Correlates of educational attainment in Tanzania

 CORRELATES OF EDUCATIONAL XTTAIhFfENT I N TANZANIA ABSTRACT I n r e s p o n s e t o r e q u e s t from t h e governments o f Kenya and T a n z a n i a and from r e g i o n a l s t a f f we a r e p r e p a r i n g , a s t h e f i r s t p u b l i s h e d o u t p u t of RPO 672-01, two volumes of a n n o t a t e d t a b l e s b a s e d on t h e Kenya and Tanzania Surveys of Wage Employment and E d u c a t i o n . The primary c o n c e r n of t h e volumes i s w i t h d e s c r i p t i o n and a n a l y s i s c o n f i n e d t o s i m p l e t e c h n i q u e s , n o t w i t h sophisticated analysis. The aim cf t h e volumes i s t o d i s s e m i n a t e t h e r e s u l t s of t h e survey's w i t h a minimal l a g from time of a d m i n i s t r a t i o n . I n t h i s way t h e b a s i c d a t a c a n b e used f o r p l a n n i n g and o t h e r p u r p o s e s i n E a s t A f r i c a , i n R e g i o n a l E d u c a t i o n and Programs d i v l . s i o n s and e l s e w h e r e , w h i l e we c a r r y on w i t h o u r program of a n a l y s i s . The d r a f t s t i t l e of t h e monographs are, "Urban Employees i n Tanzania (Kenya): Educational Attainment and its R e l a t i o n t o J o b s , Pay, X o b i l i t y and R u r a l Links ," and t h i s p a p e r i s a p r e l i m i n a r y d r a f t of t h e t h i r d c h a p t e r f o r t h e Tanzania monograph. I n t h i s p a p e r we l o o k a t t h e c o r r e l a t i o n s between e d u c a t i o n a l a t t a i n - ment of t h e employees and t h e i r p a r e n t s , a n d t h e i r c h i l d r e n , a s t h i s i s a n i n d i c a t o r of t h e d e g r e e of i n t e r g e n e r a t i o n a l m o b i l i t y . We attempt, both t h r o u g h c o h o r t a n a l y s i s and comparison of t h e t h r e e g e n e r a t i o n s , t o a s s e s s t h e @ impact of governmect p o l i c i e s o n t h e i n e q u a l i t y of e d u c a t i o n a l o p p o r t u n i t y . e a l s o l o o k a t b e h a v i o r a l p a t t e r n s such a s c h o i c e of m a r r i a g e p a r t n e r , s i z e W and l o c a t i o n of f a m i l y , t o see i f these factors t e n d t o r e i n f o r c e o r weaken t h e i n t e r g e n e r a t i o n a l t r a n s m i s s i o n of inequalit:. I n t h e l a s t s e c t i o n we L l o o k a c t h e q u e s t i o n of w h e t h e r f a m i l y b a c k g r o u i d h a s a n i n d e p e n d e n t impact on econcmic s u c c e s s , i n d e p e n d e n t , t h a t i s , o f e d u c a t i o n a l a t t a i n m e n t . A s i m i l a r d e s c r i p t i v e paper f o r Kenya, and a c o m p a r a t i v e p a p e r t h a t a l s o o u t l i n e s t h e more a n a l y t i c work t h a t i s p l a n n e d , a r e f o r t h c o m i n g . f a m i l y background, r a t e cr six. However, t h e d e g r e e of i n t e r g e n e r a t i o n a l m o b i l i t y w i l l a l s o b e a f a c t o r i n d e t e r m i n i n g i n e q u a l i t y between i n d i v i d u a l s , o n c e i t is r e c o g n i z e d t h a t t h e l i f e t i m e w e l f a r e of i n d i v i d u a l s d o e s n o t j u s t depend on t h e i r own incomes but a l s o on t h e incomes of p r e c e d i n g and fol9.owing generations. T h i s i s n o t o n l y because a n i n d i v i d u a l ' s consumption depends i n i t i a l l y on h i s p a r e n t s ' income and l a t e r on h i s c h i l d r e n ' s income, b u t because a n i n d i v i d u a l ' s w e l f a r e w i l l a l s o be a f f e c t e d by h i s c h i l d r e n ' s con- sumption, g i v e n t h a t p e o p l e do seem .to be a l t r u i s t i c w i t h r e g a r d t o members of t h e i r f a m i l y . Thus l i f e t i m e i n e q u a l i t y between i n d i v i d u a l s w i l l t e n d t o be l e s s e n e d i f t h e r e i s a h i g h d e g r e e of i n t e r g e n e r a t i o n a l m o b i l i t y t e n d i n g t o e q u a l i z e f a m i l y income c a l c u l a t e d o v e r s e v e r a l g e n e r a t i o n s . There a r e s e v e r a l t y p e s of endowments an i n d i v i d u a l can r e c e i v e from h i s p a r e n t s which t o g e t h e r w i t h l u c k w i l l d e t e r m i n e h i s economic suc- c e s s ; t h e most i m p o r t a n t ones being t h e gene t i c endowment, p r o p e r t y , educa- t i o n ( b r o a d l y d e f i n e d t o i n c l u d e o u t of s c h o o l ii-ivestments), and what c a n l o o s e l y be termed ' s o c i a l c o n t a c t s . ' These d i f f e r e n t e l e m e n t s i n t h e package of e u d o m e n t s t h a t a n i n d i v i d u a l r e c e i v e s may w e i l be p o s i t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d ; t h u s a n i n t e l l i g e n t p a r e n t h a s a h i g h income and o c c u p a t i o n a l s t a t u s which ' e n a b l e s him t o a c c u m u l a t e * p r o p e r t y and make v a l u q b l e s o c i a l c o n t a c t s a l l of which a r e passed on t o t h e c h i l d r e n . The e x t e n t t o which f a m i l i e s c a n pass on a d v a n t a g e s Z t o t h e i r c h i l - 'r i - d r e n i s c l e a r l y n o t i n d e p e n d e n t of t h e s o c i e t y ' s i n s t i t u t i o n s - a n d - For example, laws concerning t h e i n h e r i t a n c e of pr@erty, and t h e government policies. b . - e x t e n t of government involvement i n t h e e d u c a t i o n d l system w i l l n a t u r a l l y affect t h e i n t e r g e n e r a t i o n a l t r a n s i n i s s i o n of i n e q u a l i t i e s . I n high income nism by which i n e q u a l i t y i s t r a n s m i t t e d from one g e n e r a t i o n t o t h e n e x t . Edu- c a t i o n is a t i c k e t t o t h e b e t t e r j o b s ( b e t t e r i n terms of pay, f r i n g e bene- f i t s , working c o n d i t i o n s and s o on) i n most s o c i e t i e s , a l t h o u g h i t seems t h a t t h e c o r r e l a t i o n between e d u c a t i o n and economic s t a t u s i s much h i g h e r f o r low income s o c i e t i e s . For Tanzania i t can be argued t h a t p r o p e r t y b e q u e s t s a r e i n s i g n i f i c a n t f o r most of t h e p o p u l a t i o n and t h a t t h e main way i n which economic s t a t u s i s p a s s e d from g e n e r a t i o n t o g e n e r a t i o n i s through i n e q u a l i t y of e d u c a t i o n a l o p p o r t u n i t y . Governments everywhere have tended t o p l a y a major r o l e i n t h e development of t h e e d u c a t i o n a l s y s tem, and t h e p o s t Independence governmerlt in Tanzania has b e e n no e x c e p t i o n . Given t h e importance of a n i n d i v i d u a l ' s e d u c a t i o n i n d e t e r m i n i n g h i s income, t h e r e has been m ~ c hd i s c u s s i o n about t h e p o s s i b l e e f f e c t s of e d u c a t i o n a l e x p a n s i o n on i n t r a - g e n e r a t i o n a l income inequality. S e p a r a t e from t h i s i s s u e , however, i s t h e q u e s t i o n of t h e impact of government e d u c a t i o n a l p o l i c i e s o n unequal e d u c a t i o n a l o p p o r t u n i t i e s and hence on m o b i l i t y . C l e a r l y t h e e d u c a t i o n a l system can be used a s a v e h i c l e f o r increasing s o c i a l mobility. E q u a l l y , i t can be used t o p e r p e t u a t e and l e g i f i m i z e a n e x i s t i n g c l a s s system, i f , f o r example,*the r u l i n g e l i t e i s a b l e t o c o n s c r a i n t h e s u p p l y o f e d u c a t i o n a l o p p o r t u n i t i e s and t h e n monopolize them f o r t h e i r c h i d r e n . The p o s s e s s i o n of t h e s c a r c e r e s o u r c e of e d u c a t i o n - i s a c e r t i f i c a t i o n d e v i c e t h a t e n s u r e s t h e a c c e s s i o n of t h e i r c h i l d r e n t o p o s i t i o n s of w e a l t h and power. L . Chapter 3 , S e c t i o n A "Education o f Employees: Variation w i t h t h e Education of Their Parents" Introduction I n this s e c t i o n we l l u s t r a t e t h e h i g h p o s i t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n between economic s t a t u s ( i n d i c a t e d by e d u c a t i o n , income and o c c u p a t i o n ) of t h e employ- e e s , who w i l l be r e f e r r e d t o a s t h e second g e n e r a t i o n and t h e e d u c a t i o n l e v e l o f t h e i r p a r e n t s , known a s t h e f i r s t g e n e r a t i o n . C l e a r l y , t h e h i g h e r t h e cor- r e l a t i o n , t h e l o w e r t h e d e g r e e of i n t e r g e n e r a t i o n a l m o b i l i t y . We show that m o t h e r s ' e d u c a t i o n h a s a n independent impact on t h e employees' e d u c a t i o n a l a t t a i n m e n t , and a l s o document t h e h i g h d e g r e e of a s s o r t a t i v e m a t i n g , which w i l l t e n d t o e x a c e r b a t e i n e q u a l i t i e s of e d u c a t i o n a l o p p o r t u n i t y . In the f i n a l p a r t of t h e s e c t i o n some of t h e t a b l e s a r e broken down by c o h o r t , t o t r y t o a s s e s s c h a n g e s o v e r time i n t h e s e r e l a t i o n s h i p s , i n t h e l i g h t of gov- ernment p o l i c i e s . T a b l e 3.A.la & b In t h e s e t a b l e s t h e hi,gh, c o r r e l a t i o n between f a m i l y background (taking fathers' educaf.10~a s a n i r d i c a t o r of t h e home environment and l e v e l o f income of t h e f q g i l y i n which t h e employee was r a i s e d ) and o c c u p a t i o n a l - -s l e v e l and (wage) i k o m e i s documented. Thus t h e r e is a s t r o n g p o s i t i v e c o r - e r e l a t i o n between e d k c a t i o n of t h e f a t h e r and p e r c e n t a g e of employees i n the: e u p p e r p a r t of t h e o r c u p a t i o n a l s t r u c t u r e . For example, o f t h e employees whiose f a t h e r s had no e d u c a t i o n , 27% a r e i n w h i t e c o l l a r j o b s , 3f which o n l y 5% a r e i n t h e t o p ( p r o f e s s i o n a l / m a n a g e r i a l ) c a t e g o r y , w h i l e 57% of t h o s e employees  p r o f e s s i o n a l / m a n a g e r i a l c a t e g o r y , and 85% of t h e employees whose f a t h e r s had secondary p l u s a r e i n w h i t e c o l l a r j o b s , w i t h 57.5% i n t h e professional/man- a g e r i a l category. I n t a b l e 3.A.lb w e note t h e strong p o s i t i v e r e l a t i o n s h i p between e d u c a t i o n of f a t h e r and l e v e l of wage income of employee. For exam- p l e 23% of t h o s e employees whose f a t h e r s had no e d u c a t i o n e a r n more t h a n 1000 s h i l l i n g s p e r month, while 38% of t h o s e whose f a t h e r s had primary and 62% of t h o s e whose f a t h e r s had secondary p l u s e d u c a t i o n have incomes o v e r 1000 s h i l l i n g s p e r month. For Tanzania i t c a n be argued t h a t t h e main way i n which economic s t a t u s i s passed from g e n e r a t i o n t o g e n e r a t i o n i s through i n e q u a l i t y of edu- c a t i o n a l opportunity. Formal e d u c a t i o n i s s e e n a s t h e key t o a c c e s s t o t h e high paying u r b a n wage s e c t o r ( s e e Chapter IV). However, i n S e c t i o n H we a l s o look a t t h e e v i d e n c e f o r t h e h y p o t h e s i s t h a t f a m i l y background has a d i r e c t e f f e c t on economic s u c c e s s , independent of e d u c a t i o n a l a t t a i n m e n t . T a b l e s 3.A.2a h b There i s a s t r o n g c o r r e l a t i o n between f a t h e r s e d u c a t i o n and t h e l e v e l of e d u c a t i o n a c h i e v e d by t h e employee. Thus from 2a i t i s c l e a r t h a t a s . Y the father's'level of e d u c a t i o n i n c r e a s e s t h e p e r c e n t a g e whose c h i l d r e n a t t a i n - h i g h l e v e l s of e d u c a t i o n i n c r e a s e s . Cdnsidering f a t h e r s w i t h no e d u c a t i o n , - 21.5% had c h i l d r e n w i t h secondary o r more educat'fon, f o r f a t h e r s with primary w e d u c a t i o n , 45.44 had c h i l d r e n w i t h secondary o r labre, w h i l e of f a t h e r s w i t h P ! . secondary o r p o s t secondary more than 85% had chi'ldren w i t h secondary o r more. We c a n t h i n k of t h e s e p e r c e n t a g e s a s roughly i n d i c a t i n g the p r o b a b i l i t y , g i v e n t h e e d u c a t i o n of t h e f a t h e r , of g e t t i n g a t l e a s t t o secotidary school. Clearly t h e c h i l d r e n from well-educated f a m i l y backgrounds have a v e r y high p r o b a b i l - i t y (almost 1) o f g a i n i n g a c c e s s t o secondary e d u c a t i o n . This i m p l i e s t h a t t h e c h i l d r e n of f a t h e r s w i t h l e s s than secondary e d u c a t i o n a r e , i n e f f e c t , c ~ m p e t i n gf o r t h e r e s i d u a l secondary s c h o o l p l a c e s remaining a f t e r t h e c h i l - d r e n of secondary l e a v e r s have claimed t h e i r p l a c e s . The s i z e of secondary s c h o o l system, hence t h e s i z e of t h e r e s i d u a l , i s t h e r e f o r e a c r u c i a l d e t e m i - n a n t of t h e p r o b a b f i i t y of going t o secondary s c h o o l f o r c h i l d r e n from l e s s p r i v i l e g e d f a m i l y backgrounds. This i m p l i e s t h a t one consequence of r e s t r i c t - i n g t h e growth of secondary e d u c a t i o n a s d i c t a t e d by c o n s i d e r a t i o n s of man- power planning, h a s been a l i m i t a t i o n of t h e e x t e n t of upward n o b i l i t y from