 2. 1 d l l l o a . I Althouah there v l l l br aocu so*amar of r e f u v a back to the rural areaa, ue do aot u p r c c w y reductloa la the o a r because the n c u m v l l l k aatched by arr iaflox of refugees fat0 u r h ucu. u a aatlclpate arr awerage anaual Wltb thfs w t l m t e , Z 1 a b . b ~ @ Increase la urtua poprlatioa of 258,000 In the f i r s t 5 y u r s of Ladapdeace. This t r a a s l a t u into between L3,100 and 51,700 neu faaaLliu during t h l s ti-. After 1985, Cesplte t h e f a l l i n g growth rate i n absolute terms, the - 1. -Proposals for a Five-Year Prograa of bevelopqnt Ln the Public Sector,' Annex: Urban hvelopocat Ln cbe %la Ceaters. 1979. populaclon u l l l lacrease by about 278,WO people each year-kcvean 15,700 a d 54,900 famlllar. M d d t o r h l r b u r l a 8 a o d of addlcional f a n l l i o r , 1s the curreat backlo# of 46,000 'quallf led' appllcaocr on the howla8 wrltlng l l r t for a l l mtalclp.lltles. U mlntalasd by a l l k o l aurhorlrlra aad provlder govorosclac ~ s c h a l c a larcrlr- caaco uhero approprlart. Vtrhlo rb. ZQl;tl, the Deprrrmne of Physlcal Platanlo# 1s rospoarlbla for rha p b n l q a d coordlmeloo o t u r h o d a v c l o p # ~ c a d of rogloarl aod rural dwclopcwac. rho pbyslcal p l ~ n l o a Also wlthla M,rha Eorulw Oevrlopmeac Servlcrr Braach (MDSB) I s assl-d tor . d e r c a k e lov-lacoma boualcy proJeccs dlreccly t o r chc g o v e r w c ; . dvlsa 11 - rurhorlclea l a all u p r c c s o t h a u l e y rod d e r t a l u p r o J u u tor c k m , *re requested; ood . research social, u o a o d c , and t e c h n l u l aspects of Lou scructioo of the rural areas Ln cooperation with the XLoistry of Labor and Social Seroicea, which is coordinaciag the r e i n s t a l l a t i o n steeds of t!w returnees and fnteruall.# d i s ~ t c c dwrsons w i t h the Yinistrv of Lands. I. This estiarate of b c k l o g by WSB m y k on t h e low side. through the A g r i c u l r u r a l and Rural Developawmc Authority (ARM), t h e various governnenc departwarm concerned v i t h r e s e t t lament. Ths bulk of public r e c t o r rasourcer l o r houslag is provided by t h e African Bullding Fund ( U P ) . I n l918/19 about 52 percecl of t o t a l a x p ~ a d i - t u r e r c a w f roo t h e MB, t h e balance o r i g i a a t e d with l o c a l a u t h o r i t y funda from t h e i r own rourcaa (bortovloga oa tho waeg w b c by S a l l r b u r y and Bulauayo, a a n i c r l a v i a r , b a r l u o d r , aad k r l l d l l y aoclacy loans). Tho MP i r vaated l a t h e H i n i a t e r of local Covaroauat, l a a o a p r o f l r , and a a e l u only t o racocp much i a t a r a r r oad c a p i t o l rapaywacr as it ham ro :ay oa l c r borrow- ingr. Tha core of d m l a i r t a r i t q t h a fuad is mac by tha p v a m # o c ead not rha luod i t r a l f . Ih. n l a c l o a a h l p k c u w a tha a 8 a n t l a r r a r p o a s i b l a f o r L o r e o r c houaing and the rourcaa of f u d r t o r r h e l t a r davelopamc l a ZLrrhbue la r h o m la t h e f o l l w i ~ dm-m. h r c e s of Finance Dave lopwoc Agency 'Ihe Af r l can Bul Id la# Fund - ->Covtl em Mt \ N l d F a g Soclacf tor - S m f c i p a l S e r v i c e s Levy LTreasury Loans/ .s P r l v a t e Developers fhe c u r r e n t s t a t u s of the s e r v i c e s , e s p e c i a l l y chose r e l e v a n t t o basic needs, and t h e o v e r a l l -a1 of the presenc government to improve the  level of llving of the wglected I1L population clearly iadlcate rba general futura Jirections of these seccorr. Ftrsc, to mwt the mode of Lhb vaet change to provlda substaatlally w r a s a r v k i s to the rural poor, ubo b v a had . limlted access ro sarvlces so tar. Secoad, bacausa of rha lacerrectoral fnwuork. For arorrgle, health devalopmeat pro)ro- w l l l b v o to k cloeely coordlartad ulth prosmar oC bettar saaicatloa .ad provlsloa ol r d a water mupply, mro od.qruta nutrltloa t o t the rare arrjorlty, oad duerat borulng lor k promoted l n the f u t u n can ba pointed ouc lor the otbar soclal ractore. Thlrd, a r l s l w from rbo m d tor r ~ l r l s e c c o r a l opprorcb ta r-clcy barlc wads, cJte future davalogownr of b u l c d s sewlcas n l l l b v a to & p o d oa umra local $ovamwnt pattlclpatloa l a the d u l g a aad provlmloa of marvlcae. In addlrloa to these gawral d l r u r l o o , upacted of tba r a n l c e r , h education, tbe system is going through a t r m s i tioar: tbe No ethnically separated systeam were d g a m m t e d lato oae cmaon structura lo - 1979 and fuodameatal cbaqps have oceutred mlaca ladapadeaca la Aprll 1980. * Strong social pressure from A f r i u a s for u c e s s to t d u u t l o n L, coldeat. There is a dramatic increase of over 50 percent t a p r i a r y enrollment i n 1980. The gooerawnt is reassesslag : e ways and w a s to toplema~tlts basic h - obf eccives-~utely, unfversallzac lo e . of beslc eduatlon and forzual or non- f o r d funlor secondary education prepatlag for employment or further educatioa and wocatlorr~ltraining. lio corppreheastve jaapouer and educatlo~l  - -24 developmat plaor h v a yet been produced. tburvor, the outcornea of ongoing plaaaiag oprratioao a r e expected t o be l a the secoad h a l l of LOB1 and i t 10 expected t h a t the plaa v l l l aim a t s u b s t a a t l a l l y increorlng accesr t o education a d t r a i n i n s to tho- ubo have had limited accosa l a tha port. l a health, -re .mpbuim oo p r i m r y health caro i m w d e d . ?him wan, a w a i v e e n t e a r i m o l b u i c b e a l t h Caciliciem lo r u r a l rrerm. 'Ihraa w i l l have t o k integrated i n t o tbr b a a l t h symtem's hierarchy. A t rhr Lowrrt level, the c a p a b i l i t y t o deal with tba moat c w b r a l t h problaor v l l l have t o be developed. P r i r u r y healtb c a r e centers w i l l c o a r t i c u t e rho lourrc lwel of a properly desfgcud baalrh u r o pyramfd syscep. Aim, ouch more eclghuis on p r e v e a t l n m a r u n # w i l l be # d a d , b c a w a , .low ulcb the ptfmary health c a n , cbese a r e most c o s t effecclva f o m s of h a l t h ptovlsioa. I n 1978-79, pnvcatlvm services accounted for oaly 9 p r c e n c of the h u l t h w e t , u a w n s t 87 perceac l o r c r r a c c t a t , f a s p i t e of the f a c t t h a t , accordla8 t o MM s o u t c u , 90 percent o l the d b e u u i n Ziobrbue a t r pteveat- able. I n tbe f u t o n , the v i l l a g e b u l t h uotkars, I n addlcloa t o dfagooslag and treaciog simple, ao- d b e a u s , v l l l have to educate the conmuicy 10 a u c r l t i o o , bysfem, and perrooel h e a l t h care. S l a m the health worker v l l l be from tbe c-ty i t s e l f , the worker v l l l enJoy t h e coafldeace and - acceptance of tbe coQmaicy. ?brcover, 10 the f u t u r e the c e n t r a l , general, ! ' and d l s c r l c c hosplcals would serve nore u r e f e r r a l hosplcals. fa prater tnd saalcacioa, the euphasis w l l l have t o b s a comdhrnlty parcIcipatIon In d e s i g d n g and Ianplenmclag schemes of water supply and of hprowlng ~ n l t a t l o a . Use of safe water and k e t t e t s a a l t a t l o n often requite e x t r a e f f o r t s and change oE habits, ut11ch can cooe only through co-nity education a d avarrnrss. Also, drvalopoeat of l o r c o s r t r c h a o l o ~ o r these f~ u w i c r s in rural arras Is r s s r a t l a l , because the systua of pipud water supply in l o r d r n s i t y rural arras. A prwlring ref-t har already k e n ode-Blair w i t h low-cort d r r i f a r Rrsrarch Inrcituta 1n S a l l r b u q bas k r a a x p o r i m t l ~ of drop tubuwlls and p i t l a t r i a r s . Io hourlag, drvelopwat of tha s u t o r u i l l have to k llnlud vlth the overall drrclopwrrt strategy. 'Iba a t a r r a l strategy put f l r r t d d r r r s tha lorlacooe problrma -8 AIrlcaar l l v w on Itfr. Io chat s t r a t e ~ y , housfaa development cannot k solely coaflord to urbaa r r o u and ui1l have to iocluda a proatom for c w r d l r u t i ~ tun1davrlo~s t t r a t e ~ l e sby c r r a t i w u r h a ceacrrs l o tbe l7t.s. This w i l l serve to introduce urban semlces rod iaf ra- structure Lnto these la=- reaioeu rad to iotroduce ocber alteroacives to potratfa1 riaraots to tbe c i t i e s . Major Issues 'Ibc: fututa directions of tbe social infrastructure and services outlined above essentially u l l s tor a traostormatioo in the ccooony a d In tbr role of the public sector from a developed, l i d t e d public rector * to a developing, Large public sector. Although Ziobabve bas more advantage than most LDCs, t h i s needed transf_orumtfon raises several issues. Progress i in the desired directions w i l l d e & d on how these issues are addressed. The Level of ~rpend&ure. The issue of what is the desirable 1. w level of public expenditures in th; basic needs sectors is exaained here by posing two quescioas. First, hou does the level of current expenditures i n the basic wed. s a c t o r s coupare with o t h e r c o u n t r i e s of the s a w per a p i t a iacow level? Secoad, should t h e g o a l t o r d u w present d k s p a r i t y f a cover- age of s e n r i c e r a f f e c t the s i r e of r x p e d f t u r e r f a t h e s o c f a l f a f r a s t r u c t u r e A. f o r t h e f f r 8 t queatfoa n l a t f a 4 t o h e a l t h , Liababue r p e d r about 2 percent of C W oa b e a l t b , vkfcb fa about tte arPrtrae o t a l l d a v e l o p f ~c o w - a The per c a p i t a publfe exprodftute oa h e a l t h l a Zfmbabve fm US88.00, which f a oa t h e Lou a i d e compared t o c o u a t r f e r v f t h a f m l l a r lavela o t facoma Lambfa, rrhfch h a a co.p.rable For t x a ~ l e , per a p f c a facome l e v a l , apeada US$lb.W per u p f t a f a t h e publfe aector. I t u e have a o o m of the r a l a t f o a - 8hlp b e t u n a per u p f c a keow a d b e r l r b u p e a d i t u r e aft. on an facercouotry In n g u d t o t h e u c o d qoascioa, axteading s u b r i d i r e d b u l t b u r v f c e a t o t h e l o r i a c o w Afrfcaa populatfoa k rural a r u a appears to k an e f f e c t i v e way of r e d u d - the u f s t f - dfsparfty. 'Ihia i e p l f e s a s u b s t a n t i a l increase i n h e a l t h crpcadicures, M c b bu been ~ p c r i e a c e dalready. There bas been more than adequate speading l a t h e u r b areas to ensure supply of water, bat coopared with o t h e r A f r i u a tornrtries, t h e arpeadi- ' cute on r u r a l water supply h a s k e n lou. Adequate i n w u t o c n t has taken p l a c e t o develop vacer-borne s a n i t a t i o n i n t h e u r b areas, which is k t t e r t h a n what - has been achieved i n neighboring African countries. S a n i t a t i o n . ) a r u r a l areas is almost m a ~ x i s t e a , 8 t o s i t u a t i o n cooparable to other African a u n t r i a s . - For t h e f u t o r e goal of a c i n g b u i c needs in tlL a r e a s . r u r a l S t e r supply d l 1 need a s u b s t a n t i a l expeoditure. fsprovement of s a n i t a t i o n i n r u r a l a r e a s w i l l have co c o w a i n l y through a p r i m r y c a r e hea1:h syscea involving c o m n i t y participation.  l a d u c a t l o o , the l o w 1 of azgaadlturo I s already hlgh but the k n o f l t of s o w l c o r 1s not oqultabiy d l s t r l b u t d . In 1979, recurreat a p r n d l - turoo oa aducatloa aecouatod f o r 13.3 prrcoot of t o t a l o a a t r a l i p v a r n a m t c o a t r l b u t l o a s to d u c a t l o o arm locludd. n \ t n aham la QllC appear* Mgb l o r a country wlth so lou a a mrollrptnt r a t l o a t tba aocoodary Leva1 a d l d l c a t e s hlgkrr than a n r a g a t u u r r a a t u a l t costa. I a f a c t , v h l l a t& ualt c o a t f o r primary educatloa ( 2 9 5 ) t o la 11- wlth that of c o u a t r l e r a t a l a l l a r lac- l r v e l s , tha u n i t c o o t s l o r secomdary e d u ~ t 1 0 a(f$S60), t e u h r t r a l a l w (ZS1,850) and tbr u n l n r o l t y (ZS4.900) arm s1dl.t t o , o r aaceod t b o ~ of OECD couatrlos. As f o r tha c e a t r a l $ovenmeat u p l t a l l a w c m m t Lo e d u u t l o o , t N s has a n r a g e d 8.3 parceac of p v o m m n t e o p l t a l o u t l a y over t h e b a t f l v e years v f l l i o c r e l s e the t o e d education budget. I n 1980, t h e government r e c u r t c o t expeaditures in education i n c r e u o d 30 parcent l a real t a m s . The governmeat c a p i t a l o u t l a y f o r e d u u t l c a is also expmcted t o i a c r e u e l o the m a r f u t u r e L ( t o 10.5 percent of g o r e t a w n t i n r e s t o m t in the P1180181 budget from 8.5 percent) i n respoase t o Iocreasiog e n r o l h t n t demand. Regarding the h o w l a g s e c t o r i n the ZlPbabueaa a o a o q , houslag a t v e r a t t a i n e d more than 16 percent of t h e t o t i 1 gross fixed c a p l t a l f o m a t l o n . . 8 Nost e c o a o d e s of coaparoble per c a p i t a income l e v e l have 20 t o 30 percent of gross fixed c a p i t a l f o r a t i o a in the housing sector. flos;ever, publlc expendi- t u r e s on low-cost housing In Zlobabve coapare favorably 91th o t h e r countries.  - 2,% - h o w l o g t r s e l f v l l l nor c o n c r l b u c e expaadlrure oa l o p r l n c ~ o rovard roduclag rho d l s p a r l r y k t w a urbaa aad TTL pupulaclono, but I f pursued a s p a r t of an o v e r a l l and balanced r r r a r e g y ob d e v a l o p r ~ m c , r h l o w l l l r d u c o d l s p a r l r y u s p e e l a l l y 3rr-a Lacom groupr v l t h l n urban oreao. 2. l u d a e t Burden and F l a a a c l a a of Sorvlcua. Tho budget burden of r h r s o m l c o r bar a l n r d y l a c n a r d . Fbr osa.mpl.0, t h e r e h a boon o SS p o r c o a t l a c r o a s e In h o a l t h s r p r o d l t u n s In 197940 c o o p a r d u l t h t h e p r e v l o w yoor. l/ r)w p r e w o t p r l c l w o l s a r v l c e r 1s u c h t h a t tboro lr a s u b s r a n t l o 1 r u b r l d y from r h s o e l r r y t o r l c b p a r l o a r s a d r h r p r l v a t e pbysfclaor (uho a r a d l 4 t o u r a r h govotaPrclt h o q l r a l i a c l l l t f e s a t hlghly rubaldlzed r a c e s ) . Ac p r e u a r , t b e govo-t u b s l d l z u n e a r l y 90 p e r c e n t o f t b e h a l r b care. A t M r e u ?l.aL# 5 o s p l u l t h e subsldy par p a r l e n t u n l t It. 1979 uu 2 6 1 . 3 (la c u r t m e p r i c e s ) . Slmllat subsidles exlsc Ln other hospitals, a l t h o a g b at a s l g a l f l c l a t l y lesser n t e . An t u a l o u t l o n of t h e r e v e n w sources l o d l c a r e r t h a t t h e govemmenc dorlvea a s l z e a b l e p a r t ( m a r l y 26 percent Ln 1979) f r o o tbe m n t o r s u p o m o r a a l p r o f i t s . 'Ibis revenue ls c o l l e c t e d from c o t p a r a t e income tax o r royalties, M c h g e n e r a l l y a c c r u e f r o o u t r a c t i o g u b u s t l b l e n s o u r c e r o f t h e country. Although the s u b s i d y i n h d t b c a r e 1s t h d o r e c i u l l y f o r all, In f a c t , p r o p o r t l o ~ t e l ym r e g o e s t o chc u s e r s o f the s e r o f c e s of h x l r e u P l e d g B o s p i t a l who belong t o t h e higher - - ,* - 1 - - 1 : , Rte annual i n c r e a s e i n one y e a t is caused by t h e recent change i n p o l l = from September 1, 1980 t o make a l l h e a l t h s e r v i c e s f r e e f o r t h o s e . e a r n i n g Z S150.W per aonch o r l e s s , and t o t a k e over t h e moninq of stsslon health facilities. income group. Thus, t h e s o c i e t y a s a whole sreau to be s u b s f d i t i a g the r i c h patleatr. A system of f u l l cost recovery f r o o tbose who do a o t ared subridy mst be developed t o achieve the twia g a l s o l e ~ u i t y aad q u a l i t y . La the water r e c t o r , t h e r e bar beaa some subaldy i n aoc c b r g m f o r tho depreciatfoa of tk water supply system. Full cosc p r i c i a a of the urban water rupply a p p r a r r r e a r o ~ b l e . ?or rural water rupply, coammity p a r t i c l p - tioa l a design and lsglewntacioa 11 h i l h l y desirable. I a dueatloa, t h e rim la sxpeadlture la also dramatic. Durlw t h r 1974-79 period, c e a t r a l p v e t l M t a t r r c u r r e o t u p r a d l t u r e m o a e d u u t l o a of about 10 perceat t o t t o t a l c e a c r a l v r c a w a c n c u r r e n c expenditures. ta 1980, r e c u r n a t d u e s c l o a a l expeadlcures f a c r w e d twice as h r t u c o r a l ruotrmc ~ n d l t u t e s ~ 30 e rpercent la r e d terms, u s u p l n g a 10 percent r a t e o t laflrcloa-and reached almost 23170 mLblloa. 'Ibis draoaclc rlre la erured a a l y by t h e l n c r e a u ta u l a r l e r uad g r a a t r to p r l v a t e e d u u t l c a represeating 84 percent and 8 percent of tba M X C budget, n s p e c c l v c l y . I ' b. s a l a r i e s of African and noa-Africur teacbars were u u l f i e d , reachlag a high average of 297,000 a year. P r l o u y e n r o l l m m t e1rp1od.d aad p r l a u y e d u u t l o n b e c a d f m e ; revenues p r f a c i p a l l y from f e e s f e l l from 7 A r c l n c to 5 percent of r e c u r r e n t expenditures. - The Lssue i n the e d u o t l o a s e c t o r is the sane as fn the h e a l t h sector. I f the expeasive +-tion that benefits oaly a l i d c c d a s e c t i o n of t h e population is t o b aminta$ncd t o m e e t the d c ~ a a df o r i t by &,f u l l cost recovery system hes t o be t h a t l i a d t e d s e c t i o n of the p ~ p l l ~ t i o n introduced f o r chat educacioa. This would be in l i n e with s y s c e m ~elsewhere, where high-cost p r i v a t e schools with fees e x i s t with f r e e public schools  I n h c w f n g , t h e A f r i c a n middle-fncorw g r o u p o f t e n k a e f f c s from t h e h o m e s b u i l t by t h o g o v r r n a e a t o r t h e l o c a l a u t h o r f c f e o o r t h e p a t a o c a t a l body. The p o o r e s t A f r f c a a s r e m f n c e n c e r s and e s s e n t f a l l y pry p r o p o r t f o a a t e l y wra o f c h o i r fncooa t o r hourfag. This c o u l d k c o r r e c t e d f f d u d p r f c f a g o f t h o s t a a d a r d h o u o f n l u n i t s f s fntroaucud. Thfo would g u a e r a t a p r o l l t r which c o u l d k u s e d t o s u b s f d f t e lou%oot h o u r f w m f t m t h u r Inolriaa f t p w a f b l e l o r area t h e p o o r e s t a m u p s t o a f f o r d t b e r e u n f t a . 3 O r g a n f r 8 t f o n rod Persoaael. Eveo 11 more maourcam are a v a i l a b l e tc cxtead s e m f c e s t o TTL &nu, t h r r e v f l l k an o r g a a i ~ . t f o ~ l problem. Tho c l v L 1 w r v f c e c n p l o y r * ~ and t b e h o a l t h p r o f e s s f o ~ l shave l i m i t e d e x p r r f e c c a fa th. rural arm. 8nd t h e y are h e s l t a o t to proceed i n c h f r u d a a l l i a r world. tor atample, i n c h . h e a l t h s e c t o r , about 90 p e r c e n t o f t h e e r p r o d l t u r e r have been on c u r a t i w a f a c l l l t l e s , w l t h r c l u t u r b a n blas. A e w s f r o a that e q ~ h u f s to r p r i o r r y lwalrh a r e system, u s l a g a l a r g e number o f crL11ue h e a l t h w o t k e t s and s o p h u f t i a g p t e v t a t i o n , u l l s f o r a e w e in o r i e n t 8 t i o n .bwg t h e c f v l l s e r v i c e and t h e p r o f e s s i o n a l s . C u r r e n t l y , M X is p l a a a l n g t o i n c r e a s e the atmkt of v i l l a g e h e a l t h w o r k e r s from a -gar 199 t o 300, y e t a t Lust NO chouraod o f t h a s e f r o n t - l i n e I workers aze pccded co o r b t h e primary h e a l t h worker populeclon r a t i o rea- sonable- L/ - - ' J 1- Ia che primary h a l t h c a r e systeo, t h e s e w i l l a g e workers have v a t i c d msponsibiHties-diagnosing and c r e a t i n g s i m p l e , coamoa cases, $ e f e r r i n g o t h e r case* and e d u c a t i n g c o ~ a l c y i n n u t r i t i o n , hygiene, a n d p e r s o n a l k a l r h care. OM s u c h primary worker serves o n e thousand t o f i u r thousand people i n c o r n c r i e s o r p r o f e c c s v h e r e primary h e a l t h c a r e is provided. For e = a q l e , i n some p r o v i n c e s i n IndLa. where priamry h e a l t h care h a s keea introduced, c h e r e is one worker per one t h o u a ~ d . Even i f w e piant one v o r k e r f o r 3,800 p e o p l e , t h e t o t a l n u d e r of workers r e q u i r e d i n tinbobwe v o u l d ke 2,800.  Even lf the orlrntatloa of tbe e l v l l w w l c e M4 c t tha proforsloaslr changes, and m r r l a v u s t m t r are phoned for providlcq soclol sewicor la =;a1 areas, a sariour irsue r e a d a s of ow to axtaad the gover.mt structure to ~ r a area# l aad hou to obtala tba n q u l r l t o awbPr o l percsanol to do so. The rituatloa .'.a further aaravated by 6oaa (and poteatlally -to) axsdru o l uhite p r o l o s s l o a r l ~ ,who ore badly oedod to t r o t a and a u ~ n t n e t b enreadd . cadre of rural wrkerr. tor e v l , tba r u k w a t l ~ entearloa l o l the vlllagr health vorlur codre w l l l n q u l r e doctora, a d l a 1 onrtnc.ncr, and c w a l c y health aurws u t r r l o r r s lad mperrlsors lo tha field. The . a l a r 8 d , d c h l a cum w l l l - a a p u l a l l a t a aod proteralocula. the uirtara aod lncom of tho TTL popuktloa w l l l k a I n t n u l ~ arlrlsectoral t u k . Ih preseat system of c o o r d l ~ t l o ais aot wary etfac- nspoaslblllty for oven11 pLoocllag a d caardloncloa. For exonpla, the wrt 1 serious health hazard i n - ZlPbbue is a d by the lfalced access to safe water; yet, d n l d coordination occurs between m3tl urd WJD to o t a b l l r h 8 health d water suppL7 program. L In education, there f s ao adequate c o o r d i ~ t i o nbetween the ~ r l v a t e and prblic agencfes involved 19 ducarion and training. So f a r , no comptehen- sive opcracioaal plan exlsts to reorganize the sy- ten to providd equality a: access to education a d to reform the curr?cula. The XQlX is not adequately 8 structured and staffed and appears to be Going difficulty In adjrustiag *c, the mnegemat of atusive enroll~~emcil.The aaia c b l l e n g e Is how t o cater i n t h e i~medieteFuture t o the poorest s e p e n t s of a population that is growing at fin umsually high rate (3.6 percefit). This cahrot be achieved by the f o r s l  - - 32 system a d ooa-foraal educar loo 18 a t 111 l a r u t b l c l a a t l y daveloped. The r 6 e a r a l l ~ ob 00m e.eu lprlaury r r u d e o r a la 1960 hrr r e r u l r r d l a over- . croudsd rehoola aad l a a d r a a u r l t rlre o r t h e p m p r r l o a o f w r r a l n e d and 1;radrqvarrly q w l l f l d r e a c h e r a , p o p r r o r a r l n ~oou about ?O p e r t r o t o t rho reaching s t a r t . Z f m k h p r r a e o t a a d l c b r r m m a p l c c u r o of weir1 r e n l c o r . M one arrramo, a taa.1 o l m t 4 r y ( r h o European ood A a l r a p o p l o r l o a e ) hor a e c r s s t o h l l l r quality r e r v l c a a ; o; th. o r h r , rlu 7TL p p b . t o a b s r l b o a t ao r c c a a a to d e n l a m 0rh.r A f r l c a q p s p u l a t t o a r o l t h e r Llvln( La tha urbra c e o t a r r . w r k l o t oa th t u r n p o r n P a m , or t a r a m Lo t h e AtrLcao Purchaood bodn ham r a r l o u r dr#rme* of a e c e a r co aervlcoa. For th f u t u r o . b a l c m u d s e r r v l c u ulZ; have to br urn&.&re t b o u o r u o u h r r a s c c r a o l a a w llnlrod. Ihr l a s u e I* 4notb.r r b l o ardd eitemloa w l l l o o t r l l a s d c r l f l c e in quallcy. Fa: cha teal& s e c t o r , t h e lasuo s o o m u a r o a l . Bhr I o a r c h a t t h e of h e a l t h a r e to t h e TTL a r c u n l l l r e s u l t ln a lomo o f mpld o ~ a s i o a q u l l i t y t? + t r l y cnfoded-beaus. some s e r r l c u , such u p r b l l c b u l t h h m c g m e r a l l y vary I n quallty-and aaasures, a partly irrelevant-kcaura t h t prasea: Mklr q u a l l t t * e r v l c e cannot m a t the h e a l t h aaads o f 95 p e r c e n t of t h e p o p l a f l o e . I n bocc, A prlamty h e a l t h care syncerr does n o t i-1y a 'I te *p r i ~ a h ~a l t h c a r e system L e s s e a c i a l l y a p y t ~ m i d&ad c h i 5 - fp r o a l d o l 3eaLth c a r e syseea con b h i l t l a ZlrPbabva without s r c r i f l c l ~ . quelltp. Hawever, it : s reasooubLe to ask ~ J C a reaLPstic pace a t uh:ch 1s tb ptcsent z d e inco a health c a r e system earn '3e a d l f i e d , a d j u s t e d , ~ n d  - - 33 pyraaldal primary health care syatao rospollrlve to cbe health w d r of the vast majortry. Ibroovor, wltb more o w l s on erpradlag aad rtrangtbealag the bare of thm pyracrld, w r o resourcar w l l l w l a t o primary cam a d pra- voatlvo program. Thlr ma7 leave fewer n 8 ~ u r c o efor tho c u r a t l w r t r u t t u r o t o sustalo i t s e l f a t tho us- love1 or k l o r e ; t h l r llpplles rhat altmmatlvo vayr of cost rmcovory should k mxplorod (a8 d l r c u r r d provlouoly). w c r o r , rbe L88ua l o r tbe urban b o u r l ~ l8 rolevoat. Currmarly there are lour t y p r of lowlacome houroa bullt. Tho l o w s t arada 10 ju8t r l t e and ~ r v l c r r ,vhlch a n W a c to provfdo t r a a r l t l o ~ l shelter. Th. nrxc M t b r grrdr LI callad u l t r a l w - c o r t bouolng. l b u n l t coetr of tho80 lour typos lo order o t qurlfty are ZS3,617, Z$2,LiS, ZSL,597, and Z$1,012. Obvlorul7 chore 1s trad.-off k t w a rho t o t a l a&r of ualtr .ad the typos to k bullt. I t ls, hovwor, fpportant to r e a l l t a thrr the l o v o t gmdr ( r l t o d wrvlcas) L s u t t a b l e o l y If b u l l t n l t h l o tb. c i t y ( m a r mrkplacoa) where the a l l o t t o u u n l i v e 4 gtddwlly conrttuct the rholter. 