one g e n e r a t i o n t o t h e n e x t . The t a b l e merely documents t h e d i f f e r e n t i a l i n c i d e n c e of g o i n g on t o sczondary s c h o o l f o r t h e c h i l d r e n from :he d i f f e r e n t s o c i o e c o r ~ m i c backgrounds, and does n o t c a s t any l i g h t on che m e c h a ~ i s m sby which t h i s comes about. One p o s s i b i l i t y is a s y m e t r i c i n f o r m a t i o n : p a r e n t s who a r e w e l l educated a r e b e t t e r informed about: t h e b e n e f i t s of e d u c a t i o n t o t h e i r c h i l d r e n , t h a n t h o s e p a r e n t s w i t h no e d u c a t i o n who may be much l e s s aware of t h e j o b * o p p o r t c n i t i e s education nakes possible. ' C u l t u r e of p o v e r t y ' t h e o r i s t s have s u g g e s t e d t h a t p o o r e r f a m i l i e s have d i f f e r e n t time h o r i z o n s , v a l u e s , and a s p t r a - - t i o n l e v e l s t h a n more f o r t u n a t e f a m i l i e s , and t h e s e d i f f e r e n t a t t i t u d e s c o u l z l e a d them t o i n v e s t l e s s i n t h e i r c h i l d r e n ' s e d u c a t i o n , L A l t ~ m a t i v e l y ,peopA * - w i t h l e s s e d u c a t i o n may-believe t h a t d i s c r i m i n a t i o n on t h e p a r t of employers by f a m i l y background, o r t h e i r own l a c k of c o n t a c t s i n upper l e v e l o c c u p a t i o n s w i l l l i m i t t h e b e n e f i t s t h e i r c h i l d r e n can r e a p from secondary e d u c a t i o n . These f o r n much b e t t e r on t h e e:.ams. T h i s may b e because of i n h e r i t e d i n t e l l i g e n c e . More i n y r t a n t l y , t h e p r e s e n c e of n u m e r a t e , l i t e r a t e p a r e n t s i n t h e f a m i l y h o u s e h o l d w i l l e x p o s e t h e c h i l d r e n from a n e a r l y a g e t o a wide v o c a b u l a r y , r e a d i n g a a t e r i a l s and s o o n , a n d is l i k e l y t o g i v e t h e c h i l d r e n of p r e - s c h o o l a g e a h e a d s t a r t i n t h e a t t a i n m e n t of b a s i c academic s k i l l s . Once s c h o o l i n g h a s begun, e d u c a t e d p a r e n t s c a n h e l p and e n c o u r a g e c h i l d r e n t o l e a r n t h e i r l e s s o n s more t h o r c u g h l y by g o i n g o v e r and r e e x p l a i n i n g c l a s s m a t e r i a l a t home, and h e n c e w i l l r e i n f o r - e t h e l e a r n i n g p r o c e s s . Such c h i l d r e n a r e a l s o more l i k e l y t o b e g i v e n a q u i e t p l a c e t o do homework, and t o b e ' l e t c f f ' h e l p i n g w i t h household c h o r e s . The e x p l a n a t i o n of t h e h i g h e r p r o b a b i l i t y of g o i n g t o s e c o n d a r y s c h o o l and beyond f o r c h i l d r e n w i t h e d u c a t e d p a r e n t s i s most l i k e l y a combina- t i o n of t h e s e v a r i o u s r e a s o n s . Well e d u c a t e d f a m i l i e s have a d i f f e r e n t a t t i t u d e towards t h e e d u c a t i o n of t h e l r c h i l d r e n , and may h e l p p r e p a r e t h e i r c h i l d r e n f o r t h e q u a l i f y i n g exams i n many ways. Hence, t h e i r c h i l d r e n may p e r f o r m much b e t t e r and p a s s t h e exams more f r e q u e n t l y , b u t f o r t h o s e t h a t f a i l , p a y i n g t o send t h e - h i l d r e n t o p r i v a t e s c h o o l i s a f e a s i b l e o p t i o n , a n d . c is s e e n a s very important. C h i l d r e n from p o o r e r f a m i l i e s may do worse o n t h e exams, a n d s e n d i n g them t o p r i v a t e s c h o o l is f i n a n c i a l l y more d i f f i c u l t , and - may n o t b d c o n s i d e r e d v e r y impor:ant. a L * - s a b l e 3.B.2b t e l l s t h e same s t o r y as T a b l e 2a, by showing t h e b I d i f f e r e n t fevels of e d u c a t i o n of t h e f a t h e r when employees a r e grouped by t h e i r educational attainment. The p e r c e n t a g e o f employees w i t h f a t h e r s with no e d u c a t i o n d e c l i n e s s t r o n g l y a . . . ~a l m o s t m o n o t o n i c a l l y a s t h e l e v e l of i n t o two groups, t h e educated ( t h e 'E's) and t h e uneducated ( t h e 'U's) and t h a t males and f e m a l e s a r e d i v i d e d e q u a l l y between them. Assume t h a t c h i l d r e n v i h two 'U' p a r e n t s have a z e r o p r o b a b i l i t y of o b t a i n i n g secondary e d u c a t i o n , c h i l d r e n w i t h one 'E' parent a .75 p r o b a b i l i t y , and c h i l d r e n w i t h both p a r e n t s who a r e ' E's have a p r o b a b i l i t y of 1 of a c c e s s t o secondary sch~ool. The d i s t r i b u t i o n of secondary e d u c a t i o n a l o p p o r t u n i t i e s of t h e next g e n e r a t i o n (i.e., t h e c h i l d r e n ) w i l l depend on t h e mating b e h a v i o r of t h e i r p a r e n t s . Consider v a r i o u s a l t e r n a t i v e mating p a t t e r n s : (a) P e r f e c t l y A s s o r t a t i v e Mating In t h i s c a s e a l l t h e 'E's marry 'E's and t h e 'U's marry 'U's. The d i s t r i b u t i o n of e d u c a t i o n a l o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r t h e next genera- t i o n is a s follows: t h e h a l f of t h e c h i l d r e n w i t h uneducated p a r e n t s have a p r o b a b i l i t y of 0 of g e t t i n g s e c o n d i r y e d u c a t i o n t h e o t h e r h a l f whose p a r e n t s b r c e d u c a t e d have a p r o b a b i l i t y of 1 of g e t t i n g secondary e d u c a t i o n (b) Antiassortative Hating . P In t h i s c a s e the 'E's marry ' U ' s and t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of an e d u c a t i o n a l o p p o r t u n i t y f o r t h e next g e n e r a t i o n i s completely e q u a l : t h e r e f o r e a l l c h i l d r e n have one p a r e n t w i t h e d u c a t i o n , hence - a l l c h i l d r e n have a p r o b a b i l i t y of .75 of g e t t i n g secondary e d u c a t i o n . I  - 11 - T a b l e 3.A.5b t e l l s t h e o t h e r s i d e of t h e same s t o r y . Here we s t a n d a r d i z e f o r mothers' e d u c a t i o n and s e e f o r i n s t a n c e t h a t w h i l e 61% of mothers w i t h no e d u c a t i o n have s p o u s e s w i t h none, o n l y 6.3% of primary mothers and 2 % of mothers w i t h s e c o n d a r y p l u s have husbands w i t h no e d u c a t i o n . The b e h a v i o r i l l u s t r a t e d i n t h e t a b l e s is somewhere between p e r f e c t l y a s s o r t a t i v e mating and random mating. P e r f e c t l y a s s o r t a t i v e mating i s n o t p o s s i b l e because t h e r e a r e f a r fewer primary and secondary p l u s women t h a n men with these educational qualifications. However, t a b l e 3.A. 5b makes i t c l e a r t h a t p r a c t i c a l l y a l l of t h e r a t h e r s m a l l pool ( 2 9 % ) of women with e d u c a t i o n , a r e married t o s p o u s e s w i t h e d u c a t i o n i . e . , i t s u g g e s t s t h a t i f males and f e m a l e s were similarly a l l o c a t e d a c r o s s e d u c a t i o n a l g r o u p s , a s assumed i n t h e i l l u s t r a t i v e example, mating would b e more n e a r l y p e r f e c t l y a s s o r t a t i v e . The e a r l i e r t a b l e s document t h e advantages ( i n terms of l e v e l of e d u c a t i o n , and hence improved j o b o p p o r t u n i t e s ) t o c h i l d r e n of having an educated p a r e n t , and t a b l e 3 i l l u s t r a t e s t h a t having two educated p a r e n t s i s even more b e n e f i c i a l . C l e a r l y t h e p r o p e n s i t y of educated i n d i v i d u a l s t o choose educazed spouses w i l l r e i n f o r c e t h e unequal d i s t r i b u t i o n 3f e d u c a t i o n a l o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r t h e n e x t generation. It i s t h e r e f o r e of i n t e r e s t t o t r y t o a s s e s s t h e t r e n d i n a s s o r t a - . e t i v e mating oven time. The e x t e n s i o n of e d u c a t i o n a l o p p o r t u n i t i e s t o more of t h e p o p u l a t i o n and most i m p o r t a n t l y t o women may mean t h a t r e c e n t $ t h e potential f o r assorta- i - t i v e mating by e d u c a t i o n h a s i n c r e a s e d a s t h e p o o l a f educated wonen i n c r e a s e s r e l a t i v e t o t h e pool of educated men. Some !c evidenca on t h i s i s found i n s e c t i o n D, where we compare m a r r i a g e p a t t e r n s of t h e r e s p o n d e n t s w i t h t h o s e of t h e i r p a r e n t s , but some l i g h t c a n be shed on t h i s h y p o t h e s i s through d i v i d i n g o u r sample i n t o two c o h o r r s . Comparing t a b l e s 5c and 5d we s e e t h a t f o r t h e  CHAPI'ER 3 , S E C T I O N A PAGE 20 TABLE 1 0 7 FILE TS7A ( C R E A T I O N DATE = 0 4 / 2 0 / 8 1 ) . r + r + + + r * r + c r r c + r c C R O S S T A U U L A T I O N O F + + ~ * ~ + * + + + + * * * * * + * V14G FATIdERS E D U C A T I O N BY V23RAG 0CCUPATION.CURRENT * + * + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * * * * * * * * + + * + + + + * * PAGE 1OF 1 V23OAG COUNT I ROW P C T I M A N U A L . MANUAL.5 M A N U A L - S C L E R I C A L TECH & S MANAG 8 PROFESS1 ROW IUNSKILLE €MI-SKIL KILLED ,SECRETl. E M I P R O F A D M I N ONAL TOTAL I 1.1 2.1 3.1 4.1 5.1 6. I 7. I NO EDIJCAT I O N 1 25.4 1 21.4 I 26.2 1 19.6 1 2.4 1 2.5 1 2.5 1 -I--------I--------I--------I-.------I-------.l--------I-------- I 1. 1 84 1 106 1 150 I 321 1 43 I 56 I 23 1 783 PRIMARY I 10.U 1 13.5 I 19.2 1 41.0 I 5.5 1 7.2 I 2.9 I 46.6 COLUMN 202 274 3 59 553 7 1 89 52 168 1 TOTAL 16.8 16.3 2 1 .4 32.9 4.2 5.3 3.1 100.0 1 OUT OF 21 ( 4 . 8 % ) OF TI-IE V A L 1 0 C E L L S HAVE EXPECTEO C E L L FREQUENCY L E S S T H A N . 5 . 0 . M I N I M U M EXPECTEO C E L L FREQUENCY = 4.346 C k I I SQUARE = 2 4 L 7 3 8 6 9 W1Tl.I 1 2 DEGREES OF FREEDOM S I G N I F I C A N C E = 0.0000 ..C ' NUMBER OF M I S S I N G OBSERVATIONS a 79 ,- TABLE 3 . A . l a b EMPLOYEES GROUPED BY FATIIEK'S EDUCATION: D I S T R I B U T I O N BY OCCUPATION CHAPTER 3 , S E C T I O N A 05/07/8 1 PAGE 21 TABLE 1 0 7 FILE TS7A ( C R E A T I O N DATE a 0 4 / 2 0 / 8 1 ) + + + * r r r r r r * r r r r r r r C H O S S T A B U L ' A T I O N O F r * * * * * * o * + r * + r * + + * V14G FATHERS EDUCATION BY V77G WAGES PER MONTH S I i * * * * * * I * * * * I I I I + ~ I . * I * * * ~ ~ * I I * * * * * * * * * I I + * * I * * * * * * * PAGE 1OF 1 V77G COUNT I ROWPCT 1 0 - 5 0 0 501-750 751-1000 1001-150 1 5 0 1 - 2 0 0 2 0 0 1 - 3 0 0 3 0 0 0 t ROW I 0 0 0 TOTAL I 1. I 2.1 3. I 4. I 5. I G. I 7. I V l4G ---.----I--------I--------I--------I--.-----~--------I--------[-------- I 0. I 195 I 263 l 131 1 87 1 49 I 35 1 8 1 NO EDUCATION 1 25.4 1 34.3 1 17.1 1 11.3 1 6.3 1 4.6 I 1.0 I -I--------I--------I--------l--------I--------I--------I-------- I 1. 1 189 1 189 1 112 I 153 1 46 I 87 I 13 I PRIMARY 1 24.0 1 21.0 I 14.2 I 19.3 1 5.8 I 11.1 1 1.7 1 .I--------:--------I.-------I--------I--------[--.-----I---.---. I 2. I 15 I 19 1 2 0 1 35 1 30 1 14 I b I SECONDARY+ I 10.8 I 13.3 I 14.5 I 24.9 I 21.8 1 10.2 I 4.6 1 -I--------l--------l--------[--------l--------l--------I-------- I COLUMN 399 47 1 264 274 125 137 27 TOTAL 23.5 27.7 15.5 16.2 7.4 8.1 1.6 1 OUT OF 21 ( 4 . 8 % ) ' OF TIiE V A L I D C E L L S HAVE EXPECTED C E L L FREQUENCY L E S S THAN . 5 . 0 . M I N I M U M EXPECTED C E L L FREOUEIJCV = 2:244 C H I SOlJARE = 136.01997 WITli 1 2 DEGREES OF FREEOOM SIGNIFICANCE 0.0000 NIJMBER OF M l S S I N G OBSERVATIONS = 63 TABLE 3.A.lb EMPLOYEXS GROUPED BY FATHER'S EDUCATION DISTRIBUTION BY WAGES PER MUNTH CHAPTER 3 . S E C T I O N A 05/07/8 1 PAGE 2 TABLE 8 9 A FILE TS7A (CREATION DATE = 04/20/81) + C R O S S T A ~ ~ J L A T I O O N F I I I * * * * * * * * * I I I * * * V14 FATHERS EDUCATION BY V21A P * I ~ I ~ ~ I I I + I ~ ~ ~ . I ~ + ~ ~ ~ * . ~ + * * * * I * C I * * * * I W * F* * *$ O PAGE I 1 * * * V 2 1A COUNT I C O L PCT IN0 EDUC ST0 1-4 STD 5.6 STD 7 - 8 FORM1 - 4 POST FOR ROW I OR E O U I V M A TOTAL NONE 1 86.5 I 76.7 I 5 6 . 1 I 39.8 I 2 4 . 4 I 2 8 . 3 I 45.1 -I..-------l-.---s--I--------I--------I----A---I-------- I 1. I 22 I 53 I 48 1 314 1 26t 1 101 I 799 PRIMARY I 12.6 I 23.1 I 42.2 I 57.6 I 57.2 1 52.4 I 46.7 -I--------I--------I--------I--------I--------I-----a-- I 2. I 2 I 0 I 2 I 13 I 74 I 35 1 125 SECONDARY I 1.0 I 0.0 I 1.7 I 2.3 I 16.2 1 18.1 1 7.3 I -I--------I--------I--------I--------I--------I-------- I COLUMN 174 227 114 545 457 193 17 10 TOTAL 10.2 13.3 6.7 31.9 26.7 1 3 100.0 C H I SQUARE = 420.40718 W I T l l 15 D E G R E E S OF FREEDOM SIGNIFICANCE = 0.0000 NUMBER OF M I S S I N G O B S E R V A T I O N S = 50 - TABLE 3.A.2b ,)) 11 ti 1 1 EMPLOYEES GROUPED' BY OWN EDUCATION: DISTRIBUTION BY FATHER'S EDUCATION  '.' _'. CIiAPTER 3 . SECT I O N A 05/07/81 PAGE B TABLE 90 FILE TS7A ( c R E A T I O I J DATE = 0 4 / 2 0 / 8 1 ) r * * * r r t r r r r * r * r r * r C R O S S T A B U L A T I O N O F r r r * + ~ r * * * * ~ * * r * * + V 19G MflTtlERS EOUCAT I O N BY V 2 1 A * * * # ~ * + * ~ * C ~ I * ~ L * + I I + + I * * * * + + * ? + * + + * * * * * * * . * * * * * * PACE I 1 O F 1 V 2 1A COUNl I ROW PCT I N 0 EOUC S T 0 1 - 4 510 5-6 ST0 7-8 FOHMI-4 POST FOR ROW I OR E O U I V M 4 TOTAL I 1.1 2.1 3. I 4. I 5.1 6. 1 V19C --------I--------I--------I------.-I--------I--------I-------- I 0. 1 21 1 41 I 34 I 175 1 126 1 41 I NO E D U C A T I O N I 4.8 1 9.3 I 7.8 1 40.0 1 20.7 I 9.4 1 -I--------I--------I--------1--------I--------I-------- I I. I 1 I I1 I 12 1 136 I 131 I 52 I PRlMAHY I 0.2 I 3.3 I 3.5 1 39.6 I 3 0 . 1 I 15.2 I -I-----.--I--.-----I--------I----.---I--------[---.---- I 2. 1 0 I 0 1 0 I 1 I 3 I G I SECONDARY+ I 0.0 I 0.0 I 0.0 I 8.1 I 33.0 1 58.0 I , Il-,------I--------I--------I--------I--------I-------- I COLUMN 22 52 46 3 12 260 99 TOTAL 2.8 6.6 5.8 39.4 32.9 12.5 6 OUT OF 1 8 ( 3 3 . 3 % ) OF TIIE V A L I D C E L L S l1AVE EXPECTEO C E L L FRCOUENCY L E S S S I i A N ,5.0. M I N I M U M EXPECTED C E L L FREOUENCY = 0 . 2 6 0 C t l I SOUARE 61.79422 WITIl 1 0 DECREES OF FREEDOM S I G N I F I C A N C E = 0.0000 NUMBER OF M I S S I N G O B S E R V A T I O N S = 7 h TABLE 3 . A . 3 -, EMPLOYEES GROUPED BY MOTtIEROS EDUCATION: DISTRIBUTION UY OWN EDUCATION  r r r r r r * r r r * * r r + r r + C R O S ' j - - - f 3 R E A K O O W N O F r * * + * * + * r r r r * * r r r r V14G FA ltlERS EDUCATION f3Y Vl9G MOIHERS EDUCATION * * * + * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * + * * * + * * * + + * + + * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * V A R l A U L E AVERAGED ... V2 10 YEARS O F S C H O O L I N G + + * ~ + + * I + * ~ * + * * + C C * ~ . + * ~ * * * * + I * * ~ * * * + * * ~ * + + ~ E P+A GI + 1 ~O F+ 1 V19G MEAN I COUNT I N O EDUCA SECONOAR PRIMARY ROW STD OEV I TION Yt TOTAL 1 V 14G --------I- - I - -I - - - - - - - -0 ------- 2 I - - - - - - - - ~I- - -I I 0 I 5.84 I 0.05 I 7.00 1 5.93 NO E D U C A T I O N I 736 1 30 I 0 I .766 I 4.26 I 3.91 I 0 . 0 I 4.26 -I----------I----------I---------- I 1 I 11.89 1 8.27 I 9.47 1 8.83 PRIMA~IY I 9 I 438 1 345 1 792 I I 1.69 I 3.55 2.90 1 3.33 -I----------I----------l---------- I 2 I 8.871 11.781 11.721 11.14 SECONI)ARY+ I 31 I 98 I 11 I 140 I 3.36 I 2.03 I 2. 1 3 1 2.66 -I----------I----------I---------- I COLUMN T O r A L 6.80 9.86 11.71 7.71 1204 473 21 1697 4 . 17 3.01 1.99 4.12 NUMBER OF M I S S I N G O t 3 S E R V A T I O N S = 62 - TABLE 3.A.4a EMPLOYEES GROUPED BY MOTHER'S EDUCATION AND FATHER'S EDUCATION: r(l q MEAN YEARS OF EDUCATION CtlAPTER 3 . S E C T I O N A 05/07/8 1 PAGE $0 [ A B L E 90 FILE TS7A (CREATION DATE = 0 4 / 2 0 / 8 1 ) * r + + r . r r r ~ r r r r r r r C R O S S - - - 8 R E A K O O W N O F * * * I * * * * * * * * * * * * * * PARENTS EDUCATION 6Y * * * t , * * * . * * * + * * * * " * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * + * * * * " * * * * * * * . * * * * * * * * * V A R I A B L E AVERAGED ... V2 l B Y E A R S OF S C H O O L I N G ~ ~ I ~ + * C * * + + * ~ + * + * * I * * * * * ~ * I * I ~ ~ * * * * * * + * * C * * *GE PA * *I O+ F* 1 * MEAN I --------I---------- 0 1 5.84 I 5.84 B O l t l N O EDLJC ONE P R I M B O N E N O N I -I---------- I 2 I 9.47 I 9.47 UOTll P R I M ONE SEC+.ONE NUN I 31 1 31 -I---------- I 5 1 11.721 11.72 U O T t l SEC+ -1 ----------I COLUMN T O T A L NllhlUER O F M I S S I N G O B S E R V A T I O N S ' 62 TABLE 3 . A . 4 b EMPLOYEES GROUPED BY PARENTS EDUCATION: MEAN YEARS OF EDUCATION CHAPTER 3 . S E C T I O N A 05/07/8 1 PAGE 12 TABLE 106 FILE TS7A (CREATION DATE = 0 4 / 2 0 / 8 1 ) * + + r r r b r r + r r r r r + r r " R O S S T A B U L A T I O N O F r r r r r + t r r r r + + * + + r r V 1% MOTtlERS EDUCATION BY V14G FATtiERS EDUCATION + * + r + * + ~ * r + * * r * + + + ~ + * * + 1 + * r ~ 4 + + ~ + 1 + r * * * * * * * * P +E r 1* O * *AG F 1 V 14G 1 COUNT • . C O L P C T I N 0 EDUCA P R I M A R Y SECONOAR ROW ITION Yt TOTAL I 0. I 1.1 2. I V 19G --------I--------I--------~-------- I 0. I 741 1 438 1 31 I 1209 NO E D U C A T I O N I 96.1 I 55.3 I 22.0 I 71.0 1. I 30 I 345 I 98 1 473 PRIMARY I 3.9 1 43.5 I 70.2 1 27.8 -I--------I--------I-------- I COLUMN 771 792 140 1702 TOTAL 45.3 46.5 8.2 100.0 1 OUT O F 9 ( 1 1 . 1 % ) O F T H E V A L I D C E L L S H A V E E X P E C T E D C E L L FREQUENCY L E S S T H A N . 5 . 0 . M I N I M U M EXPECTED C E L L FREDUENCY = 1.694 C t I I SQUARE = 520.93833 WITH 4 D E G R E E S OF F R E E D O M S I G N I F I C A N C E = 0.0000 NUMBER OF M I S S I N G O B S E R V A T I O N S = 57 (jo 11 btPl 1 , - A n , " 3 1 c- EMPLOYEES GROUPED BY FATHER'S EDUCATION: DISTRIJGJTION BY MOTHER'S EDUCATION FILE 7 ~ 7 (~C R E A T I O N D A T E = 0 4 / 2 0 / 8 1 ) * * r * r r + r + + * + + + + + + r C R O S S T A B U L A T I O N O F * + r * r + * * * * * * * a * * * * V 19G MOTHERS E D U C A T I O N BY V14G F A T H E R S EOUCAT ION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + * PAGE 1 OF 1 V 14G COUNl I ROW P C T I N 0 EDUCA P R I M A R Y SECONDAR ROW ITION Y+ TOTAL 1 0.1 1.1 2. I V 19G --------I--------I--- I -----I-------- 0. I 741 1 438 I 31 1 1209 NO E D U C A T I O N I 61.3 I 36.2 I 2.5 I 71.0 - I - - - - - - - - ] - - - - - -I --]-------- 1. I 30 I 345 1 98 I 473 PRIMARY 1 6 . 3 I 72.9 1 20.7 I 27.8 - ] - - - - - - - - I - - - -I ----]-------- -I--------]----- I ---[-------- COLUMN 77 1 792 140 1702 TOTAL 45.3 46.5 8.2 100.0 I OLlT OF 9 ( 1 1 . 1 % ) OF THE V A L I D C E L L S H A V E E X P E C T E D C E L L FREQUENCY L E S S T t l A N ' 5 M I N I M U M E X P E C T E D C E L L FREQUENCY = 1.694 C H I SQUARE 520.93833 WITH 4 D E G R E E S O F FREEDOM SIGNIFICANCE = 0.0000 NUMBER OF M I S S I N G O B S E R V A T I O N S = 57 t TABLE 3.A.Sb EMPLOYEES CROUPEP BY MOTHER'S EDUCATION:  . . CtIAPTER 3 , S E C T I O N A 05/07/8 1 PAGE 27 TABLE 1 0 7 FILE TS7A ( C R E A T I O N DATE = 0 4 / 2 0 / 8 1 ) * * * r + r r c r r r r r r r r r + C R O S s T A n U L A T I O N O F * * * * * * * . * * * * * * * * * * V19G MOlllERS EDUCATION BY V14G FATHERS EDUCATION * * * I I ~ I I ~ + I ~ ~ I I I I * + I . ~ I + I + I * ~ + * * * * I * I + I * * * * * * AG P *E I 1+ O F 1 V 14G COLJNT I C O L P C T I N 0 EDUCA P R I M A R Y SECONDAR ROW ITION Y+ TOTAL NUMBER OF M I S S I N G O B S E R V A T I D N S = 24 DISTRIBUTION BY MOTHER'S EDUCATION C I I A P T E R 3 . SECT I O N A PAGE 29 TABLE 107 FILE TS7A (CREATION DATE 04/20/01) * r v r r * r r r r r r t r t r r r C R O S S T A B U L A T I O N O F r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r + r r V19G MOTtIERS E D U C A T I O N BY V l 4 G F A T H E R S EDUCAT I O N b r * * * * r r * * + + * r * * + * * * * * + + * * * r + r * * . * * * r * r ~ * 8 * * * * * * PAGE 1OF 1 V 14G COUNT I SCCONDAR ROW COL P ; ~ ~ ~ f O E J Y C f , P R I M A R Y Yt TOTAL I 0. I 1.1 2. I V 19G - - - - - - - - I - . - - - - - - I - - -I-----I-------- 0. I 4 1 1 1 2 0 5 1 1 3 1 630 NO E D U C A T I O N 1 98.1 I 66.6 I 30.0 I 81.6 -)--------I--------I-------- I 1. I 8 1 2 6 1 102 I 136 PRIMARY 1 1.9 I 33.3 57.7 I I 17.6 -I--------I-------:I-------- I 2. I 0 I 0 I 5 I 6 SECONDARY+ 1 0.0 1 0 . 1 -1 12.3 1 0.8 -I--------I--------l-------- I COLUMN 419 308 45 772 TO r A L 54.3 33.9 5.8 100.0 3 OUT OF 9 ( 33.3%) OF T I I E V A L I D C E L L S H A V E E X P E C T E D C E L L FREQUENCY L E S S T H A N 6 . 0 . C l l l SQUARE = 261.71695 WITH 4 D E G R E E S OF FREEDOM SIGNIFICANCE = 0.0000 NUMBER O F M I S S I N G O B S E R V A T I O N S = 33 EMPLOYEES OVER 30 YEARS GROUPED BY FATHER'S EDUCATION: DISTRIBUTION BY MOTLIER'S EDUCATION  FILE TS7A (CREATION DATE - 04/20/81) + * * * * * * C R O S S - - - B R E A K D O W N O F + * A * * * * * * + * * * * * * * V14P PARENTS EDUCATION BY MEAN I COLJNT I ROW STD DEV I TOTAL I 0 I V14P I-------- --------I-- 0 I 6.07 I 6.87 BOTI.1 NO EDUC I 329 I 329 I 3.37 1 3.37 -I---------- I I I 7.98 I 7.98 ONE P H I M , O N E N O N I 255 1 255 2 I 9.13 I 9 . 13 BOTH P R I M I 242 I 242 3 I 9.36 I 9.36 ONE SEC+.ONE NON I 18 I 10 . 1 .- I I 11.64 I 11.64 ONE P R I M . O N E SEC I 81 I 81 I 1.98 I 1.98 -I---------- I 5 I 11.75 I 11.75 B O F t l SEC+ I 5 I 5 I 1.07 I 1.07 NUMBER OF M I S S I N G O B S E R V A T I O N S = 25 TABLE 3 . A . 7 a EMPLOYEES AGED 30 YEARS OR LESS GROUPED BY PARENTS EDUCATION:  I CIIAI'TEH 3 , S C C r I O N A 05/07/8 1 PAGE 33 IAULE 107 FILE TS7A ( C R E A T I O N DATE = 0 4 / 2 0 / 8 1 ) r r r r * r r r r r r r * r r r r r C R O S S - - - B R E A K D O W N O F * * * * * + - r r * * * * * * * * * V 14P PARENTS EDUCATION BY . , * * * , . * . * * ! . . * , * * * * . * . * * * . * * * * * * * . * * * * * * ~ * 1 * * * ~ * ~ * * * * * * V A H I A U L E AVERAGED ... V2 10 YEARS OF SCtlOOLING ~ ~ * * . * . * . * * * * I * ~ * ) * * * + * * * * L * * * * L * * * + * * C * C I * * * * ~ * PAGE * I O F I MEAN I COUNT I ROW STD DEV 1 TO r A L I 0 I V14P - - - - - - - - I - -I -------- I3OTtI NO EDUC 5.01 407 9 4 1 ;g1i 4.70 I 4.70 I -I------ I---- I I 8.58 I 8.50 aNC PRIM.ONE NON I 213 I 2 13 I 4.11 I '.It -I---------- I 2 I 10.25 I 10.25 UOTCI P R I M I 102 I 102 I 3.54 I 3.54 -1 I ---------- 3 I 8 . 17 I & 17 ONE SEC+,ONE NON 1 13 1 13 I 3.72 I 3.72 -I------ I---- I I 12.25 I 12.25 ONE PRIM,ONE SEC I 26 I 26 I 2.03 I 2.03 - I - - - - - -I---- 5 I 11.69 I 11.69 OOTll S E C t I 5 I 5 I 2.90 f 2 . "8 -]----------I COLUMN TOTAL 7.05 7.05 767 767 4.87 4.87 NUMBER OF M I S S I N G O B b E R V A T I O N S = 37 TABLE 3.A.7b - EMPLOYEES AGED 31 OR MORE GROUPED BY PARENTS' EDUCATION: , * l t hraiiI MEAN YEARS OF EDUCATION b C R O S S - - - f ) R E A K D O W M O F t t t t ? * * * * # * * * * * + 9 * v33 I I ~ ~ I M A R SCIII)OL Y T Y ~ ~ C UY VOOB AOU b b * b t b * * * * + 4 * + * * b * * * * b * 4 b * * * t * t * * * * . * * * * * * t * * * * * * * * 4 * * * * VARIABLE AVERAGED. .. V 2 16 Y E A R S OF S C t I O O L \ N G o o ~ ~ ~ b b o t ~ $ + ~ o ~ b * ~ ~ + ~ + + ~ t ~ t f b ~ * * + " + * *P A*W * 1* O F* t+ * C * t * V6GO MBAN I 18-25CUUNI I 20-30 3 1-35 36-45 46+ ROW ST0 DEV I TOTAL I I I 3 I 3 1 4 I I) I V23 -----.--1----.--...1.---------1-----.-.--1------.---1---------- I I I ~ , R QI R,BR 1 9,4a I 7,07 I 7,aa I 0~61 liOVk IIt1Mk N 1 r 4!1 1 9Y:l 1 ltlr I I Iu 1 33 I to24 1 2.54 I 2.73 1 4.09 I 3.44 1 4.26 1 3.12 -I------ - - - l - - - - - - - - - - l - - - - - - - - - - l - - - - - - - - - - - - - a z - a - = I 3 1 s,as I re,tin I ?.dB I a,oa I 6-37 I 0.37 I'HIVATE 1 10 1 21 1 6 1 5 I 4 1 45 I 1,36 I a,rjo r a , 10 I ~ ~ I7 7 a14i I a, oi ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ & . ~ a ~ z ~ ~ a ~ . * G x z ~ . z ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ' A - . ~ ~ 1" ~ . u . ~ ~ ~ * ~ " . * ~ ~ u - * ~ a 3 t 0.07 1 9.01 1 10.01 1 8.59 1 8.29 1 0.17 MlSSIOFl I 38 1 I20 I 13'1 , 1 80 1 3U 1 410 I 1-72 I 3. la I 4.on I 3.03 I 3 . ~ 1I 3.64 ' -I--.----.--l---------.l----------I------------l----*----- 1 COLI:YN TQTAL a , sa P , BO u,m 7,7Q 7,74 H , 7a 46 1 1133 306 223 31 1498 2.60 2.92 3.96 3.79 3.89 3.31 TABLE 3 , B . l b - - - -- - - - AND ACE: MEAN YEARS OF EDUCATION  6 I . SPSS O A T C I i S Y S T E M 06/24/8 1 PAGE 8 ' ' C R O S . S T A B U L A T I O N O F r r r r * * r * * * * * * * + + * * V25A OF SECONDARY SCt4OOL. T ~ P E BY V42 k I I G I i E S T SECONDARY S C H O O L F O R M ROW P C T I ROW 1 TOTAL -I--------1--------1--------I--------1--------1**------ 1 4. I 0 I 0 I 6 1 1 4 1 0 1 0 1 21 IICALSECOND I 0.0 I 1.8 I 27.4 I 68.9 I 0.0 I 1.9 1 3.3 -I--------I--------I--------I--------I-----+--l-------- I COLUMN 9 9 0 22 360 0 151 632 TOTAL 1.5 14.2 3.4 56.9 0.1 23.9 100.0 TABLE 3 . B . 2 a t EMPLOYEES GROUPED BY TYPE OF SFCONDARY SCHOOL: D I S T R I B U T I O N BY HIGHEST SECONDARY SCHOOL FORM REACHED.  ---\ - 1.' SPSS BATCH SYSTEM 06/24/81 PAGE 19 T A B L E 46 . @ t ILE TS7A ( C R E A T I O N D A T E = 04/20/81) T Y P E OF SECONDARY SCHOOL BY VCGB AGE * * t t b * . * * . * , C * * t , * * * * * * . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * VAXIABLE AVERAGED.. . V 2 18 YEARS O F S C H O O L I N G * ~ * ~ I * * * * * I + ~ * * . . I I * I I * * . + I + * * + * * . * I * I * * I I * * * I I * + PAGE tOF V6GB MEAN I COUNT I 15-25 S T 0 DEV I ------..-I----------I----------I----------I----------I---------- I 1 1 11.52 I 12.17 I 13.33 I 11.69 I 12.38 I 12.20 GOVERNMENT SECON I 134 I 114 I 07 I 36 I 13 I 395 -I----------I-------.--I----------I----------I---------- I -I----------[---------------- ----I--------------------- I 3 I 10.68 I 11.07 I :L.48 I 12.45 I 13.31 I 11.50 P R I V A T E SECONp* 111 PI* 160 1 54 1 33 1 31 : 5 I 184 .i----------l----------I----------I----------I---------- I TECI-INICAL SC, COLUMN T O T A L 11.23 11.81 13.06 11.99 12.52 11.97 200 174 150 76 22 623 1.36 ,1.78 2.27 2.41 2.54 2.03 NUMBER OF M I i S I N G O B S E R V A T I O N S = 17 TABLE 3 . B . 2 - b EMPLOYEES GROUPED BY TYPE OF SECONDARY SCHOOL AND AGE: MEAN YEARS OF EDUCATION I * I * I I * * * * * I * * * + * * ~ + * * * ~ + * * I L * * * I * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * PAGE ! O F I I ' I~IVISION I 1 DIVISION 2 DIVISION 3 DIVISION 4, FAIL DID NOI SIT ROW TOTAL 4. 1 0 I 2 I 6 1 3 I 0 I 0 I It T E C I - I N I C A L SECOND I 0.0 I 21.9 I 50.3 1 24.3 I 3.5 I 0.0 I 2.0 TOTAL 11.1 36.3 33.6 14.8 2.0 1.4 100.0 NUMBER OF M I S S I N G O B S E R V A T I O N S - 230 EMPLOYEES GROUPED BY TYPE OF SECONDARY SCHOOL (a) DISTRIBUTION BY RESULTS IN NF4 EXAM SI'SS B A T C I I SYSTEM 06/24/8 1 PAGE 15 TABLE 4 4 FILE TS7A ( C R E A T I O N DATE = 04/20/81) TYPE OF SECONDARY SCtiOOL BY V47 GRADE B E S T S C I E N S E v47. COUNT I ROW PCT I E X C E L L E N VERY GUO G O 0 0 SATISFAC F A I L 010 NOT ROW IT 0 T SIT TOTAL 1. I 10 I 49 I 96 I 49 I 19 I 39 I 263 GOVERNMENT SECON I 3.9 1 18.6 I 36.5 1 18.6 I 7.4 I 15.0 I 74. 1 -]--------I--------I--------I--------I--------I-------- I 2. 1 L I 2 I 5 1 2 I 0 I 0 I 9 SELF H E L P SECOND I 9. 1 1 19.2 1 53.9 1 17.8 I 0.0 I 0.0 I 2.5 -l-----.