1t thoso slcos rod wrvlcos a n a t coorldmrablo dlscaaco, as tho Lou-cost touarhlpr l a Ziab.bua are, those aay aot k htlptul. Ia t i ~ t u b u o , the perriaeat coasidoratlon is t h a practice of d a d p r i c i q the better grade houses a d subsldlzlng the l t v e r grade with p r o f i t s that are llkely t o C b%e k r t e r grade houslag ualts. result from the s a l e o I Lt eduutlon, the issue is the b t t l e a e c k a t the secondary level - because of imuf f icleat f a c i l i t leg and fees that A f rican f a a i l i f - cannot generally afford. Only 23 perced of African p r i m r y graduates have access co * secondary educatfon. %reover, the hlgh academic 3 tandard policy, universally m applied, results f n h l g h failure and drop-our rates amng Afrlcan students. A t p r e s e n t , of 1 , W saven-year o l d s , 803 er.tur Grade I , aad 5 0 0 complata prlmary educatloa: 120 e a t e r gunlor sacoardiary u d u c a t l o o 4 70 corrpluto I t ; and e v e n t u a l l y , t l v o colrcplate r e a l o r secondary education. Such r e r t r l c t o d accums t o secondary e d u c a t l o o 1% n o t p e c u l i a r t o Zlmbabue: a s l m l l a r r i t w t l o n e x l s t n l o T a a t a a l a , but t h e r e I t 1 s because of o d e l l b a r a t e Paapower p o l i c y . I o Zlmbabwo t h e r a s t r l c t l o n 1 s l a r g e l y t h e rorulc of o d l o c r l ~ r l a a t o r ypollcy. Zlmbabua manpmer w a d s c l u a r l y u r d e r l l n r , t h e l m p x t a n c o o i u l d a a l a ~t h e accesm o l tho A t r l c a n p o p r l o r l o a t o racondary d u c a t l o o . Speclf l c P l a n r and t o s o u r c a r Roqulrod P a d l a 8 tho establlnhmunt of a anow aducoeloa p l a n , a rhort-corm plao f o r n80-81 l a c l u d a s ( a ) c o a r t r u c z l o n o r c x p ~ a r l o nof about 50 p r l m r y and secondary r c h o o l r , and roachor e r o l n l q c o l l n g e s ; ( b ) t r t o b l l s h a e n t o t an owr#oacy trrlalal u h e ~ l t p ho s s l b l e h l p from UNICeP-for t h o 8,000 u n t r a l a a d and 12,000 l l u d q u a t e l y q u a l l t l a d primary coachera; and ( c ) l a t r o - d u c t l o n of double s h l f t l n g l a t o p r l a a r y o d u o t l o a . On thr bsls o f p r a s e a t t r o a d s a d WveracPrnt p r l o r l t l e r , I t Ir in e s t l ~ . t e dt h a t primacy e a r o i l m u a t may grow by a n average 90,000 a ~ u a l l y the e a r l y eighties. A four-fold i n c r e a s e of p r e s e n t secondary e u r o l l o t n t s 1s l i k e l y t o occur ovar t h e decade. About 4,000 aeu t e a c h e r s would be needed e n n u a l l r o l n o s t t h r e e tiaes.u~ -y a s the p r e s e n t h l g h a s t p o r r l b l e output , of t h e s y s t e m - r e q u i r i n g -re than doubling t h e amber of p l a c e s a v a i l a b l e i n 1981 i n t h e TTLs and expanding four-fold t h e p r e s e n t p r o g r a q o f t h e '9 - F a c u l t y o f Education. - 13 a d d i t i o n , t h e governzeat i n t e n d s t o e f a d i c a t e . - l l l l t e r n c y h v e r t h e cooIng decade, f o r r ~ h i c haa e s t i m t e d ~ , 0 0 & t n s t r u c t o r s would Se required t o provide an e s t i m a t e A rwo with million i l l i t e r ~ t e s  I t 1s entlmatrd that by the end o l the decade, a b u t 6,600 extensloa npeclallsts v l l l ba requlrrd to Improve artearlon sorvlcer for aa emtlaatod 1,200,000 mL and 13,000 Afrlcaa Purchase h a d (a) farnets a8 v a l l a8 tho operat lons o l the d o r a aarlculcural subwccor. Thrrafore, rho $overtmeat plaar (a) to double t h prosoat caplclt) o l th agricultural l a 8 t l t u t o s to r t o t a l capaclty o l 7'20 places for an 001)ual output o l 240 artoamloa amarm, and (b) to oxpad tho aariculwral collaees ro r t o t a l c a p c l t y o l 240 mtudeat placer lor an onaual output o l about 80 ertanrloa ottlcera. %lie the l a t t e r opararloa la erprctod to c o p vlth Lbo aatlsrtod mads, the propored oxpoarloa of tbe a a r l c u l t u r r l l a r t l t u t a a u l l l b. lanrftlclaat. I h a l r output u l l l at111 k rhorc by aa rntlsrtod 260 u c r o r l o a 4 m t 8 r year; 800 d d l t l o c u l studrat places v l l l k wedod preferably l a tuo l a r t l t u t e r . 'T& aovrmaeot bu Laercued t& v o u t l o m l errlalag budget l o r a n t v o r k o l Vocatlorul Tralalag Cmterr ( W X ) for reaLmtl1l.d tralalaa. Th. governmaat rlw p l l l u ra e s u b l l n h a T u t a l u l C o l l q e l o r Commerce u r branch of the 3 u l . y o Polytachntc; axpaad a thlrd Polytechalc for 200 angl- moriaa appteotlcen thin year; provide t r r l a l a g a l s o In aaagemeat, buslaern adalnlrtratloa, .ad w c r e r a r l a l r t l l l n ; and ertabllnh l ~ t l t u t e n?or d m l o l r - tratioo tralnlag for rhich USiP c e c h n l u l asslstaace is expected. the recent budget Lacrease l o health has taken pLace without any expansion of serolces. Once the a t t d e d health c a t e prograrr is substantially - extended, the cost w i l l r i s e dranutically. For exanrple, there w i l l ba a need 8 for a tenfold increase in prlaary health workers, as aoted before. This goal wtll require e n o m u s resources-btnaactal and human.  The prosearly a v d l a b l e five-year lnvcsrseat p b a , vhich 1s arrea- t l a l l y based on a p l a n prepared by the earlier governoeat , ladlcatas a rtlpu- laced expoaditure or ZS23.5 o l l l l o a ( l a 1980 prlcoo), of ohlch 2316.3 o l l l l ~ n is s a r o l r k d for the extensloa of the rural health program durlag the w x t f i v e years.. Thls lacludes c o ~ r t r u c t l o aof 200 mu rural ellnlco, laprovomsoto of pnvoatlva oorvlcoo. and coaotruetioa of rural hospltalr a d o t r o a # t h e o l ~ Thlo t e a t r t l n p l l o 1s 11Loly t o k nvLoed to (1- e'vm more eaphasls oa w o t l w h a l c h wodr of the rural poplatloa. A prollrlarry the t o l l w l r y Ireor, r report from the Eoalth Hlalotor r u ~ e s t s q othro, l a the plaat ( A ) W cralalas c m t e r s , oae at each d l s t r l c t , t o t r r l a vlllage h r l t h u o r h r o , (b) 318 mu rural e l i a l c s , (c) 33 m u rural hospltrls, .ad (dl A and p r o t e c t l ~ proaram of c o a r t ~ c t l r y boreholes, l a toajuattloa wlrh the nlnlrtry of Worb. Ib. above n v t s l o w and rddlrloas v l l l requlre r subotrarlal upurrd n v l s l o a la th. t o t a l cost, probably from 2S11.3 o l l l l o a to 2SO.L o l l l l o a ( l a 1980 prices)-aa lacrease ot nearly 300 perceat. Tba f o l l w i a g is the b e s t c s r l m t e w e could cuke about the d r q e s 1. Dlsrricc horpitols e 10 percent 2. Rural h o s p l u l s 20 ~e!rceac - - - Q The Unlted !tations (t5) recently e s t l m t e d the total cost for repelrfnp the rural f a c l l l t l e a a t about ZS18 o l l l l o n , of vhich the LV has - cocmfcted about 2311.7 a l l l f o n , leavlng a s h o r t f a l l of over ZSb o l l l t o n ( a l l In current prices of 1980).  - 37 - h. for tba water supply, m y of the m r a l suppllat vere damgod by the war and l a most cases tbrouab arglecc and Lack of rapalrs. Socon- stnrctloa lr asu b l a a uadortakea a d the t o t a l cost ob rsconrcructloa I t roughly estloatud a t 2312 to 2313 s l l l i o a . Tor derolopwat , ?WQ e s t tsarem c b t rho a l a s o f the L7rl Vator k c a d e could be mot by 1990 by provldlaz avatyoaa vlth potable uator l a tho rural aroar a t a total coat of Z $500 mlllloa a t 1 - prlcrm. 11 Tor harmla&, rba rtlpulnted axpoodlcura l o r the aoxc l l r a yerrm 1s 23773 r l l l l o a t a -truce 167,000 hourlag ualts. Tklm u l l l lavolva a substan:lal laen- lrom cba p u t coartructloa prograa of cha Hourlag Dapatt~1.nc. Ibr- types o t b w e s are b u l l t - u l c r a lou-eoat houres of 1 to 2 room, 10I)'COsc houses 0 6 1 LO 2 mow, dad stamlard houmam of 2 t o 3 M. h*. -tlaatad tb8 tom1 coat of a bowley prosram la the arxc live years oa the u m c i o a t b c 60 parcoat caa rflord u l t r a Lou-cost hourem, 23 parcooc v l l l buy the out grade bowlag ualc, aad 15 parceoc v l l l buy the top grade l a r c o s c bowing units. T& l a t t e r w l l l k prlced 20 percent hlghar tbur cost. Iba aootbly prymeat for tba d l f f e n a t categories of b u s e s w i l l . vary from ZS5.06 to Z319.65, and t o t a l comt of the proarao la curreat prlcem The rtcoastruction h d g t t ssipulated for the b u s i n g sector is n a t ZSS,OQO/sOO persons, the total a p p r o x i a t e cost w i l l be  - 38 - Thus, the resourca needs of thera sectors for rccoartructloa and developmmr arm subrtaarlal. Also, tho rectors asad a symtemarlc evaluarloa of the lsrues ourllaed lo the report and pllclam to addrars rhesa lssues effr:tlvely. Ia oar sense, tho physlcal devalopaea~of rhesa sectors Is only ar loportrat ar ttu devrlopoear of rlght pollclsm for the rector for a smoth rrausfororrrloa to rho MU yorerawat's proaramm. Coac lur loo Soclal lnfrastrucrure aad servlces la Zlmbabur compare qulte favorably ulth okhrr Afrlcaa couarrtes. Houover, dlmprrlry in the coverage of servlces la Zlohbum Is c l u r l y more proaouaced tbaa In -st Afrlua cararrles kcoubr o t p u t d l r c r l m h r o r y pollcler o t tho coloolol gaveraprat. In t h l s r a r e , the c o a d l r l o ~ r of he r u t ma)orlty of thr popllrtlon llvlng l a TTL areas are about the sam u tbe rural populrtloa la couatrles lllu Zaablo, Houoblque, .nd h y a . S t i l l , the u f a t e a c e of a f a l r l y developed soclal have gone only t o a fed> provide* lafrasrructun (althouah lts k ~ u f l t s M advantage to Zimbabue pl.naers that most Ws a t Independence did not -joy. The task of developing and exteodlng the secial iafrastruccure and servlces l a ZiPrbrbue, therefore, is +oclruhrc dff fereac from a t y p l u l developlag country ln Africa. L advantage, to some extent, w a s reduced by the uar Yhc c o ~ p a r a t i v e damges of social infrastructure. t'afortunacely, chc a g e s were more - - '9 extensloe in the rural areas, where these f a c l l l c l e s , as w - e have noted, were - - far less developed. . ;ie h u e out lined a feu atajor issues. s h l c h hawe to be effectfwely - * addressed Ln developin3 a responsive system of services f n Zimbabwe. In educatlon, the r e l a t l v e u p a d l t u r e s i z e 1 s already r a l a t l v a l y high (over S percent of CKP), but the lnequlty of t h e s y s t e a 1 s so pronowcud chat ourlour a d j u s t w n c s v l l l k aecessary. l a h e a l t h , the expaadlture $128 appear8 t o be r e l a c l v e l y saall. tlousver, l a c h l s s a c t o r alro, a d j u s t = a t Ls needed i n t h e s t r u c t u r e and o r l a n t a t l o n of w w f c a e . Ia hourlag, t h e t o t a l expuadlcure ha8 h a adequate la tho urbaa areas l a t h e p a r t , but v l t h ladepeadaace t h e r e l o both relaxation of s o b l l l t y r e s t r l c t f o a s as veL1 ao a p u l l a f f e c t on tho r u r a l popllotloa toward tbe c l t l e a . la the f u t u r e , t o t a l expoadlture oa urbaa hourlag m y haw t o up to mwt the w e d s of a &wlq urban populrtloa. In &enoral, sore n s o u r c e s v l l l k - o d d i n these s e c t o r s . Even uhere public e g a d l t u r e s i z e 1s c u t n o t l y hl&b, s o r e resources w i l l have t o ba m o b l l l z d through c o s t recovery troa pro&rapr vhich u l l l s e r v e oaly r small w c t i o a of the populacloa ( t o r euoplr, hlgh-cosc boardlag schools, p r l v r t r pacleats I n M r e u Flemfng l o s p l c r l , rad so oa). I f the governmaat gradually n d u c e s support f r o 0 these progncm .ad r u k u tbese s p e c i a l s e r v i c e s s e l f paylag, m y m r a n s o u r c u w i l l k c o a n a r r i l a b l e f o r t h e h s i c s e r v i c e s relevant t o m e e t the needs of tbe vasc n a j o r i t y of the population. B o i d u f l n a n c i q , t w o o t h e r l q m r t u r t lssues deserve specla1 astention. Qlrst, t h e q u a l i t 7 versus coverage fssue, vheaever i t 1. talevaat , needs t o b e resolved. With regard t o secondary education and primary h e a l t h care, the issue is irrelewant, because t h e v a s t a a j o r l t y c u r r e n t l y has negli- g i b l e access t o these. Providing the access t o these people 1s the f i r s t - order o f business. Besides ~ \ e . basic s e r v i c e s in education +ad h e a l t h , t h e case f o r atore coverage with a r e a l i s t i c q u a l i t y level is s t r o n g for Ziobabue. sihat c o n s t i t u t e s a r e a l i s t i c q u a l i t y l e v e l i n t h e ti-&Suean context o r & a t should be the o p o r a r i o ~ ld r f i a l t i o a of quallty, has to be decided by the policy arakars of thu country. Tha currear high staodards for -try lato secondary education leading to only aa 8 percent enrollment r a t l o aay not be the relevanc standards, for e ~ port-secondary y schools could opt for aid-lava1 trchnlcal tralnlna. S l r i l a r l y , l a haalth rhe proraar quallflcarlon Cot becoeln8 a ptlmuty bealth workat ( a b l l i r y t o u r l t r and @peakb a l l r h ) appears t o k so#wbr lrrelavaat k c a u s r the t a s b they have to partom do nor portlcularly requlra there s k l l l s . Th. other lsrua is, of tourra, to fiod uays u, effrcrlvaly axtend th Jellvary sysraa to rural araar. k aoced, tba u l s c l q o r p a l r o r l o a s rod m t a r as tba problepr aad neodr of fft paraeonel have L1dt.d exporieoca a a n a s are toacrtod. Flexlblllty l a tb. q u a l l f l u c l o a of the persomal t o k n c r u l t a d for tha tucure rad l a cbelr rralalng program appears demlrable. For a x a q l e , u ua hava noted both tor health porsoaoel aod teachers, a coa+terclonal approach to tralnlcq l a tbe croasltloa perlod may prove ro be coo slou t o keep up wlth the & for axpaasion.  Structure and E x a m i ~ t i o l u . With tbe 1979 Education & t , tho ttm e t h o i c a l l r r o p a r a t o d oducatiorul r y r t o u w r o c o ~ b i a e dinto oar rtructura p r o v i d i q a reverryear (Grade 1-7) primary course, f o l l o w d by tw p a r a l l e l Junior s e c o d a r y streaaar (a) a ~OUP~UC proarm (PO- I-IV, o r Grader 8-11) for briaht, acadeoicrl1y-oriaar.d rtudeats p r e p a r i q for tho Cooera1 C e r t i l i c r t a of Wucatioa-Ordiarry (CCE* level) asamioatloa, l/ or its equiva- l e n t , the Cambridae Orrruam Scbool C e r t i f i c a t e (COSC o r SC), &/ rod (b) o f i v q e r r proarm for slant lmrwrm, p r e p r l w l o thraa y u r s (PO- I-LII, o r Grades 8-10) f o r cba S a t i o a r l Certificate of txanloatioo (La),possibly follourd by aaother mo-year course (PO- LV d V, Gradas 11 a d 12) pre- p a r i w for tba 0 l e v a o r SC e.IPIoatioam. J u i o r secoodary gradrutas uho for adaissioo to senior have passad a t l e a s t Llva subJects a r e e l ~ i b l e secoodary education to p r e p r e to tuo pars (toc+.r d Upper Form VL, Grades 12 and 13) for the General C e r t i f i c a t e of Eduutio~--Advanced o r CCE-A C e r t i f i c a t e (COUSC o r BSC). * - This appcodix vas prepared by Andre G. %loon,-Senior General Educator, WED. '9 - 1. & supcroistd by the GCE-O and A L e v e l u r a i o a t f o o , are regulated . 8 Board (AEB). k 9 r e 1979, AEB standards British Associated E ~ a a l o e r s applied only to the European, Colored, and Asfan education system. 2. The SC and HSC exa3linacions are regulated and supervised by the Cambridge University Examination Syudlcace (CtTS) i n the LX. CLTS standards, before 1979, applied only to the African education systen.  The uppar sacondary graduates, who have adequately passed tuo to thee. A level or BSC rubjectr aad are adequately quallfled fa Engllsh, are e l f g l b l e for admfssfoa lato hlgher aducatloa vhlch offers three- to fouryear F l r r t Dagrear, that l a , Uachelor's degrees, folloued by oasyear spaclallted Diploma or Port-Graduate Cartlflcate, tuo- to throwyear Haster's Dagrae, aad PrLury aad junior racodary teaebrrs are tralaod Lo threa-ye~r courses (Crades 12-14) f o l l w l q complat loo o l jualor recoadary aducat loo with a t leart live 0 k r e l or SC rubJectr psrad. Ibe Certltlcata of Educa- l a a m r d d to rtudeatr cooplatltu thr courw. tion (Cogm) Sealor secoadary teachers a r e traloed l a e i t b r tb Bacblor o l W u u t l o a (B.W.) degrae courses for selected C o t m bolderr to u q u f r a graduate status, or the o a r year Post-Graduate Cartifieate of Wutrtloa (PCCE) qualifylag aonoducatloa kchelor'm d q m bolderr for teaehfag, or a o w y u r Diploma i a Educatloa coursem lor selected C.E. bolders to u q u f r e subJect speclaliutlon. In specillitad aduutioc, agricultural t r a i a i q is provldad through (a) threeyear courses followfag caaplecion OF ac least Crade 9, preparing for the Certificate i a Agriculture; (b) ttm-year rod three-year coursas ' followfryl c a p l e t i o n of Crada 11 (0 t.vel/SC), ;reparing for the Diploor in Agriculture; and (c) Fouryear higher education courses preparing for the Degree in Agriculture. Iodustrial t r r i n i q is provided a t skilled worker and technic faa levelr through -fiveyear apprent iceship progreos f o l l o r ing 8 campletion of Crades 10 to 12 depeadiog oa the level and type of trade elected. The Liveyear course lncludas one to three years of technical schooling followed by mo to four coople~entaryyears of shop-floor practice intersparsed u l t h r ~c t u r e ueusloar. o le Fouryear hlqhar e d w t l o a courser prepare s t u d e a t s f o r t h e Degree la Eaglauarlag. Health t r a l o l q l a provlded through (a) f o u r t o f l r s y o a r p r o g r a m , f o l l o u l n ~completloa o f r e a l o r secondary e d u u c l o n (A torel/HSC) lor ro8lscered n u r s e r ; (b) chroo asPd f o u r r o a r c o u r s e r f o l l o v l a g c o o p l e t l o a o f ac lerrc Crada 10 l o r o a d l c a l rad m a t e r n i t y asrlrcaacr, n r p e c t l r e l y ; (c) a r h r e e - y e a r coursa lollwla;l ceaple- c l o a of Junior secondary e d u c o t l o a ( 0 Lorrl/SC). f o r h e a l t h u s l s t a n t r , .ad (d) p h a r r s c l r c r and w d l c a l ductora a r a t m l d throuah t h r e e - dad s l r y c o r h l ~ h o r educattoa courser, n r p e c t l w l y . A d o l n l s c r r t l o a of t h a tducacloaaL S y r c e o W u u t l o a I s d e r t h e n r p o a a l b l l l c y o f t h r X l n l s t r y o f Zduucloa and C u l m r e ( W C ) . The X l n l s t r y has l o u r d l v l s i o o r : (a) t h e Scbools t Education M v i s l o a 1s r e s p o a s l b l e f o r th. devrlopmear aud a s u s r ~ of c u r r i c u l a a d t r r c h l q w t h o d s , and f o r a r l t u r a l a f f a l r s : ( b ) t h e Educncloo Adminfstratioa nnd S e t r i c e r Diwisioa o l l u g u s t a f t l a g , ?L.anlng and p o g r a w d n g , elraluation, e x m d ~ t i o n n ,audiovLsur1 a i d s , and L l b r a r l e s ; ( c ) t h e Hlghat and S p e c i a l i z e d E d u u r l o a D i v l s i o a f o c u s e s on t e a c h e r t r a l a i n g , ~ l c y s t u d e a t imskrtaace, mn-formal a d u l t u f u u t l o a , aad c o ~ ~ ~ devalopmenr t r a i n i n g ; and (d) t h e A d s l o i s t r a t i v e and Finance D i v i s i o n handles l e g i s - l a t i o n , personnel manageseot, b u l l d i n g s and s u p p l i e s , budgeting and fi nence. The School and Fee Systeo. eduur:loa Although p r l ~ r y is f f e e (but not coopulsory), f e e s a r e charged f o r secondary educat loo. Accord in&o t h e 1 9 7 9 E d u c a t i o n Act which s t i l l p r e v a i l s , secondary s c h o o l s a r e classified i n t o g o v e r n w n t s c h o o l s , independent c o m n i t y s c h o o l s . and p r i v a t e schools ( r e g i s t e r e d and u n r e g i s t e r e d ) . C o v e r n ~ e a ts c h o o l s a r e f u r t h e r s u b d i s l d e d  -44- i n t o group0 v i t h v a v i r q f a e o r a a g i w from OSSleO t o f r a e t u i t l o r , (Tn. oreoo). I n c-icy o c h w l o , t u l t i o n f e e 0 may amount to USS3OO u h l l a l a e x c l u o i v a urban p r l v o r e ochoolo they may reach USS1,~00 a year. The govern- w n t w e t s a major part o f rha r e c u r r a n t c o s t s of c o a 8 u n l t y ochoolr through graoto. Hoot p r i v a t e ockoolo are r e 4 l s t e r e d a d a i d e d by t h a )ovaremaat which f l o r a c a r rha a u r e & a t a o f rorcharo' oalarlem a d per e o p l r a c u l t l o o and boardla# 4 r a a t o . P r i v a r a Uducatloo r e p r a o e a t o a o o v : r u h e l a i ~s h a r e o f t h a rector rocoaprorl~83 p e r c a o t of p r h q and 4 9 perceot o f r e c o a d r q e o r o l l . n t o , ar o h l a t a b l a 1. t a b l e 1: UtR0I.I.m LN P R M A I Y AILD SCCWDUY SCBOOtS Cotollunto Teachers Scboolo - Prluq: prlvate total 1,031,000 1,236,000 22,764 28,162 2,949 3,161 Privata a r p o r c e o t u e of t o u l 832 812 932 - Secondary: ptivata total 36,350 74,300 1,710 3,737 126 200 Private a s percentage of T o t d 49Z 46Z 63Z h c l u d i q p o o r p r f m r y homecraft s e b o o b , 111 p r i v a t r , and p r i v a r e . s p e c i a l rcbools. P r i v a t e educat:on b ~ e by more d t h a n 600 agclrc. J and 97 - !' percent of p r i v a t e schools a r e located i n r u r a l areas. Only 467 p r i v a t e primary s c h o o l s ( 1 6 p e r c e n t . t h e t o t a l ) a r e u n r e g i s t e r e d and unaided by S t a t u s of Education S u b s e c t o r s Primary Education. The e s t l n a t e d 3.8 p e r c e n t annual i n c r e a s e o f t h e 6 t o 12 age group, coapouaded by t h e r e t u r n of a b u t 900,000 d i s p l a c z d  perroos-, has resulted l a a d r r r r t l c i o c r u s r of ppotr t h 50 perceot l a p r i u q eorollpaots I r a 820,000 i o 1979 t o 1,236,000 Lo 1960. This r r r u l t r l o an eorollmaot r a t l o of 78 percent o t rbr relevoot a8s-atoup, vhlcb placer Z i o b a h l o rbr top rblrd of M r l c a a countrlrr f a t h i s torpact. About 6 1 prrce~c 01 suvrcrjear oldr are d a l r c e d t o Cradr 1. Cirlr raproseor o htph proporrloo of t o t a l e a r o l l m a t s (47 porceot). m e r e a r e 26,162 p r h r r y I . I teachars r e r u l t l ~ L o ra i r r e a a sruJ.ae-tucbrr rat10 at 4S11. Ibuavar, I T b d r o p o u t rrrr r u c b r r 4s farceat c r r r r k rrvea grader. 7hr r o p . t l t i o o I race 1s afalarl a s a r d r pmmotloo 1s r u t a u t l e . n r 36,000 wtt-Africaa I I rrprrrroc l e s s tho 3 pareeat of t o u l earolloecc. ~tdaorr lbry are a h r c emtlurlvely r a t o l l e d :a tk h a t aovermeot .ad comualty schools f a uhich cbr r t u d m c - t r a c h r r a t i o a v r w o s 2781 cod rbm d r o p o u t r a t r is only 5 parzrot. Africans rapraseat l e a s tho l3 patcocc rod 8 parclrot of the r u p r c t l v r eotolled i a ptivaca m e a l ubools. Tbr prlorrry curt.culua baa receotlp bare redesigned v i t h p r a c t f r x l o b j t c t i ~ a ,better aaapted t o t t e i . w . ~ L e?roiroaaenc. S e c o d a q education urrclld 74,300 students i o 1980, representing a low enrollruot r a t l o of 7.5 percrot of tb. e a t h a t e d 13 to 18 age-group. Tbe 54.000 U r i e a n s t u d e k s (of &OQ 30.000 are in r u r a l areas) a r e e n r o l l e i gooenment schools and excluoiwe co#xmnity schoolsYn which Africans t h e best 8 S represont l a s s than 10 percent of enrollments. The q - a l i t y BF secondary education Is good because of adequate curricula and ttaiaed teachers. There are 3,737 teachers (of whoa only 112 are untrained). resulting in a highly  - - 44 favorabla 20: 1 scudaoc: caachar car lo. b w r r a r , cba dtop-~uc r a t @ coacher 6 5 y p r l o d . r m q Adelcan s c ~ d e o t r percent over rSa junlor sacooda~ a~reotly , J l f f l c u l t co c o p wlcb b~lr06l6 w r aad wlth hlsh locaraarloaal betausa I t , - e d u c a r l o ~ l-taadards. I r addlrloa, m l y 7 p3rcrot ut J u l o r secondary gradual k r e ac:@es t o denlor saewdary aducaclou. Coarlderlna chat ~ a l y 23 w r c a o t of p r i o u t leavers a r e abaitcod t o racodacy o d u a t l o a , a tlahc scredaia8 procraa rxlsrc. [Ugh scadealc sgaadarda are orlaralnod l a rocondory ad*,-~rlo- a0 avid-L of Zlubakrr~!b~ecoadaryucudaaca In from ~ t f o r m n c e erocricztlono &lalatar& excarnal l y . W u o r , rhla alms o r h a Zlmbaboesc macst,dary d u e a t t o n uaocoaomttel. Tka pmwoc earollma: rs:loa 1~ #rilmry a c k , l d lo Zlabbua 1s 1cu4r than other Afrlcoe countrlea. ma prasaar c a r o l h 9 ~ reclo l a raeoodary rchoobs coopawo farorr5I7 u l t h r feu, b u lwmr t h o otherm ( t a b l e 2). br rrs:, the poslrloo of there zmuacrlar ec Lrrdepeadaace-aeaa 15 co 17 y u r s uja-arre aoc m good u Zl&abulr ac lndepadroca. T4aeh.r TraLaing. In 1380, 2,049 pel-ary a d 677 secondary caactur ttaloees are enrolled l a sevea Primary Teaelwe f r a l a l t q C o l l a g u (PTTC) d OM Secmdary Teacher t e a l a l a $ College (SfPC). 'Ibese eorolloarrts represeoc 65 pcrceot ud 80 percent E U - C L Q ~ L ~ oC tbe prrrcotlf aoal1abLe u p c i t y of cbe PT7Cs :),I50 places) and STC (a350 places). Of a t a t s u r o l h r a c s , 1,826 and 63k-that 1s 89 ;*rceat ore and 911 percent, r e ~ p e c t i o e ~ ~ , Africans. The average present outpat of the ?TCs Ls a b u t 7Q8 prlzmry r%d o-rtt 200 secondary ceacrterr annlully. ?a ddfLian, <ha Faculty o t Educatlno of the universfty mtzf:ulotcd 7 5 graduate aecodary cmacbavo La 1979. ilhe SOTC t r a i o s scademlc E a s uell as ptzrcslcal subftc: tancherr, T b four prbllc PTfCs and the STTC are associated v i t h the Faculty of Education vhich avardr tho C e r t l f l c a t o r of educatloo. The o w P Y X t o open l o January 1981 v l l l a l s o have ao associato statlU. a d three uoirldod) proride a t w y e a r post-prlorry hopecraft courro to 734 Mriean g i r l r . n o r e tur b o o a coot1ouor.s declioe of thio typo of oduatioo oror the l a s t yearr. proride r p c i a l education t o 1,315 pbyeically brodlcappod chlldrro. "NorrPorul' Uducatioo. Morrlocmal i a r t l t u t l o a a cator l o r oo iocreariog o u k r o l uorcboold chlldrao uod adulta uaotlog uccorr t o .ducatloo t b r t t h y caooot acqulro Oror the Literacy, basic a d o a c o d a ~ t o m 1 rysta. (a) l o 1980, )IDUC praperod about 14,300 studrota l o r t h e Loodoo Ifolvarrlty CC8-O a d A lev010 u d provided prlmary d u c a t l o o t o 3,800 dlrplrcod cblldreo t h r o q h cortorpoodmco courrrr , ,tub? 8roupo , and ovonlog coutur. Tbero a r o 147 study aroupa sod 23 ceoterr ptovldlog recoodary education .od 32 centerr provldiag prlorrl, oduutloo. 'The HOEC a100 provldos coaarolty develogaeot trainlog sod irrret*ice upleadlog for Lou1 ~ o v e m ~ e o t uorkers l o f i v e centorr. It a100 rpoororr b - y u r tealalog courrer peeparlog l o c a l African council .doiclirttatotr for the Diploma l a t o e d Covemraat Adpiclisttation a t tbe Natiooal Trainiag Canter a t DoPborhrwa. The overall a n o u l student tamover 10 e s t l o r t e d a t about 25,000. (b) More t h o 150 prlvate ceoters pzovide l i t e r a c y , basic d u c k i o n , rod s k i l l trainlnp courses - t o an estimated 100,000 students onncallt, particularly i n rural areas. One ~ l t Organiratlon (AU)), which has of the post e f f i c i e n t is t h ~ ~Literacy L produced an e s t h t e d 2 5 , ~ l l t e t a t epeoplo t o date aod has reached ao anoual a e n r o l k n t of about 12,000 1s 1980. The AU) o f f e r s tuo-year part-time coursed l i a k i q l i t e r a c y v i t h agriculture, health, population educaclon, oanual skills, hogecraft, and coamrnicy developoeat.  A g r l c u l t u r a l Educ :ion. Formal a g t l c u l t u t a l s d u c ~ t l o aand t r a l a l a a a r e under t h e r s s p o a s l b i l i t y o l t h e X l a i s t r y o l A g r l c u l t u r s . .%ore g r a d u a t e s j o i a t h e e x t e n s l o a a d o t h e r s p e c l a l l r e d w r v l c e s o f t h o H l a l s t r y o f Laads, R a r o t t l s u e n t and Rural Dlvolopaent o r t h o s e of t h e ? t l a l r t r y o f Agriculture. Pour p b l l c l n s c l t u t i o n r o f f e r a g r i c u l t u r a l a d u c o t l o a with aa aaaw 1 output o l 200. These l a r t l t u t l o a r provlda hlgb-stamlard t r r l a i a ~ ,g l v a t h e l r highly-quallf l e d t e a c h a r s and p r a c t l c a l c u r r l c u l u o . lho mumbar of appllcaatr each y e a r 1s about 10 elms t h a t of rho aval1abla r t u d e a t p l r c o i . A MIPbor of p r l v a t e s c h o o l s a l w provlde s- a & r l c u l t u t a l ttalnlnrp but c h a i r i t a m l a r d s are g o n e r a l l y l o u e r than those of t b e H l n l s t r y o f & r l c u l t u r e * i l a r c l t u t e r . W & h r r g t i c u l t u r r l d u c a t l o n ls p r o v l d d by t h e F a c u l t y o f ~ r l c u l - cure of t h e University. P o u r y e a r Bachelor of S t l a a c e (B.Sc.) &greer e r e o f f e r e d la a g r l c u l t u r a l p r d u c t l o n , sol1 s c l e a c e , c r o p u l e a c e , a a l p o l s c l e a c o , .ad a g r i c u l t u r a l e c o a o ~ l c s . Technical Educat l o o .od V o u t i o l u l T r a l n l a a a r e uader t h e a u t h o r l e y throu* of t h e SCinlstry o f SSIIIpomr Plaanln8 and D e v e l o ~ ~ lts V o c a t l o ~ . l Education a d T r a l d n 8 thpartarcat. Ibe D a p r r t a m t ls r e s p o n s i b l e f o r tech- n i c a l s c h o o l s w l t h the assistance of: (a) t h e Apprentlceshfp T r a l o l a g and S k i l l e d ?!anpowet Davalopment Authority, a n advisory s t a t u t o r y body i n charge of coordlnaclng a l l a t t a r s r e l a c l a g t o s k i l l e d worker and t e c h n i c i a n t r a i n i n 6 (Apprent i c e s h l p ) ; aad (b) t h e new ?(anpower [ k v e l o p n t aad T r a i n i n g Author1 t y (.Y~~YDATA), an a d v l s o r y and e x e c u t i v e s t a t u t o r y M - y i n charge of planning, J - designing, e v a l u a t i n g , and s t i m l a t i n g t e c h n i c a l e d u c a t i o n and-vocatfonal training.- 8 . ? U , c o o r d i n a t e s its a c t i v i t i e s i t r a d e unions, and t r a i n i n g i n s t i t u t i o n s . - t t h e &overnq@t. employers,  Apprantlceshlp and related a c t l v l t l a r a r e f laaaelally supportad through payroll t a r a s paid by oarployars and a levy on the persoar1 r a l a r l e r of the uorkrrs c o a c r r u d . A l l appreatlceshlp tralaees i r e employed and sponsored by t h e i r employers. Tochalcal o d u u t l o a and vocatloaal cralalag a b o r t excluslvaly standards o l t h e Clty and Ckllda of Loadon Institute ( C a t ) and tho 8 r l t l s h Cbrtorod I o r t l t u t o o l Srcrotorlra (CIS) a r e applied t o tha n a t l o m l o%o.~M- riotas. bmplotioa of Grades 10 t o 12 ta required t o r admlrrlon to appron- s l i v e yurm. For r k l l l e d vorkarr, i t Thr opprootlcorhip courw L lncludom a o o o - y u r f u l l - t i # 'croft courw ,' posslbly compleoeatod by a socotad and even t h i r d y u r part-tloa 'dvroced c r a f t courso' lo a govern- ment polytochnlc, t o l l w a d by two to tour y u r s oa th. shop floor. For tech- a i c i a a r , tho rppronticeshlp iattolvu a throe- t o f o u r y e a r c o u r u f a a poly- Curreatly, tuo polytechnics a r e opeo, oae fo Salisbury a d oae lo Bulauayo, v i t h r total e o r o l h t of 6,200, fac:udfng 2,440 l o fodlutry (39 percent), 3,292 l o comorce (53 porcoot), 307 l o adult educocloa (5 perceot) and 161 i n m t h s and scieoce program for aiddle and proEessloaa1 s t a f f ( 3 percent). A third polytecholc has just k e o c o q l e t e d a t Que Que to e o r o l l aechanfcal 200 a u t o ~ ~ o t i v e , aod e l e c t r i c a l eogioeeriag appreotlces by 1981. In addltioo co polytechnic e o r o l h m t s , &,792 apprentices lo 1980 w recelved t h e i r on-the-job training i n sev'ea major a c e g o t i e s of trades lnclud- ing a i r c r a f t maintenance, build lag, englneerlng, Lnter a l l a .  - 51 - Righer cechoical educacloo ls ollered by the Faculty o l Ekqloeerlllg o l the Ualversity l a c l v l l englaeeclag. uleccroalc a d pmer emgloeerlq, rod mochaalcal uogioserlog. Ugh qrullty four-year B.Sc. degree courrer and portgraduate studlus are avallablo. Ca 1980, the 29 Mrlcaa students repro- rented 44 purcuot o t the eoroll#at of thr Faculty o t ea~laoerlag. tbwver, t h i s earolneor roprereotad only S.S porcaat o l t o w 1 ualverrlty o a r o l h o t l a 1980 a d the a o o u l output o l tho Faculty ls a t i l l -11 with r a a v e r u e IS graduatoa. for mdlcal doctors aad c h l s t r , rod tbe U o l s t r y o t Health lor rugla- feted aurrrr, modlcrl, u t o t a l t y , rod health r r r l r t r o t s , r d vlllage health workerr. Tbe s y s t r r of t r r l o l w of vrrlour o t r # o r l e s o t haaltb p e r ~ a a e l 1s doscrikd lo the Appaodlx oo h u l t k . s i t y of Zlsbabw bar bad r a u c a l l o a t roputatloo. I t epplles the u d a l c staodards o t t h 8 Uolrerrlty o t toodoa and, l a d l c l w , tbe Oalvurslty o l Ulmiqhrrr. The Ualverslty 1s an autolrooour t w t l t u t l o o l l ~ o c a dthrough trleaai.1 graots l r a tha Treasury. t In 1980, the t o t a l a o r o ~ o uu 2,240 students Lo eight frcultles, a r e l y Arts (307 o r 16 perceot), Eduucloa (316 or 14 parceot), SocL.1 Studles (372 or 17 parcuqt), Co-rca rod Lau (512 or 23 perceot), Seleace (205 or 9 perceat), ZBcdlciae aod Pb-cy (300 or 13 perceat), Ec~giaeeriq(L26 or 5.5 - perceot) a d Agriculture (102 or 4.5 percent). Of the above t o t a l eorollmeat, - 1,873 full-time studeats (84 percent) and resideace was provfded to 976 students (43 percent of t o t a l enrolloant). Tho s t a f f i n g included 318 established acadesic posts of vhich only 250 vere f i l l e d . Rcuevcr, the avcrago studeat- teacher rat l o was cooparativcly favorable (9: 1). Although t u i t i o n 100sovaraga 053500 a year ( p l u r CSSlrlOO annually for boarding, uhon available), vhich Ir high f o r African incooo.8, i n the last low years ao q w l i f i o d studont has bean r a j a t d by the uaiverslcy foe Lack o f funds. About 70 porcont o l African full-tima rtudoatr aad a wPkr o l Afrlcan postgraduate s t u d m t a a r e supported by tinoncia1 araata two variour - r ssins Formal aed aorr-formal education d t r a i n i a ~a r e under the rosporr- s i b l l l t y of tho Mirrlstries o t education and Culture; ?hapowor Plarraing and ~ r i c u l m r e ;b o d s , R e s e t t l e a t a t , and Rural 0.velopcwat; Health; Dovalo~t; the University; and a large mmbr of private aad public agencies. However, coord i l u c loa 80008 s loadequrrte. the abovo o r g a n i u t i o o s f W long-term ploa has yet omarged t o lmpleaent the goverr seat's g.ner.1 aad t o policy t o abolish ethnfc and socioecoao~icd i s c r i ~ t l o n provide all groups access to 4 d i t y education. No quantif lcation has y e t boen o d e of the long-tom filusrcial implicatloas of the oagoing reorganiza- refora'. tfon of ttte educational system and c u r r i c u ~ t There is a severe shortage of African s k i l l e d middle-level s t a f f - and professionals in the adninistrac&n of e d u o t l u a t o t r a m l a t e broad rC socloeconoeaic concepts into practicak program. A l s o , no adequate plan * e x i s t s t o r e t r a i n available educated Africans for such practical-oriented administrat ion.  The malo c h a l l e q e 1s t o recooclle the t h e needed t o reorganize and reorlenc the present system d the srtremrly urgeac aeeesrlty to provide the vast majorlty l a rural areas vlth good ducatloo. There is lacrearlag dearth of aducatloaal opportuoitlsr daspito a 5.5 perc :at aanual lacreare l a overall a o r o l b n t s over cha Last decade, because of a raqld popclatloo lacroare, aatlmated a t ao aooual rate of 3.5 percaot, and e l l o r t s t o oxpaad educatloa. At tho w e t h e , the m r l t r o t the lnlormal oducaclonal s y r t n , whlcb could allavlato rhla lssuo, aro not yet duly recognized sod thla typa of oducotloo 10 st111 111eulficleotly developed. Educatlooal P i ~ n c l o & Publlc recurrent erprndlturer oo oducatloa over the 1976-1979 perlod greu less t h o 5 perceot l a r u l t e m , coopard u l t b a ~ m t of h about 10 percent anaually for t o t a l publlc r u u r r e o t axp.adlturu. la 1980 there e x p e d l t u r e s l a c r e a s d by about 25 p.+caat, tbrc i n twice u f a r t as t o t a l publlc recutreot upaodlcures. E s t l a a c d publlc recurreat expeadftur~aoo educatloo aad ttalallrg are u p e c c d t o m c t o US3270 millloo lo 1980, vhlch represents a 43 parcurt lacreane l a m f r u l reran over the prrvlous yeat (US$L90 d l l l o a ) . Of tbese, tbe recurreat axp.adlturrs of tbe M E C represeoc about 90 percent. Tbey have trebled Ln d m a l t e m s over cbe last s i x years from about US982 million Lo 1976 to a b u t US3243 millloo La 1980. n 1980, L the increase over the pravlous year r e l c h d 4 s perceot in aoainnl tems. In 1980 African aod oou-African teachers' s a l a r i e s were unlfied, - - which aeant about doubl13g the average salary of African teachers. The !. - average teacher's salary is abor~tUSS11,000 equivalent annually, which is high * i n Africa. This, coorl)ouaded by the 1980 prlaary eorolloect t i d a l uave, s - resulted i n a SS percent increase i n aminel c e m over the previous year La salary expendlcures.  - % - The e s t a b l i s h a e n c o f f r e e priarary a d u c a t i o a t a September 1980 and t h e i n c r e a s e of g r a n t r t o p r i v a t e secoadary a d u c a t i o a t o reduce f e e s paid p r i m a r i l y by African f a a i l i s r , m t u l t e d In a l a o e t t r e b l i n g t h e amount o f g r e o t r t o p r l v a t e e d u c a t i o o 6 t u d e o t r La 1980. I f prllvate school teachers' r a l a r i a r a r e addad, t o t a l s u b i d l e r to p t l v a t s s d u c a t i o a reached USSlZS m i l l i o n i n 19P!, t h a t 1 8 , 51 parcoat o f m # C m c u r r e n c c o r t r . Pree p r l a a r y e d u c a t t o a alone lr a s t i s a t e d t o l a c r o a s o c o 8 t r by USS23 o l l l l o a . Pee rovunuer equaled 1 v r c a a c o l r o c u r r r n t oxpradlcurem l a 1979 and S percent l n 1980. l o r t h e C a l w r r l t y , l e e m v e a w r la 1919 mat about S porcent of r e c u r r o a c u p r r d l t u r o r . t h e g r o r s urrlc c o r t r par rtudeoc oror tBSSLCO t o t p t l m r y , 055890 f o r socondacy, USS2,980 l o r t e a c h e r t r a l n l a # , and CSS1,BM) f o r t h e u o l w r r i c y . U'hlh t h e u a l c c o s t l o r prlmary o d u u c l o a lr no-1 la t h e 11 - coocaxt, t h e uplc c o s t s Cot socoadary a d u u t l o a , c u c b e t t r a l n l n g , aad t h a u n l v e r r l t y a r e cooparable t o t h o u o t OECO c o u n t r l e r . The a m m c o t coca1 p r l v a t e o d u u t l o n a r p r a d l t i i r e r ir c o t o v a l l - able. Table 3 ,bows t h a t r e c u r t a n t e r p a n d l t u t e r on ?rl.aary education, following its dramatic growth i n 1980, m p r e r e n t e d 62.0 p e r c e n t ; secondary education aad t e a c h e r t r a l n f o g , 27. S percent; h i g h e r education, 6.5 percenc; 'and a g r i c u l t u r a l and ~ o c a t i b n a lt r a i n i n g , 3.5 percent of to.. .l r e c u r r e n t expenditures on education. These expenditures amounted t o 16.0 percent of t o t a l p r b l i c e r p e n d i t u r e s i n 1980-compared with 13.3 percent i n 1979 vhen t h e s h a r e of GSP i n education a ~ o u a t e dt o s.6 percent. 1 6 private financial c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o t h e educational system a r e added, t h e r e r u r r e n t c o s t of education dod t r a i n i n g is l i k e l y t o exceed 5 percent of GSP. This is h i g h , i n view of the low enrollment r a t i o s in secondary education and t r a i n i n g .  - - 55 Table 3: EDWCAt1O.Y A ? ?T3ALQI.W SECTOR (La Z$ o i l l i ~ a ) ~ %ECL%Sl%J ~ - ~ D I T ~ S 1979 1980 AU p a r AS p a r Aa p e t - A8 put- cuataae csatage cuntaue centago 0f of 0f of LEVELS AVD TYPES OF EDUCATIOY Ammats .WEC Total Abouacr MoEC Total . 1. Primary 64.3 61.5 U.5 104.7 69.0 62.0 2. Secondary 33.7 1 30.2 1 27.2 24.3 3 Teacher 7 r a l a l o g 3.9 3.7 3.3 3.0 3.3 3.0 4. C o m n l t y Davalope~oat - 0.7 - Oe7 - 0.6 -- 0.8 0.5 0. S Subtotal (*WC) 11 101.6 100eO 811.6 151.9 100eO W.0 5. Kighet Education - 8. 7 - 7 4 - 11.0 - 6.5 S u b t o t a l EWCATION 113.3 %.O 162 9 l 96.5 6. Agricultural Training 0. S Oe4 0.7 0. 4 7. Technical T r a l a l a g - b.2 - 3.6 - 5.3 - 3.1 S u b t o t a l TRALVIWC - 6.7 - 4.0 - 6.0 - 3. 5 TOTAL 118.0 100.0 168.9 100.0 TOTAL C E I ~ COVER&= L RtCURReKT 0[3ENDItUReS 089.0 1,058.5 2 1 - Educacioa m d T r a i a i a g 13.3 p e r c e a t 16.0 p e c c e a t GtiP (Harlrcc p r i c e ) 2,383.0 0.a. Education and Tr a i n i n g 4.6 p e r c e n t 00.. I Sources: X f n l s c r y o f Education and C u l t u r e - Supple=nt t o Yonthly D i g e s t of - S t a t i s t i c s , J u l y 1980 C e n t r a l Govemmeoc S u d g e t s FY 79/80 80/81. - - 11 2 N i n i s c r y of Ed c a t i o n and C u l t u r e : Adaaioiscracioa and Y i s c e l l a n e o u s expenditures o e k e n d i s t r i b u t e d o v e r t h e v a r i o u s l e v e l s and t y p e s o f e d u c a t i o n on a - p r o r a t a b a s l s . 21 - =- Average o f che'cuo FY concerned. For c u r r e n c y conversion purposes, Z 51.0 - USS1.5  aat educatloo excadad oo Aa table 4 lodlcacas, c a p l t a l l o ~ a s ~ a l average ZSS d l l l o o a year durlag 1973-79. Caplcal outlays l o the d u c a t l o o saccor rapra8aoCad 8.5 percaot of Coca1 public outlay8 l o 1979 and 18 expected t o reach 10 porcaot l o FT 1980/81. PrLooq, ruoadary, aod cechalcal educa- cloa reprasaac 32 percaot, 42 parcaot, and 26 parcaot of e a p l t a l ouclaya. Subsaccorr asd Speelflc I s r w r P r l u r y tducarlon. I h r 1980 o o r o l h a t " t l d a l uavr" rrsultud l o ovrrcroudlog many schoolr, oorrly l o rural aroar dad l o a Iw urban d l o r r l c c s v l t h large Afrlcro studeat oorollmoot. Aaothrr n r u l t uas a d r a t l c r i s e l o the proportloa of uaqualltlod trachors t o 26 parcent (8,000), comparod vlch 3 percent (500) l o 1970. Tt~elornr quallty of cbr t r r c h l r y has rubsrqueotly roduced th. q r u l l t y .bd l o t r r o l l effleleoey of uducatloo AS shova by an locrrase lo rbe drop-out race, a d bu lacreasod rbe dlsparlry becueea urban aad r u r a l areas. Srcoodary Wrrcatloa. Tbe major issue l a secoodary oducatloa is cha stagoatloo of tbr earollmoot r a t l o a t a lou lavrl. Tbe -lo courrs a r e insufficieot f a c l l l t i e r a d Ugh fees, particularly i n private schools, vhlch African families cannot g e o e r d l y afford. Tbe s t r e d - of students k t w e a the tuo p a r a l l e l junior secoadary course* 1s carried out a t too aar>y an y e (hmediately a f t e r primary educa- . tion) t o be pedagogically meanfngful. I t teads to perpetuate t h e former ethnic acd s o c i o e c o n d c d i s p a r i t i e s by retaining high standard a c a e i c .9 education f o r the feu a d reserving dlversif id .-tactical education Tor . - the l e s s i a t e l 4 c t u a l l y gifted. . The new adequately divcrsif led #ac&l Certificate of Education (SCE) course is l i k e l y to provide a s good aa oppor- - t u n i t y for bright students to achieve h i g h perfocaance.  Table 4: USISTUr OF ED[PChTIOH A !! CnTERB CAPITAL OUlUYS (Lo Z$ 000'8) Calendar Adaioi8scat i o o Tear aad Cooreal Technical kcoadary Prbary Potol Plv. Year T o t a l 189 6,516 lO,)C6 7,962 25,113 - Wore; t h e 1 9 / 8 1 8,597. Source: U n l a c r y o f k i w a c l o o and Culcurr.  - -58 Hlgh academic r t a a d a r d r l a v e t h e i r ~ e r l t ;t h e y e n s u r e t h e provi- r l o n o t h l g h - c a l l k r p r o l e 8 s l o n a l r and e u e c u t l v e s . Mousver, l t universally a p p l i e d , they r e s u l t l n t h e 1- I n t o r a s 1 e l l l c l c a c y o l secondary o d u c a t l o n t o r African r t u d e a t s . 61 1,090 A t r l c a n seven-year o l d e , ol whom about 800 e n t e r t h e blrsc Crado, MO compleqe prlmary educncion; 120 e a t e r j u a l o r secondary educacloa aad 70 cooplqco L C ; aad l t v o c o s p l o t e s o n l o r secondary dutatlon. rtandord p o l l c y ax ludar In a d d i t Ion t o a v e r a l l wastage, t h e h l ~ h a r u b s t a n t l a l nunbor of q u l l f l r d -8 Atrlconm Ires d d d l a m d h l g h e r lovelm o f d u c a t t o n and t r a l n l a g a t o el- uhea chore is a r e v e r e s h o r t a g e of uLddle l e v e l tocbtnlcol and managerto1 s k l l l s . C o n s l d o r l n t t h e poorer q r u l l t y o l p r l e u r y d u u t l o a f o r A f r i c a n # a d t h e d l t t l c u l c y t h e y have l a o b t a l n l a t a sccoadory e d u c n t l o n , o h i g h d e g r e e of t a e q u i t y la e d u c a t l o a a l o p p o r t u n l t l e r f o r t h e A l r i c o a p o p u h t i < r n exlrcs. a h l s c.nnnot ba t o t a l l y r e o w a d r l c h o u t reducing t h e w a r a l l economic d l s p a r l t l e s h e w n m r o l and urban populoclonm. Prim- Teacher T r a i n l o g . p r e s e n t r y s t e o c o a a s t cope v i t h t.he ll~e estiamced annual i n c r e a s e i n p r i ~ . r ye n r o l l m e n t s by 99,000 s c u a e n t s . Tt.ie would r e q u l r e d o u b l i n g t h e 3,780 a v a i l a b l e p l a c e s i n t h e e i g h t PTTCs ( i n - c l u d i n g t h e n e w one o p n d l a 1981). The i s s u e Is, coopounded by t h e s t j r t a g e of t r a i n e e s cmfnlp d ; ~ ct o t h e l n c o n p t i b i l i t y of t h e i r l e v e l of e d u c ; ~ L o nand r e l a t e d fob ex;rectaclonm w i t h thelr appointment i n r u r a l h a r d s h i p ~reacr. - 1 Secondary Teacher T r a i a i n g . Al though n e i t h e r a oanpc - e r t r a i n i n g - plan C- - a t e l a c m l secondary e d u c a t i o n C c v e l o p ~ . tplan i s the preseec seco3Cnrp e n r o l l a e n t w i l l p r o b a b l y quadruple '! t h e end o f t h e : I L * ~ available, . E  decade. E v a arsuntng t b c the P x u l t y s f fducatloa a n e x p d I t s caachsr tralnlag program three to tourtold over the w x t te3 yeara, the aaxima porslb!r m a r of t u a c b r s u b can ba tralaed In prsrrac i a c l l l t l e b vould k Son-Formal Education. A masblve ezpanslon of no+#-ioraal oduearlan and t r a l a l n l Ia required re d i e up lor rhr doCtclraclrr a f tho tormal 8yr;om. Tkoralorcr , stroo8 preraaenc I1ma~~s)cIal 11 support to ?rlvvte ~ o a c l a ~ naaded siac- wolcntary coatrihcloam trsm prlvata doaorr are laodaqrroto. Iblrovor, l l t t l o c<rordinatlon -8 aataclcrm crrlsta a d ao eo~prahonslverurvay ham bean sadr that would p r t s l t selcrcrloo o l tha m r t e l l l c l a a t ogaaclar l o r prlorlt*: Educarloa. A~rlculturdl Shlfclab( aqthoala from hlgh rtoailard research a d ertenrlon work l o r 5,000 ma-Afrlcoa uad 9 . W tftlsoa APL c o m r r c l a l l d r m r s ro help rbouc 800,000 submlsteaco !r%btm ?a TlZm rolrem problram betawc of rxora*lon s t e l t construlntm, lammor local exprrrlma about s~bslsltencef ~ . m l a g .and Lac ~ f lcleac f eralnlng f a c l l l r l e s . 'Wa high-scandard p l l c y facwlag oaly oa highly s k l l l e d otaff . results la: (a) lack of u o l - s k l l l e 4 ertcearloa uorlurs to serve M mpeclallzud ossiscantr to excecrloa agmcr, end (b) u u t o $ e ' o t private school resources' * that could be upgraded lnco training ceactrs for senl-skliled rcrkex's. mnt have not p e t been f u l l y clarifted. s u r r q y o l t r a i a l q resources, aod no aaanpouar derelopaeor plaa have p c been publis!mJ. Tbera fa no toordlcarloo between tba maall dlaparsed tralafag unlrr sac u p by n m k r o l fl-, although g r ~ u pc r a l n l q could servo rhelc Mruowr, tho o u c p t of t h e presort ayr:mu, which Tannot avear covor proreat aanpomr o e d s , l o Laadequate t o c o p uir5 the sxpuurloa fit che ocoaooy bod sbrrtrar o l coachers a t cbe pr?lycoch4tcs k c r w a rba prlvate 8occor 18 wro attrrcrtva ficuaclaLly. 1 .1 addlrloa, at;brcaacLaL aolgrrrloa o l sk1ll.d ma- pow; ts e wvrrr cocutcklrt t s ><-rbr rpproarleesblp. ~t - rba r, the, and uor?, art mchlxry ade serlour coastrarara. tti&lappraaslcuu. W-r, marc lodtmcrler Lo - i~brbueare .lull a d could e o t aasily adjust to t h i s S J ~ S Q Pwhich eaployers f u r nould dlsrupt productlot. k k b l y sklllad *raft results b :fie l w k of J-l-sitilld opara\;fvem to wrk as specialized assi-raats t o :amemat. Thls results La less than optima', use  - - 51 of s k i l l e d aanpovar and bars a l a r g e numbvr of Aftleaas from g s l n f u l employ- ment on the olddla-level labor a a r k e t . Trade unloaa a t e r e l u c t a n t t o develop t h i s crtegozy of sen;-skllled uorrurr. k b l a l o t r a t l o a a d mmagommt t r a l a l n a l n r t l t u t l o a m have no s u f f l - c l e a t f a e l l l c l a o t o t t a l a or upgrad: a l a r g e ~uaberof mu African c l v i l S8WMt8 and mM88Y8, a# reqtbf~ed. c h a a l r t o , 4,213 a . ~ r . o a , a d 4,908 s o d l e a l aad h a a l t h o t r l r t a a t t r ( r ~ l 8 t r r o dIn Z l d ~ a b v a . n# prrsaac major lomua l a tha a o l g r a t l o a o l aon-Afrlcan doctorm, c h e a l s t a , and n W t w s la p a r C l c u b r . I t apprars t h a t tha proreat a&r of g r a d w t a ~ rtroa t r a i n i n g lorclcucloam l a lam.*ttlclaac co r r p l a c a a n l # r a a t r the b.caaaary axprzsloa ol d l c a l and h e a l t h w r r l c a o . and ~ a a g a The l u u a r a r a t u t t h a r Qlscuasrd la tirr e p p n d l x oa haalcb. r l t y a s raqulrad, w f n l y k c a u r a of the r u a a c c i v i l war urd ptasaac p o l l t l e a l uncartalncy. This )us rarulced l a 90 of tha 119 escabllshed aeodemlc p o s t s belag vacaac l a 1980. h s p l t a thc r d u c t l o a of vecaatlam through taapotaty a p p o l n t w n t s , t h e vacancy r a c e has remulaad high (21 pareeat). n e r e Ls a s t r o n g labald-ce in Afzitaa carollmear, between E a c u l t l e s which s e n e t a l l y do not p t c p ~ r es t u d e n t s for Lzmediace galadul employment and those Ln such c t l t i c a l ' s u b s e c t o ? ~a s enslaeetlng, ztedlclne, and agtlcu!ture. Over t h e d e c a i t , e n t o l ~ m e a tl a higher educatfoa has increased 7 da r higher e d u u t l o n in the country, percent annually beca?l?re of s o c i a l C c ~ f expanslot. of for^ V f c l a s s e s , auardlng 3 t 3 l a r g e nu-r oh hellouet;lpa abroad - 8 preparing for unlverslty entraace, aod the dlverslflcatloa of subjects. This has resulted l n shortage6 of f a c l l l t l e s and equlpmeat. hbout 1,100 aer studeats are expected to b adaltted l n 1M1. Although thls v t l l represent only one-thlr3 o t quoliIled rppllcaats, a@ la the pravioua y o a r i , I t v l l l constltute a draartlc 24 percent lncraase. .Accordlq t o the overall trend, total uaivrtcslty enrollrent Ir expected to double over tha aart five years. f h i s w i l l further asacorbatr Lbo ovorcrowdlag of classes, b a r d l q I 6 c l l l t l e r , and the ahortsar o l l a k r a t o r i e r uad oqulpwmc vhlch already l l o l t a odml@@ioa and to the Iacultles of a ~ r l c u l t u r e ,mdlclae, o n ~ l n w r l n ~ , ~ c l a r u e ,1n psrtlcular. Future Developmmnt a d Reroorcrm Swulred No cooprehrnrl*. devalopauac p h q s r r d to tba MU altutlon Collwla& ladeprodence ha@ yet born ceapleted. Only a short-tern developorat proarao k r s ken establlabed for FY1980-81. f t Locludu: (a) ooartructlon of 24 mu ?riaury acboola d 1 7 secodary rchoola, and expa~sloaof two ptlorry and s i x secondary scbools and threa teacher tralnlag college@; (b) Iqlaoentatlon of an ancarrrey t r a l n l n ~=hem--lrr uhkb WfCZP 1s expected t o participate-to substantially ceduca the a&t of unqrulifled prlnary teachers v i t h i n ra e s t i m t d per14 of bout three years; (c) upanslon of doubla r h l f t l a s i n prlsrry ducatlon (65 *chools, or approxl~rtely1,300 I cl?user) amltxly l a urban areas, have already adopted t h i s sys:cn; and (d) - expansion -of info- &ucatlo . and literacy program. 'ks for the expected crends oC enrollments and needs, (a) the primary enro:lsen6 locrease Is expcted to reach an annual average of 90,CQO during s  - - 63 the early 1980s, raqulriag abs: 3 , W l neu primary teachers anntully, aoro tbza ihrae t l a a s u many a s currently graduatud froa PTZCs; (b) a f o u r f o l d lncraase of present wcoadary enrolloeats rorulting mainly lroo tha aatimated quadrupling of current ourollsunr in tha Crada 6-10 K E couraa, Lr likely to occur In the sacood half of the dscrda. 'Ihrratore, there uould bs about 300,000 students in racondary rcboolr-of uhom about two-thirds vould bo La Crsder 8 t o 10-requiring about 12,000 teathers. l nm would roquiro training a k u c 9,000 MU tortharm oror tha aaxr 10-year period. Amwlng thac one- third of cham@cartbrrr could be trainad ac tba l?alvermity aad throuah ocher chaaaalr than TXr, tha abova incraara vould raquire w r a than doublicq tha prrrrnc ST7C capacity. I t addicloa, rha govcr-t La l i k e l y t o d o p e a goal to aradicata i l l i t e r a c y over tha c o a l q duado. Oa the basir of a 1976 roporc $7 t h e Uhitsua ~oundarioa, i t is ostimacad thac about 1,000 spacialited lastruccors would b, nqulrad t o provide M t r t i m c a d tuo a i l l l o n Llliteracer with functioacll I i t e r u 7 owar a LQ-yur pariod. Tbe p v e m w n t e s t i m c ~ rthat by tha and 01 tho dead. about 6,600 axttas!on -a J and 600 extonstoo officers m i l l ba required to improve axtea- sioa services for 80 a s t i m t e d 1,200,000 TTL a d 13,000 APL farocrs. To reach t h i s goal, the $ o v e m c plans to expand the Latake fn the existing fact11- tles. b u r v e r , even d e e r the proposed exprarion, tha number of graduate8 o t I i a s t i t u c e s w i l l hare17 reach h a l f the actual aeeds- the exls:tag ~ g r i c u l m r a l t aware of the need t o expand technical education. 3 e g o v e ~ ls - - T h i s is ref l e c t d i n t h r 46 percent fncrease'jn the vocational training budget for FY1930/81 over the prevfoum year. fhe g&ersrment a l s o intends to estab- * lish e network of Vocatiorral Trainfng Centers'(VTC) for semi-skilled training.  The Univerrity inteods to a x p a d and diversify i t s subjects and, derpit. r e r t r i c t i v e adnlrrioo practicer, t o t a l e o r o l h a t is expected a t l c a r t to double within the oaxc five p a r s . Coiverrity authorities ioteod t o cop. with the expaarloa and Lsprovawat by providiag o w academic and boarding t a c l l i t ler; librr . y , prlntiag, a d computer ranricer; a d labors- t o r i e r aod rerearch units. 'Ihe t o t a l capltal lavermeat roquirad tor such infrarrtucture caa k a r t l u t e d a t about USS18.0 a i l l i o a . hlthotqh ao precise arrlrtaace pattom ha0 k e a rot up a0 7ec. b l l a r e r a l and u u l t l l a t e r a l aaencleo a- 'ocal profrorfoor are expected to a i i l r t the t'afvoroicy la f r o devolopcoat , ,: a*.  - 65 - Thlr sectloo revicvl eke general health rector l a Zlmhbue and exaolnes In part lcular tuo health-related phsaoiwna-autrltlo~al deflclea- c l s s a d poor eavlrmaeatal saarltatlon. The l o t t o r are the r r o major sauaea of health problem lo the country. The health sector rsvlav docuses oa the curreat s t a t u s o l haalth s o n l c e r and fucure horlth care program and pollclee. Tho revlaw lncludos a dlrcurrloa o l m b r lrsuer In hoalth bsrvlcer 0 0 proront and lvture health developmunt lncludlng the l l r c a l l ~ l l c a t l o a sector axpendlturea lor the economy aad lor the p v a r w n c buQec. Conoral Health Aa In moat orp.cts o f Ltr cLtlzea'r L L v t r , ZL&bua prraeotr a dichotomous plcture of health atatur. fhr hralth coadltioaa for tho Afrlcaar, dlflerent from chore the vort m J o r l t y of tho poplacloo, are e l ~ l f l c a a t l y surroundlag the Europna ood Aalra rlaorLty. Coor1derla.g tho h a l t h coadl- tlons .