--I--------I--------I--------I-------.I-------- I 3.1 6 I 7 1 2 6 1 1 7 1 3 I 14 1 72 P R I V A T E SECONDAR 1 8.2 I 10.3 I 35.4 I 23.6 I 3.7 I 18.8 I 20.4 -,--------I--------I--------I--------I--------I-------- I 4. 1 2 I 1 I 3 I 3 I 2 I 0 I I1 T E C t I N I C A L JECOND 1 15.9 I 11. I I 17.1 I 27.2 I 18.6 I 0.0 I 3.0 -I--------I--------I--------I--------I--------I*------- I COLUMN 19 59 129 . 70 24 53 355 TOTAL 5.3 16.7 36.4 19.9 6.8 15.0 100.0 NLJMBEE OF M I S S I N G O B S E R V A T I O N S = *m ' TABLE 3 . B . 3 b (b) DISTRIBUTION BY GRADE I N BEST SCIENCE SUBJECT  V45 r COUNT I ROW PCT I E X C E L L E N VERY GOO GOOD SATISFAC F A I L D I D NOT ROW IT 0 1 SIT TOTAL I 1.1 2.1 3. I 4.1 5. I 6. I ( d ) DISTRIBUTION BY GRADE I N MATHS  FILE TS7A (CREATION DATE = 0 4 / 2 0 / 8 1 ) r r t r r r * r . r + t + r r r r + C R O S S T A B U L A T I O N O F r r r * + r * + r + r + + * b r + + V25A T Y P E OF SECONDARY SCtIOOL BY V 1 4 G FATHERS EDUCATION + ~ ~ ~ + * r * * ~ * * r r + r r ~ * ~ ~ * + + ~ + + r + * + ~ + t * ~ + * * * * AG P O F~ *E * 1 * 1 * * + * ! v14G ' COUNT I C O L P C T i N O EDUCA P R I M A R Y SECONDAR ROW ITION Yt TOTAL I 0.1 1.1 2.1 V25A --------I--------I--------I-------- I 1. 1 102 I 222 I 77 I 402 GOVERNMENTSECON I 6 6 . 4 I 61.8 I 66.5 I 63.8 S E L F IIE1.P SECOND I 6.0 I 4.4 I 0.0 I 4.0 ----I-------. - [ - - - - - - - - [ - - - -I 4. I 5 1 1 5 1 2 I 21 T E C I i N I C A L SECOND 1 3.1 1 4.1 I 1.4 I 3.3 -I--------I--------l-------- 1 . COLUMN 154 360 116 631 TOTAL. 24.5 57.1 18.5 100.0 NUMBER OF M I S S I N G O B S E R V A T I O N S = 13 OF SECONDA SPSS BATCH SYSTEM 07/12/8 1 PAGE 2 FILE 157A (CREATION DATE = 0 4 / 2 0 / 8 1 ) * * * * * b r r . r . r r + * , * * C R O S S T A B U L A T ' < O N O F r r . r r . r * . r r r r r r r r V25A T Y P E O F SECONDARY S C I I O ~ L 0'1 V 1 4 C FAIIiERS EDUCATION * * * * 1 * . 4 . ~ . * ~ ~ * + ~ . ~ ~ . + ~ . ~ * ~ + b . . * * * . b * . * . . . . * . * . . . PAGE 1 O F Vl4C COUNT 1 C O L P C T I N 0 EDUCA P R I M A R Y SECCNUAR ROW I 1I O N Y+ TO1 A L 1 0.1 t .I 2.1 V25A --------I--------I--------I-------- I 0. I 627 1 439 1 24 1 1085 I 5 80.1 1 54.3 10.8 1 63.2 -I-.------I--------I--------I I. I 102 1 222 1 77 I 402 SOVERNMENT S E C O N 1 I 55.3 13.2 1 27.9 I 23.5 -1--------1--------1--..---- I 2. 1 9 1 16 I 0 I 2 5 S E L F I l E L P SECOND I 1.2 I 2.0 I 0.0 I 1.5 -I--------I--------I--------I 3. 1 38 1 107 1 37 I 182 P R I V A T E SECONDAR I 4.9 1 13.4 1 20.6 I 10.G TECIINICAL SECOND I 4. q4-1 5 0.6 I I 15 1.8 I 1 2 1.2 I 1 21 1.2 -I--------I--------I-------- I COLUMN 776 799 140 1715 TOTAL 45.3 46.6 8.2 100.0 NUMBER O F M I S S I N G O B S E R V A T I O N S = 44 TABLE 3 . B . 4 b A L L EMPLOYEES GROUPED BY F A T H E R ' S EDUCATION: D I S T R I B U T I O N BY WHETHER ATTENDED SECONDARY SCHOOL, AND T Y P E O F SECONDARY SCHOOL. Table 3-C. l a - £ We s e e from T a b l e 3.C.la t h a t over 90% of t h e sample s a y t h a t a t t h e t i m e t h e y l e f t formal e d u c a t i o n they wanted t o c o n t i n u e , * which s u g g e s t s e d u c a t i o n is v e r y h i g h l y v a l u e d . We can t a k e t h e p e r c e n t a g e s a y i n g t h e y wished t o c o n t i n u e a s a n i n d i c a t o r of t h e e x t e n t of e x c e s s demand f o r I education. In Table 3.C.lb i t c a n be s e e n t h a t t h e e x t e n t of e x c e s s demand h a s been h i g h and approximately c o n s t a n t o v e r time.** T h i s i s d e s p i t e t h e major Independence and par- e x p a n s i o n of primary e d u c a t i o n t h a t h a s t a k e n p l a c e s i n c ~ t i c u l a r l y s i n c e t h e Arusha D e c l a r a t i o n i n 1967, which we might have e x p e c t e d t o have d i m i n i s h e d t h e e x c e s s demand. From T a b l e l c we n o t e t h a t a b o u t 90% o f e v e r y e d u c a t i o n a l group ( i n c l u d i n g t h o s e w i t h secondary o r more) i n d i c a t e s t h a t when t h e y l e f t formal e d u c a t i o n t h e y would have l i k e d t o c o n t i n u e . Again t h i s i s r a t h e r s u r p r i s i n g , as we might t h i n k t h a t a much lower p e r c e n t a g e of * Those t h a t h a v e n o e d u c a t i o n a r e c o d e d a s n o t a p y l i c a b l e a n d h e n c e a r e excluded from t h i s q u e s t i o n . ** Hany of t h e employees ( e s p e c i a l l y t h e o l d e r o n e s ) s a y t h e y a w a n t e d t o c o n t i n u e w i t h t h e i r e d u c a t i o n $hen they l e f t , b u t g i v e f i n a n c i a l r e a s o n s such a s i ~ a b i l i t yt o pay f e e s and n e c e s s i t y of working t o s u p p o r t f a n i l y f o r n o t d o i n g s o . Such p e o p l e r e a l l y l a d o n l y a nominal e x c e s s demand f o r e d u c a t i o n , w h i l e t h e p e o p l e who d i d n o t c o n t i n u e f o r r e a s o n s o t h e r than b u d g e t a r y %ad e f f e c t i v e e x c e s s demand. I f we e x c l u d e t h o s e g i v i n g f i n a n c i a l r e a s g s f o r not c o n t i n u i n g then we s e e t h a t t h e r e h a s been - i n c r e a s i n g e f f e c t i v e e x c e s s demand over time. - - Desire t o c o n t S h e education Year completed e d u c a t i o n 1931-50 51-60 6 1- 70 71-79 Yes 17 54 270 407 No 11 17 54 40  t h o s e w i t h s e c o n d a r y o r more e d u c a t i o n would i n d i c a c e d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n w i t h t h e i r educational attainment. A p o s s i b l e e x p l a n a t i o n i s t h a t pec?plegs pref- e r e n c e s f o r e d u c a t i o n have been s h i f t i n g upwards o v e r time, b e c a u s e of r i s i n g e x p e c t a t i o n s and p e r h a p s a l s o a s e n s e t h a t t h e achievement of u n i v e r s a l p r i - mary e d u c a t i o n f o r t h e p o p u l a t i o n w i l l mean t h a t a c c e s s t o t h e " b e t t e r " jobs w i l l now r e q u i r e some t h i n g more t h a n primary. I n t h e n e x t few t a b l e s w e l o o k a t r e s p o n s e s of t h e d i f f e r e n t c o h o r t s , by e d u c a t i o n . For t h e c o h o r t e d u c a t e d b e f o r e 1 9 6 0 , t h e e d u c a t i o n a l a t t a i n - ment was low, a b o u t h a l f t h e s a m p l e had s t a n d a r d 1-4, and c l e a r l y p r a c t i c a l l y everyone wanted more e d u c a t i o n . For t h e c o h o r t c o m p l e t i n g e d u c a t i o n between 1961-70, the educational attainment was considerably higher - almost h a l f completed p r i m a r y and n e a r l y 40% had s e c o n d a r y . N e a r l y 100% of t h o s e com- p l e t i n g p r i m a r y would have l i k e d t o have gone f u r t h e r , d e s p i t e t h e i r orm achievement edu~~ationa l b e i n g s o much h i g h e r t h a n t h e e a r l i e r c o h o r t , which i s c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e i d e a that a s e d u c a t i o n a l o p p o r t u n i t i e s expand p e o p l e ' s e x p e c t a t i o n s rise. However, t h i s is a l s o c o n s i s t e n t w i t h s;;istant expecta- t i o n s i f i n f a c t what p e o p l e have always d e s i r e d i s s e c o n d a r y e d u c a t i o n . S i m i l a r l y , f o r t h e 71-80 c o h o r t , d e s p i t e t h e i r o v e r a l l h i g h e r e d u c a t i o n a l achievement, o v a r 90% of r e s p o n d e n t s wished t o go f u r t h e r w i t h t6ei; edu- cation. Over t h e p a s t 10 y e a r s o r s o t h e T a n z a n i a n government h a s concen- - t r a t e d on expanding p r i a a r y - but s e c o n d a r y p l a c e s .gave been k e p t v e r y s c a r c e - - i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h manpower p l a n n i n g e s t i m a t e s of demand f o r e d u c a t e d l a b o r . - L Consequently t h e p r o b a b i l i t y of p r o g r e s s i n g frcm s t F d a r d 7 t o form 1 h a s C a c t u a l l y f a l l e n o v e r t i m e , a s numbers completi..~g p r i m a r y have r i s e n v e r y much f a s t e r than secondary places. The r e s u l t i s e x c e s s demand f o r s e c o n d a r y p l a c e s r e f l e c t e d i n Table C-le. T a b l e 3 .C .2a-d The p r e v i o u s t a b l e s documented t h e d e s i r e shown by 90% o f t h e sample t o have gone f u r t h e r w i t h t h e i r e d u c a t i o n . I n t h e next t a b l e s , f o r those t h a t i n d i c a t e d t h i s d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n w i t h t h e i r e d u c a t i o n a l l e v e l , we l o o k a t t h e r e a s o n s t h e y g i v e f o r t h e i r f a i l u r e t o c o n t i n u e , a n d try a s s e s s how i n s t i t u - t i o n a l changes have a f f e c t e d t h e s e r e a s o n s Gver time. A few f a c t s a b o u t t h e Tanzanian s c h o o l s y s t e m may h e l p i n t h e i n t e r - p r e t a t i o n of t h e t a b l e s . Secondary s c h o o l f e e s were a b o l i s h e d on J a n u a r y !, 1 9 6 4 , h o ~ e v e rp r i m a r y s c h o o l f e e s were n o t a b o l i s h e d u n t i l 1973. A t t h e end of p r i m a r y s c h o o l , p u ~ i l ssit f o r t h e Primary School Leaving Exam, and t h e i r performance on t h i s d e t e r m i n e s w h e t h e r t h e y g a i n a p l a c e a t a p u b l i c s e c o n d a r y school. ( S i n c e 1975 t h e r e h a s a l s o been cont2nuous a s s e s s m e n t of s t u d e n t s c h a r ~ c t e rand academic performance whj ch c o u n t s towards re: u l t s i n t h e n a t i o n a l e x a m i n a t i o n , b u t t h i s w a s i n t r o d u c e d too r e c e n t l y t o a f f e c t many of o u r respondents.) P r i o r t o 1973 t h e r e was a n exam a t t h e e n d of s t a n d a r d 4 t o d e t e r m i n e promotion t o s t a n d a r d 5 . T a b l e 3.C.2a shows t h e change o v e r t i m e i n t h e importance o f t h e d i f f e r e n t reasons. P r i o r t o 1960 "not a f f o r d i n g f e e s " ( i . e . the dir?ct cost 5 'of e d u c a t i o n ) i s t h e overwhelmingly i m p o r t a n t r e a s o n .hy p e o p l e f a i l e d t o s t a y on a t s c h o o l . T o g e t h e r w i t h t h e r e a s o n "work s u p p o r t f a m i l y " (which i s a n i n d i c a t o r of t h e i m p o r t a n c e of i n d i r e c t c o s t of e d u c a t i o n , namely f o r e g o n e e a r n i n g s ) , t h e s e budget c o n s t r a i n t r e a s o n s a r e g i v e n by 70% of o u r sample L cornplet ing e d u c a t i o n bef o r e Independence. By 1961-70 t h e p e r c e n t a g e g i v i n g budget c o n s t r a i n t r e a s o n s h a s dropped t o under 50% w h i l e o v e r o n e - t h i r d c i t e ul ' l u n s u ~ ~ e ~ i~n f exams", and t h i s p a t t e r n . i s even s t r o n g e r f o r t h e most r e c e n t  - 6 - on g a i n i n g a c c e s s t o t h e s m a l l number of s e c o n d a r y p l a c e s a d s p a s s i n g t h e exan ( a l t h o u g h some p r i v a t e s e c o n d a ~s c h o o l s d i d e x i s t s o t h a t a b i l i t y t o pay f .. 4 could ensilre a secoodary educztion). Thus, p a r t of t h e h i g h correlation between f a c h e r ' s e d u c a t i o n and own adccat'on may s t i l l be due t2 financial r e a s o n s , a b i l i t y t o pay f o r 7 o r b g e a r s of p r i m a r j , and f o r p r i v a t e s e c o n d a r y s c h o o i i n g i f n e c e s s a r y , bur: mucl~of i t must be t h e g r e a z e r s u c c e s s on t h e educated parents. p r o r . : t i o n a l exam of c h i l d r e n ~ i t h For our l a s t c o h o r t , we see a l m o s t no o n e d o e s n o t c o m p l e t p r i m a r y , and a s n e i t h e r primary and s s c o n d a r y f e e s e x i s t e d ( f o r most of t h e p e r i o d ) - n o t a f f o r d i n g f e e s i s now n o t :.z i m p o r t a n t r e a s o n f o r p e o p l e t o q u i t s c h o o l e a r l y ( s e e T a b l e 3.C.2d). F a i l a r e t o p a s s che exam i s t h e main r e a s o n f o r t h o s e e n d i n g a t p r i m a r y ; c l e a r l y c h i l d r e n from w e l l e d u c a t e d backgrounds L. , . p a s s t h e exam more o f t e n t o 2 x p l a i n t h e h i g h c o r r e l a t i o n between f a t h e r ' s and om1 e d u c a t i o n . However o v e r t h i s p e r i o d , i n respoilse t o e x c e s s demand f o r s e c o n d a r y s c h o o l p l a c e s r e s u l t i n g from t h e government':. v e r y slow e x p a n s i o n of s e c o n d a r y p l a c e s ( a b o u t 3% p e r y e a r ) many p r i v a t e s e c o n d a r y s c h o o l s d i d come i n t o e x i s t e n c e . Thus f a m i l i e s with h i g h e r iccones a r e s t i l l a t a g r e a t advzntage over l e s s - w l l - o f f f a m i l i e s i n e n s u r i n g secondary education f o r t h e i r c h i l d r e n , f o r i f they f a i l t o make t h e government s e c o n d a r y s c h o o l t h e y c a n pay f o r p r i v a ' t e e d t i c a t i o n . Evidence t h a t f a m i l i e s (and e s p e c i a i l y t h e b e t t e r o f f ) . a r e w i l l ~ n gt o pay f o r p r i v a t e s c h o o l i n g i s reviewed i n S e c t i o n F. '* The impr'ession is t h a t o v e r t h o l a s t 20 y e a r s t h e T a n z a n i a n Govern- - - - ment h a s s u c c e e d e w n making a c c e s s t o s c h c o l i n g more m e r i t o c r a t i c , i n t h e s e n s e t h a t i t is l e s s dependent OIL a b i l i t y t o pay iLees and more dependent on p a s s i n g zxams. However i t is s t i l l t r u e t h a t c h i l d r e n from l e s s e d u c a t e d S P S S BATCI-I S Y S T E M PAGE 2 FILE TS7A ( C R E A T I O N OATE = 0 4 / 2 0 / 8 1 ) V65 D E S I R E TO C O N T I N U E E D U C A T I I O N RELATIVE ADJUSTED CUM ABSOLUTE FRkQ FREO FREO CATEGORY L A B E L r I CODE FREQ (PCT) (PCT) (PCT) lil YES 1. 