>f the wort m)orlty. tbe health plcture of @ typlcal rmrderdevelopa4 country emerges. R# h r r l t b coodltloas are largely aflected by poor nutrltlon and by poor sanltatloa, u s u d l l j from c o n t a d a o t d water, vhlch aggravater the lacldence of coammlcable dlseases. The mlaorlty 5 percent suf f a r s from degenerative diseases such u heart a f h e n t s and cerabro-vascular dlseases. Thls disease pattern is mrkedly dlfferear from h a t the Afrlcam endure. I In t h e absence of o rartiowide health s t a t u s survey, the best indicators of disease level and ;rattern are the registered causes of death, and inpatient and outpatieat data from various health f a c i l i t i e s . fable L Fresents the reported m r t a l i t y u s e s by saJor causes. Yortgllty reporring only Lncludes urban and European f a n areas, ?here t h e rcgisfration of  - 66 - Table 1: PRIXIPAL FACTORS OF ZCISTEBED ADULT HORTALITY 1979 - - -- Africans Z Europeans Z Asians & C o l o r e d Neaolao 2010 Pnawnla .I773 trtaaus 331 Halerla 162 Avltaalaoolo and othor n u t r i t i o n a l doflclracloa 809 E n t e r l t l o and othor d l a r r h r a l dlsoaorr 1220 Wanlnglclo 203 Pubomry tukrculools 313 fl~portonalvr dlaoaooo 199 Iacharmlc h a r t d l a r a a r 38 Othor caurra o t the h e a r t and elrculatary oyster 1373 Clrrhosla o t the l l v r r 367 H a l lgaanc Sroplaam 1265 BLrch l a j u r y and d i f t l e u l t labor 164 b x i c aod hyporlc coa- dltlona aot elwufure elassf f lad 559 Coogani c a l abaoramlltira 266 Ochrr causea o t periaatal mortality 747 Motor v e h i c l e and t r a a s p o c t a t i o a ace. no Accidental death by other u r u e s (poiroa, industry, d r o u o l q ) 807 B o ~ l c l d eand l a f u r y purposely i a f l l c t e d 53a Suicide and s e l f - infl i c red i n jury Senility Sparptogs and o t h y - - 202 22 5 i 11-def ined coadlt ions 577 A 1 1 Others - b716 Total - * 19712  - - 67 deaths and b l r t h s t s r r l l a b l r . For the T r l b a l trust Load ( I T L ) a r c a r , the r e g i s r r a t t o a of deathm aad b l r t h s fm a e t t h r r rasuLar aor available. la t h a t sense, t a b l o 1 data g l v r a p a r t i a l p l c t u r s although they make c l e a r t h a t the a a j o r causes of death a n r t g a r l f t c a a r l ~d l f f e r a a c becvoen Blacks and noa-blacks. Thls La a p p i n a t ovro l a amam whore blacks rmry hawa a t t a l n r d a sooavhat b o t t r r 8taadrrd of Llvtn8 chaa l a TTL aream. Toblo 1 s h o w t h a t tho threo s o s t lmportaar :ourem of reported death a m a g Afrlcan b l o c b a r e w a a l r a , pnuuwala sad d t a r r h a l dlsoamem. I a c o a t r a r t , hoart dtmoamom account f o r 35X of rho daatha - 8 Europoaas (conpara chfm u l t h tho a o r t a l l t y d a t a f r o o Irltaln--le 1976, 4 6 t of a l l death, v o t e d w t o hoart dlsaarea. Table 2 presents lnfaot m o r t r l l t y flguroa t o t throe populrtloa groups t o r 1979. me l a t a o t m c t r l l t y r a t e 1s a m l ~ m l t l e a a tLadteator a t mothor's hraltb d a a m r r l unitacloa. Thore a o a d l t i o a , c l u r l y a r e alg- d f l c a n t l y worse f o r t b r Afrlcrtr populrcloa. Tabla 3 p r r s e a t s the reported causes of infant atorrat t t y . ' I& muus a r e d l t f a r a n t f o r the Afrleaa oad eon-Afrlcan groups. Table 6 p r e s a a t s the awaflrble morbldlty s t a t i s c l c s f o r L975-78. Again, in t h e absence a€ herlth s t a t u s surpeys, t h e o u t p a t i e a t and i n p a c l e a t data indlcete :he r u t u r e of health problems Ln ZWbve. The morbldlty dnta I L agafo p r e d o ~ n a n t l yr e l a t e to t h e urban and European farm areas. Qnly the data f roa r u r a l , pricamy h e a l t h c l i n i c s Ladlsate the health s t a t u s of the TTL - - popllat Lon. ! f a b l e a shorn the preponderance of water-@rae and gater-based d l s - - e a s e s amng the African ;roplatiosr. * Cholera, typhold, diarrhea, and dysen:ery a r e some of the v a t e r b o r n e diseases =st cotiuoaly found among the African  Table 2: BECISTE!LED BIB- A . I39M CEATBS .Ud 1979 hr l a m Afr l c m r Europerar and Colorod E r r i u r e d Popularloa 6,860,000 24r,000 35,300 Numbor o f blrrhr r q l r t a r a d 15,108 2,695 1,005 Aacrual blrth rate par LOO0 (a) 11.0 28 .O Numbar o f r q l r r a r a d lalaat daarlu 4,481 38 21 Ra&lrrrrad l a l a a t oorcollry rare ~r L300 r q l r r r r d Llvr b l r r b . (a) 14.1 20.8 Re&lrrarad r r l l l - b l r r b r 2 ,Om 28 18 Source: kcratary oC a e d t b ' r Rrporz, 1979. ( a Sot c a l d a t e d for Afrlcaor, becauae the n g l r t r r t i o a of Mricaa blrths and infant dearbr u e hlghly lrrtgular d lneoaplete. I t is aot c l e u vbetinr these ragistared births and deaths rorreapod to the L . P. universe. (b) The rater for t i n Asiror rod Colored may aot be also represeatative of t & u t r u l rates, because of sooe posalble lapses l a rcgistratloa oC births aod infaat deaths in t N s group. )(DB e s t i ~ t e s tha average uraul birth rat0 for 1975-79 for t h i s gr&p to be 18, a d the average annual infant m c t r l i t y rate for tha same period as 43. - .  - 69 - Table 3: PRISCIPU FACTORS OF ReCISTEBeD L\'PA!ST MORTALITY 1979 E a t e r i t i s sad o t h e r diarrheal diseases 526 11.2 L Othrr b a c t a r l a l d i s a a s r s not sprclf led 157 3.4 2 Hear lrs 366 1.8 - 1 Avitanraosis aad o t h r r autritloaal datlclracfrs 106 2.2 - birch 1nJurl.s 6 dLC f l c u l t i r s labor 186 4.0 1 Aaoxic aad hyporlc coadl- Lions a o t e l s e s h e r e e l a s s l f lad 559 12.O 11 Othrr causrs of p e r i a r t a l m r b i d l t y and morrallry 746 16.0 6 Symptoms and o t h e r ill- defiaed conditions 107 2.3 1 A l l others 430 9.1 3 Total 100.0 30 21  Tabla 4: FRIYCIPAL FACTORS OF W I D I T Y AFBtU!U ONLY, 1975-1978 [Eased oa p a t i e n t s t a t i s t i c s of !WXl F a c i l i t i e s ] Perceatago Lac rearo 1975 1976 1977 1978 1975-1978 Encurlcis aad ocher d1ar;heal diauamur Pnruaonla v i thouc specif icacion of ot~aniss Other spac l a 1 admlrslons o r coarultocloas Other and uaspeclfled abortioc Delivery c o o p U u c e d by abnorPulicy, e t c . Delivery v l t h o t h e r eooplicatiocu Other symptoas - - - - -- -- Source: m i s t r y of Health. Zimbabwe, XA Vote: Percentages a* i n parentheses. These percentages a r e w i t h zespect to the p r i n c i p a l ~ a c t o r sof m o t - l i t 9 recorded i n t h i s t a b l e only. m  - 71 - poprlatlon. 'Iha u a t e r b a s e d d l r e a s e , b l l h a r z l a ( e c h l r t o r o ~ l a s l r ) 1s found among the A f r l c a a populatloa. Approxlmatrlg one p e r c e n t o f t h e p a c l e a t s rtcorded by t h e h e a l t h f a c l l l t l e s wen dlageosed as h r v l n g b l l h r r z l a . It is g e n e r a l l y b e l l e v d t h a t easy u s e s go .arocorded. Other dlseaeer--ruch a a s l e e p l a g s l c k a e s a and ~ a l a r l a - q u l t eco-ly Couad l a s l g a l l l c a n t n w b e r a In flmbabua-are also n l a t e d to uater, b c a u a e t h y a r a caurod by t n s a e t s b l t t n g n e a r u a t e r ( r l o e p l q a l e b e a s ) and chore b r e a d l w l n wter (darla). Ot the a l r - b r a e (both v i r a l aod bacterial) diseases, t h o c o m o n ones dlogaosad tor n p o r t e d d u t h a are o m s l e a (LO p e r c o a t ) , p a e m a l a (9 p r c e n t ) , vhooplna cough (2 p e r c e n t ) , t u k r c u l o s l a ( 2 p a r c e n t ) lod d i p h t h e r l s (.01 percent). Thr d l s e a s a prof 118 of tin Zl*buun Afrlcaa popukzlon l a d l c a t o a c l o u s l d a r l t y v i t h that o f M r l u a p o p r l n t l o n l a o t h e r A f r i c a n c o u n t r f e s Ilk. Tantanla, .-lad, aad Kenya. Data on causer For a t c a d l n g o u t p a t i e n t f a c l l l t l e s I n Tanzania la 1976, la %law1 k 1976, and l a Kunya I n 1975 show t h a t t h e i n c i d e n c e of d i a r t h u and d y s e n t e r y swag A f r i c a n population in t i n b a 5 u e is h i g h e r t h a n Tanzania (3 p e r c e n t ) , comparable t o .'aalaul ( 8 p e r c e n t ) and l o v e r than b a y 8 (26 percent). Of the o t h e r water-tolaced d i s e a s e r , t h e * i n c i d e n c e of b i l h a r i a in ZiJbabue is l o v e r tSan Halad (8 p e r c e n t ) , but c o w r a b l e t o Tanzania a d Kenya. - As f o r a d a r i a , a n o a e r water-related d i s e a s e , Zimbabwe has sinflair i n c i d e n c e as Tanzania, b s m c h l o v e r t h a n - - ~ A a w and I i Kenya. e ! -  Of :he air-borne disease#, the incidence rate o f paauwafa among s coaerable to Ziobabue. the outpacieatr to health f a c i l i t i e s L But Zlabrbva ha a surprtsiagly highmr incidence of measles than vhac i s reported in Xalaui, Tan~aaia,or Kenya. L/ Table 5 prerentr the prlncip.1 causes of wrbidity of Afrfcan inloats. Tito table abow that rhr w s r importrat cause of infant oorbldlry - 11 picture of dlreare incldrnca A Co~rative African couarrles is as t o l l w r r i n Zlababva aad r feu other Waterborne d i s e u a s Enteritis a d other Wacetrashed d i s e u e s (eye Lnf laoat Lon) Trachoma 37.82 c/ 4.9Z Leprosy - 12 b/- 1.32 Waterrelated diseases ,lati. 16.02 5.5X(of in- 0.3% pat feats) (a) (b) World Bank Reports. - Perceatages are taken I oa Table 1, and ore Sased on prlnclpal . fec to r s i t (c) Percentages based m recorded cases oh n o t l f l ~ b l el ~ f e ~ i l o w diseases. ( d l Percentages based on dlschrged cases f r o n hoepltals.  Tabla 5: PUIXCIPAL PACT085 OF ISPALN7 XUUIDITY, A F II: C&\S @SLY, 1973-19;. [ h a d m Patient S t a t i s t i c 8 o f !MM P a c l l i t i d s ] tat~rltia aod other 3,219 2,117 3,237 3,117 4.9 diarrheal d l r r a w r (29.0) (25.4) (26.8) (23.2; Other ill-&rf iced mad 1t ioor Peeu#mla without 8,936 I,1&1 1,973 1,394 -3.2 SPUC lf !cat ~ O Q of (17.3) 9 ( 1 (14.1) or~onlacr Other caluoa o f p r r l a a r r l morbidity Acute b r a a t h i t l a oad bronehiollt i n Other acute u p p taapfra:orp 706 766 %1 A, r 7 -24.2 'in fcc t i o a a (6.2) (7.0) 5) (3.8) a I n f e c t i o a s o f .*a and 14 333 k05 lr81r 8. 0 subcutaneous c i s s u e (Q.0) (3.0) (3.6) (3.4) Source: tiobabue, X i n i s t t j G C g e a l c h . Sxe: Percentages e r e In p a r e n t h e s e s . These perceitcages ari with rce?ec: to t h e 2rIncIpal f a c t o r s Q F aorbIdIcy reccrdcd In t h i s c a b l e o n!. ..  - 71 - 18 d l a r r k j , vhlch Is a water-borne C'?fas6. 05 ;he ; ) r u ~ a d e r e a ~ e Qlrrrheal d1seadas r e t l u c t 336r bytcu.e r o d l t l o a s - 3 Lack cb b=cass to safe uatsr. Yh10 p l a t 1s dlrcusiaP later. hrerry l r tb. cual uuso W€ L health a=u& the Adrlran poplarLon ! 1 td ZlQbabua. 10 Salisbury. W) parceot a' A t r t c a ~worhrs rut.-lvs uagar :sou t h e b a l e wud: rtrodards. I n i916, 85 purceat 0 4 r:l t.lrlcra wrkorr rucelrcd lots tfun 2)ZO.W a melt; the lncorw apedod .o reach the t-1,: meda rtandards !r Z;2;ZaaQ. bluctac dumc*lwne l a hortrh rsubr', rheaelore, coma lzoa .Ilrprovuasac l a th.: pkrrlcol 1,rcl of lrvlng o l mot ~lmbbuaaas. l f par caplt~id avallabbllLj l o c r r a r r r , t b t ytorral o u r r l t f c o r l oud harlth *tat*;r 01 tha ~ o p ~ l ! l~ i fmprove U!th ?actat access to a ~ f e water, b!reaur u l l l s l ~ l f f u a c l y iocldtnca of ~ s r e r c r l a t d dterrase. ktcer ~alcerrloovlll ca4. h crucfrl. h c r i t l ~k --- rt ~ . e o e l e s . m* amcr&ll food a v r l l o b ~ l f c yl a Zfmbabvr ~t r 1, c3oscplrr~lwl/~ c l a f a c r o r y . kntwet, the aroplr food crop productlcn rose by aka ararotr o i 2-96 prcuau p r rror d u r l q ?he period 1961-76 A* rbtlaar tho avardgr anawl populatloa ~ r w i h cat? of 3.61 wrceac. Ibe dfati*y eaurgy sagtpllcs f c r Lh 9 p e r i d 1-9-71 I s L L ;la.tant above d a l ; j taqulceorato, .rhirh s h c c e r t S m a m ~ cA?.rlcta cou7rrfas : (ace u b i t 6 ) . Atthor:gh t t e prtterar G1f 2.c , t a ~ c l 7 b:%ew the E Y ~ Q W O O and L A I r k r q popi;.lrfonr, ;he t o t a l picture for 311sbbv+ c o a q ~ r c sftvorably wiah c t h e t Africa-, couatties. If ue cr d i d e r a c t d l f e e d ava! 1qbi 1' 5 r t1drlb groups, poplat~t, ~ t t v r e m e s t be some ! - gromJpswho hawe tess than tta aLalmm requlremzm~of cal .* - ;me, el~haudl: actual - ~crrvaelonmay be r a r e m a r =opLta prot*ln sup?ly, even on the aggregntn, i s s J - -lf i t .czt] l e s l l c b n t h e reqlrlrement (see taLle 6 ) .  - t a b l e 6: POiYHATICM AX3 FOUQ SGPPLT OF SELeCOQ COLutaIeS - Popularloa Staple fwd Dletorp emray growh A crop ?rduccloa /I rvppl lor 42 Averye Z Averye t Calorler X ot Crmo por per P a r Pr P a r per caplta/day requlrsosont caplrac'day LO~PC maocl ISI aya tta IavL Pbzmblqw Nlser l a Ta1.zanla Qondr air* Zamb l a Zlrabrbua -- Source: FdOFnlO, Energy and Frccefa Fagufreaeats. - 1/ 1961-76 a ~ e t a g e . - 2/ 19C9-71 m e r a g s  . S o countr)ulde n u t r l t l o n a l s t a t u s survey has b e a takea l a tlababue. Ue cannot, therefore, exactly assesv the ~ u t r i t l o o a ls l t u a t l o a -" the Zlobabweao population. b u e v e r , oa the basis of the causes of death reported ln the rcglrtered Infant and a d c l c c e r t l f l c a c e s , us :an form an Idea a b u t thfr n u t r l t l c ~ l status. Y!lo.rtrlrlon h a s bcan reported as a causo o f d e a t h in 3.7 percent of the sdtrlt c u a r ln 1978 and ln 4.1 pcrcsat i n 1979. Although t b r e carar a r e o a l y chose :hat were dlaguored a r nalnurrltlon, uodernurrltloa u d oalnucrltloa occur ooro s l g a i f l c a n t l y l a taadoa with other dlsrasua and m y not bo reported a s the cauro o t death. Tho link betwen lnfectlua oad a u t r l t l o a a l h t l c l r n c y I s rport avldsnt neon# chll4ren. For exasple, !I modeler aad malautrltlon occur together, the rebult I s often I. a l . N a y daachs r e s u l t ftoo morslor In Zimkba. Proleasor J.1l.H. Axtoa (1979) o l the k'alrerrlty of Zlmbrbue clced scron8 evidence chat In Zlmbabve =on8 mderaourlshed chlldreo an attack of measles prec 1pl tacos overt a a l a u t r i t l o a . Oho aalarutrl t loa Is t r lggered by an lncreosed need f a r protelo and oaergp and o docraare In the I n c a b of food through aaorexla and through d i r e c t or Ladlract e f f e c t s on the seal1 and large bouels. Io -11-aourlshed chlldreo, rho recelve adequate d i e t s durlag the .rt,ack sf m a r l e s , the a f f e c t s ere ~ r a b b l yn l n l m l and trensfcnt. In the C undernourished, uho may 3e Inadequately fed during the acute phase of the disease and uhr, x ~ return y to a ufet with marginal arnouzts of energy anJ protein a f t e r the Illness, the c d f t c t s a t e more prolonged. A dicr Juet - adequate enough tor growth b e d o r ~ a mL ' l n e s s n a y become Inadequate Curing  - -77 the recovery phase. 'Than, the chlld needs protela a d energy for the repalr of damsgad tlssues aad protela lost froa the body, ra addltloa to the ~ r a a l requlreoratr for growth. ~ r l e accouatrd r l o r 3.6 porcsnt of reported lalaat death? 1n 1978. n l s more t h a doub1.d to 7.8 parcoarc l a 1979 (roe cable 3). I h l s slgalflcant lncreasa l a oae y u r can k partly attrlbutml t o lmdequate vrcclnatloa cam- palgnr durlng urr coadltlonr, but c l ~ a r l yladlcatmr the preronca of aalnurrl- tloa a m 8 chlldreo a l t l l c t e d with muaslrs o r p l o l n l q thelr h l a h r o o r t a l l t y rate. A loeallzed berlth and nutrltlon s u n e y , trkea 1n L972 l n Qua Que - Trlbal T r u e land, I / producer soae evldeoce about rho autrltloaol r t a t u r a m g chlldren an$ the lasportant correlrter of tba lack of a u t r l t l o n In the area. T t u n r u l t of the survey sh0Y.d th.t almort 40 percent of school c h l l d n a uere k l w the 10th parcentlle of halght for age, Horvard staadardr. This r u ~ e s t e da severe h a l t h urd outrltloaol p r o b l e ~among the chlldrea and tb* problem m s a c r o a ~ l yrelated to poverty. Faalller uere dlvlded Into five c a t e ~ o r l e sIn mgotd to arable Land uoed a d number of l l v u t o c k ovaad. ~ t r i t l o r u r ls t a t u s w u stroz&ly correlated with both factors. About 7 1 perceot of the chlldrea ECCP f a a l l l e s 1n the lowest category were belou the lUch percentile of the Harvard stuadrrds. Correspondlag flgures for tho n c x t 1. The Que Que Trlbal Trust land Lles la the nidlaad provlnce and I s fnhuttted by Afrlcaa t r i b a l people. Aa agroeconoolc survey of t t e area shoved that most of the populatloa were engaged l a famlng. Only half of che land in the arca ls arable, and the arable land i s of pook q u a l i t y and canaot be contlauously cultivated. without substantlal a d a t i o n s of b e r t l l i r e r s and organic manures. The laad ;a more suitable f6r llveetock. A s~bstantlrl number of heads of families work In the nearby towns.  - 78 - tuo h l g h r categorter were 55 and 4 0 percent. Evea the hlghcst category had 25 parcant of the childrca under t b 10th p r c e a t l l e . Tho study a l s o found t h t the olgratloa of the father to adgolalng c l s l e s for vage earnlng had a oagatlvo e l l a c t on tho a u t r l t l o a a l statue of the children. llhle war becaure the w n - r absence a d o Ct l o ~ r r l 3 1 rt o c u l t l v a t a more Land and malntaln s a n y llvcstock. Callko roam other AIrIcaa countrler ( l o t axaaplo, Kenya) whore wotwn do moor of th. rubrlrteaco rqrlculcuro, ln Zlmbabuo abwnco of w a reeor t o b v o an e f f e c t oa rubrlrteaco farm la^ or c a r t l o ralrlng. Tho losrar froo t h e l r abwace l a rubrlrtoace p r d u c t l o a are nor fully coopensated by wagor In terms of n u t r l t l o a of the children. lPu8or erra*d froo c l t l e r oftea did not f u l l y cocpeasutc l o r these lorrer. I t was a l s o found thac d u c a t l o a d 1 level of l u m l l y herds had rlgnlfleaac pomltlve e f f e c t on faolly a u t r l t l o a aad hralth. This porltlve e f f e c t m u lorad evea a f t e r c ~ a t t o l l l n gfor Income. Ihr rcudt thus c l e a r l y rhorn thac the moat loportoat factor l a causlng n u t r l t l o a a l dellclencles L, poverty, but ducatSon of parontr helpr rowutut. e4ucntloa oxlets os a part of the A mlaor program of n u c r l t l o ~ l boa 1th d u c a t l o a pro~tam. Xhe f n ~ . e r m t l o t u lR e d Cross raceocly took a prallalnary survey l a 'protected trillages (Pts) - 11 durlag Saptesber-October 1979. f i e survey C s based on a sample s i z e of 698 out of the astlaatad chlld population of about 3, U)O, end revealed t h a t , aaoag the c h l l d e n froo 1 t a 5 years old, 4 lporcenc were severely d a o u r l s h e d anci 19 p r c e n c were oaloourlshed. Kewnshlorkor - - 1. Protected vfllages uc?fe Qeslgnatad such a f t e r vlllegers f roo wider areas were p u t there Jn temporary she1 t e r and protecclon by the aray l t r l f e . After Independence people returned t o t h e l r uhrlng the f n c e r ~ s original vfllages.  - 79 - w a s found l a 52 parceac of t h e severe17 m a l ~ o u r l s h o d . Lhea t h e somplo s i r e was extended t o Include 4 t o 9 y e a r s o l d children because o f t h o observable h i g h prevaleaco o f protrln/%nergy m l n u t r l t l o n (PEN), t h o t l g u r e r lncreared t o 5 percent t o r r r v e r e l y m l n o u r l r h s d a d 2 2 purcent l o r o a l n o u r l r h e d . nu r e p o r t a l w ruggorcsd c h a t rho problem 11 oaora7 d e t l c l o a c y r a t h e r c b a puro p r o t o l n d e t l c l o n c y . I t l o r e ~ l o a o lla n a t u r o bocauro, when t h e W r arm 1 t r t . d by ro&lono, t h e l e v e l o f Pa( war 8 r o 10 percent In C m t r a l .!!ashatloload, 17.3 t o 2 1 p e r c e n t In H m l c a l a n d , 2 2 p e r c e n t l o Y l c c o r l a , and 34 percent l a ! f a t a k l e l a n d . Althoush t h e r r p o r c 18 p r e l l m l a r r y and i t 8 r o s u l t r m o t ba ured wlth c a u t l o a , L C c a o k roeo that cha provalon.ce o l tho PW 11 r a t h e r high e s p r c l a l l 7 t o t a country s o l t - s u t f l c l o a c La load. 'Iha rouadlog up o l people In t h o u PVr, t h u r c u t t l a g them from t h a l t a g r l c u l t u r o l l a c l l l t l o s and/or lrm t h a l t vaga a r m l a g o p p o r t u n l c l o r , wu t o b parhrpm b l a d l o r t h e higher P M pravalanca. Votar r o d t n v l r o m n t a l S a n l t a c i o n . aha i m p r t n a c r o l mrfe d r l n l d n g water and s a n i t r t l o a ia t h e c o o c r o l o t such d l s e a s a s sr d l a r c h a a , cyphold and p r a c y p h o l d f e v e r , c h o l e r a , Lofectlous h c p c i t l s , rod b i l h a r z l a L.well establlshed. Ttuc chesr d l s ~ a s e sa r e b. ropceod ( s e a w b l e I ) l n d l c a t e r a s e r i o u s problem of w a t e r s b p p l y end e n v l r o n a m c a l scrnlcation In r u r a l 2lmbabw~. En t h e c f t f e s and =st r u r a l e o m c l l a r e a s where the p o p u l a t i o n is predomlaaatly aoa-black, t h e water supply I s from piped co iections ~ n d 6 sanltatlon ts'water-krno. - l a t h e r u r a l THL a r e a s 99 percznt 0 6 t h e water * supply c through borehole. I t t ted v l t h hand p o p s ; s n n l t a a o n has r c m l a c d p r l a l t l v e except l o r a f e u ? t t l a t r i n e s , v t ~ l c ha r e only a s l l g h t iaprovement over no s ~ n t t a c i o n .  Oa the u a t e r supply side, t h e r e a r e a c t u a l l y f o u r t i e r s : , U n i s c r y o f U a r t r Developawat (aatiornal a u t h o r i t y ) , Wuniclpallcles, Tovnships and g o v e m m a t s r a r l o a r , and Rural a r e a s / d l s r r l c t comlssloaers. The H l a l s r r y o f Water D e v e l o p a t s e l l s water l a b u l k a t the acoaoait r a r e t o ctm o u a l c l p a l l t i e s , v h l c h a r e responsible l o r d l s t r l b u t l o a . Pot t h e approximately 350 tovashlps and govemaanc r t a r l o l u , r h o has l n m o t carom ( r o r a l l l q ) r e r p o n s l b l l l r l e s . Out o l the b o t h rho supply and d l S t r l b u C l 0 ~ 1 350, o n l y ahare 12 share w x a r e c a l l l a r e s p o a s l b l l l t l e s . Maror charges l a tk covnshl9s a r a o l c a n kl a r t h e ucmamlc coat, char 11, n o c h a r ~ o ma r e ode f o r the d e p r a c l a r l o a r o d debt s a r v l c e . For the q o v a m n e a t a r l o n s , uacer charges o a l y cover cha r u u r r l a g cost. The c u r r e a t r r r l l f I s L3O/galloa. A t t h i s rare, t h e M l a c u r r e d a l o s s o f Z 5330,000. The prymoat recorda a r e p r e t t y good--almost 90 perceat o t rlu coasrcnwrs p r y tb b i l k oa t h e . In t u b a cancers rha o v e n 1 1 water supply s l r r u t l o a I s as l o l l o u a : a) Salisbury (population 627,000). The r x l s t l n g supply (Oarwadale dam) a d rha p o r e a t l a 1 f o r exceasloa l s adequate f o r damad u a t l l 1990-91. b) B u l a u a p ( p o p a l a t i o a 363,000). The e x i s t l q g a d , h l l d l n g c a p r c l t y f o r l a c r e a n w i l l cover de-nQ u n t i l 1986-87. c) u - r n t a l i ( p o p u l a t f o a 63,000). The e x i s t fag f a c i l i t y - ( W z a a l dam) v l l l m e t d m d u a t l l 1985-86. Further . e x t e o s l o n o f the d a c l l l t p Camgs scheduled f o r coa- s t r u c t l o n l n 1981-82 so t h a t i t r i l l be ready i n t i = 00 meet water needs.  d) - Cuelo (population 70,000). Rw a r l s t l n g h a along with the axteasloo under uay v l l l maat demand m t l l 1992-93. 0) Que Que Area (population 51,000). t k l s t l n g suppllot to tho w e Que ares (Qua Que t o m , I b d c l l f f , Rlsco, aad other lndustrlal cooruwrs) a r e t u f f l c l e n t to s e a t denad uatll 1983-86. 7 h r o I t a p h t o r a l r o the a x l r r l a g dam, h l c h v l l l cover demand c h r o u ~ hcha mid- ) Fort Vlcrorla ( p o ~ u l r t l o o2 0 , 0 0 0 ) . Fort Vlctorla'r current allocatloo of v a t a t from the adjololtq Kyla dam 1s e s t 1 ~ r t . d to u c e r l o t tho tom's drProd m t l l LW7-88. 8) CItooppr (popuLlt10a 33,000). T b Claw d00 11 tho mala source of supply, uhlch 1s exprcted to c a t e r to the COM*~ requlremeats unt 11 1990-9:. with the prospect of - axcensloa of the d m , vblch w l l l cover dd until 200415. Besides planning to a e e t demand a t the major urban centers, WD monitors the trend l a vater d m d a t the other s a a l l e r t o m ( l o r eumpla, 6 t b r t l e y , Shabaal, ? l a r ~ d e l l a e )and l a d u s t r i a l centers throughout the country. - Like the -jot - urban centers, water supplies for these centers is adequate a t F a s t for medium term uater needs. - In the rural areas, the predoainant source of PPl. uater- drinking * I9 the tmreholes. These a r e made then handed over t o the D i s t r t c t . by 59 and E Almost a11 the boreholes h o e hand pumps. There a r e a feu 8-11 dam far rural Prater s u p p l y .  Altogether, there are 2 , U 4 boreholes in TTL areas, each oao provid- ing lor the lahabitants of about 66.6 square U l m e t e r s . (Abricaa Purchased Land-where hfricaas can oua lad-has )63 boreholas, one borahole covering an overage 30.3 square kilosrtors.) Qa average, solo drialdng water is available v i t h i a three o i l e r lor 80 percent of tho rural populacioa, accordlag to one estimate. but t h i s average figure 1.0 mlrleadiag because of vide rogioaol dlsprlty. T h o , w l l r a r e a lamlllar water source l a the rural arear b i Zimbabuo, buc ualortuaatoly m y oC there are unprotected ood do aot provida pure w t e t . Local publlc health o l l l c l r l s scarod that when wells a r e pro- tected and l i t r o d u l t h s t a d a r d h a d m,water quality Lo o f t e a extelloat a d eagerly socthc by the villager*. Ih. standard hand pmp 1s deslgaod to pump uater l t o o u e l l s a t lensc SO leer deep; t h i s requires levers and uater clahc washero. Those two parts weer out w s c easily, aspeclally If coadltioar a r e ualavorable or i f the l a c l l i c y is a b e d . Altbough regular repair work beco~esnecasury, oo local agancy c r a do LC. Thus, P M of ~ these t u k m l l s caa r e d o w c of order lor a l o w time, u u r l a g ahorcager of drlnldng uater in the villages. In rural areas, access to safe vacer seems to be a serious problem and accounts for many sarious diseases. Ia rural Zlmbabwa, an ascoaiahlng number of people s u f l a r from vatar-associated diseosas; i a round flgrtras, in I 1978 there were 8,232 cases of gascro-enteritis and other diarrheal diseases. - h a n g Infants there ts a large prpportion of cases of diarrhea. 9 Cholera epideotcs are also frequent. - Solwlng the problen of s a f e , adequate, and accessible water supplies, cogeth-r with good sanitation, would aean consfder- P. able nrogress i a meeting the basic health needs In Zlznbabe. XJD esclamree  t h a t t h e alms o f t h e L?I 'Yater Decade could k met by provfdfag everyone w i t h p o t a b l e water f n t h e r u r a l a r e a s a t a t o t a l c o s t o f about 7: $500.000 a f l l f o a a t 1980 Q ~ ~ C C S i. f I a s h a r p c o n t r a s t t o t h e urbaa a r e a s , t h e r u r a l T?L a r e a s have l i t t l e aanftatlon. Oaly a few have deep p i c l a t r i n e s c o n s t r o c t e d . Theme a r e c h a p t o buf l d , e a s y t o u s e , and r e q u l r e l f t t le a a f n t e n a n c e , but they a l s o havo a s o r f o w d l r a d v a n t r g e a s sf t o s whero f lyborao dimeaoeo a r o t ransof t tod. Naay a t t o o p t s woro mad8 t o overcorn8 tho o f f d a r l v e o d o r r und f l y brrodfng coamonly a s a o c f s t o d w i t h p i t l a t r i a o o . I a 1976, a v e a t f l a t e d p r i v y was dovo1op.d t o provfdo comploto p r o t e c t f o a a g a i n s t f l f e o and o d o r s o o o l u t f n g from tho p i t v f r h o u t us0 of v r t e r or chaakalr. Tho aathod fr r t l l l k l a g tortod. Such dowfcor c a u t bo dowaloprd f o r t h 8 m r a l a r e a r , k c a u s e s a n f t a t f o n 1s almost a o a o x f s t e a t f o r T r L villages. Lack of adequate ~ n l t a r y f r c f l f t l o r c a u s a s m y a e r f o u r d f s o r s e s fa mral Zlabubve. The above o b n r v r t l o a s b p l y t h t l a Z f z h b u e e p l a a t o foprove g e n e r a l h e a l t h s t a t u s o f t h e people must excead k y o a d t h e h e a l t h s e r v f c e s d e l l v e r y system. The plan should f a c l u d e o e a s u r e s t o encourage und c o o r d l a a t e t h e vork of o t h e r relevaac s e c t o r s In prooocfag f a c c o r c that i r ~ p r o v ch e a l t h . and l a e l i n i n a c i n g those t h a t do not. In p a r t i c u L a r , s t r a t e g i e s f o r community - - '9 1. T h l s e s t i m a t e is based on t h e experience of 5 9 of 300 - 500 pebple consuming 3 , 0 0 0 - 19,000 g a l s f d a y . To cover t h e r u r a l p o p u l a t b n o f COG b m l l l l o n t t Z 55,000 p e r &OO people, t h e t o t a l approximate t o Z $500 a i l l i o n . - comes dcvclopmcnt , a g r l c u l r u r a l development , k r t e r hous l a g and general cducat ion, and more health lnforrsatloa and cducatlon a m c s s e a t l a l compleoants t o the health care d e l l v a r y syrtao. Health Services. Curraat s t a t u s . I a mimy l e s s developed councrfas (LQCs) the healch l a f r a r t r u c t u r o ehovr M urban b i a s , but tho tlmbabuson s y s t e o is axcreme, glvon tho colonlzors' dlrcrlslarcocy pollcles. Th. hoalth s t a t u s o i the non-African populetloa In Z f d S u e end the sorvlces t o uhlch they have access a r e a h s c cooparable t o chose found i n any dovelopod soclacy. tha healch conditlona of the Afrlcaa p o p l d r l o o oad chef r accass to hoalth wcvlceu oro i n sharp c o n t r a s t . The mu Andrav F l a ~ l a g s most Hospltol i n Sollsbury h ~ tho dovaloprd l e c l l l t l a s l o Africa; y e t , l a most Afrlcaa areao-such as the T r i b a l Trust Lands-hualch l o c l l l t lem a r e rudlamrary and campara unfavorably *van with those i n n l g h b o r l o 8 Afrlcaa couatrlaa, such or Kenya. The neglect of th8 R L populatloa l a the coverage by hoalth secvlcas is rootad in the c o l o a l a l p s c ; t h e c o l o n l ~ e r maxteadod the health c a r e syrtam t o the Afrlcaa poprlacloa much l a t e r . Thla WAS doaa oaly a f t e r rea-lzlng that c o n t r o l l i o g epidemics, such as s d l p x , =as e s s e a t i a l fcr the h e a l t h of the Europcaa poprlacioa. !brtover, t h e Europcaa p o p l l a t i o a cmedcd a healthy v s r t - 1~ force. The l p l t i a t i v a to provlde r u r a l h e a l t h sarv'cas came f i r s t from the missionaries. O d y i n 1927 d i d the then Xhodesian Government accept sorne r e s p o n s i b i l i t y and provide funds f o r health c a r e i a the missionary f a c i l i t i e s . The d i f f e r r a c i a l covei-age seen in the e a r l y y r t of t h i s century - continued azd became even nore pronounced r i c h )fie coming of d e r n medicine. The errphasis on curat Lvc oed i c i n e . throuah hcspi tals, c l i n i c s , and s p e c i a l i z e d p t t v a t e p r a c t i t i o n e r s besaae the order of the d a y . Thus, a t indepndence, Ziababwe Lntterited a oost d i c b t o o o u s health systeo.  Theta a r e f l v e d l f f a r e a t providers of h t a l t h w r v l c a s l a Zlmbabue. These a r e the c o a t r a l governmat through the n l n l o t r y of Health (NOH); volun- t a r y a g r n c l c s , u s u a l l y church h o r p l t a l s aad c l l a l c r f o r t h e r u r a l v p u L a t l o a ; loc6-1 authorltlos-urban and r u r a l ( m l n l y h f r l c a a ) w u a c l l r ; l a d u s c r l a l r ~ r d l c a ls o r v l c e r ; aad tho p r l b a t o sector. Tablo 7 p r o u a t m rha auskr o t bodm la h e a l t h f a c l l l t l o s o f ?!UI, and rho yopularloa that tharo f a c l l l t l ~ c a r e derlgaed t o servo. Four l a r g e d o r a h o r p l t a l s a r o locared La tho rue =)or cltler, Salisbury and 8ulauayo. Pravlously, on0 h o r p l r o l l o m c h c l c y w o r o r t m t k d f o r rha h f r l c a n people. S l a v m gonaral h o r p l t a l s wlth approrlmatol'j, 2% bods each are a l t u a t o d l a mollec t o m . Theso #enera1 h o s p l u l s a t e a t rho a b n l a l r t r o t l v o hoadquartors of a provlnco o r a d l s t r l c r . 29ud l r t r l c c b a p l t a l s each Tbe W l a l s o ~ ~ a r g wlth approximately 100 beds md 58 smll, n u a l b o s p l t a l r . Zimbabwe h.8 softon h o s p l t o l s s p o c l o l l t l ~La s p u l f l c diseases such u m, laprosy, and m c o l 1l l n a s s . The smallest h r a l t h fac1ll:les reachlag t h e m a 1 people a r e 300 r u r a l h e a l t h c l i n i c s , which a r e also known as prl-y health care e a t e r s . I WlH funded chase c m t a r s on a 50 percent b s l s u a c i l racencly when l c m s u m d coarplete fundlog. - I Until S e p t e m k r 1, 1980, !UX had a n a t r i c c e d r o l e i n t h e r u r a l areas.- .YLssio~r)rc l i ~ l c s ,some of :hem funded by YOIi, were respoaeible f o r : - 543 percent of t h e h o s p i t a l beds i a P"n areas. * (Some 2,600 of che 3,560 beds - were d h g l m l l j prooldtd by the ~ i s s i o a L hospitais.) Since Septe-r l, 1980, . 8 39H has been asstgned the f u l l f i n a n c i a l t e s p a u s l h i l i c y of running the local c l i n i c a l and caisslon health f a c i l i t i e s . l S a t i o ~ coverage is 2.0 beds f o r  T a b l e 7: BtW ~ 9 1 0 E D BY FACILITlkS OF )dOtI 1979 Popular l o o WuWr of Ssds d d 1919 Pow l a c ion ?Carham load 2,627,016 1,342 4 8 4,810 1.83 346 Xid l r a d s 1,062,296 1.m 205 2,168 2 .C8 Lgl Victoria 1,028,416 1,670 135 1, t#)5 1.75 57 1 Sourer: H l n l s t q o t Eler1th. * . excludlaa bed6 c l o u d drw t o thr war I n Covuraoear h r r p l c o l s . . u e l u d i a g about 1,600 beds l a I [ a d u s t r i a l b o s p l t a l s . . u c l u d b g about 800 ' 4 s La l o c a l aurhocfty h e a l t h s u m f e e . . l n c l u d l a g b d s c l o s e d d w t o r h t war I n a l n s l o a hospitals. & I every 1,008 people nov. 8ur Cn the m r a l a t a s s , a quick calci 'arioa shovs char there are oaly 1.7 beds per 1.m coasldec~nga i i i a c l l l c i e s . Tiriing into accovnt o r t g m l .YO# t a t l l i r i a m , :ha I l g r r t '9 0.5 k d r wr 1,OW popu- l a r l o l ~cotarrsc' wlch 3.3 kc48 l o r the urban popubtloa. A conpsrlson r i t h o t t e r se!gcced couarrlea la Afrlca snow t h a t , In the catal plcr r e , a 4 1 c a l w r o s m r l t o p s p u k ~ f i o urotlo Zlmbojvo i a k t t a r off a t l r e i r L (tabla 31, Worrtver, )lvm c h a uldo d l r p a r l r y k t m n &he urban and rural araas In f l m k b v r (uhlch 1 y r a rorloum chon orlret Afrlcan coun- 1 & m ~ r a l lw t r l r s ) , the eondltloas ln rural PTts appear t o Bo uorw *ban much Alrlcor. count r l a s a* Kenya a d Z&la. C u r r a ~ c l y ,the prablrm of ; : a l t d h r r l t h f r c l l l c l s s Ls s ~ r l o u s l y o a r a v a t d by rrar d a w e s , porclcularly La ~ v a areas. l Proa rho M llmr, an c s t l a ~ t e d60 percroc of rhc w o l cllolclr a r e arc of cozmfsqlon and a n y alsslosarp b s p l c a l s haw k e n c l o u d &wo or rero a b a d t n e d . An u q m r w.d e x l s t s ro msrore chose drwgrd l a c l l l ~ l o a . Y e t , soma ore s o M l y run bsua char -onscr@,ctLcnof A m u c l ? n l c l a the l a w s i t e appears t o ba mot. desirable. The g o v ~ r r o t hns d r a w up a p l a a to r c p a i t these damaged bealth f a c i l i r l t s and rha US Agaac3 for I n t e r a a r l o m l .GSAaD) bas already i n l r l a t a l d l s c u n s l o ~ s DIvelo~t rrgacrllag Clmaclny L ckelr recanrctucclon. To cm!t the health oeeds of the want aajorit;. of the popllarlon, * =jar e h t g c s are r e p 'red In the orlencacion, s t r u c t u r e , and funcc@nLng of 6 c h e health delivery syscea. ihe changes a r e not easy, houever. - Sevcral Issues a r i s e a% we shall e = e back t o those l a t e r I n the eecelon. %exr, we out line t h e general CLree tIons for future heal t h servlees d e v e l o p w n , .  Popula t l o a Populatloa ~)opul~tloa P r P r pot bhrrrlq k d BbpfcLaa und Kfdulfaty hnoasal Source: Pleorld Bank 'Health: Sector Policy Papr,' Beb. 1980, u c r p t for Zlmbrbm, for which the astfmates are h a d oo r t a c l s t l c s frtm WFI, C o w m w a t of Z l n h b w , f o r tha yoat 1 15-9. - 11 The Uorld B ank's Health Scctor Policy Paper g i v e s the three - c o r r e s p d F o g figures for Zfmbrbra as 320, 6.73). r o d 94Q. *! Those directloas appear d u r i r r b l e g l v m tho m r r s o t statue a t b a l t h dellvery s y s t o s and tho statud e0ansi:mat o i tho pru8uat 8Ovarmmtnt tor meutlag health neuds of tho v a s t majorit7. Future Direetionr k v u r a l point@a b u t tho future drvrlopwar o i h a l t h wrvicea should k mphaslrud horo. r i r a r , tha w c t o r a l approach to health problrra and nerds, which largoly characterlzea the preseac h o l t h dellvery ayatea w l l l not bo kalpful for m m t l a l tha k r l t h m d a of the vorr majorlty. A amlt isectoral program, involvlna warloua mialrtrlea, prlvaca ortaalratlona, and local governmeat i a s t l t u t l o a a w l l l k carceaaary to promote horlch and t o deveiop e t f e c t l m health mrrlcaa. Ihe m, therefore, m u c moclvotr ond coordinate ochar sectors' health-related actlwlcles to ochleve a h c c e r health s t a t u s of the population. !letter saalcacloa ood water, -re adequate irucrf- t f o n for the vast m j o r f t y , and d u e a c b u r f a g a r e sow OC the p r e r a q u l a f t e ~ tor k t c e r health. To a c h e v e t h o u obJuclwea, colloboracfoa u l t h other agencfes of development and ual tare, houslng, w t e r supply, rural developmeat, public w r b , infocaatioa (and d u u c l o a ) e r e c t f t i c a l l y lmportaat. Sacond, the current health delfverv system is rather frafptated. L 1 The central gowerappart a d rural couacll d a c l l l t l e s , d s s l o a hospitals, - private practitfoaers, volmtary organfzatloas, and sfafag and fnduetrial '9 b s p f t a l s provide useful s e r r i c e but do m u coordluate t h e l r a c t i v f t i e s on the regional basis. Even vlthln the Y@ health de..lvcry system. the general hosp.:als a r e c ~ a t r o l ~ and : . supervlscd the by headquarters a t YW Salisbury. t'rovincial Xedlcal Offfcers working a t the ? r o ~ l a c i a lheadquar- t e r s are only tesponstble for preventive health care. A e l a l l a r dlchotoay between curatlve a d prevsntlve health axteade to she d l s t r l c c level and below. Ia tha future, coordiaatlng budiem a t tha provlnclal aad d i s t r i c t levels w i l l be waded i n a ppraaldal prloary health care system. 'Ihlrd, a primary health a r e rpstea, ham to bo davalopod covarlng both prevmtlon and curatlve wrvlcee. Tt10 ~ n a Omaorlvo uxtansloa of b a l c health f a c l l l c l e s In ~ r a araao l oad thaae hovo to k l a t e ~ r a c a d into tha health ovtem hierarchy. Ac tho lowart leval, tho t o p a b l l l t p t o deal wlth the most CO(PWQ health ptoblamo w l l l hove t o k dwoloprd. Primary health care centers w i l l c o a s t l t u t a the lowest level ot o proparly des lgtwd hea 1th-care py mold apr tea. Fourth, meh -re empbarls 08 pravearlve osorures l a aeodod, k c a u r e , of aloag with p r l m r y health care, there u e the 4oosc cost e t l a c t i v e f o r r ~ r health proviaioa. I n 1978-79, preventive servlces occouared l o r oaly 9 par- cent of the health budtee, u a ~ a i n s c87 p r c e a c lor treatmmt, la spice o t the fae: that accordlag to !UEl sources 9!l perceac of the dlseases La Zidmbwe a r e preventable. In the future, the v i l l a g e health workers, l a d d l t l o a to diagmsiag and t r e a t i n g simple, co~pwndlseases, w i l l have to educnte the co~lwrnityLa n u t r l t l o a , hygieae, and p w n a l health care. Siace the h l t h worker w i l l be from the coamunity i t s e l f , the worker w i l l eajoy the coafidence and acceptance of the c o ~ t y . - - '9 - Fifth, i a the f -cure the c e n t r a l , general, and d i s t r i c t hosplrals* - 0 w i l l have to serve mor8 a?, r e f e r r a l hospitals. Currently, referred p a t l e n g * L . constitute only a s u l l part of the patients served. Several factors are responsibte: (a) cke pyramidal systeo has not k e n develo;>ed ulth a large number of prlaarp health workers; ( 5 ) the road Infrastructure In general and f ssues i n Health SerPices Developmat Level oC Expeadlcure. 'Ihe quemcloa oC hh8 d r s l r a b l a Level of h e a l t h s e c t o r expradlture ln an scoaow is e o q l e x a d 30 artumpt Ls a e here t o answer t h a t question f o r th8 Ziababnaa #omow. , should B ~ v e rw provfde a cocrprracbva p f c t u r e of the o l r e oL h a l r h a x p a d l t u r r s La ZL&abur . e ahould note hare chat rn are o d 7 coarideriog and a feu cllrlcaa c o ~ ~ t r l e r Y p. 7 l a 22 d r v d o p l ~ c o u a t r l r r goveram@at u p r a d l t u r e r on h e a l t h c o w r 5v.o l a the r r l a t l 7 a mare, par u p l c o bwrlth expradlcurar w m to ba Lower l a LDCa. Taking l a t o accouac the a t i r e populrtloa, per u p l t o ?ubllc a r padleure olr health 1s CSM, M c h Is oa tba lou a i d e cooparod t o the per co other A f r t c r a c s u a t r l e r (are c a p i t a GNP l e v e l of ZL8brbua t o n l a c l o ~ oa h e a l t h u a g a r e r d l y corprrabla to o t h e r A C r l c a a countries. IL we deter d n e aa fntet0lt100.l standard o t c&e n l a t l o a r h l p b a t m e n per c a p i t a facome and r e l a t i n t r p a d i c u r r s i z e , 2 - h w i l l be k l w t h e wm. 0.t. om p r i + a t r s e c t o r a p n d i t u r e s oa b r r l t h a r e s a r c e . Ia poor e o u a t r i e s , these exp.adlmrea at. Lou, even ha r e l a t l v e t e n s . Y e have soole African tmusebold &u f r o m Z f a b b v e oa health e ~ o d l t u r e s . k c o r d h g co t h e Urban d k i c a n Eludgac S m e y i a Salisbury, 1969, average b u s t h o l d !. - expenditure on h a l t b w a s ZSO.36 per ooath, which wan less t h o L perceoc of iatoaa. S1d.l- - prioaca a r p a d l t u r e s o a heolcn were found l o two other urban .African budgrt surweys-oae La 3uhv8yo 13 1968 a d another l a Untall l a 1971.  Public Lxpoadituros on Health U P prr h r Porceat o t Z o t totat Covc. Cowit r loo capita (1977) capita (US$) mP ~xpaditurss (US$) Swrco: Paorld h n k "fkalth Sector Pollcy Paper," Fobmar? 1980.  I t the Europaan p o p l a t l o a of Zinbabua is coasldertd, the private per capita axpeaditurr: oa health is about 2513.00 per household p r month; 1/ - the f i g u r e is lov r e l a t i v e t o the par capita lncoae level (only about 2% o l income, orhlch is s i g a l l l c a a t l y lover than most developed eouatrle8). I! ve dlaaggregato the health sxpaadlturer by publlc and prlvato rourcsr, oa l a t e r e s t - log picture merge. about tho aoa-Alrlcaa population r e l a t i v e to soae doval- oped couatrlss (wlch vhoo the par caplca lacow o l tho Zlmbabueaa ma-Alrlcoa popllatlon can k compared). Flrac, the t o t a l e x p n d l t u r r r on a per coplra basls r a s w to k on the low rlde; but publlc expndlcura l a ccomparoclvaly high ( l a 1979 ZS63.4 per caplca par ysar, compared to ZS5.6 par esplta par ysar l o r Afrlcaa p o p l a c l o a ) , lmplylaa a largo e l o m c of publlc rubrldy l o r the health care of cha aon-Alrlcaa populacloa. tha usual arguwnca l o r lacreased e x p o d l t u r e s on hurlth la tho developlna councrles a r e rrcordrd olawhere &/ a d apply s c r o a ~ l yto rho Zlmbburan slcuocloa. Plrsc, morbldicy reduces lobor supply aad produc- clvlcy. In Zlobobap., corcofn d e b l l l c a t l a 8 d l a e a u s , such er zmlarla and schlscasoolasla, -st Iuvo adversely affected labor supply oad product l r l c y . Secoad, dlseases lead co wascage. Infectloas lead to extra anecabollc de-ds for more food eaergf, or the loss of l n t o c f o a l absorptfoa of food Laads to wastage. Serlous wasto f o l l o u , from tha e x p d l c u r a s of r e a l resources oa treatmant. If dlseases ore prevented, resources ,wed QQ craatmmt cea ba saved f o r the productfoe sectors. W r d , LncLdeoce of epfdemfc o r LofeccLoue 1. Thfs 1s based on the Europcan Expendfture Survey, 1975176, taken fa Salfsbury, Bulayewapo, CatrlL a d Outlo. 8 2. The Votld Bank, 'Health Sector Bolfcy Bepet.' diseases can impede developowc of resources. .%laria tar ccreala areas hinders a g r i c u l t u r a l developwnc p r o j e c t s there. In Zlmbabva, d a r l a ls aoc a s e r l o w problem, bur improvemc l a health in the louer southaasc area w i l l open up more lntenslvs cr:' i:vation La TTL o r aruly rersled areas. Lest, and most important, b e t t e r he&!:: is needed tor an o v e r a l l and balanced socioecoaoalc d e v e l o p ~ c n t . Health f a c l l l t a t e s the d e v d o p # o c process a d halps rho b e n a f i c i a r i a s of Cavelopwuc to enjoy L C . Ia Zlobabue, haalth developmanc aesuoes special rignificanco, because k t t a r health for the rural TTL a r e a s w i l l reduco the d l s p u r l t y and w l l l I a w l v r the vaoc majority l a the Bevelopmnc process. Budgoc Burdoa aad t i m a e l a t of Hoaltb Sorvieos. Thr budget ollo- cation l o r tho f i s c a l p a r 1960-81 l a 2943.7 mlllloa, vhieb l a 55 potceat highat thaa l l s c o l yoor 1979-80, T b lnctoaao la unwual compard with trends over tho ptovioum f i v e ycota. ( S w u b l o 10.) T b uausuol iactrose during t h i s gear is caurod by the toconc e b c y o ln p l l c y ragardlag Iasr for sarvices randorod. Ekfoto Sopcemhr 1, 1980, a foe-for-urvico priaciplo provalled In which a p a p a n t was trquired l o r a11 types o t c r a o t m c end consultations. Xosc drugs hrd t o k prtchrsed, k c teas provfdd l e s s thoa 10 percent of tke F A L Q o s~ c~ ts, t h e rePlinder uas paid by M a . The MM mu has c o q l e c e r e s p o a s l b l l i t y for the coat of t h e c l l a f c s and o f the gotrampwnt-aided aisalpn hospital.. h o t h e r &age rffecclve from S e p L a u b e r IY8W d e a B L set-vfces f r e e tor c h o s e earszlq ZSL5O.iDO a lpooth c r l e s s . which covers a l l t t e r u r a l Africans arnd m s c of the urban Africans. - The exset diaaneiel i a p l i c a t i o a sf t h i s p i l c g ebraage b e not been worked o u t , but the Lnceease fa a l l o c a t l o a r e f l e c t s the mticlpaeed r i s e s f *he . govern- ant's f i s c a l h~lrden i n health.  Free medical care for all is a laudable goal a d mrst be p u r s ~ a d bacaura, even i f t h e o r e t i c a l l y nobody would k denied a d i c a l care f o r m a t could discourage many f r o a participutiag i n of payrPcnt, the required p a p e ~ c tha health care ryrtem. Howvor, f r e e madlcal cara t o r a l l uho w d i t canaot be purrued dirragardtag the q u a l i t y of wrvlca. If the q u a l i t y d a t e r l o r a t a s badly because o t lack of tuadr, the goal of f r a e oadical car8 f o r a l l pay becooe wanlnglasr. Therefore, rhm gorammeat should plraue both l o a l a ro that prograrr caa k achlovad a d rurtalnod. 'Ika polnt la i l l u a t r a t a d by the Sallrbury group of h o r p l t a l r , vhtch laelude th. &dreu FlerrLaa ltospital. The goverrr~+otbears more than 90 percent of the t o t a l coot (lncludlng overhedo) of the hoop1t a l a . Evca tonolder 1 - recurrent coat, h o r p l t a l charger do aot even cover 10 percent o t l t la moot t o r e r (see table 11). The governmeat haa b o n e 72 percent of thm average cost of h o r p i t a l rervicer of the Andrew Fleming Horpltal. Thr grant to the h o r p l u l accortatr f o r 12.5 percaat of the .Waistry oC Health'r budget; yet the hospltal s e w e r only 1.4 percent of tha t o t a l population. Taldng only the Salisbury group of h o s p l t a l r , the proportion of the budget of !#golag Il l t o the group 10 3 5 . 1 perceat, but the population sewed is only 8.9 percent of the t o t a l popula- tion. The q u a l i t y of sarvice a t -rev PlaaLog Hospital is as high ar *. , . . . only a feu, the government heavily subsldlzes recurrlag costs. Even the most wealthy using i t s services a r e paying - ell belov t&e a c t u a l cost. 'Ihe wealthy 6 - sector i s supported by the t e d i c a l a i d s o c i e t i e s that actually charge premium 9 on the basis of one-third of the cost of the services. The subsidy t o the  - - 98 Table 11: A W C B C05T clV) SUBSIDLES I N IMIOUS WSPIYAIS I/ - (1979) Hospitalr Total Total Cost Total Charger Dolicit- hpsaditura Pat l e n t P r Earolagr psr Subsidlor uoi t r U Qt~ rait 2s ZS ZS zS Zs Cent r a 1r Harare 6,986,939 416,470 16.78 418,618 1.01 L5.77 Dlrcrlct r 106,678 M, 293 55,956 73,632 Pluatrra US.972 UIVUU ll9,599 Shabani 316,623 Rural: Lukoai 22,888 L Special: General: Sinoia 465.260 - 9.55 43,328 .89 837 . Source: Y l n i s t r y of Health. - I/ Ekcludlng overhead c o s t s , I.e., X.Q. adalnlstraclon. wealthy o p e r a t e s through a s y s t e a o f a l l o w i n g t h e p r i v a t e p r a c t i t i o n e r t o u s e such h o s p i t a l I a c i l i t i e s as o p r r a t i s g r o o a s a t an muat w e l l below t h e c o s t o I running them. Thus, t h e p r i v a t e p r a c t i t i o n e r s al8o a r a s u b s i d i z e d i n t h e PtOCeS8 would have paid almost The wealthy c l i e n t e l e c s i n g t h e s e a ~ r v i c e s t o u r t o I i v e t.i-a ar m c h i l they had r s c e i v e d w d i c a l c a r e Iroa p r i v a t e c l i n i c s . I l th. p r i c a o l . o w i c e wrr r o l w d t o t h o f u l l a v e r a l e c o a t t o r those uho can a l t o i d :o pay, t h a p r i c a vould ba r t i l l lwrr than what t h e y would have p a i d l o r t h r a r n i c a la th. p r i v a t r w c t o r . la tact, p r i v r t r s e c t o r a e r v i c r is o l t r n i n f e r i o r t o t h r a p e c i r l i z o d w n i c r a v a i l a b l a I r o o Andrew Fleming, k c r u r r t h r l a t t e r has l a c i l i t i e s wt o l t e a a v a i l a b l e La p r i v a t e clinics. P t i c i o g t h e a r t o i c e a e q u a l t o t h r averagr o p e r a t i w c o s t l o r t h o a r who can d a r r u i l l l o g t o pay La o n l y r a t i o c u l . MeC:cal aid weieties should k persuaded t o raise tbair p r i c e s f o r medical crrr to a l e v e l that would support the average r i s i n g c o a t o f u r v i c e a . Private practitioners should be charged f u l l tost f o r t h o we of b o s p i t a l a r r v i c e s . m a , many o f t h e h i g h s t a n d a r d b o s p i t d s e r o i c e s could b r i q hfgher reqanuas md meet a s u b s t a n t i a l part o f t h e i r c o s t . A t f i r s t , t h r s y s t e s could be introduced o n l y a t Andrew F l e d o g . This does n o t imply tLt the f a c i l i t y w i l l not ba I L a v a i l a b l e t o t h e needy poor. For t h e u a p y i a g poor, t h e government can pay the hospital cm a full-cost basis. i h e h o s p i t a l would run -re o r less oa a c o a n e r c t a l b a s i s c h a r g i n g f u l l (average) cost p r i c e t o che u s e r s , who w i l l pap e i t h e r through t h e czedical a i d ~ o ice t i e s o r through t h e g r a n t from che 8 government. This w i l l r e l i e v e , t o a s i g ~ l f i c a n te x t e a t , t h e govEramenc budget's b u r d e n of runnt ng h o s p i t a l s .  T)?e s l o a r l y i n d i c a t e s t h a t ths h c a l t h c a r e providad above a ~ l y s i c by Andraw Flaming h o s p i t a l is p r i e d way below cost. This L q l i e s t h a t there ir a rubridy from thr goveraoaat to tho u s e r s o i the health s a r v l c e r of the hospital. Tho rulevaat q u e r t l o a is: liho is c o a t r i b u t i a g t o goverawat ravenwr? If the g o v a r m t revcnws a r e largely darlved from Lacoxas t a x (progrorrlvely a r r e s r r d ) , tbo burdra of tho r u k l d y l o r tho s a r v i c e r i r b r a e by chr taxpsyrrr acccrdlag t o c h a i r lacow. l h e a tho t l o u of tho subrldy vould not be l a rhr wrong d l r r c t l o a . Pho equity princlplo of taxation and public expandlturos is, bourvrr, coc~proo1a.d. I t tha public rrvtouea arm largely d e r l r d from Lodirect roxrr, t b r a t b r r r is a r r r i o u r regrra- r l r . a o r r la the ryrtrm u l t h u b s l d l r r f l w l a g l a the v r o q d l r r e t l o a . Tho tax r r v e n w s of Z i g h b m l d l c a t a t h a t 25.8 p r c e a t of tho taxra a r e from corporate lacoma U I o s , and from i a r e a t m t QOd proprty LaeLudl~ d a m s ( r o e cable 12). To tb. u t r a t t h a t corporate lncooa ls t a d ~a s u p r - n o d p r o l i t r o r m a t accruiag from the r u e of u b a u r t l b l e resources o i the s o c i r t y , t h r s r t a x r s a r b r l r l l a r t o c h . lac- from Iavrrtment m d property. s dsrived s l g a I l i c a n c l y from such e o r p o r a t r lacoar taxas m d I f the rrv.atm L property income a, In Zlobrbue, t h e s o c i e t y I t s e l f Is prooldlag Euadr f o r the gooaruutenc. Phis meam t b c the burden of t h e h e a l t h subsLdy Is borne by the s o c l a t p a s a whola. Since r r l a t l o a l y morr subsidy 1s golag t o high-lacom I p a t l e a t s , the Lacom d l s t r l b u t l o a Is h t t h a r s k e v d by t h e current c o s t -- s t r u c t u r e a d the system of public subsidy of h e a l t h c a r e La Z l b b u e . ~ r g a n i z a t L & ead Personnel. The issue of hou t o extend the govetn- uental otganlzation CZ r u r a l a r e a s and have the r e q c l s l t e ombet of personnel - *  Table 12: mE?iTA& DLSTRI8WIO)P OF RELpliE WBtU fOQ FISCAL RADS 1979-80 AJQ) 1980-81 taxoa oa Income and Protirr 46. 8 4 7. 2 I P ~ ~ V ~ ~ U L (25.4) (a4 o ) Coopanlea (re rare of 45%) (18. 7 ) (20.9) . Othrra (2.6) (2-3) trxra oa Coodm and S r n l c r s IS-3 32 6 Rovratw frog tnvratmne and Roprrclrs 7- 1 6.7 Orharar 12. 1 13.6 total 100 100 t o rua the organitatLon La u serious one. Partly t h i s Is a problem ob orLen- tatLoa and experlaace. c i v i l s e r v l c e a d profersLoa~alshave I l d t c d expcrLrnce La the r u r a l a r e a s acd a r e generally hesltaoc t o axtend t h e i r servlcas there. s persoonel. However, the s a l n problem L Ons of the most w r l o u r c o a s t r a l a t r facing the W !M La lack af qualLf Led peruoonrl. Ihe amrc c u r r e a t data oo aumhrm L.a the health c a r s spacLalltLes a r e as folloua: Nudr La 1979 1. WLca! praccLcLoarrs (including a11 s p a c l a l l a t r ) 2. R.