1405 79.9 91.5 91.5 NA 0. 183 10.4 MISSING 100.0 NO REPLY 9. -. - 4 --1 - 2.4 _ _ r l - - MISSING ------ 100.0 TOTAL 1760 100.0 100.0 V A L I D CASES 1535 M I S S I N G CASES 224 TABLE 3.C& ' D I S T R I B U T I O N O F EMPLOYEES BY ANSWER TO Q U ~ S T I O N"AT THE T I M E YOU L E F T FORMAL EDUCATION D I D YOU WANT TO CONTINUE?^^ (a) ALL EMPLOYEES SPSS BA;?H SYSTEM 05/20/8 1 PAGE 4 FILE TS7A (CREATION DATE = 04/20/81) c * r r r r * r * * * r * * * * * * C R O s s T A B U L A T I O N O F * * * + * * 5 * * * * * * * * 1 + + V65 DESIRE TO CONTINUE EDUCATIION OY V64G YEAR EDUCATION COMPLETE0 * * * * * * . + * + + * * . * * * * ~ * * + * * I . I * * * * * * * * * * * + * * * I * * * * * + PAGE 1OF 1 1 TOTAL I 3.1 4. I 5.1 6. I V65 --------I--------I--------~--------I-------- I 1. I 67 1 187 I 541 1 565 I 1360 YES I 85.6 I 91.8 I 90.9 I 93.3 I 91.7 -I--------I--------I--------I-------- I 2. I 11 I 17 I 54 1 40 I 122 NO I 14.4 1 8.2 I 9. 1 I 6.7 I 0.3 -I--------I--------I--------I-------- I COLUMN 79 203 595 605 1482 ' TOTAL 5.3 13.7 40.1 40.8 100.0 NUMDER OF MISSING OBSERVATIONS = 277 TABLE 3 . C . l b (b) ALL EMPLOYEES GROUPED BY YEAR COMPLETED EDUCATION  . . SPSS BATCH SYSTEM 05/20/8 1 PAGE 5 FILE TS'IA (CREA'IION DATE = 04/20/81) * * r + + r + + r r r r r + r + r r C R O S S T A B U L A T ~ O NO F + r * r + r * r r * r r r r + + r + VG5 DESIRE TO CONTINUE EOUCATIION BY V21A 1 * 1 + 1 1 1 * 1 1 ~ 1 1 1 1 ~ 1 + + 1 1 ~ 1 1 + 1 1 1 1 + 1 1 1 1 1 + + 1 + 1 + 8 + a + r PAGE 1 1 ~ 10F I V2 iA COUNT I COL PCT ISTD 1-4 SrD 5-6 STD 7-8 FORMI-4 POST FOR ROW I OR EOUIV M 4 TOTAL I 2. I 3. I 1.1 5. I G. I YES I 86.7 I 96.6 I 97.0 I 87.3 I 88.9 I 91.5 -I--------I--------I--------I--------I-------- I 2. I 31 I 4 I 1 6 1 5 8 1 21 I 130 NO ' -v 13.3 I 3.4 1 3.0 I 12.7 1 I--------l--------l--------I--------I-------- 11.1 I I 8.5 COLUMN 23 1 113 546 458 187 1535 TOTAL 15.0 7.4 35.6 29.8 12.2 100.0 NUMBER O F MISSING OBSERVATIONS = 225 TABLE 3.C.lc (c) EMPLOYEES GROUPED BY OWN EDUCATION FILE TS7A (CREATION DATE = 04/20/81) * * * r * * * * r 4 * * * + 4 * * * C R O S S T A B U L A T I O N O F * * * * * * V65 DESIRE TO CONTINUE EOUCATIION BY V21A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PAGE 1 OF V2 1A COLJNT I COL PCT ISTD 1-4 STD 5-6 STD 7-8 FORMI-4 POST FOR ROW I O R EQUIV M 4 TOTAL I 2.1 3. I 4.1 5.1 6. I V65 --------I--------I--------~--------------I-------- 1 1. I 114 1 56 I 42 I 35 I 7 I YES I 86.9 I 98.6 I 94.4 I 83.0 I 94.9 1 ------ - [ - - - - - - - - [ - - - - - - - - [ - - - - - - - - [ - - - - - - - - [ - .I 2. I 17 I 1 1 - 2 I 7 I 0 I NO I 13.1 I 1.4 I 5.6 I 17.0 I 5. 1 I .,---.----I--------I--------[--------I-------- I COI.UMN 131 57 44 42 8 TIITAL 46.6 20.1 15.6 14.9 2.7 NUMBER OF MISSING OBSERVATIONS 5 9 TABLE 3 . C . l d (d) EMPLOYEES WHO COMPLETED EDUCATION P R E - 1 9 6 1 , GROUPED BY OWN EDUCATION. S P S S RATCI.4 SYS l E M 05/20/8 1 PAGE 9 FILE TS7A ( C R E A T I O N DATE = 0 4 / 2 0 / 8 1 ) r r r r r r r r . r r r r r ~ r r + C R O S S T A B U L A T I O N O F r l o * * r * * l * * * * * * * * * V65 D E S I R E TO C O N T I N U E E D U C A T I I O N BY VZlA r r r r r r r r r r r r r r + r r r r c r . r r r r + r r r r r r r r r * r r r + * r + * r r r * PAGE I O F I COUNT I ,vau t.lL 1 1 COL P C T I S T D 1 - 4 S T 0 5-6 STD 7 - 8 FORMl-4 POST FOR ROW I OR E O U I V M 4 TOTAL I 2. I 3. I 4. I 5. I 6.1 V65 -- - . - - - - - - I -I ----- -- 1. 1 56 1 YES 1 89.8 I COLUMN 62 TOTAL 10.5 NUMBER OF M I S S I N G O B S E R V A T I O N S - 6 TABLE 3 . C . l e ( e ) EMPLOYEES WHO COMPLETED EDUCATION BETWJZEN 1961 and 1970, GROUPED BY OWN EDUCATION. SPSS BATCII SYSTEM 05/20/e 1 PAGE 11 FILE TS7A (CREATION OATE = 0 4 / 2 0 / 8 1 ) + r r r r r * r + r . r + r r * R * r C R O S S T / \ B U L A T 1 O N O F * * * * * * * * + * * * + * + * * * VG5 DESIRE TO CONTINUE EOUCATIION BY V21A * * + I * * + + * + * + + * + * I * * + * * * * + * I I I * + * * * * * * * * * ~ * * * * * * * * PAGE 1OF 1 V2 1A COUNT I COL PCT ISTD 1 - 4 ST0 5 - G STD 7 - 8 FORM1-4 POST FOR ROW I OR EPUIV M 4 TOTAL I 2. I 3. I 4.1 5. I 6. I YES I 89.2 I 91.6 I 95.4 I 92.4 1 92.1 I 93.3 -I--------I--------I--------I--------I-------- I - l - - - - - - - . I - - - - - - - - l - - - - - . - - I - - - - - - I -I- I - - - - - - - - CO1.UMN 14 13 22 1 23 1 126 605 TOTAL 2.4 2.2 36.6 38.1 20.8 100.0 TABLE 3 . C . l f (f) EMPLOYEES WHO COMPLETED EDUCATION BETWEEN 1971-79, GROUPED BY OWN EDUCATION. SPSS BATCH SYSTEM PAGE 14 TABLE 134 FILE TS7A (CREATION DATE - 04/20/81) r r r r * r + r r r r + r t r r r r C R O S S T A B U L A T I O N O F r + r r * * r * * * * * * * * * * * V66 REASON FOR FAILURE CONTINUE EDUCATION t3Y V64G YEAR EDUCATION COMPLETED r r r r r ~ r r r ~ r r + r r r r + ~ + ~ ~ ~ r + r ~ r ~ ~ ~ + ~ PAGE ~ ~ 1~O F + 1 + ~ ~ r + + * + * V64G COUNT I C O L P C T 131-50 51-60 61-70 71-79 ROW I TOTAL V66 - - - - ,-v - I r I- - - - - - - I -3.1 4. I 5.1 -------I--------I-------- 6. I I I. 4 I 28 I I 177 I 250 1 UNSUCC IN EXAMS I 5.9 I 14.8 I 33.5 1 45.2 I -I--------[--------[--------[---I----- 2 . 1 1 1 1 1 8 1 4 3 1 3 8 1 NO LOCAL SCHOOL I 16.9 I 9.5 1 8.0 1 6.9 1 -I--------I--------I--------I-------- I 3. I 39 1 118 1 202 1 73 1 NOT AFFORD FEES I 57.6 I 63.2 I 38.1 I 13.1 I -I--------I--------I-------<-------- I 4. 1 12 I 15 1 60 I 72 I WORKSLJl~1'~AMILY 1 17.3 I 8.1 1 11.1 I 13.1 I -I--------I------+I--------I.------" I 5. 1 0 I 0 I 4 I 3 1 OECAME PREGNANT I 0.0 I 0.0 I 0.7 I 0.6 I -,---.----I--------I---.------I------.. I 6. 1 ' I 8 1 4 6 1 116 1 OTHER I 2.- I 4.4 I 8.6 I 21.1 I -I--------I--------I--------I-------- I COLUMN 67 186 530 553 TOTAL 5.0 13.9 39.7 41.3 NUMBER OF MISSING OBSERVATIONS = 68 TABLE 3 . C . 2 a EMPLOYEES GROUPED BY YEAR COMPLETED EDUCATION: D I S T R I B U T I O N BY REASON FOR F A I L U R E TO CONTINUE EDUCATION. (a) ALL EMPLOYEES WIO D E S I R E D TO CONTINUE FILE TS7A (CREATION DATE = 0 4 / 2 0 / 8 1 ) r + r r r + r r + r r r r r + r r r C R O S S T A B U L A T I O N O F + * r r r i r + * * * * * * * * * * VG6 REASON FOR FAILURE CONTINUE EDUCATION BY V21A * ~ * r r + + ~ + + + + + + + + + + + + + r + + + + + + + + + + + + + r + + + ~ * * + PAGE * + *1 O * F* *1 V2 1A COUNT I COL PCT ISTO 1-4 STD 5 - 6 STO 7 - 8 FORMt-4 POST FOR ROW I OR EOUIV M 4 TOTAL 1 2. I -3.I 4.1 5. I 6.1 NOTAFFOKDFEES 1 5 9 . 9 1 8 3 . 7 1 6 6 . 9 1 2 8 . 6 1 5 0 . 2 1 6 1 . 7 -I--------I--------I--------l---.----I-------- I 4. I 9 I 6 I 4 1 7 1 0 1 27 WORK SUPP FAMILY 1 8.2 I 10.9 I 9.9 I 20.7 I 0.0 I 10.6 I -I--------I--------I--------I--------I-------- I COLUMN 111 56 42 35 7 254 TOTAL 44.9 22.1 16.1 13.8 2.9 100.0 TABLE 3 . C . 2 b (b) EMPLOYEES COMPLETING EDUCATION PRE-1961 WHO DESIRED TO CONTINUE  SPSS BATCH SYSTEM 05/20/8 1 PAGE 18 TABLE 1 3 6 FILE TS7A (CREATION DATE 04/20/81) . * * . * * * * . V21A COUNT 1 COL PCT I S T D 1 - 4 STD 5 - 6 ST0 7 - 8 FORMI-4 P O S T FOR ROW OR E O U I V M 4 TOTAL -I--------I------..-I--------I--------I-------- I 2. I 4 I 2 1 2 2 1 1 4 1 0 I 42 NOLOCALSCtlOOL I 7.0 1 4.8 1 8.3 1 10.1 I 1.1 I 0.0 -I--------I--------I--------I-.------I-------- I 3. I 37 I 21 I 9 0 I 55 I 0 1 202 N U T AFFORD F E E S I 65.8 I 65.2 I 34.C 1 38.4 I 0.0 I 38.2 -1--------1--------1--------1-"-.----1-------- I 4. I 4 I 4 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 7 I 59 WORK SUP? F I k I I L Y I 7.9 I 12.9 I 7.9 I 15.3 I 20.9 I 11.1 -I--------I--------I--------I--------I-------- I 1 4.0 I 17.1 I 3.9 I 10.6 I 36.3 I 8.6 -1--------1--------1--------1--------1--7----- 1 COLUMN 56 32 265 142 35 530 TOTAL 10.5 6.0 50.1 26.8 6.6 100.0 N U M B t R OF M 1 5 5 l N G O B S E R V A T l O N S = I 1 TABLE 3 . C . 2 ~ (c) EMPLOYEES WHO COMPLETED BETWEEN 1961-70 WHO D E S I R E D TO CONTINUE -u '  a -. -.' 1 5PSS GATYi SYSTEM 05/20/8 1 PAGE 20 TAqLE 136 FIIZ TS7A (CRCATION DATE * 0 4 / 2 0 / 8 1 ) + s * r * * r r * r r + > + r + r r C H O S S T A B U L A T I O N O f w r r r r r r * * * + * * * * * + + REASON FOR FAILURE CONTINUK EDUCATION BY V21A + ~ * I + * * I * ~ I * * + + O I * * * * * * * * + * I PAGE ? I O F 1 V2 1 A CDUNT I OK EOUIV M 4 TOTAL --------1--------1--------1--------------1--------1 I. I 0 I 1 I 120 1 114 1 15 I 250 UNSUCC INEXAMS I 0.C I '3.7 I 56.9 1 54.7 1 13.7 I 45.2 -I--------I--------I--------I--------I-------- I 2. I !.I 4 I 19 I 10 I 4 I 38 N 185.b'* O LOCAL S C ~ I O O L ~ < # 38.8 !' 1 9. 1 I E -I--------I-.------I--------1--------1-------- 4.6 3.9 I I 6.9 I 3. 4 I 2 1 3 0 1 2 8 1 8 I 73 NOT AFFORD FEES I 34.4 I 17. j I 14.4 I 13.3 I 7.4 I 13. 1 -I--------I--------,---.--..-I--------I-------- I 4. I 4 I 3 1 20 I 23 I 14 I 72 WORL SUPP ~ A M I L Y I 2 9 . 6 ! 30. 1 1 13. 1 I 11.0 I 13. 1 I 13. 1 -I--------I--------I--------I--------I-------- I 5. I 0 I 0 I. 0 I 3 I 0 I 3 RECAMEPREGNANT I 0.0 I 0.0 I 0.2 I 1.5 I 0.0 1 0.6 1 6. 4 : 1 1 1 3 1 31 I 6 7 1 116 I 30.5 1 6.9 I 6.3 I 14.9 I 61.8 I 21.1 - 1 -------I--------I--------I--------I-------- I COLUMN 13 12 211 209 109 553 TOTAL 2.3 2.1 38.2 37.7 19.7 100.0 NUMBER OF MISSING OBSERVATIONS 12 TABLE 3.C.2d (d) THOSE IJHO CMPLETED EDUCATION BETWEEN  .- 1 I \../*' SPSS BATCH SYSlFM 05/20/8 1 PAGE 36 TABLE 136 ILE TS7A (CREATION DATF = 04/20/81) + r + r r s r r r r * r * r r r * r C R O S S T A B U L A T I O N O F * * r r r + r r r * r * * * * * * * REASON FOR FAILURE CONTINUE EDUCATION BY V44 RESULTS IN NF4 EXAM + * ? * + * * * ? ~ ? ? ~ ~ ~ r * * ~ * ~ * ~ ~ ~ * ~ r ~ * * ~ PAGE * a 1 O* F ~1 ~ * * ~ * * * + ~ COL PCT IDIV1S:ON DIVISICV DIVISION DIVISION FAIL DID NOT ROW 1 2 3 4 SIT TOTAL --------I-----.--I--------I--------I-----"--i---"----I-------- I 1. I 9 1 2 9 1 5 2 1 4 5 1 7 1 0 1 142 UNSUCC I N E X A M S I 24.5 J 24.3 I 44.2 I 78.7 1 94.8 1 0.0 1 41.4 ----------1--------1--------1--. .I----------------- I 2. I 2 I 8 I 7 I 2 I 0 I 0 I 19 NOLOCALSCIIOOL I 6.8 I 6.5 I 6.1 I 3.4 I 0.0 I C.0 I 5.6 -I--------I--------I--------I--------I--------I-------- I 3. I 2 1 2 2 1 1 3 1 4 I 0 I I I 44 NO, AFFORDFCES I 5.7 1 18.2 I 11.0 I 6.5 I 0.0 I 64.7 i 12.9 -I--------I--------I--------I--------I--------I------- I 4. 1 2 1 2 5 1 l G I 3 I 0 7 2 1 53 WORK SUPP FAMILY I 7.0 I 20.7 I 17.1 I 5.6 I 5.2 I 35.3 I 15.5 -)--------I--------I--------I--------I--------I-------- I 5. I 0 I 0 I 2 I. 2 I 0 I 0 I 3 . BECAME PREGNANT I 0.0 J 0.0 I 1.3 I 2.7 I 0.0 I 0.0 I 0.9 -1--------I--------I--------I--------I--------I-------- I @ I 20 1 36 I 24 I 2 I 0 I 0 i 82 I 56.0 I 30.2 1 20.3 I 3.0 I 0.0 I 0.0 I 23.8 -1 - - - - - - - I - - - - - - - - l - - - - - . - - I - - - - - - - - I - - - - - - - . I - - - - - - - - I COLUMN 35 119 1 1 8 57 7 6 343 TOTAL 10.3 34.8 34.5 16.7 1.I 1.7 100.0 NUMBER OF MISSING OBSERVATIOSS = 1417 * TABLE 3 . C. 3b EMPLOYEES GROUPED BY RESULTS I N N F 4 EXAM: DISTRILLJTION BY REASON FOR FAILURE TO CONTINUE EDUCATION.  ,a t1 h i 1 1 , 'LJ I SPSS BAlCH SISTEM 05/20/8 1 PAGE 35 TABLE 136 FILE TS7A (CREATION GATE = 0 4 / 2 0 / 8 1 ) * * r * r r * r * r r r * o r r r + C R O S S f A B U L A T I O N O F * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * V48 RESULTS I N NF4 EXAM BY V14G FATIIERS EDUCATION * t * * ~ * ~ * * + * * * * r r + * * * * * * * ~ r * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ~ * * * * r * PAGE * 1OF 1 V 14C CDUNT I COL PCT I N 0 EDUCA PRIMARY SECONDAR ROW 1. I 1 3 1 22 I 9 I 45 DIVISION i I 13.0 1 9.8 I 11. 1 I 10.9 -I--------I--------I-------- I 2. I 31 I 03 I 26 1 151 OIVlSlUN 2 I 30.9 I 41.5 1 31.8 I 36.9 -I--------I.-------I-------- I J. I 33 I 65 I 38 I 136 DIVISlnN 3 I 32.0 I 28.8 I 46.4 I 33.2 -I--------I--------]-------- I 4. I 21 I 32 I 9 1 62 DIVISION 4 I 20.3 I 14.3 I 10.7 I 15.0 I 0 I 11 I 1.9 -I I -I--------I----.---I-------- I 4.0 0.0 I 2.7 6. 1 2 I 4 I 0 I 6 D I D NOT S I T I 2.0 I 1.6 I 0.0 I 1.4 - ] - - - - - - - - I - - - - - -I--]-------- COLUMN 102 225 83. 4 10 TOTAL 24.8 54.9 26.3 100.0 NUMBER OF MISSING OBSERVATIONS = 1350 TABLE 3.C.3~ DISTRIBUTION BY NF4 EXAM RESULTS.  C i 1 \-/ SPSS BATCH SYSTEM 05/20/8 1 PAGE 43 TABLE 136 FILE TS7A (CREATION DATE = 04/20/81) * * + + + + + r r r . r r r r * r + C R O S S T A B L t L A T I O N O F + r + * r r r r * * * + r s + + * r FATllERS EDUCATION BY V44 RESULTS I N NF4 EXAM ~ * * * + + * * + + + + r + * + + + ~ + + ~ + * + ~ + * r * * + * * + + + * * * * * * * * * * PAGE * * 1OF 1 V4 4 COUNT I 40W P C T I O I V I S I O N O I V I S I O N D I V I S l O N D I V I S I L I ?AIL D I D NOT ROW I I 2 3 4 SIT TOTAL 0. I 2 1 1 0 1 2 9 1 2 0 1 2 I 2 I 73 N O EDUCATION I 2.1 1 2 4 . 7 1 4 0 . 1 1 2 7 . 7 I 2.7 I 2.8 1 2 5 . 6 -I--------I--------I--------I--------I.--.----I-------- I 1. I 6 1 4 7 1 5 9 1 3 2 1 9 I 4 I 157 PRIMARY I 3.9 I 29.7 1 37.9 I 20.5 I 5.7 I 2.4 1 54.9 9 1 0 I 00 I 1 56 3 5 1 SECONDARY+ I 7.1 15.9 1 I 0.0 I 14.5 0.0 I 19.6I 62.5 I -[--------[-------- I- I- -- -- -- ------I-- - - - - - - I- [ - - - - - - - - COLUMN 12 73 124 61 II 6 286 TOTAL 4.1 25.5 43.2 21.4 3.8 2.0 100.0 NUMBER OF MISSING OBSERVATIONS = 70 TABLE 3 . C . 