#La:ered nutsar (Lacludlng matemlcy aralrcooca) 3. SWLcal asslscancs 4. Nealch arsLscaac8 5. VLllate health uorkerr Y)# s extreoaly coastralaed. f lou s l c u a t l o a L Only U) t o 35 p h p l c l o a s have k e n traloed annually Lo receoc years. Thry o r e a l l trcrlmd La tha only w d l c o l school of the country, Thr Codfray U L u L a m School of MdLcLno, VnlvrtsLcy o t Salisbury. Curteot ly, about 240 scrdeots a t e earolled La rmcdiclae; of them only a quarter a r e Afrlcaos. lhrollmenh of students entering medical school w i l l Lacrease from 60 t o $0 In 1981. The courae hot doctors I s fa- years o f t r r a L S c . or s e o l o ~ s e c o o d e r yeducntlon vlch f u r t h e r c r e d i t In scleace r t b j e c t s . The course I s f o l l s u d by one year of internship. - che %ze 200 ntDrsesg r a d u t e ~ n ~ r ~ e l l y : QLploua In general qurslng 1s a three-year . program offered LmEcur schools a t lour c e n t r a l hospitals i n the with Ilaldwork, and chr quallfylog e r ~ n a c l o nLs arranged by the Y d l c a l and Alllad Profasslons Councll. Aftor the dlploma ln senrural murblq, various speclallzed cralnlng program a r e avallabla r a w l a g from one to three year8 f o r speclnlLzrr1~: a mldvltrry, eo-nlcy aurblaa, and nurslaa admlulscraclon. fha ganaral aducatlon nseded for e a t e r l a g nursing cralnlag I s canlor 9econdary educat lone 'Yhe most lmportaar paramedical cadre l o r che r u r a l health prograa la tho madlcal a c r l s r a a t aad h i s o r her prevetrlve couacerparr, the health a a s l a t a n t . m e medical aarlscaac'r Job I s to dlagbow, t r e a t , and eora t o r parlanta la the m r a l areas. b a l c h pollcymabrs p r e v L o ~ l l ythoulht chat nursaa trained ln a uoll-rqulpprd hosplral could aor Iuatrloa e l l o c t l v e l y lu waro avallaole l o r the m r a l areas. t h u s , a cadre of parappgdlcol parsonar1 o oad c was aeedeJ co B1egaos.a and t r u e o r d l ~ r y - lllaemses. 3edlcal o s s l s t a a t s md h r a l t h a s a l s t a n t s a r e trolard f o r three years ln general hosplsals and o l s s l o a hospltsls. ?fort medical o s s l s ~ n ttrofaeam take an adB1ttonal one year course Ln macrrnlty. There a r e 26 r e g b c r r e d t r e l n l n g cancers f o r oedlcal and h r a l t h a m s l s t o a o , of r h l c b 13 a r e fa mfsslon hospitals. %st of the missfoa c e a t e r s were serfously d q e d durfag the war. f l l g l b l l l t y for entarlag the tralnlng program is colspletlon of Crede 40, but more advanced students apply for the program. %st c d l d a t e s L applying f o r the prolgrap have :uaLor secondary ( 0 l e v e l ) educatioa, some even have coupleted senior secondary (A level) education. The expected output of medicnl and health a s s i s t a n t s in 1980 is 130. - In cooing years eke number i s expected to go down, sooe training c e a t e r s vere closed because 0 ) d war i ~ a I shortage r t trair.*rs.  A t present, there 1s large dlffarance between the s a l a r l a r o i k!s cad d l c a l a s r i s t a o t r , which causer rrarlour taasloa batveea the two groups. The zlrrsar are tralaad conoeatioaally; medical r s r l r t r a t r have both nurslag and t r e a t m a t functions. Yany of them work a h o r t indepcdeatly In rural h o r p l t a l r , gettlng help from phyrlclaas only occarloaally (physlclaar normally v l s l t tvlce a month) and In ewrgencler. W l c a l a s r i s t a n t r , howuver, r e c a l w subrtant t a l l y Lars salary thaa RYr , a1thouah -st phyrfclamr coarlder medical a s a l r t a n t r more helpful than the aurrar. bcauue of t h a l r hlghur lava1 o l education a t the entry level (although recently the d l l l r r a a c e has subocan- t l a l l y nrrroued), nursee he*. been pald more h a double the odlc.al assla- t n t a l a r s f h l s lr parhap tho le%aey o t the past ryrteo when moot o l tho nurser were aon-Alrlcdns. They ware pald a much h i a b r r r l a r y tkaa nmdlcal o r s l s t a n t r whose role w u t o serve the rural Afrlcaar. In the future, the tralalng program tor medical an4 health a r s i s t o a t r w l l l have to be subscaatlally exteadad. Ka the short run, the added problem o t war drmaae of t r a l n l w f r c l l l c l e s u l r c s , vhlch h u reduced the out?uc o l medlcrl rod b r l c h a s r l s t a a t r . A nasoauble &al& dweloprprat p h a f o r the next t l v e gears w i l l include ar l e a s t 450 more medical a s r l s t a a t r . a d 350 more health r s r l s t a a t s . 11 Also, a selected n u o k r of amdicrl a s s l s t n n t s con k given refresher training to f i l l so- positions that were only f i l l e d by physicians in t h e past. This w i l l l i f t the morale of the aedical a s s i s t a n t s , who have had liatlccd prorot ion prospects. Ia ela act lng for refresher t r a i a i n g , I general educatioael levels should be a cricerloa. 1. hsuning that 'dnc health assistaac w l l l be supervising four Village Kealth Uorkers, st least one a e d i t a l assiscenc w i l l h required per new rural c l i n l c and four aedical a s s i s t a n t s w i l l k requlred per one mu rural hospital^  - 105 - The most c r l t l c a l hralth care pdraprofesslonal t o e x t a d the rural health program s l a a l f lcantly I s t h e vlllage health worker (CW). The 199 wofiers l a the country *re s o l u t e d by the c m l t y t h y serve. Although no formal elLglblllty roqulramont a x l s t s for general educatloa, t h y a r e r q u l r e d to bu able to speak and wrlte EqlLsh fluently. Thlr mans that not a l l w n or woman who have had the support of t b commmlv could quallfy a8 the v l l l r g a health worker (Y\IY). The curreat stx-ooath tralalrrq prograa 16 managed by the MH'a p r w l n c l r l o t t l c e s . Some p t o v l a s ~ splan to l a c r r o w tho nuobur ot Ws, but tho rtlpulatrd lacrease 11 slgalflconcly ahorc of the cwobrr roqulred to r w u r a r rrrooarbla prlmar) health cata system l a th, coua- t . YWa u l l l be tho base of tho prlmary hralth c r r a syrcao. lhrlr d u t l e r wlll lncludm dlaaaosla and troatrwat of cosaoa, almple casra; r r l r r t o l of those patlrata v l t h ptoblma t r q u l r l q c a n by mon tralaed o r bettor oqulpp~d uorken, and education of tbr cmmmlty La aucrlcloa, byglrar, dad p r n o n a l health care. Oac auch pr-9 cuorkrr can e f l r c c l w l y srrpra 1 . W t o 5,000 people dopodlag on the s l t u r t l o n urd ovollablllty of wrlrers. 11 Zlobabua - 1. The f o l l w l q data oa tho r o t l o of prlmry health workan to populacloa l a dlfferant couatrles u n obtalned from the tXICEFlW0 t n t e r r e g l o ~ l r - Study and PCorkshop: P r l u r y Health Care The Co-alty Health Workers. Botrwa~ Etulgaria 1:5W 1:SOo - - 1:lOOO 1:1100 Chlm Ethlopla Honduras . b r e f o o t doctor l:S(DO Wealth Aid 1:lOo 1:1200 -1:lWO 1:200 , Health Ceceral 1 : 2 W Health Represeotatlon 1:L000 - Indla 1:lOOO Iran Jaam lca 1: 2WO 1:ZOOO - 1:5W0 - - Pepua Sew Gulcea 1:500 - - 1:3W0 - Phl11pplaes Sudan 1:500 1:2000 - 1:3800 1:smo !' - - . f ha1 land Turkey L:3m - l:lOOO S Auxlllary S o n !4ldwlbe P : 2 m v l l l need nearly 2,000 health vorlrers even to reach the ra.10 of 1 vorkur to 3,000. Thls wans that the rruokr of W s has to k lacreased tea tlw, but the shortage o t tralners MY prove a c r l t l c a l problem la achlevlng that level (n tho short run, therefore, a crash program of tralalag vlth pmvlsloa f o r refreshet program l a t e r v l l l k neodd. Scandatds, Coverage, and Eupharlr of Servlcer. Ia Zlababvo, t o t a l governaunt expandlture oa health is not only cooparaclwly low, a l a r l o part of the oooey l e also s p a t on blab scaadard curatlve m i l c l a e Md houpltal a a l n c e ~ n c o ,mestly located La urbaa aroaa. ! b a t o t the Afrlcaa popubt Loa In the rural areas, a s ue nocod, r a m l a kyoad the roach of d o r a health care. Prevenclve p r o ~ r a o rhave k e a walrcced, r e s u l c l ~Lr. wldeapr+rd Lael- denca of many communlcable dlmeasom. Th. coverale of the prewac health care system la rural a r u a Lm llrlted. t t 1s proJ.cted chat a f t e r coascructlag about 2 0 0 d d l t l o ~ c l llalc ln the next tlva years, tha avarage area covered by a ptl-ry health care c l l n l c w l l l be 20 square kilometers. Mu, the average dlmtoace ls emre. Ia d l f f l t u l t terraln, t h l s dlstaace 1s such more than what tbe outpotiaats coa and w i l l travel to use tbe s e f ~ i c e s . As a result , only those who live fa physical p r o x i d t y t o the c l i n i c have access to services. Also, a wide cul- tural gap exists batweea tha aodera health care persoaaal and the cradiclon- Gund people in the TYL areas. This gap also lfn?ts the ucilirecioa of services. In the TTL areas, the traditional oedical practi tioaers sci 11 play the most s:$niEicant role for providing health care. The fnsensitfvfcy of &em health workers to craditioael beliefs have deterred m m y people In  Currently, too l i t t l e attentfoa I s gfvua t o a dfagaosf r o t problemr and fntcrventfons a t the commnfty level. Instead, servfces are mostly clfnfc-based aad a r o provided to thoso vho soak the sarvfcer. ?here f r ao r f g n l f f c a n t e f f o r t to lnvolvo tho c-afty so that c o m a l t y practlcor, b a l f e f s , and a t t i t u d e s touard health care a r e chanaed f o r tho bettor. There 1s nou a controvarsy about a l f h l y trado-ofi betwoon q r u l l t y and covsrago in tho Cuturo oxtonsfon of tho healch care program. Tho profes- sionals a r g w that tho rxponsloa of h a l t h car. to the Tn aroau should not cooproelso tho q u a l i t y o t t r a i n l a g chat radlcal persowdl roctfve. Ochers a r e eager to raduco tho o x f s t l n t dfsparlcy fa health w r v f c r u a d o r a w to extend p r l m r y health care to n w c o aroas u soon as possfbla u l t h a crash program of tralnfag village h a l t h srorhrs. Wwa the a r r r e a t d l r p u r f t y l a coverage and tho generally unrrspoaslvr nature o i the prrsrat s p t e a to the health nerds st the amjorfcy o t the populacfoa 1s coarfdered, tho controversy seeom unreal. The concern a b u t tho quallcy of servlces seems Irrelevant lt the health needs o t 95 percent o t the populatloa r e w l a largely umrt. Houever, deterolnlag a r e a l l s t l c pace a t vhlch the curreat Imalch care s.ystea u a be modified, adjusted, and oade more responsive to the health care needs of wst Zimbabweans is an important consideration. Uealth Sector Deoelopamnt i n the Hext f ioe Years I The highest p r i o r i t y for the health program is to repair the damaged health f a c i l i t i e s . The exact a u n t of d a q e is s t i l l king worked out. lioughly, the number of rural health f a c i l i t i e s damaged by the war t n r the f i v e categories are a s follows: - . I  xumbar Percentage 1. D l ~ t r l c chospltala 2 9 l 2. Rural hosplrals 11 20 3. ,U~slonbospltala 48 30 4. Rural c l l a l c a 148 60 blhlle the f i n a l amtioaram of raconsrrucrlon coat a r e not pat mado by tha govermant, row p r e l l a a a r y f l y r e s w r a avallrble. The LW recently a a t i - m t s d that the t o t a l coat of ropalrlng the m r a l f a c l l l t f e a fo about ZS18 m i l - lion. l /- WO# teotatlvoly e a r l M t o r that 1-dfrco repalrr o t .WH t a c i l i c f e a w i l l coat 23691,000. boaidor, 2$3,000,000 10 oarmarked l o r the repair of mlaslon hornpitala. Tba recotratmctloo M p t owdad t o repalr couacil c l i n i c r ( t o b. spaat by the Dlstrlcc Addnlstraclon) 1s Z$6,181,776. by the A t e n t r r l v e allocrclon of 31 .& mlllloa hOl h e n e a n ~ k e d treasury d u r l a the current I l u o l year l o r repair o t bcolrb t a c l l l t l e s . This oppaars hfgNy l ~ d e q u a c e .USAID 1s provldlag $2 mlllioa. Other l a c e m t i o o r l donors Including tk World 5aak should seriously c o w l d e r provldlag aid t o repair c k f a c l l l r l e s . tlornver, r fnr requlnoracs a r e lmportlat: Plrsc, P more satisfactory e s t h t e of the duaages mst ba waked out. Second, collaborating w i t h other l n t e m a t i o d agencies also l a t e r e s t e d l a belplog l a t h e racoastruction is oecessaq. Yblrd, the p e n o m e l situation appears t o be o bot tlaneck even to rehabllicrce the dayged a d c l o s e d - d m hospltols. This aspect aeeds to be carefully reviewed. Fourth, the rehabllicetlon program - must be iatewooea ;rich a d e v e l o p e n : ' J program. In gome cases, the d i s t i n c t i o a - 1 1. The GES h a s compllttt?&shc ZSL1.7 pi llfon lor reconstruction; a s h o r t f a l l of o v e r ZS6 e i l l i o o s t i l l e x i s t s , according t o the t'S estlmete.  - 109 - - becoaes unrealistic. Soaa of the closed-doun f a c l l l t l e s have h a a so ma dom t h a t rapsirlag them would prove uoecoawlcal. Plaaalag a a e w f a c l l l t y vould be more cost e t t e c r l v a . Thr hlghsst development p r l o r l t y s e e m to bo tho extearloa of tha r u r a l hralrh programs. The has caatacively proposed a tou coopoarats of rho oxtrnaloa of rha r u r a l health program durlng the noxt f i v a gears8 Corr 1. b n r r r u c t l o n of 200 aou r u r a l c l i a l c s 6,m,m 2. Improvuwncs of aid r u r a l hoapltalo aad eonstructloa oC nru r u r a l h o a p l t a l s 6,752,000 3. b n r t r u c t l o a o t 24 u a l t s f o r t r a i n l a g r i l l a g o hoalth uorkers (attached t o r u r a l hospitals) lS4,OOO 4. Strongrhoalng 00 prevmtlve orrvlcao 1,356,550 toea 1 Z$14,2bO,SSO fils trncaclve plan ls l l h l y t o be rrvlaed t o give even =re emphasis on meatlag health muds of the rural populatloa. A a d 1 task force is now w r k l n g l n the o f f l c e of thr Health Nlalster t o r e v h r tha plaa. Although t h e revlslon of the plan 1s yet to be c o q l e t e d , a p r e l l d a a r y report from the Health m i s t e r suggests the folloving revlslons aad addftions i n the plan during the next Elve years: . 52train1~Lngceaters,on ine e a c h d l s t r i c t , a r e t o b e b u l l t to t r a f n 1 vlllage kealth workers. The practlce of t r a i n i n g v i l l a g e health * workers a t the provincial headquarters w i l l ,k discontinued in the - & lutura and the workers w i l l be trained near gheir place of work; - . 318 new r u r a l c l i n i c s w i l l be b u i l t ; 4 ! - . 33 new r u r a l h o s p i t a l s w i l l be b u i l t ;  . l a c~ajuact10.1with the . U n f s t q of Works, a p r q r a a of c o ~ s t r u c t l n g a d protectlog borebola8 w i l l be lmplsbaoted to provlde safe drlaklog u a t e r fo: tho rural populatloo. Tho above ravlslonr a d additloor u l l l requlro a s u b s t a a t l a l uprard revisloa l a tha t o t a l cost, probbly troo ZSl4.3 all1100 to ZSkO.1 P i l l l o a . The outrlde ageaclrr I l k . tbs Uorld Baak s W d coarlder t l a o a r log part ot tha haalth rector drveloprsac l a tho aaxc t l v e p a r t . More loportantly, such agrl#ies can holp l o tho process ot a m l y r t q the m j o r l r r w s l a tha rector and d a v l s l u uayr t o cope with t h o ~ e ,k e e p t u l a vlw tha drclarad goalr and tuture dlreccioam of ttm ruetor.  - 111 - APPENDIX 111. mX4 C w m As0 BOCS1.W~ S l z e and Crouch o f Urbaa P o p l a t l o a 11 The c u r r e n t u r b u economic c l l l r a t o la Zlobnbve r e s u l t e d from t h e economlc pollclmr and p o l i t i c a l a c t i o a r o t f o m r g o v m r m t r o f Europsaas who raprmsenced l e r r than 5 pmrcent o f tho total population. Pha economy va8 aearmd t o k n e l l t tho Europraa populatloa. Ibr Europsaa f a r o s r r , c o a o t l t u t l ~ o n l y about 1 p e r c e n t o f tho t o t a l populatloo, o m 10 p u r c e a t o f tho nrral land, lncludlng tho moat agriculturally productiva bod of tho country. (The rest o f t h o a g r l c u l r u r a l l a d c o a a l r t a o f tribal T r u s t Land r r o a a (m),which were l a f t f b r tha A f r l c a a populatloo). Iavest-t f o r i a f r r r t r u c t u r r l dmvel- o p w n t and f o r l a d u s t r i e r has also t a k a a p l a c e la tho- areas t h a t were ear- m r k d f o r t h o Europaaas. Iha l o c a t i o n and growth o t urban cencmrs f o l l o u a d t h i s p a t t e r n of davelopwnt. *re thao 85 perceat o f tho P u r o p r r a p o p u l a t i o n , compared w l t h o n l y 20 percent of t h e A f r i c a n ~ p u l n t l o n , l i v e la c l t l e s . Although l e s s than 18 p e r c e a t of chn u r b a a p o p u l a t l o a a r e Europraar, t h e y occupy 70 porcmnt o f t h e u r h a land. Urbaa grouth in t h e past uas conrcralned by t h e eaforcc-t of o f f i c i a l p o l l c i e s r e g u l a t i n g cba o o v e o a ~ to f M r i u a mfgrants t o t h e c l t l e s . * qr. 1. R a c U , URB, helped me.ulch s o w background o a c e r l a l f o r c h l s eppead lx. 1. The f o c u s o f t h e a n a l y s i s i n c h i s p a r t is on urban housiog, but t h e problem can o u l y be e-ed I n t h e c o n t e x t o f u r b a growth and t h e urban economy. M e devote t h i s s e c t i o n and t h e n e x t t o t h e urban s e c t o r . However, o u r treatment 1s p a r t i a l and geared t o t h e houelog quescioa. Although we have p r l e m r i l y addressed t h e urban houslag problem, our a n a l p s l s b r i e f l y r e f e r s t o t h e o v e r a l l housing quescioo. '+ have a l s o s t r e s s e d t h a t housing d e r t e l o p e n c has t o be l i a k e d v i t h t h e o v e r a l l d e v e l o p w n t s t r a t e g y o f reducing lncooe d i s p a r i t y and laproving t h e l e v e l s of l i - t n g of t h e r u r a l poor. -.  - 112 - Several lawe u t r e e u c c e d to enforce chase coacrols, most ootably che Orban Areae A c c m d a t i o a aod Regiscracioa Act of 1931, which I h l C a d legal urbaa residencr co persoom wicb fo-1 a r p l u y w a t o d y ; cbe Vagrancy kt of 1960, which eaabled auc hori c i e s t o recura uaaaployed persons t o t h e i r t r i b a l a r r a s , and the h o d Tewrre Act of 1965, which prohibited the ouaerthip of l a d by Alricsnt 8 the European areas. Tke 380 rscfmace of c h , coral populacioa is 7.4 a l l l i o n , of u which 1.5 d l - o a l i v e i n urbon arras. Table 1 prowars cbo croad o t urban populatioa grouch. According t o cho ostfmatr, tho urban Atrlcaa population g r w ac about 4.7 p r r c r o t aanually k m a 1960 aod :91)0. Urbra arouth peaked h c w r n 1970 aod 1975 k f o n c& r u o l a t i o a of c h rar. t h e s v a r a l l urban arouth io Z t o b a b m I s s ~ o i f i c o a c l yl e s s than ocher lvsr dwrlopod couacrirs (LDCs), r v r a compared with other a e b h b o r i w Alrlcaa couacrirs. k r w r n 1960 aod 1980, th r a t r of a a t u r a l i o c r r a u of chr coca1 populacioa is about 3.4 perceac r p a r . b s r t n l a g that th ronr racr applies to t& urban A f r i c a p p u l a t i o a , chr u r h n population grouch l a 2l.b.k lrcm n u a l - u r b a a adgracioa l a j u s t w a r 1 percant a )mar--ow of c h lowst among the W. l a more LDC, n u a l - u r h o Plgratioa aloar leads t o A 2 t o 3 percent grouch-tbc urbma populatloa and t h e urbma populatloa grouch 1s about double tb a a t u r a l r a t e of populatfoa growth. C o ~ p a r eZlobabue'm figure of urban grouch be~wera1960 and 1980 uith Xeaya'm (5.1 percent during 1960- I 1970), Uganda'r (9.2 percent during 1960-1970), and Tsnranla's (8.6 percent during 1960-1970). - - The coapa&cluely slavtr u r b a grouch in Zlmhbue is explained by the policies of h e gouerrment and rhe grossly underestimated population * i n the c i t i e s a d c&s. ay 1977 i t was generally accepted by local auchorl- t i e s that the actual urban population was a t l e a s t 33 percent higher ( t a b l e 2 ) than the o f f l c f a ? esciieaces reflected In table 1, h i c h excluded refugees  - 113 - Table 1; Orbaa Population 1960-80 African f o l total European 2 o l total Total f o t Total M r ican European Pop* 1960 485,000 13. 4 Ute 600 80.2 667,400 17- 4 1965 ~ ( ~ ~ 0 0 u. 0 7 19r,ooo 78.8 777,000 17. 2 1970 750,000 14.9 215,000 82.7 965,000 18.2 1975 983,000 16. 4 253,000 81.6 1,236,000 19. 7 1980 1,209,000 17. 0 235,000 82. 3 1,~60,000 19. S Averago h a u a l Rat. o l Crouch o l Crban Populocloa Africaa European total 1960 1965 3.75 1-24 3.09 1970 1. I7 2.08 4.43 1975 S*56 3.31 5.07 1980 4.23 -1.47 3.16 1960-70 4.46 1.66 3. 76 1970-80 4.89 -89 C 11 1960-80 4-67 1. 27 3.93 - Source: Estimate fro^ Suppl-eats to tha k a t h l y Digest of S t a t l s t f c s , C. S.O. Mte: &sthates do not include r e f w e e s f t c a rural areas due t o war. I  Table 2: Populatloos l a P I s i g ~ t a dMricun TmmmWps o f Suva3 .3unici?allcder (1911) bciaatud 2 irtcrraw in Of f l c l a l "acrwl" 2 uxcrrr over vsrer consmprion ,%nlci pal lrp Popularloa ppulacloa popular lon 1916-77 Sal labur) Bulavsp Cw l o bra11 Qua *a ca tooss Forc Vlcrorla Total - 1/ Includes d a a s c l c m p l o p e s . Sourcat finlclpollcla~~  Early u r b o setclammtr l u timbabua tandud co l o l l w the magcrr wacarrheds of tho c o a t r y . Pbir reuulted la cb& a m r ~ o a c eof w o maln a x r r of urban drvelopemt--oae Lo a wrrb-south d i r e c c l o a batwmn Buhuayo aad Salisbury, the other i a an r u t r e a t d i r e c t f o a t r c o S a l l r b u t y t o Uauli close c3 t h e Wza9bique border. fitbough n e w centera have e ~ e r g e do u t ~ i d o chase axes, wsc of the i a t ~ t LO ~ tcraaspor~ati~ r a i l am4 r o d ) a d (n other f n f r a s t r u c c u n h s favored t h i s srttlewat p a t t c t a . Concurtrat v t t h the growth of these urbra a r e a s , adjacent i q r i c u l c u r e l b e d a were dolineaced f o r the Europeaa e o l o a i s t s ' use. Tbia proceas e o a t I n w d u n t i l recently; t h e Europeans worked cbe most producttwo a g r f c u l t u r a l h o d s , with = r e favorable access o f i r r i g r c i o a , transportation, rad o t h e r f n f r a s c r u c t u r r . Mricao ownarmhlp o f a g r i c u l r u r a l load u u s e r i o u s l y r e s t r i c t e d L/, r e s u l t l n & In overcrowdiag o f major s e c t i o n s of the r u r a l a r e a s and In t h e d1s~oc.ationof l a r g e rrsmdters of the t r i h l African pclpulation. Today ator& chnn populactoos uader lO,CCO, urban a r e a s e x i s t . - Youever. 30 of these have h f c h tagether represent l e s s then 10 pcrc !nt of 1. Mctcon m e r s h f p was rescricced l o 50 percent of the t o t a l c g r i c u l t u c a ~ laad, a s noted e a r l l e e . OYoetshlp -as e l c h e r I n the for= of r l b h t e of occupeclon and use under cozuzunal m m e r s h l p 1a :he 'hrtbal Trust b n d s ('Fhts), or freehold L n Af;lcan Purchase b n d areas. %ls l a t t e r c a t e - gorp encoapasred about 1.5 percent of the toea1 land I n the country. t h e t o t a l urba- popvlatloo. C o o s e q w o t l ~ , tho a a a l y s l s has m l o l y docusad on 14 urban c e o t a r r . Of thu 14, 10 a r e r l t u a t e d oo the two primacy u e s , aloog tho railway lllmar that w r e b u i l t a t tho t u r n of t h e century. Tho f l r r c L i n e ll&d Salisbury t o )(omablque a d connected t h e c l t l a m of Xareodellar aad Umtarl. The recoad 1100 lloked S a l l s b u r y t o 5otsuaaa a d corraoctod t h r c l t l o r of Llartloy, Catooma, Quo Que, R o d c l l f f , G w l o , and Bulnrago. Otbor s u o o d a r y liar8 linkad t b r c h a m largome ciriom t o t h r r l n l n g a r e a r t f r c s Sallebury t o Blndura a d Sloola; f r o a -10 t o Fort *crlctorra and Shabtnl; tram buluuayo t o 'YorJIl8. For mtrateglc rearoor, t h e r a l l v a y l l m warn extended l a 1914 Iroa Sbabaal ca Souch A t r l c a , throu84 Boltbrldgo. Tabla 3 shouo cba & w e b o t th -I., 14 urban c e n t e r s Lo Zlohabue. & r e than 70 p o r t e a t of th u r b o popularloa 1!=m l o two ciclea--Salisbury rod B u l m y o . S l o e r no o r h r c e a t r r h r more r h o 5 parceor of t h r u r b o popularloa, Salisbury, with 4s pgrceat, l a c l e a r l y chr prlrsrry c i t y . The d l r t r l b u t l o o ktmm rha cltlrs h r s sbow l i t l c l r v a r l a t l o o d u r l w the l a s t docode. Mowwe:, , % t c a l noiaervocloor coo be mudo f r a t t a b l e 3. For the 1970-73 period, a11 the m:r t o m s except Shabaal, with an r n o d gruurh r a t e o t -1.2 p o r r r o t , had f a i r l y hlgh g r m t h r a t e r . 7'hr avorrgu urban $ r a r t b r a t e ras 5.57 perceor a year. C f t l e s l i k e Fort V i c t o r i a , Catooaba, ? t a r d e l l a s , Wadcllff, a d S i a o i a vary widely b e c a u ~they a r e f a i r l y -11. I Large c i t i e s , l i k e S a l i s b u q , g r w a t a a average anaual r a t e of g r w t h of 3.93 percent, drawl- - d y r a n t s from throughout c k to u n c r y - p a r - t l c u l a r ~ pfrclm Xashaao&nd. Xaafcaland, a d the U d l a o d s . ilularoayo eaJuyed a - lease^ r a t e of grolutb * <If Q.h9 percent annually, .Phfch fa l a r g e p e r t r e f l e c t s u i g r e t f o a Bran & ? t a b l e i a n d .  Table 3: Population f i t i m t e s 11 of Crbak. Centers and t h e i r Crovtb Census C. B. C.I. June 1969 1970 1973 1980 %atlo Aq.C.R. National Average - . - 1 .39 3.38 Hain Towns B lndura 21 Bulavayo Port VIctoris Catooma Cue l o Hartley 21 Marandel l a a Qua Qua Redcli C l Sal iabury Shaban i Siaoia Umta l i Ilaak i Other smal l o r c e a t e r r - 70,000 7.49 100,000 7.b9 144,000 2.06 7.49 total I , O ~ S , O O O 3-69 1 , r 1 8 , w 0 2.30 1,684,000 1-49 6 . oe - Source: C.S.O., and estimates from C.S.0. - 11 Estimates a f t e r 1978 a t e not very r e l i a b l e because of amss moveznents of people due t o war. Refugees a r e a o t lacudtd. h s u m p t f a ~ s : 1- C i t i e s with no chaw. of populatioa l a the l o s t t h r e e pears wfll have the sane popujetloa i n 19@0. , 2- Bulauayc, Cuelo, Redcllff, Salisbury, Slnoia, Umtali, a r e allowed t o have the same r a c s of gravt'l from tbe pre;-ious year. 3- - - Other smaller c e n t e r s are: Seluinn. Y~ngule. 7 u s T e . Karol, Triangle. Kariba, Benket. Victoria F a l l s . Sorton, Chiredzi, Amandas-con, Delt. Chirrinnga. Caranda, Tluatree, 3eftSrf dge, EnLeldlBm. w * - Z/ Vain t o m o n l y a f t e r 197a. m  For the 1975-80 perfod, u a r reduced urbam populatfoo grov:h. While the grouch race of the populatioo of Zfmbabapa averaged 3.5 a n s u l l y , only four = f a t m a hsd hfgher populatfoo grouch r a t e s accordfag t o the o f f l c l a l figures--Fort Vfccoria, Osdcllff, Sfoofa, a d Shabaai. Of the nn, l a r g e s t urban areas, Salisbury's population waa f o c r e a r f ~oaly a t 1.73 p e r cant a year, and b;rl.vayo's a t 2.34 prrceot a year. Accordlog to t h s e o f f f c i a l figures, tho rwaaiafaq 10 rraJor t o m a a r e 1 o r l w populatloo, uhlcb Lo wc actually tho care. me actual populatloos, f acludlng thorr 'wr-1 strrod' Afrlcaao ara houu 5 y many t o ba from 50 t o ~urnfcfpalltfo8 UK) prrcroc higher rbao tha o f l l t f a l t a r o t r . hrl- cha u v r o c l a r , v h l l a rbo notfoaal a v a r q o m o u l populacloo g r w h rote uea 3.38 parcrac, four touaa )rod lower rotor: bulwayo, Qua Qur, Shobof, a d l h t d ! . Sallrbury m a l o c r a a s f ~oc A rota of 3.82 perceac, uhlci. I s a l l g h t l y above r b mt t o m 1 areraga. Mac d a r o r f o o i a n r t l l - r u h aod t o Sallabury f r m a l l owar t h c o u n t m s p . c l d l y f r m H a s h ~ l a O d ,Sb.ofcalurd, a d Hidlands. )d.trbelrlaad o f g r a a t s go m f a l y t o Oulwayo; a11 o c h r m j o r t o m a drmr (roo a u r m a d l a g urroa. The wide variatiorim of u r b a populations anoug the a l l e r c i ties--such a s Port Vlctorlr, Redcliff, aod Slaola--c3ccur because chap were merely considered as stopovers before d g r m t f w u l d m v e to larger cit.Les by lo* distance bus o r by t r a l a . Mdlgraats tended to move t o the periphery of a c i t y h e r e they w i l l be l e s s v l s i b l e to the authoritfeo and therefore u f l l be l e s s sub fected t o cootrols ood evlctloa. Table 3 a l s o  - 119 - shwa thac the averaga g r w t b r a t e o f s m l l e r coma i s more than m i c e the average grouch r a t e o f the 14 -10 center, duriag the perlod 1970-80. This l o p l i e a t h a t proportioaately oore people ace g o i w t o the smaller toma, because there are perhapa l e s s r e a t r i c t i o a r i n tbe movsssot t o smaller t o w s o r the mailer coma are w e d am f i r s t stop LO a m l t i a t q e mfgration. 10 the future, more o f the smaller t o m d w l l e r r may r o w t o main urbao c o n t t ~ r r . Tho Urban Economy Table 4, recordm tlu o r j o r types o f e c o w c a c t i v i t l e a o f the ecoaaoy that bave r t r o w coaaeccioor uftb urban areaa. m e table c l a r r l y rhous thac t o t a l ooploy#ot i n tb oactom uith urban l i d m h a beeo d e c l i a l a g alace 1975. k t w e o 1975 a d 1979, t& m u 1 amplopent has f a l l e n by nearly 30,800. Of th c l e a r l y d e c l i a l w sectors, coastruccioa, m a r f a c t u r i a g , reataurorrtr, a d hotelm f m r e p r o m i ~ n t l y . Comraornr r e l a t e d a e w l c e r a d r u t o r ~ l e c r r l c l t y ,uater, transport, h a l t h , and education d i d not d e c l i n e w h . P u b l i c d m f a i s t r a r i o n even increased by 51 p r c e n t durlag t h a t period. hrrlcrg the peak perlod o f eco&c a c c l v l c l e r (1969-71) rn everage 22,000 J o b -re created l a n u a l l y . Since thea, the amber o f ncu jobs declfr~cd, aggravating the employwet s i t u a t i o n i n the urban areas. The Departmeat of .Xanpowr and S o c l a l A f f a i r s o I t i c i a l l y estfmates t h a t there are 60,060 urbeo uac9sployed, h a l t o t ' t h i n Salisbury alone.  - 121 - Tabla 4 also shows chat, although the t o t a l u r b employment, a s recorded, has bean dccllnlng, the average earnlogm per u o r b r has baaa steadlly lncraaalag. Ia t l v e years, k t w a 1915-79, the average wralngs p r worker lncraarod by 50 perctrnt. Ia real tarnu c b lawreara war H) percent. me Increase l a real vagas may partly axpkrla the dscrcase Ln u r h - l o p a t . Tabla 5 show tho erovth o t employ#at and gopuletloa l a tho major urban centers. Tablr 5 clearly rho- that In a l l tho 16 =jar t o m populatloa growth was substaatlally laator thaa rho eaploy#at, laplyltq generally the eoplopeat a l t w t l o n 1s u o r s a a l a ~l a thrsa u r h rrraa. L/ T h r a a r r cloar dlfferencer botwea tho two prrlods, 1969-74 sad 1974-71, l a rhe cable. Durlu 1969-74, both populatloa d m l o y w o t a n u r l p l f l c r a t l y , olthouah rhr l a t t e r ~eO I Qslower 1s always onr to two p e r ~ o a t a ~ C ~ la uroah. Durlag 1976-78, popu- t laclaa growth slowad dom coarlderably ood o a p l o ~ arovth rcogarced. h v r l s aad Dlstrlbutloa of Iacomm. Ia 1978, 7 percent of thr popu- latlon aarnad -re dun 32,000 a ycor, 93 percent lees than 52,000 a year, 60 parcaat l e s s thaa 91,000 y u r . Oaly 28 percent of a11 uage u m e r n earn s a l a r l e s abovr tho poverty datum 1 1 ~ 0(POL). 'Pha 1979 supplement to the tfnlverslty of ZlPb.bue u r h poverty datum line study (table 6 ) suggested that the PDL for an average family of 6 i n Salisbury l a 1978 was $1,3643 r year, or $113.45 a aoath. Ia that year 85 d percent of chow ea~plo9cd fn Salisbury d e less than t h l s ?DL. 1. The problem of unenployuwnt I s aot peculiar to urban-areas. The eritizmte of additional jobs needed for the whole country to 4 isinate the backlog f and to caploy a l l the oawcooers to labor jorlcat ere 0-70,000 per year, ,mquiring s o w $600 H to do this. The CDP m s t growat 10-12 percent per pear which f s mch hfghcr then actually expressed In'tiobabue. Kn 1978, one chfrd of Fa study by the University of Zlrrbbwe suggested t h a t ~ e a r l y the adult a l e popllatfon was uneuployed. Presently, t h i s figure must be Mgher.  - 124 - This s t u d y gave also a weighted average e r p c o d i t u r e of S12.35 f o r housing, which r e p r e s e n t s o n l y 11 p e r c e n t of the t o t a l e x p o d i t u r e . Actual r e n t e r s paid a amch h i g h e r proportion of t h e i r lncoaes f o r a c c o d a t i o a s . Urban S e r v i c e s I n t h e p a s t , iavrstmoat l a urbaa i a f r a s t r u c t u r e , f a c i l i t i e s , aad a m e n i t i e s was made t o s a t i s f y t h e aeeds aad a s p i r a t i o a s o f t h e Europeaa cow= malty. Averagiqy l e s s thaa 20 p a r c e a t o f t h e urban p o p u l a t i o a , t h e y occupiud most o f t h e land i n :he c i t y . 'The c o m e r c l a l facilities were d e ~ l g n e Q and wore aanagrd f o r tho1 r convenlancr . The i a f r a s t r u c t u r e and a m l c i e 8 , ~ a a e r a l l y of h i g h standard and w a l l laalatdined, w r e r r s e n e d e x c l u ~ l v e l yf o r t h e i r u ~ e . fh. t r a n r p o r t a t l o n system w a r basod on t h e most c o a w a l ~ a tl i a k o g e r b a t u r e a t h e Europoan minor 1ty's r r s l d r a t l a 1 a r r a s and t h r l r shopplng/comnrrclal f a c l l- i t i a s , work p l a c e s , co-nity f a c l l i c i e r , and a # n i t i r s . For t h e Europooa c o a m n l t y i n tho urbaa a r r a s , t h o s r r v i c e s urre-- and remafa-of high q u a l i t y . educacloonl f a c i l l t l e s t o t h e c o l l e g e l e v e l r a t e designed a f t e r tha 8 r i e l s h a y t t c a sad mtched S t i r i s h cducatlonal standards. 8 a r l t h f a c l l l t i r s a v n l l a b l e t o t h e Europoaa popular l o a ware a l s o of high s t a n d a r d s . The Andrew F l e o i c g h o s p i t a l i a S a l i s b u r y f e a t u r e s modern equipaent and is s t a f f e d by t r a i n e d s p e c i a l i 3 c s i n a l l medical fields. The h o s p i t a l and its t r a i a i n g wing hc; k e n regarded a s a b e t t e r than-the-average L n s t l r u t i o n i n t h e developed ;aorld. A l l houses of t h e European minority i n t h e urban a r e a s v e r e of high q u a l i t y with piped v a t e r and water-based seuerage. - The-averase room p r occupant f a r exceeded c h a t z o f t h e African pcpulation. - - In c o n t r a s t t o :he ~ + o ~ e a a population, African c i t y d u e l l e r s had r e s t r i c t e d a c c e s s t o & s i c s e r v i c e s . Ini:la117, only s i n g l e African workers and domestic s e m a n t s v e r e a l l o s e d t o 1it.e i n t h e c i t i e s - i n doc3itories. L a t e r , :ownships f o r t h e ,\lrfcan urban ? o p u l ~ r i o nu e r e  - 12s - allowed, often a t a considerable physical distance f r o a the c i t i e s ' d o ~ t o u a residential areas where substantial n&rs of Europeans lived. lbase tomships were essentially intended t o serve as self-suf f i c i e n t domitory c i t i e s lor employed Africans. 'Ihosa l a search of wort wars controlled by housed the e n t i r e s t r i c t l y enforcing the 1951 l e ~ i s l a t i o n - Ihe t o ~ s h i p s urban African population, othor thaa live-in d o w s t i c sorvaat8. Virtually a l l the housing i n the tovarhips va8 constructad by tho public 8ector; a small percentage uas b u i l t by private industry l o r i t 8 omployuoa. A t i t r peak, publlc rector howin8 coartructioa t o r the h l r l c a a population war about 12,000 u n i t s a year, lrss thaa half o t tho nau urban jobs taken by htrican vorkers every mar. Public r e c t o r housitq autboritioa exparimanted u i t h d i f f e r e n t typos o t hourlag and olnlaizad m i t costs. at- t a i n basic staadards such a s tunalag water rod uuter-based sewerage uere s t r i c t l y rylntaiaed i n almost a11 cases. How ing Hour in8 Conditions Since m recent survey focusing oa housiag conditions e x i s t s , the 1963 census figures a u t be used. A t that tine, 59 percent of the unfurnished apartments occupied by Europeans hed =re than two rooas each. The African population occupied 873,200Lprivate u n i t s in the provinces, d i s t r i c t s , and ' main urban centers, of which 91 percent were without e l e c t r i c i t y and 54 percent aainly t r a d i t i o n a l huts. Altogether, these African dv&lings have J - 1 2.4 millto? rooms. * b e Tribal Trust Land areas (Y?L) have 61.0,000 d u e l l e g s o r 90 percent of the t o t a l rural dwellings, wlth L.3 a i l l i o n coons to be shared by 2 . 3 a i l l i o n Africans. Although 37 percent cf these T i t dwellings have  - It6 - =re thaa f i v e pars008 l a a ualc, o n l y 53.5 parceoc br.8 mom tbaa cuo r w s each, glvlog ao average of s l x p8rwn.m t o a d u e l l i n g aod cue persoas t o a rooa. In v l w o f the d i s r u p t l o a l o the c o w t r y s l d e crvced by tho u a r , t h e blared p o l l c l e a of past goverowata touard Europaaam and/or urban a r e a s , tho axodua of gurow.oa l m v l q j k b i a d t h l r r e a l p r o p e r t l o r , aad tha high grouch race of t h e African populatloo, tw c o o c l u a b a r caa bo d r a m abouc t h e Zlobabwean h o u r l q a l m a t l o a l a 19801 (1) Tha hourla8 l o r European8 ir l o p r o v i ~graacly bocausa chora uho rmaloed a r a practically tho only oooa uho ha8 accera t o tho I l ~ h c l a u l rkac. (2) Rourlag l o r t b AICICOZ) populaclort--orpoclolly l a cha TTL--lm d a c e r l o r o c l q oad o w r c r o w d l ~1 s expected t o g e t w o r n . The g r u l l t y of t b e o v l m m o a t 1 s f o r from s o c l s f o c t o r y uhm ocher s r r v l c e r r u t h as h e a l t b , c o m m o l v d w r l o p e o t , m l f a r e , cducotlon, s a a l t o c l o o and vacar supply, aod road Lofrascructure a r e coorldered. Attempt8 a c "aqurttlag' o uichouc m v a u o t urbro h o d by f o ~ i l l e a o t h e r h o u a i q a l t e r o a t l w e s w r a pravaaced by the l o c a l a u t h o r l t l o s . Cease- g u e a t l y , t b oaly source of aupply a m t h u l a t l n g a ~ o c kl o the t o m r h l p a . By 1977, a h c 1,071.00 people uere l l v l a g l o L30,000 Lou-lacoma ualca- approximately 65 parceat more t h n t b e t m i t a w r e deslgned for. Yitb t k a u i r r g of i n f l u x r a s t r l c c l o l u l a 1977, s q u a t t e r u c c l e m e a t a ooca agaln appeared and w a i a =st w r e clearad. Sonathele#a, by 1978 Red Cross I n t e m a c l o n a l e s t i 3 . t c d t b t some 50,000 s q u a t t e r s L/ (including w a r refugees) -re s c a t t e r e d around tht urban areas. In Qerbyshlre oa t h e - outstrfrts of Salisbury, the s q u a t t e r s e r e relocated t o a 'traraslt' area . j u s t outside t h e SSolsbury municipal bouobry t h a t a b u t s Sekl Sew T o m , an 1 of XLCH s t a t e d i n its October 1980 The Housing Development S e r ~ i c e s study -Urban Developuect i a Zlahbue' that c*re a r e 35,800 s q u a t t e r s for a l l urban a r e a s in 1950.  - 127 0 A f t .can tovnshlp belng developad by che XlnisCry of Local Coveramat and Rousing. Because they uern established a s a ce-rary s o l u t l o n , standards in :he craaslc a r e a s were much lover Chaa previous public s h e l t e r program lncludlng smallor plocr and c o m a a l vacor and sowerag@ services. Although lnctndod a s a ccsporary soluclon, c h a r t 1s l l c t l e ladlcaclon chat t r a n s l c howlng w l l l be replaced. tlouever, sscure cenuro ha8 nor h e n provldsd. TM slcuacloa today 10 s l m l l a r t o m y ochor East h l r l c a a countrloa ac ch3 c1m o l lndepndaace. Zambia, .%lavl, Kenya, and Tantanla a l l had concrolr over populatloa w v e ~ aad c urbaa s o t c l e m m t , vlch no s q u a t t e r s In che urban a r e r r a t lndepeadeace. by t h e o l d - w v m t l o r a l l che couarrleo had urban aroar l a vhlch 30 co 60 percent of ;he populatloa lived l a aquarcrr seccleorncs. Table 7 rho- c h c u of 1978 only a Iev r r s l d r a t s ovaad r h r l r housrs. .%re than 80 c-rcenc of che hourlag developed WAS laased o r n a c e d by rho publlc s e c t o r co the occupaats. Thla p l l c y 1 s aou chpnglag r a p i d l y , most of these u n l o a r e k l c y s o l d co che occupaars. Housing Seeds Some proJecc10as of rbe ~ r o v t hof u r b m populac?on a r o approprlaco here co asclanate roughly the a m b e r of h o u ~ l n gm l t s aaaded t o cope vich t h e inevlcable $rourh. I n the p a s t , t h e urbaa popukclon grew by 7 percent before cbe var broke out; even t h i s is on cha lw s i d e . rJa assume a 10 percanc growth i n t h e urban populoclon f p r the pariod 1980-1985, and 7 percanc (approxlmacely twice the aacural populaclon grouch race) f o r she p r i m L986- 1990- These races a r e probably on the consetoatlve s i d e f o r the follouing reasons: - 1. Large nuabers of urbaa algrancs (both 'legal' and "ElPegal')@ve . v l c h cheo to t h e c l c l e s . not yet brought t h e i r f a ~ l l l e s n l s Ls r e f l e c t e d in the low r a t i o of carban population t o urbaa e q l o . i a e a c ( t a b l e 5 ) . MI - anal - bo - ttC - w9 - -*t - me odll m*I I &an* OC BPI ( I t *Z 161*1 UOO*; OtP m1*t met - lm W0.c WI*l 00" 011 ma'* *re? tun *s on*I me* It?*( ws * t 00C*I tt9** cw'b uOO*V Omat 64*t1 Im** QI)o*OI WO*P 000*9? t61etC tJW*UI m*01 tew**t I%**  - 129 - 2. k c e p t i o a a l l y h i g h growth r a c e s o f mora rhao 6.7 p e r c e n t occurred over t h e l a s t decade, i f " a c t u a l " population e s t l m a c e s a r e used. 3. Overcrowding of r u r a l land r e s u l t l a g droa p a s t l a a d s s r t l a r p s a t practicer and d l s l o c a r l o a s d u r l a s t h e u a r y a a r r rlll e x s r t p r e s s u r e , a t l e a s t l n t h e s h o r t t a m , on r u r a l r s s i ~ s a t r . The $ o v ~ r m u a t: b a s a Y ~ ~ O ~ O U S p o l i c y o f r u r a l d e v e l o p e w t and r a r s t t l s b e n t , krc t h i s w i l l r a k t i s o . 4. 'Ihe govrrnoonc ham r r c e a t l y dscldod to d m a b l l ; t o a d a a t t l a soma of rho a d groupe n e a r u r h a a r e a s . 5. 'Ihe gap k c w r a u r b a MC r u r a l i a c e m e ~a d t h e purcoLv..C o p p o r c u n l c l r r and a t t r a c t l o a s o f c b urboa a v a a r w i l l aocoura&e o l g ~ a t l o a . 6. 'Iha r t c r a t s h i f t l n mphaslm f r o a r e n t a l to home-ourwrohip 1n p ~ b l l cs e c t o r hourlag duvcloposat Md rha e a c u r l cy o f ceaure nau a v a l l o b l a i n urban a r e a s v l l l road t o a t t r a c t f r a l l l e s o f thoso a l r e a d y r e o i d ~ a cLn the c l t l e s , a s well a s MU mi~rants. 7. The h i g h r a c e of n a t u r a l populntlon a r o v t h (3.5 p e r c e n t ) w l l l axacerbace che p r e s s u r a s la tho mrdl aream. 8. The 1980 buse p e a r papulacloa also rlll fncluda the r a f u g t e r i n urban a r e a s . The W n i s t r y of Biaaace a n t i c i p a t e s aa m a u l l a c r t a s a of 11.5 percent a t l e a s ~ - 11 chroulgh 1983-a r a t e s i a f l e r co c h a t which occyrred b r i e f l y i n Botswana a d Yalaui. P h i s a n a l y s i s uses 10 p e r c e n t sustained h i g h e r than rbose i n grouch r a c e f o r t h e nest f i v e g e a r s , which is s l l g h ~ l y 9 Uganda, Kcoya. end t e s o t h o . * D e i - u s e c h i s r a t e becarfse our base g e n t e s t i m a t e - a l r e a d y i n c l u d e s cke unreported cases. .Lcter t h e - wt f i v e y e a r s . s'e assume 1. - P r o w s s l s f o r a Fitre-Year Progrn= of Development La :he ? u b l l c S e c t o r , - Annex: Vrban Develop=rcot in the Uzi:. CenLers. 1979. a i percmt a w l g r w t h of urban populatloo, Prbfcb 18 Qcub'e the natural growth r a t e of 3.5 purcunt, do axparlraca s h a r d b a n y LWs t o AdrIclr and Table 8 proJectr tho populatIoa of tho 14 urban cvntura. Yhe table shour that th u b a populatfoo m ? l L dcruble l a cbe next 8 y o a n . A cf thln g r w t h I# La d a t e r s l a l n ~ d l l f I c u l t y l a errlmatiof tbe o r ~ o l i r d e what the 1980 base populatloa r h w l d b - t h r 1.5 r l l l l m en o f ? I t I a l l y pro- Juctad or tk r o u ~ h l y2 QIlLIaa &Ich 11 h l l w o d t o be tho coral urbra popdatIoa crow. In thln reporr w e s t I m t e tho currunt urbrn p p u l a t l o a the m r a l arras, w do oot expect aay r d u c t k a La t h r amber bocaure tho ro:bra w l l l be 3~tck-d br aa Iallux o l r a l w r r r Into urbra drear. Gf rh chlr r r c i p l t e Z I o h h cerr oatIclpate ea r*rra@e m a u l ILII ~ ~ C I . ~ O Q M~ . ~ ' b O l l O~~~L ofI U C~ 238,wd 10 tbn ~ L I S L 5 7QdCS of t d e p d a ~ ~ . This trmsltres Into bctwmrn 13,100 4 Sl,7a0 ruv l . r ~ l 1 1 udurlaa t h i s t h e . Altar L983, d e r p l t e the IalLiq $ t o w n rate Lo absolute t e m r , the p o ~ l a c I o a slL1 Ineraare by a b u t 274,LCO pop18 each par--brtdcren 4 5 , 7 0 0 and $1,900 f s ta ttta o a t 10 y r u s , chra, th. u r b a populatloa w i l l have la- c r e a s e d by 126 p e r c e n t a d vi 11 Loclude a p p r o ~ f m t a l y45 p e r c e n t oh t h e c o t s 1 p o p u l a t i o n (a the cmntry. H3using S:rpply IL Growzh ia c k o u t p u t oh l a r r l o c m o , kouslmg has sh%a a steady increase o v e r t h e East decade, r e a c h i n g annual proci;;ctbon l e v e l s of . b e c ~ e n1 1 , W C rnd 12,QGQmmlts l a t h e l a s t 3 t o 3 years, a s shorn La cable 9.  - L32 - Table 9: W k r o f Iev hanr Core lousar Total Ot chr total #to& or Lou i o c a e bournicy Wit by 1978 ia Zfohbw, aore rbao 962 had bean produead by local ru:boritir#. Thr r u f o d r r war tid to boualcy, contribatd by tk crocral a o r r m n t , a0 wall ar by chr privrtr sector ( p r i u r i l t Lor q l 0 7 . u ) . Sourcot SUPtrtry o f Local Corermaat rod Ilotuing.  - 133 - Ibe taomous gap batuaao the pre-ldepeadeoce supply of urban housing and the growth l a dearnd, desplta Larflu1 coatrols, 1s evldent froa the backlog of a b u t U.000 'quallfled' appllcaats oa the houslng waltlag l l s t l o r a l l mnlclpalltles. 'RIQ projected a c c u l e r a ~ e dgrowth r a t e s lor the next 3 ro 5 years lndlcote even greater pressures tor lacreores la supply. The Plnance ~lnlatry~ s report JI/ ~oa~lude that s t b e o large r b o r t l a l l s ore not tha n s u l t of l l o l t a t l o n s la lmplcmnratloa capacity, particularly u l t h refetenca to the consrrucrlon laduscry. Tho c e a t r a l mratlrtlcal o l f l c a orates that the t o r e l amunt o t c l v l l enalneerlag rod coortrucctoa work done by both tbe prlvata and prbllc rectors f e l l l r o a a peak l a L97S o l $227.0 mlllloa to t168.0 mllllon la 1977-a f a l l of 26.0 Wrceat. Thus, them 1.s slack l a the ladurtry that could be taken up by the corutructfoa of a d d l t l o t u l lov-cost houslng. Pnther, the report concludes that lack of f l w c i a g for Lou-facotno hourlng 1s prlmarlly responsible f o r the growlag gap becwea hourla8 supply ead need. f i r f a g the l o s t 6 t o S years prlvate developers have become favolvd fn provldlng b u r l a g l a the Z 50,000 to Z 55,000 ranee or more. This Is mld- dl@-lncoae rather chon Lou-lac- hourlnp. Moanwar, the e f f o r t reprosants a poteatlal resource t h t , If p r o p r l y =bfllzed aad fategrated laco oa overall houslng program, could release addfciorul public resources for lower cost housing. I - - - ! 11 - T r b n ikoelo-c lo the Y a l n Centers,- 1979. 0 - . 8 e ! -  Issues in Housfng D e v e l o p t Lava1 of Expeadfture Although a 20 percent to 30 perceat share of t o t a l lixud capltal lormotlon lor hourlng 18 appropriate la a rapldly grovlng cowtry ulth a vigorous hourfag policy, Zfmbabue h a cuvar excsaded 16 percent (table LO) and, more racantly, i t allocated a l i t t l e w a r 11 percent. O f t h l r , ler8 than 30 percant wan lolrrlncoma hourlng (3.2 porceot o t tho t o t a l grors llxod capltal foroatlon). Since the areatest d o w d for hourlo8 occurr i n t h r losrlncom sector and k c a w e howlng r e q u l r a ~ t rfor the hlgh-and-mlddla lncoaa sactorr ara gooarally a r c , tho mJor s h o r t f a l l s la grors f l x d capltal fonuatlon already f a l l lo tba loprfncoma rector. Proa the rxpendftures s apparent that hourfag accounts tor a stsndfly lndlcated la table 11, i t l locrraslog proportion o t the ovar raw at's total u p l t a l budget. If the m u a t from i t s preseoc low lavrl, t h i r tl$ure would obvlowly exceed the u p r c f t f e r o t local authorltler. Soma f o m of tfaancfal support i s noadd troo a l t e r - native sources. Taw table fndicates also the u t r a t to whlch public axpadf- tures for 1-ost boasing a r e a proporclon of f i xed caplcal tomation a t the central and local goveropwrrul levels. Housing development la the n u economic order of Zlmbabue should ba linked with cke overall deoelopent strategy. The general strategy msc f i r s t address the p r o b l e ~of facozae disparity, parclcularly t h e facome of  Table 10: Gross Fixed b; cal Por~ ~ acioa (C.F.C.F.) 1968-1977 (lo z 5 ~ i l l i o o ) Total Burl- Rusfd. am Low Iacwm L/I Housiry L/Hsusfnl Year C.F.C.F. doatlal a f of Houo 1nl 4a 4 11 of a@a X CtW Cr CF Ssrfdsatfal - Source: ,Saclono1 Accauocm of Zlabhua-Rhodaslo, 1977.  the Afrlcans l i v l n g on TTLs. In thac strategy, houslng devalopotac caaaot be solely confined t o urban areas. The Integrated Plan for Rural Dlveloppsat-IPRD (July 1978) and the proposals for a Five-Year Programe of Development La the Public Sector-PDPS (January 1979) dlrcurs the wed for more meal d e v e l o ~ a t . I a c l u d d 18 a program for coordinating rural development s t r a t e g l r r with the creation of about 25 urban centers in the m.This v l l l aerve to lntrodbce urban rervlcas and lnlrastructure lato theso lagalag regloas and latroduce o t k r altecnatlvas to poteatlo1 migroats to the c l t l r s . However, In tho nrxt 5 to 10 years, proportionately l i t t l e w v e w a t to the urban oreas w i l l k dlvertad to the proposed new urban craters. Both the IPRD &ad POPS emphoslze cha role of the maln centers durlng t h i s t l o e la absorblog large numbers of paople a s a coaplewntory e f f o r t ro resettlfng fooflies la ogrlculcurolly vlable, rural areas. The r e a l l t y of cha currant pressure on urban howlag 1s such t b t cha pr0bl.m cannot bt U S s l ~ e dlow prlorlty. An Intagrotad p h n w l t h emphasis on r u r a l a r m s 1s needed thac includes creation of grovth canters i n TTL areas and a program to case the pressure oa urbaa housing. The l a t t e r might be accoopllshed by iacreasinaly draving on other sources of ' financing for urban houslng. (See the dfscussfbn fn a l a t e r section.)  - 138 - The problem of housiag f o r t h e African population i a t h e urban a r e a s is aow s e r i o u s . Coaslderlag t h e l i k a l y growth of urbaa populatioa, t h e problem w i l l be much -re s s r f o u s f a the f u t u r e , a s t h e p r o j e c t l o a s i a d f c a t s . Governmnt p o l f c f o s should a f s a t chackfag migration t o urbaa c o a t a r r by fnf t f a t f n g s u b s t a n t f a l p r o g r a w of r u r a l dovalopmmt. A t the same tlae, t h e govsrameat should prepare t o seat h o w f a g w e d s of tho urbaa p o p u h t i o a . Slncs tho ban on urban o f g r a c l o o has h e n l i f t e d , t h e e x l s r l a a hluhor livLaa standards of the urban populacloa, lncludlnu the Afrlcanr, u l l l only a t t r a c t sore faol8raacr. Rous l a g Types, Standards, aad C o s t s Although there 1s a f a i r l y d i v e r s e range of l o r f a c e m e h o u s i a ~ p r o j w c s produced I n Zlobabue, t h e s e can be clamsiflad f a t o f o u r o o i o typs ( I ) standard loarlncoma horulaq, ( 2 ) core hourlng, ( 3 ) r r a l u f t l o n a l ( u l t r a - lou c o a t ) housing, aad ( 4 ) r i c e r aod sarvfces. Standard Hourin@ This g m e r a l l y takas the t o m of detached o r semi- detached s l n g l e s t o r y u n i t s (over 85 p e r c r a t of a l l u n i t s b u i l t ) . fburver, some 1- end 2-story t a r r a c e h o w i n g u n l t s have k o a b u l l t , a s w e l l a s some apartments of varying h t l g h t s . 'ibe detachtd and sed-detached u n i t s Lnclude 1 t o 3 bedrooas, l i V i n g / d i d a g room, Laternal o r u t e r a a l combiaed f l u s h t o i l e t and shower, aad kltchea ( o f t e a In t h e € o m of a p a r t i a l l y s h e l t e r e d cooking a r e a ) . Sizes o f u n i t s raage f roa 30 t o 60 square a e t e r s . Core Rousing. These u n i t s were introduced i n t h e e a r l y s i x t i e s aad a r e being constructed i n even l a r g e r numbers today. They u s u a l l y have 1 (9 sq. meter) or 2 rooms, plus s h o u e r / t o i l e t f a c i l i t i e s . - .  Ultra LorCost Housing. The most recent u n i t s l o t h i s category vets constructed out of standard cement reloforced m i th chickeo v i r a mesh and featured an asbestos roof and a rammed earth floor. A t t h i s tlme, only tho Housing Development Servlces Branch of the HLCH has bplcmaotcd these units. S i t e r and Services. Recoacly lacroduced l o a houslng prograo of 8,000 sito: la Salisbury, s l c e s and attrolcea lncludos a plot of land with individual, dersnrcatcd scandr tor conrcruction, and an enclomod cubiclo containing shouor/tollot loclllrloa. Tho emor la ruqulrad to build a permanent structura v l t h i n LO yoan of occupocloa a d l a tho intorim may coascruct a toopatory structure. Oaa convloeiw mason lor objecting to tho program i s t h r t uithouc minimum sholter and facilities, the owner i s compelled to reat separate llvlrtg space d t l l e krildlng. Thls creates hardship lor tho prorp.ctlw occupnts ood &Lays coarsnrction of the houses. ara built oa plots of rlcher 200 Generally, the tuo a l t e r ~ t l v e s square matera o r 315.2 square oaterr, the most c -n i s 200 square muters. Current infrastructure service standards require individual water supply, uaterbased seuerage, and s t r e e t access to each plot. Electricicy aerwrks allowing optional individual conaeccions are sometines included and s t r e e t I lighting is provided. - Based on the prevailing standards of construction and service ,* levels. table 12 s u a a r i z e s cost estieates for the four = i n types of housing - options provided by - &he public sector. Estiuates are in June 1980 prices.  Table 12: / I - OPTIOWS PRELU(1,WY COST CSTLUTES OF WPBESLVATl\Z PUESEmY BEXm'C S l L t 1Y ZWWl;e SRELYeR a tlam A 8 C 5 1 w l r r d Leu c e r t Qpre &re ~ ( t h R t r ~ l o ~ w c +a11 v(tL 2 b d - orr f t r l . . b d Onre. c a # r l ~ l y IWXW. IIV.I~DL.I. M W( w i t . d m r t t ~ d ~ a ~ t kltclrqc r d t o U e t l t u ? @ n ra d md ( ~ t i ~ % : r h @ v = -I. uI I M b C J ~ ~ \ Y*I-. WI CDIh f lnirbd. ul t 6 U a r l w t * b . 