3 d W L O Y X E S WIO FINISHED AT FORM 4 , GROUPED BY FATHER'S EDUCATION : DISTRIBUTION BY NF4 RESULTS. SPSS BATCH 5YSTEM 6 -,/'., 1 PAGE 27 T A B L E 136 FILE TS7A (CREATION DATE * 04/20/81) + + C R O S 5 T A B U L A T I O N O F * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * GRADE M A T t l S BY V14G FATHERS EDUCATION V 14G COUNT I C O L P C T I N 0 EDUCA P R I M A R Y SECONDAR ROW ITION Yt TOTAL --------I--------I--------I-------- I 1. I 4 I 9 I 4 I 17 EXCELLENT I 3.3 1 3.7 I 4.8 I 3.8 -I--------I-----"-I-------- I 2. I 17 I 36 I 9 I 62 VERY GOOD I 15.0 I 15.1 I 11.2 I 14.3 -I--------I--------I-------- I 3. I 20 I 72 I 13 I 105 I 17.8 I 30.1 I 15.8 1 24.1 -I--------I--------I-------- I 4. I 29 I 53 I 28 I 110 SAT ISFACT I 26.2 1 22.2 1 33.4 I 25.4 -I--------l--------I------ 1 5. I 38 1 60 1 24 1 122 1 34.4 1 25.2 1 28.7 I 28.2 -I--------I--------I------ I 6. I 4 I 9 I 5 I 18 DID 'NOT SIT I 3.3 1 3.8 I 6.2 I 4.2 -I--------I--------I-------- I COLUMN 111 238 85 433 TOTAL 25.5 54.9 19.6 100.0 NUMBER OF M I S S I N G O B S E R V A T I O N S a 86 , I& I t TABLE 3.C.3e UPLOYEES GROUPED BY FATHER'S EDUCATION: (e) DISTRIBUTION BY GRADE IN MATHS SPSS BATCH SYSTEM 05/20/8 1 PAGE 29 TABLE 1 3 6 FILE TS7A (CREATION DATE = 0 4 / 2 0 / 8 1 ) r + r + r * r r r r * * r r * r r r C R O S S T A B U L A T I O N O F * " * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * GRADE E N G L I S H BY V14G FATHERS EDUCATION V 14G COUNT I COL PCT I N U EDUCA P2IMARY SECONDAR ROW ITION Y+ TOTAL --------I--------I----*---I-------- I 1. I 2 I 8 I 12 I 21 EXCELLENT I 1.7 I 3.0 I 11.9 I 4.5 -I--------I--------I-------- I 2. I 12 1 58 I IB 1 88 VERY GOOD I 10.9 I I 22.6 18.3 I 18.9 -I--------I--------I-------- I 3. I 39 I 103 I 34 I 177 I 35.5 I 40.0 I 35.2 I 37.9 -I--------I--------I-------- I 4. 1 33 I 67 1 28 I 128 SATISFACT ,, ,-I, 30.1 I 26.0 I 28.9 I 27.6 I--------I--------I-------- I 5. 1 22 1 20 1 4 I 45 I 20. 1 I 7.6 I 3.6 'I 9.7 -I--------I--------I-------- I 6. I 2 1 2 1 2 I 6 D I D NOT S I T 1 1.8 I 0.8 I 2.1 I 1.3 -I--------I--------I-------- I COLUMN (11 257 97 466 TOTAL 23.8 55.3 20.9 100.0 NUMBER OF M I S S I N G OBSERVATIONS = 68 d TABLE 3.C.3f (f) DISTRIBUTION BY GRADE IN ENGLISH , ,!*,! 4~ bti 1 1,  FILE TS7A (CREATION DATE = 0 4 / 2 0 / 8 1 ) I r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r C R O S S T A B U L A T I O N O F * . + . * * * * * * * . * * * + * * 1 ~ ~ V47 * * GRADE B E S T SCIENCE ~ ~ r ~ ~ ~ -r r ~ . BY V 1 4 G ~ . ~ * ~ ~ r FATHERS EDUCATION + ~ ~ r . r + F P A*G E ~ ( O ~ 1 r * * ~ * ~ ~ r COL. P C T I N 0 EOUCA P I I I M A R Y SECONOAR ROW ITION Y+ TOTAL 1. I 3 I 8 I 8 I 19 EXCELLENT I 2.8 I 4.5 I 11.5 1. 5.3 GOOD I 31.3 1 42.2 1 26.9 I 36.3 D l 0 NOT S I T I 13.7 I 14. 1 I 17.9 I 14.7 COLUMN 96 188 66 35 1 TOTAL 27.4 53.7 18.9 100.0 NUMBER OF M I S S I N G O B S E R V A T I O N S a 168 TABLE 3 .C.3& (g) DISTRIBUTION BY GRADE IN BEST SCIENCE FILE rS7A (CREATION DATE = 0 4 / 2 0 / 8 1 ) * * * * * * 4 + * * * + + + * + + + C R O S S T A B U L A T I O N O F + * l l + * * * * * + * * * * * * * V49 R E S U L T S I N N F 6 EXAM BY V14G FATHERS EDUCATION * + * * * + * I * * + I * + I C + I * * * * * + * * I * + I + * I * * + + * * * * * * * * * * * * PAG2 1 O F 1 V 14G COUNT I COL P C T I N 0 EUUCA P R I M A R Y SECONDAR ROW ITION Yt TOTAL I 0.1 1.1 2. I I--------I--------I-------- I 10 I 5 I 1 PASS "tb$ ' 1 4 . F 11.9 1 16.3 1 2 . 1 1 5 1 1 8 1 1 1 1 2 PASSES I 39.7 1 21.9 I 35.7 I -I--------I--------I-------- I 3. I 11 1 30 I 4 I BPASSES I I I 1 29.4 36.9 . I -l--------I--------I-------- I 4. 1 1 I 22 I, 10 I 4 OR MORE P A S S E S I 2.0 I 26.9 I 34.7 I -I--------I--------I-------- I 8. I 2 I 2 I 0 I FAIL I 4.3 I 2.4 I 0.0 I I EJUMBER O F M I S S I N G O B S E R V A T I O N S = 10 EMPLOYEES GROUPED BY FATHER ' S EDUCATION : . DISTRIBUTION BY NUMBER OF PASSES IN NF6 EXAM. I Chapter 3 , S e c t i o n D It i s c l e a r from S e c t i o n A t h a t employees w i t h a n e d u c a t e d p a r e n t a t t a i n e d more y e a r s of e d u c a t i o n t h a n t h e i r p e e r s from uneducated h o u s e h o l d s . The same c o r r e l a t i o n between e d u c a t i o n l e v e l of p a r e n t e n p l o y e e and c h i l d i s documented i n S e c t i o n E. I n this s e c t i o n some e v i d e n c e is p r e s e n t e d on c h o i c e of p a r t n e r , s i z e and l o c a t i o n of f a m i l i e s , t o s e e i f t h e r e a r e behav- i o r a l p a t t e r n s which l e s s e n o r compound t h e i n t e r g e n e r a t i o n a l t r a n s m i s s i o n of i n e q u a l i t y . For example i f a n e d u c a t e d p e r s o n always chooses a n e d u c a t e d spouse and h a s a s m a l l f a m i l y which l i v e s i n Dar, w h i l e an uneducated p e r s o n always m a r r i e s a n o t h e r uneducated p e r s o n and h a s a l a r g e f a m i l y which l i v e s on t h e shamba, t h i s w i l l compound t h e a d v a n t a g e s of having a n e d u c a t e d p a r e n t and t h e d i s a d v a n t a g e s of b e i n g b o r n t o a n uneducated p a r e n t . In fact the d a t a s u g g e s t t h a t , w h i l e a s s o r t a t i v e mating is- s t r o n g , t h e r e i s l i t t l e d i f - f e r e n c e i n number o f d e p e n d e n t s p e r f a m i l y , o r l o c a t i o n of f a m i l y , f o r t h e d i f f e r e n t employee e d u c a t i o n a l groups. . t We n o t a d in S e c t i o n A t h e h i g h d e g r e e o E a s s o r t a t i v e m a t i n g by - e d u c a t i o n l e v e l by t h e p a r e n t s of t h e employees. - T a b l e Dla shows t h a t such B ! - b I) b e h a v i o r i s a l s o .:cry s t r o n g f o r t h e employees t h e m s e l v e s . There i s a s t r o n g l y d e c l i n i n g monotonic r e l a t i o n s h i p between l e v e l of e d u c a t i o n of employees and t h e p e r c e n t a g e w i t h s p o u s e s w i t h no e d u c a t i o n , and a s t r o n g l y i n c r e a s i n g and  - - - - i - . . . . . . . . . - - - . . - - - - - . - , = - - - - > C - - F ? l : c 2. .. p c- 3 5 - -r.u 337 -:- . .U h p - y - - - I< m . n - . ,--. -,-?I - 4s; - - . : n--, - - - - - s Cz 0 ' - - - P) r( C - . &A P) > l a 0) o r - - 4 - - U l r - W . I y ..I .p . l .- . I N . - - - -- + A ( ? - c * ,-- z 0 V r r z ... T - / + ----. < Lr  *m ' SPSS BATCH SYSTEM 06/24/8 1 PAGE 2 TABLE 96 FILE TS7A (CREATION DATE = 0 4 / 2 0 / 8 1 ) PROP OF E L I G CliILDREN NO SCIlL DESPITE PO BY V21A V2 1A COUNT I COL PCT INO EDUC STD 1 - 4 STD 5 - 6 STD 7 - 8 FORMI-4 POST FOR ROW OR EQUIV M 4 l dTAL --------I--------I--------I--------,--------I--------I-------- 1 0. I 88 I 118 1 64 1 145 I 133 I 34 I 583 I 83.7 I 87.2 I 86.5 I 90.8 I 91.0 I 90.1 I 88.6 -I--------I--------I--------I--------I--------I-------- I 1 . 1 1 7 1 1 7 1 1 0 1 1 5 1 1 2 1 4 I 75 1 16.3 I 12.8 I 13.5 I 9.2 I 8.2 I 9.9 I 11.4 -I--------I--------I--------l--------I--------l----- --I COLUMN 105 136 74 160 145 38 658 TOTAL 16.0 20.6 11.2 24.3 22.1 5.7 100.0 NUMUtR OF MISSING OBSERVATIONS = 1102 TABLE 3 . E . 1 EMPLOYEES GROUPED BY EDUCATION: D I S T R I B U T I O N BY PROPORTION O F E L I G I B L E CHILDRFN TOTALLY LITHOUT SCHOOL. SPSS BATCH SYSTEM 06,'24 a1 PAGE 7 TABLE 98 FILE TS7A ( CREATIOtr DATE = 0 4 / 2 0 / 8 $ ) c + * r + + + + + r c + + + r + + + C R O S S - - - t j R E A K D O W N O F r + r + r r + r + r i v + * * * + * AGE FRST CHILD OY V21A * + + + * + * + * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * VARIAELE AVERAGED ... V2 15 EDUCATION LEVEL. FIRST CHILD I C + ~ + + ~ C L I + + * * * * L * * * + * C + * + + + I * * * * ~ + * * C * * + * + * + ~ * * pAyE ~ 1OF 1 V2 1A MEAN I COUNT I NO EDUC STD 1 - 4 ST0 5 - 6 ST0 7 - 8 FORM1-4 POST FOR ROW STD DEV I OR EOUIV M 4 TOTAL -I-----*----I----------I----------I---------.I----------I---------- I 3 1 6.88 I 6.11 I 7.89 1 8.91 I 11. 11 I 10.68 I 8 . 13 -I----------I----------I----------I----------I----------I---------- I b COLUMN TOTAL 5.07 4.10 5.01 4.01 5.19 5.60 4.66 79 99 60 127 110 28 502 2.65 2.25 3.35 3.00 4.10 4.42 3.27 NUMBER OF MISSING OBSERVAlIONS = : 257 - TAFLE 3.E.2a EMPLOYEES GROUPED BY OWN EDUCATION AND AGE OF FIRST CHILD: MEAN EDUCAI!GN LEVEL OF OF FIRST CHILD. (a) ALL EMPLOYEES  TABLE 3.E.2~ EMPLOYEES WITH FIRST CHILD AGED 15 OR MORE GROUPED BY EDUCATION: DISTRIBUTION BY WHETHER EDUCATION OF FIRST CHILD IS CONTINUING. SPSS B A r C t l SYSTEM 06/24/8 1 PAGE 21 TABLE 99 FILE 1S7A ( C R E A T I O N DATE = 04/20/81) r r * r r r r r r r r r + b + r r + C R O S S - - - B R E A K D O W N O F * r m * r * r r * < * * * * * * * * V 2 l4G AGE F R S T C I i I L D BY V21A * 1 * * * * * 4 * * * * * * * * * * 4 * * * 4 * * * * * * * * * * * * 4 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * V A R I A B L E AVERAGED ... V2 15 EDUCATION L E V E L . FIRST CHILD 4 I I + ~ * + I + * ~ I + ~ * * * * * I I * * * ~ * * * * * * * * ~ + *PAGE * * 1OF 1 11\02144* 1 1 COUNT I NO EDUC STD 1-4 S T 0 5,-6 S:D 7-8 FORM1-4 POST FOR ROW COLUMN TOTAL 7.44 6.38 7.24 8.64 19 17 10 11 2.08 1.25 4.12 2.62 NUMBER OF M I S S I N G O B S E R V A T I O N S = 22  . I I SPSS B A T C H SYSTEM 06/24/8 1 PAGE 22 T A B L E 99 FILE lS7.2 ( C R E A r I O N DATE = 0 4 / 2 0 / 8 1 ) r + r r r v r r r L r r * r r * * * C R O S S - - - B R E A K D O W N O F * * I * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * BY * * r v r r * r r * r * r r r * . r B . ~ . . + * * C * * * * * * I * * I I * I * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * V A R I A B L E AVERAGED.. . V 2 15 EDUCATION LEVEL. FIRST CHILD V ~ + ~ ~ ~ + ~ I L ~ I I . ~ * ~ * C * * L * * * * C * * I I * I * * * * * * * * * PAGE * * * I* O F * *1 MEAN 1 COUNl I ROW STD D E V I TOTAL ---- ---I---------- 1 I 7.70 1 7.70 NO EDUC STD 1 - 4 -I------ I- - - - 3 I 7.19 I 7 . 19 STD 5-6 S T 0 7-0 5 I 11.34 I 11.34 F O R M I - 4 OR E O U I V I G I 12.001 12.00 POST FORM 4 -I----------I COLUMN T O T A L 7.98 7.98 (dl EMTLOYEES WHOSE FIRST CHILD HAS NUMBER OF M I S S I N G O E S E R V A T I O N S ' 4 COMPLETED EDUCATION. SPSS BATCH SYSTEM 06/24/8 1 PAGE 24 T A B L E 99 FILE TS7A [ C R E A T I O N DATE = 0 4 / 2 0 / 8 1 ) AGE FRST C t i I L O BY V21A * * * * * * + * * * * * * * * * 4 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * V A R I A B L E AVERAGED ... V215 EDUCATION LEVEL, FIRST CHILD * * * ~ * ~ * + * + * * C ~ ~ * * ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I . I * * * ~ + * * * * + + + * PAGE * + *1 O+F + 1I + + + I V 2 1A MEbN I S T D I)EV I OREQUIV M 4 TOTAL -I----------I----------I----------l----------I----------I---------- I 2 I 4.23 I 3.70 I 4.93 I . 4.15 I 5.21 I 5.t5 I 4.41 COLUMN T O T A L 59 79 50 1 IS 104 26 432 2.34 2.05 3.04 2.63 4.02 4.25 3.10 NUMBER DF M I S S l N G OBSERVATIONS = 69 ( e ) EMPLOYEES WHOSE FIRST C H I L D I S COQTINUING EDUCATION. SPSS BATCtl SYSTEM 06124181 PAGE 15 TABLE 9 8 FILE TS7A (CREATION DbTE = 04/20/81) r r r + r r r * e r r r r * r r r * C R O S S - - - B R E A K D O W N O F * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * EDUCATION OY V 5 9 G SPOUSES E D U C A T I O N 1 4 ~ 1 1 ~ * + ~ 1 ~ r 1 8 * 1 1 * 4 I ~ I t t b I * * * * * I * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * V A R I A B L E AVERAGED ... V2 15 EDUCATION LEVEL. FIRST CHILD + * + + I * I ~ * * * * I I I I I I I * * * * I + I * * + ~ * * * * * * + * * * * + * * * * * * P *A G E 1OF 1 V59G MEAN I COUNT I NO EDUCA PRIMARY SECONDAR ROW STD DEV I T I O N Y+ TOTAL --------I----------I----------I---------- I 1 I 3.95 I -5.10 1 5.00 I 4 . 17 NO EDUC I PRIMARY -I----------I----------I---------- I 3 I 4.1 1 I 5.13 I 5.99 I 5.36 SECONDARY+ I COLUMN T O T A L 4.04 4.48 5.11 4.43 59 77 27 163 1.65 1.64 2.08 1.75 NUMBER O F M I S S I N G O B S E R V A T I O N S = 21 TABLE 3 . E . 3 a . EMPLOYEES GROUPED BY S P O U S E ' S EDUCATION AND OSJN EDUCATION: aEAN EDUCATION LEVEL OF F I R S T - CHILD. (a) F I R S T C H I L D AGED 11-14. SPSS BATCtI SYSTEM 06/24/8 1 PAGE 17 T A B L E 98 FILE TS7A (CREATION DATE = 0 4 / 2 0 / 8 0 r r t r r r + r r . . r + r r r r r C R O S S - - - B R E A K D O W N O F * r * * * * + * L * * * L + + * * * EDUCATION BY V 5 9 G SPOUSES E D U C A T I O N * * * * ~ * * * * + * + + * * + * . + . * * * * * + + * * * * * + * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * V A R I A B L E AVERAGED ... V 2 15 EDUCATION LEVEL. FIRST CHILD *E + I + ~ * ~ + ~ ~ ~ + , ~ ~ , , ~ ~ , , , ~ , ~ , + + ~ ~ ~ + ~ ~ + ~ + * * . ~ + *P A G O F+ 1* * * + * * * * * * * * V59G MEAN I NO EDUC 2 0 1 8 1 0 I 28 .1.---------1---------4---------- I PRIMARY SECONDARY+ -1----------X----------I---------- I COLUMN T O T A L 6.35 9. 1 6 11.20 8.09 52 73 4 128 2.33 3.24 4.03 3.26 NUMBER OF M I S S I N G O B S E R V A T I O N S = (b) FIRST CHILD AGED 1 5 f  V 2 IG EOUCAT I O N BY * * * * * * 4 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * V k R I A O L E AVERAGED. .. V2 1 5 &DUCATION LEVEL, FIRST CtIILO * I I I ~ * I I I I * ~ I * + I + I + + * ~ ~ I I * I I I * I I I I S I + * I I I I * + I + PA * GE I *1 OF 1 V59G MEAN I I I 2.37 1 0.99 1 0.00 I 2.21 N O EOUC I I 11 2 I 0 I I 0.68 I 1.69 I 0.00 I 0.87 I -I----------I----------I---------- I COLUMN T O T A L 2. 1 7 1.98 1.51 40 Y3 24 0.93 1.08 0.68 NUMBER OF M I S S I N G O B S E R V A T I O N S = 16 (c) FIRST CHILD AGED 6-10 SPSS RATCtl SYSTEM 06/24/8 1 PAGE 32 TABLE 9 9 FILE TS7A (CREATION DATE 04/20/01) + C R O S S - - - B R E A K D O W N O F * * * r r * + b * * * C * C * L + * AGE FRST CkIILO BY V14G FATllERS EDUCATION + + * + * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1 * * * ~ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * VARIABLE AVERAGED.. . V215 EDUCATION LEVEL. FIRST CHILD MEAN I COUNr I NO EDUCA PRIMARY SECONOAR ROW STO DEV I TION Y+ TOTAL --------I----------I----------I-------.-- I 2 I 4.04 I "4.69 I 5.53 I 4.35 I . 1.02 I -I----------I----------I---------- 1.60 I 2 . 18 I I 1.77 3 I 7.04 I 9.37 I 11.26 I 8.07 COLUMN TOTAL 4.36 4.89 4.94 4.61 265 204 20 489 2.86 3.49 4.56 3.22 NUMBER OF MISSING OBSERVATIONS = 127 1 TABLE 3 . E . S a EMPLOYEES GROUPED BY T H E I R FATHERS EDUCATION AND AGE O F T H E I R F I R S T C H I L D : MEAN YEARS O F EDUCATION O F F I R S T C H I L D . (a) A L L EMPLOYEES  , , SPSS B A T C l l SYSTEM O6/24/8 1 PAGE 35 T A B L E 99 FILE TS7A ( C R E A T I O N DATE = 0 4 / 2 0 / 0 1 ) r r ~ r r r r ~ r r r r r * r r r C* R O S S - - - B R E A K D O W N O F * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * AGE F R S T C H I L D BY V14G FATHERS EDUCATION V A R I A B L E AVERAGED ... V2 15 EOUCATION LEVEL, FIRST CHILO I * * I * I * * * * * * I I * I I * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * + * * * * * * * * * * PAGE 1 O F 1 V14G MEAN I COUNT I NO EDUCA PRIMARY SECONDAR ROW STD DEV I T I O N YC TOTAL --------I----------I----------I---------- I 1 I 2.01 I 2.18 I 1.18 I 2.04 -1----------1----------1---------- I 3 I 7.17 I 9.48 I 6.00 1 8.13 -I----------I----------I---------- 1 COLUMN T O T A L 4.05 4.69 2.47 4.31 05 88 6 179 I@W 7 6 3.23 2 . 13 3.00 NUMBER OF M I S S I N G O B S E R V A T I O N S = 499 -TABLE . 3.E.5b (b) EMPLOYEES WITH STANDARD 5-8 EDUCATION.  iF-) L SPSS BATCII SYSTEM 06/24/8 1 PAGE 37 T A B 1 E 108 FILE TS7A (CREATION DATE = 04/20/81) r + r * r r + r r r r + r r r * r * C R O S S - - - B R E A K D O W N O F * + + c * + * ~ * ~ + + + + ~ + + * V 2 14G AGE F R S T CHILO BY V14G FATHERS EOUCATION ~ ~ * l * l * + * + + + + * + + t + C ~ + 4 * 4 I * * + V * 1 1 + * * * 1 * * ? * * * * 1 * * * * * * * * * * * d A R I A B L C AVERAGED . . . V215 EDUCATION LEVEL, FIRST CHILD * * * ~ * + I + I * ~ ~ ~ * ~ I ~ I ~ + * * ~ I ~ C * + * + ~ C + * + * ~ I * p+ A G+ E .+ 1 O+F + 1+ + * + * V14G MEAN I COUNT 1 N O EOUCA PRIMARY SECONDAR ROW STD DEV I T I O N Yt TOTAL V 2 14G --------I----------I----------I---------- 1 ,111, 1.43 I 1.77 I 1.27 I 1.61 6 - 10 I 11 1 26 1 6 I 43 I 0.86 I 0.80 I 0.49 I 0.79 -I----------I----------I---------- I 2 I 5.07 I 5.15. I 5.37 I 5.13 11-14 I 17 1 22 I 2 I 41 I 1.55 I 2.31 I 1.09 I 1.91 -I----------I----------I---------- I 3 I 11.48 I 11.03 1 11.00 I 11.19 1st I 7 I 14 1 4 I 24 I 3.92 I 2.64 1 0.00 I 2.79 -I----------I----------]---------- I COLUMN T O T A L 5.20 g.09 4.92 5.11 35 61 12 108 4.09 4.08 4.48 4.09 NUMBER OF M I S S I N G O B S E R V A T I O N S = 36 1 . TABLE 3 . E . 5 EMPLOYEES GROUPED BY T H E I R FATHERS ELUCATION AND AGE O F T H E I R F I R S T CHILD: MEAN YEARS O F EDUCATION OF F I R S T CHILD. (c) EMPLOYEES WITH FORM 1-4 EDUCATION. wanted t o c o n t i n u e w i t h t h e i r e d u c a t i o n a t t h e t i m e t h e y l e f t . Many o f thsm completed s c h o o l i n g a t a t i m e when e d u c a t e d l a b o r was very s c a r c e , and t h e r e t u r n s t o e d u c a t i o n p e r c e i v e d a s o ~ i r e m e l yh i g h . D e s p i t e t h e m a s s i v e expan- s i o n of e d u c a t i o n t h a n h a s t a k e n p l a c e o v e r t h e l a s t 10 o r s o y e a r s , n e a r l y 100% of t h e sample want t h e i r c h i l d r e n t o have more e d u c a t i o n t h a n t h e y d i d , s o t h a t i t a p p e a r s t h a t , d e s p i t e t h e r e l a t i v e abundance of e d u c a t e d l a b o r , deaand f o r e d u c a t i o n remains v e r y s t r o n g . This is c o n s i s t e n t with t h e cohort a n a l y s i s i n T a b l e C l b , which shows t h a t even t h e most r e c e n t c o h o r t wanted more e d u c a t i o n . S u r p r i s i n g l y , employees d o n o t a n s x c r d i f f e r e n t l y when t h e q u e s t i o n r e f e r s t o d a u g h t e r s r a t h e r t h a n s o n s , though w e might 5 a v e e x p e c t e d t h a t employees would t h i n k e d u c a t i c . ~l e s s i m p o r t a n t f o r t h e f e m a l e c h i l d r e n . T a b l e s F2a -e From F2a w e see t h a t o v e r two-thirds of t h e sample g i v e noneconomic r e a s o n s * f o r d e s i r i n g c h i l d r e n t o have more e d u c a t i o n t h a n t h e m s e l v e s . This s u g g e s t s t h a t t h e T a n z a n i a n government's aim t o d e v e l o p a n a w a r e n e s s of t h e v a l u e t o s o c i e t y a s w 2 1 1 a s t o t h e i n d i v i d u a l of e d u c a t i o n h a s been s u c c e s s - ful. F u r t h e r e v i d e n c e f o r t h i s i s t h e marked p o s i t i v e t r e n d i n t h e p e r c e n t a g e g i v i n g noneconomic r e a s o n s a s we move from p e o p l e f i n i s h i n g t h e i r e d u c a t i o n . f 4 p r e 1950 t o p e o p l e who f i n i s h e d e d u c a t i o n i n t h e l a s t 10 y e a r s ( s e e T a b l e s - - - * E * Noneconomic r e a s o n s a r e " p o s i t i o n i n s o c i e t y ," " s e r v i c e t o communiTyU and " c u l t u r a l achievement." Economic r e a s o n s a r e " b e t t e r jobs" o r " h i g h e r pay I'.  -5- l e s s e r e d u c a t e d and p o o r e r t h a t a c c e s s t o w e l l p a y i n g h i g h s t a t u s o t o t h e r - w i s e r e w a r d i n g j o b s depends n o t o n l y on e d u c a t i o n b u t a l s o on s o c i a l c l a s s , and hence t h a t t h e i r c h i l d r e n would do less w e l l t h a n c h i l d r e n from e d u c a t e d households. Some e v i d e n c e on w h e t h e r r e t u r n s do d i f f e r by f a m i l y background From t h e f i r s t t a b l e w e n o t e d t h a t e v e r y o n e , r e g a r d l e s s of educa- t i o n o r income, wants more e d u c a t i o n f o r t h e i r c h i l d r e n , s o t h i s s u g g e s t s t h a t d i f f e r e n t i a l i n c i d e n c e o f t h e a c t i o n "pay t o send c h i l d t o p r i v a t e s c h o o l " by e d u c a t i o n and income may b e l e s s due t o d i f f e r e n c e s i n v a l u a t i o n of t h e bene- f i t s of e d u c a t i o n and more due t o income c o n s t r a i n t s combined w i t h a n imper- f e c t c a p i t a l m a r k e t ( d i f f i c u l t t o borrow on s t r e n g t h of c h i l d r e n ' s future earnings). It i s r e m a r k a b l e t h a t 45% of t h e p o o r e s t (0-500 s h i l l i n g s p e r month) a r e p r e p a r e d t o pay f o r p r i v a t e s c h o o l i n g and a f u r t h a r 26% of t h i s c a t e g o r y w i l l s e n d t h e c h i l d t o a v i l l a g e p o l y t e c h n i c , which a c t i o n h a s a n o p p o r t u n i t y c o s t of t h e c h i l d ' s f o r e g o a e e a r n i n g s . It i s g e n e r a l l y p a r e n t s who pay f o r t h e i n v e s t m e n t i n e d u c a t i o n o f t h e i r c h i l d r e n , and t h e i r o f f - s p r i n g t h a t r e a p t h e r e w a r d s , b u t in less d e v e l o p e d c o u n t r i e s , w h i l e doubt- l e s s p a r e n t s a r e a l t r u i s t i c , o f f s p r i n g a r e e x p e c t e d t o h e l p s u p p o r t younger . * sibl*ings and t h e i r p a r e n t s i n t h e i r o l d age. It i s c l e a r t h a t p e o p l e do v a l u e e d u c a t i o n h i a h l v . a l t h o u g h a s w e n o t e d e a r l i e r t h e v g i v e non-economic r a t h e r I n S e c t i o n E i t w a s s u g g e s t e d t h a t g r a n d p a r e n t s ' e d u c a t i o n may have a d i r e c t impact on g r a n d c h i l d r e n ' s e d u c a t i o n , which would imply t h a t advan- t a g e s c ~ m u l a t eo v e r t h e g e n e r a t i o n s . T a b l e 4c is j u s t f o r t h o s e employees  04/23/8 1 PAGE 2 - TABLE-3.F.1 D I S T R I B U T I O N OF EMPLOYEES BY ANSWER TO QUESTION 2) "do you d e s i r e your sons t o have more education than yourself?" - w - C 1 1 '0' V I W U '9 7 5 ;0 3-a 0 0 3 1 0 2u- m V I I O A g - N n. < W . . L  TABLE 3 .'F. 2 ,EMPLOYEES GROUPED BY EDUCATION AND YEAR EDUCATION COMPLETED: DISTRIBUTION RY REASON DESIRE SONS TO IiAI'E MORE EDUCATION THAN SELF a) a l l employees  . - 0 . . 5 w c - Z at U n n m . - . CL U - 7 - Cl-IL3 . m - l r + 13 0 '3 I-W aA w . . - 5 9 5 . i Z . 4n-l r a - o UI-L U 4 > CIIAPTER 3 , S E C r I O N F *n ' 04/23/8 1 PAGE 7 TABLE 143 FILE TS7A rCREATION DATE = 0 4 / 2 0 / 8 1 ) r r + r + r r * * r r + r + r r r * C R O S S T A B U L A T I O N O F r * r r r r + + + r r r + r + r r + VGBG REASONS DESIRE SONS MORE EOUC BY V21A CONTROLLING FOR.. V61G YEAR EDUCATION COMPLETED VALUr. * 5. 61-70 ~ ~ * * + * * + r * + ~ + * + + r + r * + r * r r r * ~ ~ r r ~ r r r r r r * * ~ !r +PAGE O F* *1 ~ * * * V 2 1A COUNT 1 e COL PCT I N 0 EOUC ST0 1 - 4 STD 5 - 6 ST0 7 - 8 FORMI-4 POST FOR ROW I OR EQUIV M 4 TO1 AL I 1. I 2.1 3. I 4. I 5. I 6. I VGOG --------I--------I--------I--------I--------I--------I-------- I 1. I 0 1 1 7 1 5 1 6 7 1 3 8 1 7 I 134 ECONOMIC I 0.0 I 2 9 . ? 1 1 6 . 6 1 2 5 . 5 1 2 2 . 8 1 1 5 . 3 1 2 3 . 7 -I--------I--------I--------I--------I--------I-------- I 2. I 0 I 7 I 1 1 1 8 1 8 I 8 1 43 NDFRDESDOCCUP I 0.0 I 12.1 I 3.8 I 6.8 I 5.1 I 18.1 I 7.6 -I--------I--------I--------I--------I--------l-------- I 3. I 2 I 34 1 24 I 178 I 120 1 30 1 388 NON-ECONOMIC I 100.0 I 58.7 I 79.6 I 67.7 I 72.2 I 66.6 I 68.8 -I--------I--------I--------I--------I--------I-------- I COLUMN 2 57 30 263 167 46 565 TOTAL 0.3 10.1 5.4 46.6 29.6 8. 1 100.0 d) employees who completed education between 1961 and 1970  J tnm 00 sw m o 3 a o w . o c -6 vN L 7 0 ao I- N " 0 . * U z n CI-1CI l r n A . 7 . + w o w >a> * z * 0 * U * CIIAPTER 3,SECTION F PAGE 23 TABLE 144 FILE TS7A (CREATION DATE 04/10/8 1 ) . I * + * , * + , . + * + * + + + + C R q S S T A B U L A T I O N O F + ~ + + + + + + + + + + + * * * * REASONS DESIRE SONS MORE EOUC BY V238AG 0CCUPATION.CURRENT V230AG COUNT I COL PCT IMANUAL, MANUAL,S MANUAL.5 CLERICAL TECH 8 S MANAG & PROFESS1 ROW IUNSKILLE EMI-SKIL KILLED ,SECRETL EMIPROF ADMIN ONAL TOTAL --------I--------I--------I--------I--------I--------I--------I-------- I 1. I 0 6 1 0 0 1 99 I 9 C I 1 8 1 18 I 5 I 336 ECONOMIC I 32.4 I 29.7 I 28.8 I 17.0 I 25.9 I 21.4 I 12.2 I 24.7 -I--------I--------I--------I--------I--------I--------I-------- I 2. I 23 I 15 I 25 I 38 I 9 I 5 I 2 I 116 NDFRDESOOCCUPI 8 . 5 1 5 4 I 7.4 I 7.1 1 1 2 . 8 1 6.2 1 4 . 6 1 7.2 -I--------I--------I--------I--------I--------I--------I-------- I 3. I 157 I 175 I 218 I 403 1 42 I 61 I 36 I 1093 NON-ECONOMIC I 59.1 I 64.9 - 1 63.0 I 75.9 1 61.2 1 72.5 I 83.2 I 68.1 -I--------I-.-------I--------I--------I--------I--------I-------- I COLUMN 266 270 342 53 1 69 84 43 1605 1OTAL 16.6 16.8 21.3 33.1 4.3 5.2 2.7 100.0 NUMBER OF MISSING OBSERVATIONS = 155 TABLE 3 . F . 3 EMPLOYEES GROUPED BY OCCUPATION: D I S T R I B U T I O N BY REASON D E S I R E SONS MORE EDUCATION THAN S E L F CtlAPlCR 3.SL-ClION F 04/23/8 1 PAGE 25 1'AUI.E 147 FILE FS7A (CRLATION OATE = 04/20/8 1 ) * . r * * r a r r * r + * r + r * * C R O S S T A B U L A ~ I O NO F * a * * VG9G ACT IFI@MrCANT GO GOV SEC SCt!ODL BY V21A * * * I ~ * * * ~ * ~ ' ~ * ' * + * * + * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * I * L * * * * * C * * * * *1 O F PACE 1 V2 1 A CLlUNr I COL PCT IN0 EOUC STD 1-4 STD 5-6 STD 7-8 FORM1-4 POST FOR ROW I OR EQUIV M 4 TOTAL I 1.1 2. I 3. I 4.1 5. I 6. I V69G --------I--------I--------I--------I--------I--------~--------I 1. I 71 I 73.1 49 I 275 I 326 I 140 I 934 PAY F E E S PHlV 1 41.4 1 32.5 1 43.9 1 52.2 I 7 6 . 0 1 76.3 I 56.7 -I--------I-------'I--------I--------I---.--I-------- I 2. I 29 1 78 1 30 I 143 I 63 1 26 I 368 SEND V I L L POLY 1 17.0 I 34.6 I 26.2 I 27.2 I 14.7 I 14.0 I 22.4 -I--------I--------'----------I--------I--------]-------- I 3. I 62 1 62 I 27 I 96 I I 36 9 I 292 WORK.APPRENTICE 1 36.3 I 27.5 I 24.3 I 18.3 I I 8.4 4.7 I 17.8 -I--------I--------I--------I--------I--------I-------- I 5. I 8 I 7 I 4 I 3 I 4 I 4 I 30 REPEAT PRIMARY 1 4.4 1 3. 1 1 3.9 I 0.6 1 0.8 I 2.2 1 :.8 -I--------I--------I--------I--------I--------I-------- I -1--------1--------1--------1------ ------I-------- I CflLUMN 17 1 225 113 526 4 28 1113 1647 TOTAL 10.4 13.7 6.8 3: 0 26.0 11.1 100.0 a) Employees grouped by education  a - IL w I U W - V - z U ) 2 5~ - P W(D . v m 09 3 4 OI- a o C o m P - ID. P n . m 0 . ' O O Pg CtfAPTER 3 , SECTION F 04/23/8 1 PAGE 34 TABLE 156 FILE TS7A (CREATION' D A T E = 0 4 / 2 0 / 8 1 ) r r r r r r r r r r r * r * * * * r C R O S S T A B U L A T I O N O F * * * * * * * * * * I * * * * * * * V72 ACTION I F DAUGIiTER CANT G O GOV BY V77G WAGES PER MONTH SH * I ~ * ~ ~ ~ + + ~ * ~ + + + ~ ~ I I ~ ~ ~ * * * C + * ~ ~ ~ C + * I PAGE * * *1O*F * 1* * * * * * * * * V77G CUUNT I COL PCT 1 0 - 5 0 0 501-750 751-1000 1001-150 15fi1-200 2 0 0 1 - 3 0 0 3000+ ROW I 0 c) 0 TOTAL 1. I 157 I 220 I 145 I 173 I 93 I 102 1 27 I PAYFEESPRIVSCI 41.5 1 4 8 . 9 1 5 5 . 6 1 6 4 . 7 1 7 7 . 0 1 7 9 . 7 1 9 8 . 6 I -I--------l--------[--------I--------I--------I--------I-------- I 2. I 82 I 86 I 61 I 44 1 17 I 12 1 0 I 5ENOVILLPOLYlEI 21.7 I 19.1 1 2 3 . 4 I 16.3 1 14.4 1 9.6 I 0.0 I -I------*-I--------I--------I--------I--------l--------l-------- I 3 . 1 2 0 1 2 7 1 1 2 1 5 1 0 I 2 I 0 I SENDOUTWORK I 5.3 I 6.1 1 4.6 I 1.8 I 0.0 I 1.6 I 0.0 I -I--------I--------I--------I--------I--------l--------I-------- I 4. 1 9 2 1 9 3 1 3 1 1 3 8 1 8 I 4 I 0 1 APPRENTICE IlER I 24.3 I 20.7, 1 11.8 I 14.2 I 6.4 I 3.2 I 0.0 I -I--------I--------l--------I-----.--I--------l----.---l-r------ I 1 5. 8 I 4 I 6 I 3 I 2 I 2 I 0 I REPEATPRIMSCIIOI 2.2 I 0.9 I 2.2 I 1.2 I 1.9 I 1.6 I 0.0 I -I--------I--------I--------I--------I--------I--------I-------- I 6. 