70t.l C O ~ C! Ilpl~t# rz 7. Ccaa~rf~ a Cast O/:Pat) W r e t & s.ut.q.1 20 L Rafessloorl leer ( T t o f Sub-total) :Pf  - 141 - m e cxamplcs coated out uader each optloo l o t a b l e 12 a r e t y p l c a l of the average a l z e s aad staadards l m p l c m t c d l a s h e l t e r p r o j e c t s l o the cltlar. The coca1 cost f o r each opclon v l l l therefore be used a s the basls f o r evaluaclng a f f o r d a b l l l t y by the urban populatloa. Total eosc v l l l a l s o uscabllsh the f l n a n c l a l lmpllcatlons of a s h e l t e r prograa deslgnvd t o s a t l s f y tho projectad growth In demand la the c l t l a r . Flaaaclng of a Houalag Program Sourcer of F l m a ~ l n g : 'Ih3 larue 11 h u t sxaalned by f l r s c looking ac che e x l r c l n ~oourcer o l Ilaancfcq l o t hourlng. Tho sources of flnaaclag a r a d l l f e t e a c l o r the :w brood typos of ageaclor Lnvolved In houslng davelopen~--publlc and prlvaca. Ihr lormcrr vould include the c e n t r a l govamwnc and the l o c a l p v a r r m c bodlor, u h e r u r the l o c t e r vould lnclude prlvata hoaoovnra aad euployatr (rha c o a r t t u c t houram for tho eplployeea). ora: The major routcer of llnanclag l o r tho tuo u t e g o c l ~ r Tha Afrlcaa Bulldln$ Fuad, auolclpal sarvlcar lawy luada, local authority beer funds, Lraasury loaaa, bulldlog saclaty loens, rtock Lrruaa, and prlvata sourcea. The h b l l e Sector: The Afrlceo Bullding Fund ( U P ) , the m j o c s i n g l e source of finanelng, is adninistezed by the X n l s t r y of Local Governmeat and Enuslog and lends wney t o local a u t h o r l t l e s (other t b a the Salisbury one Bulnvayo Xunlclpallcles) f o r hou3lng, e s s r n t l a l services, end other The fund i s vested i n the Xinlster of Local Government m d - Housing and c o o s i s ~ sof funds appropriated by the legislature; funds . received in respect s f fateLest, r e n t s , o r the r e a l l a t i o n of 3ny property; and-*itch the approval of the Vinisrer of Finance-hrrouinqs from other Lnstftucions s u c h a s building societies and insurance cozpaaies.  Tha fund is not prof l t - m k l a g and s e e k s o a l y t o recoup such l n t a r a s t and c a p l t a l repayments a s L t has t o pay o a l t s b o r r w l n g s . The c o s t of a d d - l s t e r l n g t h e fund ls w t by t h e governsent and not by t h e fund ltssll. Sarvlcas Lev. h o t h e r r o u r c s of f i n a n c e is t h e s e r v l c c r levy. Tho S e r v l c o r Lavy Ace provldar f o r coopulsorl, c o n c r l b u t l o a a by s p u c l f l c employers t w a r d s thr c o a s r r u c t l o a of larlacwm houslng and t h e p r o v l s l o n A f r l c a a Bear Funds. A l l local a u t h o r l r l e s admlalsrarlag l o r l n c m h o u s l q a r e a s hove a180 e r c o b l l s h u d A f r ~ c a ak e r u a d e r t a k l n g s . Under t h e r ~ u l a t l o n mof t h r A f r l c a a Beer Act, l o c a l a u t h o r l c l e s MY maka coatrlbutlonm of u) t o 50 p e r c e n t of r h r a a a u u l p r o f l t s d e r l v r d f r m t h e l r A f r l c a a beer undercukiogs and a r c l e t s co a h o u s l w revolving fund. The P r l v a t a S.ctor. f h a b u i l d i n g a o c l e r l e s have played a l l d t e d r o l e l n f l n a n c l n g lou-lac- houslng, p r h r l l y becousa t h e i r dnlma b u l l d l n g s t a n d a r d s c r l t e r l a r e s u l t I n s t r u c t u r e s c o s t l a g 95,000 t o 56,000. I n t e r e s t pald on d e p o s l t s and l a t e r e s t charged oa l o a n s e r e s e t by t h e 8overnoenc. Conseqwncly, i n ttac absence o f e f r e e aur9lec f o r f i n a n c i n g 5ouses, any ppltchfng of denand oad supply o c c u r s orrly by chance. In a d d i t i o n , c u r r e n t l y e nf& l i g u i d ~ t pr a t i o of 20 perceac e x f s t a , keeping m i l l l o a s o f a d d i t i o n a l d o l l a r s m a y fram t h e housfag m r k e t . Given the controlled i n t e r e s t r a t e s , t h e building s o c i e t i e s a: -act a l f d t e d nunber of d e p o s i t s , u s u e l l y froa lower inca3e groups without meny s l t e r n a - rives. G i t h t h e a i n i r m a c o n s t r u c t i o n s t a d a r d r e q u i r e a e n t s f t h e tendeqcy has been f o r t h e s o c i e t i e s t o t r a a s f e r funds from a n y poor s a v e r s t o r e l a c I v e l y few r i c h borrawers.  - 163 - Although bulldlng u r c l e t l e s do not generally d r ~ o a u t o lndlvlduals bullding f o r t h r purchase of l o r r l n c o w houses t b a t do aot comply u l t h i b ~ l r r p e c l t l c a t l o n a , they do provldo block loans t o government and m n l c l , a l l t l e r t o r t h r davelopmanr of l o r l n c o w hourlag emrater. Prlvato drvolopora la tho l a s t 3 t o 5 yoarm havr bacosr lnvolvud la drvoloplng hourlag unltm c o a t l a g 34.000 t o $6.000. To d a t a , about 220 u n i t # a r r under conscructloa o r coopletad by prlvacr d r v r l q m r s with 320 u a l r s pro J u t r d a s a secood phosr. e l t h e r t h r o w h rent rupplrseats p l d d l r e c t l y t o ttsployeos, o r by d d n g f r e e o r 'subsldlzm? ho*ulpp . .d-itoble to ..rrg:ayeea. Current pollclem r e q u l r e 100 percent c o s t recovery fro& the k n e f l c l r r l e s f o r a l l s h e l t e r pro jactr d e v r l o p d by the p b l l c s e c t o r IQ Zljbr,rr. Sono c a p l t r l c o s t s now ora recovered thmugb -rclzat ioa p a p e n t s ; o t h e r s . through speciElc moachly charges. I n a d d i t loo t:itrt a r c moathly supy;lemntary charges. f i e ooathly system of recovery 1 s out l l a e d b r i e f l y . Size and Compcaent of Xoathlj'Repaymmts Repayments lnoolve c a p i t a l i n t e r e s t and r e d e q t i o n charges for l a d , - housing c o n s t ~ c t i o o ,a l l plumbing ou the p l o t , e l t . - t l c l t y c o w e c t i c z , 6 - e l e c t r i c i t y i q ~ t a l l e t i o n( i n house), r a a d u o r b , and stormdater draiaage. For annuity a e s on loans fron Consolidated Loan Accomt , the charge now 1s a t 7.6 percent over 25 years, ui:h no deposit. .4dalnistrat1on charges c u r r e n t l y a r e 5 2 . 6 0 t o cover rent :ollechlon, organization, and s t ~ f ffor the Suildlng inspeccot and 3u?ervlsors.  Supplematary shurgea corlcl 1t1y t o t a l $S.SS t o oorar c a p i t a l rad ndomp- t i a a of t m r lt8htio8, o p o n t i t q coatm m l / o r u i a t o a o a c o of t o w r li81cia8, road., h..ltb laupectioa, mad f i r r b r i a d o . 'Ibm #.cnrarr c h r r o m r r o o t l y coats $2.00 f o r uplta:. 4 ndamprioa c h r 8 o a l o r all wurrago l a e b ~ d i o 8Mjor ttcratlwat warlu, a r j o r pigcrlioor, a d iateroql n t i c u h t ~ o ut o a t a d (plot) bowdary. T h u u t o u a r g u m t chart. ir ow 60 a a c a foe nhru re-.la tuko weekly. tb. m i l r i r u water c h a r m Ir currently ut a t 81.37 with watou allomaco ? 13 cubic r c t o r a por wmtb. An extra cbrme sppliar a f t e r 13 cubic u t e r a i a rued a t 12.1 cmtr pot aabic metar. h I r coat L c l w b a c a p i t a l and redomp cioa ~ t n t a e af o r dl a t o r ' a t l u d i q bulk rupply trmtmeat .od iotarun1 n t l c u - l a t i o a LU tbs 3C.bdca bO,mdary. Eloctridry i a 8 Ilrri.or 31.U). k d o r c l t i c aupply w i d 1 I . wtozod rupply; tho -tar &nc th. p r o p r t y of t& d l a t r i c t couacil. Tabla l3 abbus +oath13 payoeats roqoired t o t each optioa t o u h i o v e 1S4l percent cost r e c o v e y (iocllrdiry ;ff-alto comts) f o r optioas 8, 120 pet- cant for optiotr A, and mbaLdiCcbb prici- l o r option C ( t o tha e r u e t d o 1 pomible 37 p r o f i t s from optioa A). -. A t preremr , the W s t r y 05 Local C ; o r + m t and Housing. (MUXI) 1 guides all facets of 11 - apveraoart a d m i a i r t t a t i ~ . K.U.l atuureq the Lo31e- s =ncatioc rf goremmmc p o l i c i e s a t the local level: see* t h a t an adequate level of coas:ructioa of b u s i s g 1s m:~talnu! by a l l local a u t h o r i t l e s , and provides governmat caclmical asrlstaoce h a r e approprtnce.  baa Int Turd1 t)sun- klawe M d l t . /S total f lae /b Idvdl Cupltul Sulling pepatst t o ba hnthly c h a r g e r )beathly oa t o dwo Cocrr P r l c u 12 - (18%) /3 s m o r t i z e d /S Poyruat (reathly) B e p a t Staelter afford. /I Torul c u p l ~ i 1 1 c o a t i t ~ c l u d i n g$350 o l o l l - r i c e i a l r u r t r u c t u t t . r pc m l c . * U ~ I I,\L w i l l be cllargod 202 obsve t h e cwt. The proceed ~ l l tlv b - 4 10 *ubmidlaat the - uf UtaIt C , a t $198 each. . /3 A t prcbenL no dwnpcrponc r e q u i r e d by p u b l l c r e c t o r l a houblag projeeca. - - AC 8X o v e r 2 5 ycsro. /S - 2.b (adoin. c h a r g e r ) + 2.5 (Supplcmentury Chdtge maintenance of r d a , a t r o r t l i g h t # , ~ I i c e l ~ Icrnd f lie) * .60 (waste manapmant) + f - 5 7 (water) + 4.50 (elm.) - 12. /b - Tllurr! l u c o ~ r o l d n r o b l adobate a r t o what X to ume. A t p r e s e n t ao r e l l a b l e bouwbold lacoma . 1~ a ~ a l l u t l ~ fdklng i n t o account t h e p o a s l b l l l t y o f rere chon o m wage earner ( o r l a c a w p r d u c u t ) per I~uuucl~old , and t h e rupplemcratery lacome frcm lodger. (e c m a p r w c l c e ) , r r a l c of 25% of i~lcomu, baaed on t h e unge lac- d l r c r l h t i o n curve, l a wad.  - lS6 - Uithia the !U.Ga, the Deparareat of Pbysical Placaiag is responsible for th plaaniag a d coordirutioo of urban d e v e l o p e a t and l d meal d e v e l ~ p o a t . Pomerly houu the physical p l a n n i ~ gof r q i o ~ a an the Covenrcect t o m P l a m i q Dsparroeoc, tho duparment was created under rho 1976 'Regional, T o m a d Country Act.' The deplrmeot b.8 f o w provioeial pluaniag officer-ln aulavayo, -10, Sollabury, a d h t a l i . They a r e rorpoarible l o r o d v i r i w local authori- t i e s on the preparation of u r t e r and local plaar; a p p r w l q layoutr l o r lowcost houslaa proJectst aod s u b d l v i d l q s t a t e laod for public, l a d u r t r l a l , c o r w r c l a l , and n s l d e o c l a l p r r p o ~ r ,a8 -11 m v e t t i q a l l appllcacioar f o r a aajor d e v e l o p o t . The iadivldual l o c a l autboriciem a n rerpowible f o r w e t i a g tho aeed loc l o r l n c - of bouaioa lo c h i c aream r i t h i a the f r ~ m m r l r goverawnt policy. They a r e a l s o respoasible f o r t h odmfaistratioa a d ~arrintaaooceof publicly m e d barslag and l o r th prwLsioo of c a m i a i t y and service f a c U i t i e s l o th. local g o v e t m a t arras. men a local authority defaults on tha prwislon of housing, HLCH undertakas the a e c e s u r y developmeat and subsequeotly requlrem tbe local authority t o take over the developeot, together wlth the c a p i t a l debt. The Housing Developwot Servlces B r a ~ c h(HDSB) is a l s o attached td t b N n i s t r y of Local Covertmeat and Houslng and was establlshed In l a t e 1977 to: . uodertete low-locaoe houslog projects d l r e c t l y for the gove rmeot : - . advlse l o c a l a u t h o r i t l e s l n a l l a s p e c t s o f housingand uodertake projects for then, vhere requested; and  - 147 - . research s o c i a l , rcooonlc, and t t c h n l c a l a s p e c t s oC low lncoa8 hourlng. The !UGH l a alm r:spoaslble f o r proparla8 a plan f o r tho racoa- s t r u c t l o n of tha r u r a l areali (toad., -tar suppllos, s c b o l a , ellalcm, and so on) la c o o p r a t l o n wlth cha ?tlalstt]r of Labor a d S o c l a l Services, whlch l a coordlarctlna tho t e l a r t a l l a t l o a wedm of rho mcurnoas and l a t o r a o l l y dlsplacod prrroor wlth rho n l o l s t r y o l h n d r , Rorortlemonc and Rural Davol- o p ~ m t( W D ) . The W D 1s coordlnatlaa, rhrouah rho Agricultural aad Rural D l v o l o p n t Authority (ARM), the varlour aovcraaroat doprrtmmts con- cerned wlth r e s o r t lorent. R AM uas emtabllshad i n 1979 rad 11 MW respooslble t o r the planning, coord lnat lon. nad l r - 4 e w n t o t loa of a g t l e u l t u r a l and r u r a l d e v e l o ~ under t the a d n l a l a t r r t l v e control of the W. The r u t h o r l t y has a s d l s t a f f (5 professioaals) aad 1s drrlgacd t o work through o standlng coamittea, oa uhlcb all n l s t u d a l a l s t r l o s a r e n p r e s e a t e d . The HIAX has almo taken cver, from the n l n l s t r y of lbaa Affairs, the suparvlslon of the D i s t r i c t Admlalstratloo t h a t e s s o n t l o l l y admlnlstered the T r l b a l Trust tends. An e f f o r t is belag aade to replace the f u n c t l o w and r e s p o n s l b i l l c l c s of d l s t r i c t coamissioners with elected d t s t r i c t Zounc 11s. I In the past, X K i ? approached the issue of urban grouch and housing develop-c - with a s e p a r a t i s t focus. Inrvestoent tn the urban s e c t o r uas c l o s e l y r e l i t 4 t o the s e t t l e o e n r p a t t e r n s of Europeans and the - = comnercLa1 a g r t c u l t u t a t laads. The Department of Physical Planning of X U H historically focused o c the e x i s t i n g urban context, t o the exclusion of the l e s s developed regions. In the future, oore equicnble regiorul. development  w i l l be taphaslzed, particularly regardlag deralopment of u r b a grovth centers lo TaL areas. This v i l l c a l l for a =ore latagrated approach to urban growth and howlag developmeat. In tho future, )dliC%I and i t s two departamta of Physlcal Plaaalag aad Howla8 D o v o l o ~ o a tu i l l havo to coordinate closoi j ~ l t AM aad .=PO. hR A t present, RDSB has a llnltud a t a l l . Clvra tho s u b r t a a t l a l lacrearno l a the uorkload aad broader borer l o r Ilaaaclag h o u l a g planr, tho unlt should be expended. Tho propom1 to r a t up u notloaulde autonopour howlag corporacloa o e r l t r m e dlscurrloa. P l n e n c l n ~u>uld ha aora r f f i c l r n t uador a corporate b a n o r . I d m t i t l c a t l o a of altrrrrotiva flnoacing sources 1s e s s r a r l a l , glvoa the demands oa t h e publlc rector lo; mmourcor and tho llmlted capacity of thr r x l s t l a 8 private recto; l a r t i t u t l o a r 1 (0ulldln$ Soc l e t 10s) to mob11 1. resources aad ef f e c t l v e l y d i r e c t theo to the lower incom sectors. Establlmhmmt of o Yatlonol Mowlag 0aak with a mandate t o raise money i n the private ficuaclal aarkats dad frea mjor employers I s under dlscursion. In the Iutuce, more effective partlclpatloa of local bodies ln planniag and l6pleo.atiag p r o j e t s Lavolvlng urban a d howlag d e v e l o p m t v i l l be necessary. ?!LC6 m u t a l s o forge linb with various local bodies- t o m councils, municipalities, and d i s t r i c t counrclls. - Housing Sector Development i a the Sext Five Years The overall s t r a t e g i e s of housiag and urbaa development, Including creation of new urban c e a t e r s , a r e being worked auk. There i s , however, a - . plan For urban housing for the n e x t 5 years, s t l p i f a t i s g aa expenditure of ZS773 . million t o construct 167,000 housing units over neEt * 5 years. Based on the available data and the plan, we can anticipate a reasonable urbnn housing  - lL9 - A program darlgned t o r a t l r f y the cffcctlve demand for urban houslng must conrlder the mrokr of urbaa lacoae earnarr that can afford v a r l o u types of houser. The nuobar la each category v l l l depend oa tho present d l s t r l b u t l o a of urban 1o:ose. However, t o cover as many potentla1 dvellars a s poselblo, the conrtructlon of typar of u n l t r v l l l b walghtod In favor of less exponrlve optloa . %red on t h e 1980 wage Lncoae proflle, tablo 15 lndlcater a deslrablo r l r e o l hourla6 proatam over the MXC 5 years, taking into account tho 10 percent ~ r o w t hr a t e projected. tho prosent vago l n c o n d l s t r l b u t l o a ladlcateo that only throe percent of tho poprlatloa caa afford prlvate sarkut howlnt. Ye ascwe that the s a w proportion (97 parcoat) v l l l k applled agalart the projaetod Increases In tho urbaa populatloa la detomlalag tho m a d for public rector sholter. t h l s translates loco about 250,700 w u urban householdo (average of tlvo parsons per household) b t w a 1980 a d 1985 to be uddad to the backlog of 44,00a) of apyllcaats for houses fa 1980, to glve n t o t a l of 294,700 housos to k bullt. Yo asmu# 15 prrcont of them could a t ford option A; 25 perceat, optloa 8; 60 percent, optloa C. In deeldlng there proporcioas about affordabllLty, ue also assume that the 15 percant buying option A w i l l be ckrrrad 20 percent more ttua the dull average cost. 'Ihe price f o r optlon. 8 w i l l ref l a c t the average Cull cost of constructing these units. Option C w l l l & subsidixed to the extent Lwsslble by p r o f l t s gener- ated by s e l l i n g option X types Two advantages of t h i s i a t e n a l system of subsidy financing can be cited. - - '2 group can be covered by euSeidized F i r s t , a r e of the lo\~tincooe - - pricing. Without subsidy, a s u b t a n t i a l percentage of the lou-income earners - * w i l l n o t be a b l e t o buy e v e n t h e l o r t s t c o s t o p t l o n . Second, by making more housas of o p t l o n A, whose p r l v a t e marker pr1ce.s m u l d be s t i l l higher than the p u b l l c houslng p l a n , t h e l o r c o s t houslng u a r k e r would be r e l l e v e d of e o n s l d e r a b l e p r e s s u r e f r o 8 cha d d d l e l n c o c r A r r l c a n r . I n w o r k l w o u t t h e p h s s l n g of rho developmear program, u e coa- r l d e r e d p r a u n r produccloa l e v e l r (12,000 t o U,000 u a l t s ) a n d e x c e r r c a p a c i t y l a t h e c o n r c r u c c l o n r e c t o r I n targeting l n l t l a l o u t p u t and r u b r e q u r n r a n n u a l l n c r e a s r s In supply. Based o n rho 1980 lncorw p r o l l l e and calrlng i n t o account t h o p r o J e c t r d grouch r a c r 8 , t h e l r p l m r a t a t l o u s c h e d u l e w u l d be a s f o l l a r 8 : T a b l e 14: t k u r f t q Progron Over t h e X ~ x rF l v e Yaars - Year - Wnlts 1 48,330 2 53 8635 3 58,940 To t h e t o t a l c o s t o f $598,040,000 l a 1980 p r i c e s ( t a b l e 15) aust be added t h e h o s t s of o f f - s l t e 'bulk' inf'rastructure services. Rcquirenents f o r of f - s i t e f a d l i t l e s vary f r o e s i t e t o slte. The range a p p e a r s t o be between $200 and $500 a p l o t i n c l u d i u g e l e c t r i f i c a t i o n . To estimate t h e o r d e r of rmgnltude o f t h e c a p i t a l e x p e n d i t u r e s r e q u i r e d f o r t h e housing- program, a n a v e r a g e c o s t of $350 a p l o t vill be used. . T h i s r e p r e s e n t s an 8 d d i c l o n a l p r o j e c t c o s t of $103,145,000--bri wing t o t a l c o s t s t o S701,185,100 i n 1980  Table 15: HDUSINC TYPES, COST PER UNIT h W TOTAL COSTS FOR FIVE YEARS (1980 p r l c e s i a '000) 152 2 52 60% A 6 C Standard Core wit v l t h Ultra lou-cost 2-bedroom 1 room of added unit u l t h loo-eort a t coverad a r e a and 2 roome and Total rhovarltollet a t wt c o r e a t P@r Opt ion S3,6171ual t 32,1141ualt S1, S971wrlt War Year 1 No. of Unite T o t a l Coste Year 2 No. of U n l t r Total Cortr Year 3 No. of Unltr Total Costs Year 4 No. of Unlts t o t a l Coats Year 5 No. of Units T o t a l Costs Total f o r 5 years: No. o f u n i t s - 44,204 73,675 176,820 294,700 Costs 9 159,911.1 155,749 282,380 598,060.1 Percentage of A Total Costs - - 26.74% 26.04% 47.22%  - 152 - prices. These c o s t s a r e $137,SlS,100 amre than the c s t ~ t c of s S563,670,000 proposed l y the Housiag Developosat S a w i c e s Braach (LLDSB) of the )dinistry of Local C o v a r m a t and Housing (.XLCH). If we allow f o r a p r i c e increase of 15 parcaat l a yaarr 2 a d 3, rad 12 percaat l a years 4 and 5, t h s t o t a l cost of the S-year housing program u i I l c o w t o 25808.6 P i l l i o a . Othar coats to bo iacluded l a a houriag progroo a r e c r o d l t f a c i l l - t i e r f o r building materialo loaar. I a 1980 pricea, these a r e ortiooted a t $1,000/p!ot l o r option A; 31,200/plot f o r option I ; S l ,LCO/plot f o r optlon C. Urumlng that the l o a m w i l l k dlrburred o w r a S-yaar period and that they w u l d s t a r t o m year a l t e r the coaarmctioa u h o d u l e , t h e aaauol uxpundl- t u r r s vould bo a s follour: Table 16: COSTS OF WILDIS M t E R U t S UUSS OVER X XEXT FIVE YEARs - Yeat Cost 1980 prlees Curreat p r l c e s 2 62,345.8 71,697.7 3 69,189.2 91,502.7 e 76,032.6 112,619.5 5 82,876.0 137,486.6 Total 290,413.6 413,306.5 e I Another coplponnt proposed by the BDSB is the e l e c t r i f i c a t i o n of 1 - about 100,000 e x i s t i n g u n i t s tc o f f s e t t h e high cost of fuel and the - reduced a v a i l a b i l i t y of f i r e s a d . A t S300 per h o u p , t h i s i s projected t o c o s t 56.000,000 a year over 5 years, t o t a l l a g 53O,W0,000. . 8 b The t o t a l aaaual expersdlture required f o r the next 5 years is s m m r i r e d in table 17.  Because of i r u u f f l c l s n t l a f o m a t l o n , no e s t h a t c r can be mads of t k typo a d c o s t s of s p s c f a l stud108 and/or t s c h a f e a l a s s l s t a a c e t h a t aay be roquirad, o r of tho c o a t s of t b coolaralty f a c l l l t l e r ( h e a l t h , p r h a r y uch001s, community h a l l s , m a r b t s , a d so on) uhlch can b. s u b s t a n t l a l . ~ c t u a l l y ,the HD5B plonr to p r w l d e prloory school f o r every 500 houser, 2 rocondacy schools f o r every 5 prlprry u b o o l s , 1 c l l n f c f o r LO-50,000 people, 1 horplrol per 190,000 people, and 0.3 hoctaroa of rhopplag centor per 1,000 poopla. The c a p i t a l requlrenaatr la rho f l r r r year of tho projected s h e l t e r prqram o t S l 2 0 , 9 8 8 , M , o x c l c d l ~the above t a c l l l c l a r , a r d oora than throe ti-s that rpenc by flobabue b 1979/80 ( i n 198l p r l c m ) , a a a r t l o o t e d by the W n l r t r y of Local C;overrrwar and tlousltq l o r a11 hourltq c o p l u l u p e c d l t u r e . The lnvertsonc r.qult.cwnt o t tho urban hourlag s e c t o r 1s rubstan- c l a l ; houever, l c should be noted t h a t , unllke health, hourlag lavestment 1s recovered frop the b e n e f l c l r r l e s . In th. nau ecoaoafc c r d e r of Zlobbue, a 8enrra.l s t r a t w of d . o e 1 o p . n ~ oust l l r r r address t b problam of d i s p a r l t y In l e v e l of l f v l q . In t h a t s t r a t e l y , houslag developoenr coaaot be solely confined t o urban areas. Boucver, t h e r e a l i t y of the c u r r e n t pressure on urban housing is such t h a t the p r o b l u cannot be assigned lw p r i o r i t y . An integrated development plan v i t h aaphasls on m r a l a r e a s 1s n e d d t h a t would a l s o include a progran t o ease the pressure on urban housing. For housing i n the urban s e c t o r , t h e external donor agencies in- cluding t h e 'llorld Bank should help i n s e c t o r a l reviev and i n developing an integrated plan of urban grouth including new c e n t e r s i n TTL areas. Devel- - opaent of housing w i l l b E e a n Isportant camp e a t of t h a t integrated plan. . Axton, J.H.M. .Warlea a d the S t a t e of S u t r l t l o o , South Afrlcan a d l c o l Journal, 55, 125 (1979). Calta Intematlo~le do l a Crolx-Rouge. Survey l a Protected Vll lagar - '&port o l P r a l h l a o r y !iutrltlonal ZlababualBhodorla, Supt.Qct. 1979," by Suran Pael, S u t r i r l o a l r t . O c t o b r 1979. Cubltt, Yerlcy S. '1979 S u p p l e r a t to t h Poverty Oatua Llae ln Rhoderlrr A Study of tho ?Ilalmm Colutmptlon 8 0 4 0 of ~ a m l l l e r(1974). Oallrbury, Faculty of Soclal Studlor, 1979. Paally Health Care, Iac. & Afrlcaro. 'tlealtb and Duvolopwot l a Southrm a ' 1 I A Ravlou o t Health & r e l a Rhodamla: I r r u e r , Aarlyrar a d Cocumwndatlona. Uaahiqtoa, D O C e , D e c m h r 31, 1978. Scmdlnavlan I n r t l t u t a of h f r l c a a Studlor. ' Z l o b a h Howard Slmsoa. Rasaocch Raport 80. 53. Uppala, 1979. - A Couatry Study,' by Tho Khltaoa Pouadarlon. ~o r F l a ~ l a Lou-lac- Hwrlal( l a t l a b b r a . Sallrbury, Ztowmkr 1979. Unltad Xarlon,, U N C - 7 . ' F r a ZLnbakre, Twarda a K w Pcoaonlc Ordar. IMCTAD, l a praperatfon, 1980. World Bank. "halth', Soctor Pollcy Paper, February 1980. . 'Health Problem d Pollcl*r l a tha Daveloplng Couatrlea,' Yorld b a k S t a f f Yorklo(t Papet 80. 4i2, -st 190. . -Urbanization." Sector Working Plpar, June 1972. . ~opulatfoa a d Developant l o Sttap..' Baport No. 2775-KE. VasNngton, D.C., b r c b LO, 1980. . "2alrul. Ebsic ~ c o b ; a i cReport.' Weport No. 30k2-3Af. KasUwtoo, D.C.. July 25, 1980. . 'Taruania, Health Sector Report.' la prepatatloo by the Office of ~ n vrolmGta.1 i a d Health Affairs. 6 . VorU Tables, froa :he data f i l e s of the World Baak. - WasNngton, &.c., 19m. Zlmbabue, Xfnlstry of Finance. -Est b a tes of Expenditures f o r the Year Ending June 30. 1980.' Salisbury. Government Printing. 1980. . . 'Financial Statements. 1980.' Government Printing, 19m. Sa1isbl;ry.  - 156 - Zimbabwe, , U n i s t r y o f Uorks. 'Touards Viable Urban Ccmmait:es. The Rhodesian Perspactlve." A mmo by C . J . Yerrlngcon, D i r e c t o r of t h o Township D e v e l o p a n t . S a l i s b u r y , 1980. Zimbabwe, R f n l s t r y o f Flaance. 'Proporals f o r a Five Year Proaramma of tkvelopeent l o the Publlc Succor.' S a l i s b u r y , Government P r i n t i n g , January 1979. rn ~ l i s b u r, . 'Iate8:ated Plan l o r Rural Developmeat, J u l y 1978.' y Govamsear P r i n t log, J r a u a r y 1979. , . Wrbaa Qevelopseat Governaunt P r i a t l n g , January 1919. i n tha W l n Centres.' Salisbury, Zlobabue, W n l s t r y of Local Couarmant and Hourlag. 'Zlabnbuo, Problear aad Concepts i n Lou-Cost Hourla8' by C. J . h r r l n ~ t o a ,D i r e c t o r of ifourlag Developoonc S e r v l c e . Sollobury, 1980. Z l o k b u e , Xlnlscfy of Flaonce. ' E c o a d c Survey o f Zlababuc.' Sollobury, Government P r m t l w , 1971 t o 1979. Zlmkbue, .Waf rtfy of Plnrnce. 'Inc- t a x S t a t l o tier', F i r c e l year 1978- 1979. S a l l s b u t y , C o v e m m n t P r l n t l r q , S o m b e r 1979. Zlsbabue, C a n t r a l S t a t i s t i c a l O I t l c e . 'Report CIJ Urban A I r l c m IBudget Survey I n S e l i s b u r l , , 1969." S a l i s b u r y , CSO, C c t o k r 1970. 'Report on Urban A I r l c a n Budget Survey i n IBulnreyo, 1968.' S a l i s b u r y , CSO, July 1970. , 'Europetn E r p e a d l t u r e Surwey, 1975/1976. ' Salisbury, CSO, Aprfl 1978. "National A c c a m t s oE Zlobabue, 1978. ' Salisbury, Government P r i n t i n g , J a o u r y 198). J u l y 1980. . b a t h l y Digest of S t a t l s t l c s , S a l i s b u r y $ CSO, - .. 1978/79.' 'Yhe Census of Troductlon, Salfst iry, -. D G o ~ e n x z e t cP r i n t l a g . 1980. I Zimbabwe, C e n t r a l S t a t : s c i c a l O f f i c e . " E s t h c e d Populetfon of v.; l n T m n s by h c e as of 3 l s t 3ecesber.' S a l f s b u r y , CeD, 1980. Zimbbve, .%nistry of Health. 'Escimced AverngCPatfeoc * Cos:, Salisbury Croup of Hospf t a l s , 1979180.- S a l i s t u r y , .%H, 1980. ZLmbsbw. I a v t l t u t a of Chartered Accarataat8 o t Zlababue. 'A Cuidc t o Zimbabwe.' Sali;.'mry, August 1980. ZLmbabuo, !llnlstrp o f Health. 'Behiad and Touarde a Health Wdol for .l o k b a ' by Dr. H.S.N. Ushouokunta, e t . a l . Sallrbury, C o v o r m n t ?rlnt l a g , 1980.  WF'tRATIOK S EIL?WV PSSOEl'ilCES DIVISION DIsCtjssIon PAPERS (A by tho o l a k c r r ~ l c a r s srho paper rs bak-conltdoat l ~ o ti orhorvlso r a s ~ r l c t e d 1 . 81-1 Oay A. S b o o ~ & , " b a r a y h l c Cboruc-eriarita oC I o J f v l d w l i and the Wusurmuac o t L l I * t l e u Zocaw'