1 17 I 16 I 4 1 2 I 0 I 0 I 0 I KEEPtIERtIOHE 1 4.6 I 3.7 I 1.7 I 0.8 I 0.3 I 0.3 I 1.4 1 -l--------I--------I--------I--------I--------l--------l-------- I 7. I 1 I 2 I 2 I 3 I 0 I 5 I 0 I OTHER I 0.3 I 0.5 I 0.8 I 1.0 I 0.0 I 3.9 I 0.0 I -I--------I-----.--I--------I--------I--------I--------I-------- I COLUMN 377 449 26 1 267 12 1 128 27 TOTAL 23. 1 27.5 16.0 16.4 7.4 7.9 1.7 NUMBER OF MISSING OBSERVATIONS = 128 CIiAPTER 3 , S E C T I O N F 04/23/8 1 PAGE 38 TADLE 1 5 6 FILE TS7p ( C R E A T I O N DATE = 0 4 / 2 0 / 8 1 ) r * * * r r * r r r r r r r r r r r C R O S s - - - B R E A K D D W N O f * r * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * V 2 14G AGE F R S T C H I L D BY V213 SEX.FIRST CtIILD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V A R I A B L E AVERAGED ... V219 COST E D U C A T I O N L A S T Y R . F I R S T CHILD.SH V213 MEAN I 'IUNT 1 MALE FEMALE ROW 5 1 0 UEV I TOTAL --------I----------I---------- I I 1 364.741 380.571 371.65 I 352.16 I 338.57 1 345.12 -I----------I I ---------- I 3 I 1303.901 757.501 1129.1i I 1535.411 895.401 1343.01 -I----------I-------.-- I COL LJMN T O r A L 632.09 440.09 549.65 IG3 ' ' 2 15 1033. 10 518.54 377 054.65 NUMBER q F M I S S I N G OBSERVATIONS = 1383 TABLE 3 . F . 9 a F I R S T CHILDREN GROUPED BY AGE AND SEX: * MEAN COST OF EDUCATION  ( q rr I$$ 1 1 CtIAPTER 3 . S E C T I O N F 04/23/8 1 PAGE 39 TABLE 1 5 6 FILE TS7A (CREATION DATE 04/20/81) LOUCAI I O N LEVEL, IST CtlILO BY V213 SCX,FII<ST CtlILO . * * * * + * * * * * . * * * * * * * * * * * + * * * * * * * * * * * . * * * . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * VAI?IAIJLE AVERAGFD. .. v 2 19 C O S ~EOUCATION LAST YH,FIRST CHILD.SH * . b 4 + b * * b b b b b b b b b * b * ~ + b b 4 1 * + + * * * 1 * b * * b 1 b b 1 b b * * * * PAGE 1 O F 1 V2 13 MEAN I COUNT 1 M A L E FEMALE ROW STD DEV I --------I----------I---------- I I 1 316.47 I 307.80 I 312.92 NONE-ST 1-4 I 306.761 217.961 273.44 -I----------I----------I I 3 1 2282.64 I 1571.53 I 2044.47 row I-4 I tGOU.33 I 073.72 I 1414.29 -l----------l---------- 1 4 I 1750.00 1 2000.00 I 1029.24 1'0ST FORM 4 I 895.41 I 0.00 I 706.80 -[----------[----------I COLUMN T O T A L G21.61 138.02 543.35 247 184 431 984.21 514. 19 8 2 1.03 NUMBER OF M I S S I N G O O S E R V A T I O N S = 1329 TABLE 3 . F . 9 b PIRST CHILDREN GROUPED BY EDUCATION AND SEX: MEAN COST OF EDUCATION  t o t a l s p e n d i n g on e d u c a t i o n . The column t o t a l s show a smooth p o s i t i v e monotonic r e l a t i o n s h i p between income and s p e n d i n g , w i t h t h o s e i n t h e 2-3006 s h i l l i n g a month c a t e g o r y s p e n d i n g f o u r t i m e s a s much, and t h o s e in t h e 3,000f c a t e g o r y s e v e n times a s much as t h o s e i n t h e bottom c a t e g o r y (0-500). Qntrol- l i n g f o r f a m i l r s i z e , a l o n g t h e rows, we see t h e same p a t t e r n . It is d i f f i c u l t t o borrow money f o r i n v e s t i n g i n c h i l d r e n ' s e d u c a t i o n , as h i g h e x p e c t e d f u t u r e e a r n i n g s is n o t g e n e r a l l y a c c e p t e d a s c o l l a t e r a l . Hence, most e x p e n d i t u r e s on e d u c a t i o n a r e i n t e r n a l l y f i n a n c e d by t h e f a m i l y and s o t h e l e v e l of c u r r e n t income w i l l k a c o n s t r a i n t . T a b l e 3.G.2a and b Resources p e r c h i l d depend both Or f a m i l y in(-ome arid number of c h i l d r e n , o r more g e o e r a l l y on number of dependents. A s discussed i n Section D, t h e r e a r e two opposing f a c t o r s ; on t h e one hand h i g h e r l e v e l s of e d u c a t i o n and income t e n d t o reduce f e r t i l i t y and hence f a m i l y s i z e , but on t h e o t h e r hand t h e more educated and a f f l u e n t tend t o a c q u i r e more d e p e n d m t s . In p a r t i c u l a r , t h e r i c h e r and more educated members may be paying f o r t h e educa- t i o n of many c h i l d r e n w i t h i n t h e extended f a m i l y . Depending on t h e r e l a t i v e 1 s t r e n g t h of th%se tt;o f a c t o r s , e d u c a t i o n a l e x p e n d i t u r e p e r c h i l d i n s c h o o l may b e more o r l e s s e q u a l l y d i s t r i b u t e + t h a n t o t a l spending on c h i l d r e n ' s e d u c a t i o n . - - I n t a b l e s 2a and b, w e l o o k a t e d u c a t i o r a l expend-ure p e r c h i l d i n s c h o o l by i - e d u c a t i o n and income of e m p l ~ y e e . h e r a t i o of s e n d i n g per c h i l d betwzen t h e e ! t o p and bottom e d u c a t i o n a l c a t e g o r y i s 1.8 which ia v e r y l i t t l e d i f f e r e n t t o t h e r a t i o of t o t a l spending. However, i n t a b l e 2b we s e e t h a t t h e r a t i o of  - 3 - educat~~between n :he t o p al?d bottom c a t e g o r y i s 4.8, a n d between t h e 2-3000 c.. g o r y a n d b o t t o m c a t e g o r y i t is 2.5, suggesting t h a t educational expenditure p e r c h i l d i s more e q u a l l y d i s t r i b u t e d t h a n t 3 t a l e d u c a t i o n e l e x p e n d i t u r e . T a b l e 3.G.3a and b The p r e v i o u s t a b l e s s u g g e s t t h a t t h e r e is a b i g d i f f e r e n c e i n a b s o i u t e spending GU c h i l d r e n ' s e d u c a t j . ? n between t h e t o p and bottom ~ d u c a t i o a i and income c h t e g o r i e s . However, as t a t l e s 3a and b i n d i c a t e , t h e r e i s much I1 less v a r i a t i o n i n s p e n d i n g as a p e r c e n t a g e o f income.* We n o t e from T a b l e 3b t i ~ s tthe h i g h e s t p e r c e n t a g e o f income s p e l t on c h i l d r e n ' s e d u c a t i o n i s f o r t h e l o w e s t income c a t e g o r y . ! I T a b l e s 3 .G.4a-c 1 The s u r v e y i n c l u d e s d a t a on c o s t s l e v e l and t y p e o f e d u c a t i o n f o r t h e f i r s t 3 children. Ye s h a l l l o o k j u s t a t d a t a f o r t h e f i r s t c h i l d i n t h e n e x t few t a b l e s . Frooi t a b l e s 4a m d b , which is f o r c h i l d r e n c o n t i n u i n g e d u c a t i o n , we see t h a t mest c h i l d r e n a r e i n p r i m a r y s c h o o l , and o v e r 98% o f t h e s e c h i l d r e n a r e i n g o v e r n m e i r pr>mary s c h o o l . Of t h e few c h i l d r e n who are i n s e c e n d a r y . I school o r highr-i, over h a l f a r e i n p r i v s t e i n s C i t u t i o n s . T a b l e i a makes p l a i n t h e b i g d i f f e r e r c e i n c o s t s between p r i m a r y and secondar: school, even f o r those - - * Note t h a t e x p e n d i t u r e on e d u c a t i o n i s p e r y e a r , a n d t h e e a r n i n g s d a t a is pet month, s o t h a t t h e wages were n u l t i p l i e d by 12 t o g e t an a p p r o x i m a t e value of p e r c e n t a g e of y e a r l y income s p e n t on e d u c a t i o n .  PAGE 8 r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r C R O S S - - - B R E A K O O W N O F * * * * + * r e + * * * * * * * * * V211G N O OF C H I L D R E N NOW I N SCHOOL BY V2lF EDUCATION * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * V A R I A B L E AVERAGED ... V237 T O T A L COST E D U C A T I O N OF C k I I L O R E N 1 1 * 1 * 1 1 1 1 1 * 1 1 1 + ~ 1 - * 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 e r r r * r r r r r r r * r r r r r +A G E r P 1 O F 1 v 2 1F MEAN I COUNT I N O EDUCA S T 1-6 ST 7.-8 FORM 1 - 4 P O S T FOR ROW S T 0 OEV I T I O N OREOUI M 4 TOTAL I 1 I 2 I 3 I 4 I ". V211G --------I----------[----------I--.--------[----------[---------- I 0.00 I 1 1 6 5 . 0 1 I 1 0 3 0 . 9 7 I 2 9 8 7 . 9 3 I 0.001 2437.31 -I----------I----------I------------------I---------- I COLUMN T O T A L 704.44 652. 13 959.39 1630.92 1159.30 1001.78 EMPLOYEES GROUPED BY OWN EDUCATION AND NUMBER O F CHILDREN I N SCHOOL: MEAN TOTAL EXPENDITURE ON CHILDREN ' S EDUCATION. SPSS O A T C H S Y S T E M 06/24/a I PAGE 13 T A B L E 119 FILE TS7A (CREATION D A T E = 04/20/81) r * r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r C R O S S - - - B R E A K D O W N O F r + + * r * + + * * * * * * * * * * EDUCATION BY I t l l r 4 l 4 l f 4 4 ~ + 1 1 1 4 1 ~ 1 * 1 4 1 1 1 ~ ~ 1 1 1 * 1 * 1 1 * * 1 * * * * * 4 * * * * * * * * * * V A R I A B L E AVERAGED . . . V237A E D U C COST P E R C H I L D I N SCHOOL * t r ? t t * ~ + * t + * ~ + + + r * ~ * ~ * * * * * * * ~ t * * * * * * * * * * * * * + * P A* * G E* 1OF 1 MEAN I COUNT I RQW S T D OEV I TOTAL --------I---------- 1 I 286.34 I 286.34 NO E D U C A T I O N 2 I 269.00 I 269.00 I 267.46 I 257.46 -I---------- I 3 I 402.38 I 402.38 I 403.61 I 403.61 -I---------- I 4 I 546.37 I 546.37 F D R M 1-4 OR E O U I I 125 I 125 I 579.94 I 579.94 -I----- I ----- 5 1 515.81 1 515.81 P O S T FORM 4 627.82 I 627.02 I COLUMN T O T A L 385.40 385.40 51 1 51 1 434.63 434.63 NUMBER OF M I S S I N G O B S E R V A T I O N S = 1249 TABLE 3 . G . 2 . a C MEAN EDUCATIONAL EXPENDITURE P E R CHILD I N SCHOOL: (a) EMPLOYEES GROUPED BY OWN EDUCATION. SPSS RhTCIi SYSTEM 06/24/8 1 PAGE 19 TABLE 122 FILE TS7A (CREATION DATE = 04/20/81) V77G WAGES PER MONTH SH BY * * C I * , * * * * . * * * * * * * * * * * * t * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * VARIABLE A'IIERAGEO.. . V237A EDUC COST PER CHILD IN SCHOOL * C * + C * ~ * * * * ~ * + * * * * * * * + + I * * ~ ~ * * + * * * * + * * * * * * * * * * PAGE * * *1OF 1 MEAN I COUNT I ROW ST0 DEV I TOTAL I 0 I V77G --------I---------- I 1 I 242.62 I 242.62 -I----------I 2 I 275.28 I 275.28 50 1 -750 I 143 I 143 I 280.25 I 280.25 -I---------- I 3 I 341.47 I 341.47 751- 1000 I 75 I 75 I 314.74 I 314.74 -I---------- I 4 1 365.82 1 365.82 , 1001 - 1500 I 89 I 89 I 351.18 I 351.18 -I---------- I 5 I 512.48 I 512.48 1501-2000 I 47 I ' 47 I 536.66 1 536.66 -I---------- I 6 I 616.21 I 616.21 200 1 - 3000 I 65 I 65 I 539.53 I 539.53 -I---------- I 7 I 1156.32 1156.32 I 3000+ I 15 15 I I 1043.59 I 1013.59 -I----------I TABLE 3.G.2b COLUMN TOTAL 386.65 386.65 510 510 434.83 434.83 (b) W L O Y E E S GROUPED BY WAGES NUMBER O F MISSING OBSERVATIONS = 1250 SPSS BATCH SYSTEM PACE 21 TABLE 1 3 1 FILE TS7A (CREATION DATE = 0 4 / 2 0 / 8 1 ) r r + r r . o * r * . r r c * r ~ . C R O S S - - - B R E A K D O W N O F + * r r * r + r * * * * + r * * * * V215GG EDUC L E V E L , F I R S T C H I L D BY V77G WAGES P E R M O N T H S H CON1 R O L L I N G F O R . . V 2 16 EOUC I N S T I T U T I O N T Y P E . F I R S T C t i I L D VALUE. . 1 GOVERNMENT ~ + ~ * ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ + ~ I ~ I ~ V A R I A B L E AVERAGED. .. V 2 19 CDST EDUCATION LAST Y R . F I R S T CHILD,SIi * * + ~ . * + * * * I + + C I * ( + * * * ( * I * * * * * + + * + * + * * * I * * * * * * * * I * PAGE 1 O F 1 V77G MEAN I COUNT I 0 - 5 0 0 ROW STD DEV I TOTAL I 1 1 V 2 15GG --------l----------~- 1 I PRIMARY I I -I-- 2 I SECONDARY+ I I -I-- COLUMN T O T A L TABLE 3 . G . 4 a EMPLOYEES GROUPED BY WAGES AND EDUCATION LEVEL O F F I R S T CHILD: MEAN EXPENDITURE ON EDUCATION O F F I R S T CHILD. (a) F I R S T C H I L D I N GOVERNMENT SCHOOL. Chapter 3 , S e c t i o n H O c c u p a t i o n a l A t t a i n m e n t & Wages. o f Employees: The I n d e p e n d e n t Impact of Family Background Introduction I n S e c t i o n A w e documented t h e h i g h c o r r e l a t i ~ nbetween employee's e d u c a t i o n and f a t h e r s ' e d u c a t i o n . C l e a r l y , f a m i l y background i s a m a j o r d e t e r m i n a n t of i n v e s t m e n t i n human c a p i t a l , and h e n c e a m a j o r i n d i r e c t d e t e r - m i n a n t of e a r n i n g s and o c c u p a t i o n . I n t h i s s e c t i o n we w i s h t o see i f f a m i l y background h a s a n i n d e p e n d e n t i n p a c t on economic s t a t u s , i n d e p e n d e n t t h a t i s , of e d u c a t i o n a l . a t t a i m e n t . V a r i o u s r e a s o n s .vhy t h i s m i g h t b e s o c a n be sug- gl-sted: employers may d i s c r i m i n a t e i n f a v o r of p e o p l e from w e l l - e d u c a t e d backgrounds b e c a u s e of s n o b b e r y , o r t h e y may b e l i e v e t h a t p e o p l e from e d u c a t e d t ~ c k g r o u n d sp o s s e s s v a l u a b l e n o n c o g n i t i v e t r a i t s and p e r s o n a l i t y a t t r i b u t e s . T h e r e may b e n e p o t i s m a t work, o r w e l l - e d u c a t e d p a r e n t s may b e a b l e t o u s e t h e i r urban white c o l l a r c o n t a c t s t o g e t t h e b e s t jobs f o r t h e i r o f f s p r i n g . II C u l t u r e of p o v e r t y " t h e o r i s t s have s u p 7 e s t e d t h a t p e o p l e from l e s s f a v o r a b l e f a m i l y backgrounds may have l o w e r c a r e e r a s p i r a t i o n s , a l t e r n a t i v e l y t h e y may jyst be l e s s w e l l i n f o r n e d a b o u t j o b o p p o r t u n i t i e s 6 Reasons s u c h 2 s d i s c r i - m i n a t i o n and n e p o t i s m s u g g e s t a segmented l a b o r m a r k e t , Lack of i n f o r m a t i o n j ~ o aho~t bpportunities likewise implies narket imperfections. A more neo- - c l a s s i c a l a p p r o a c h would b e t h a t w h i l e p e o p l e from f a v o r a b l e f a m i l y back- grounds may d o b e t t e r i n t h e j o b w r k e t , this c a n b e f u l l y e x p l a i n e d by . d i f f e r e n c e s i n human c a p i t a l . P r e s c h o o l and nonschoc: i n v e s t n e n t s i n human c a p i t a l ( f o r example b e t t e r h e a l t h r e s u l t i n g from S e t t e r n u t r i t i o n and h y g i e n e ) a r e l i k e l y t o be much g r e a t e r i n e d c c a t e d h o u s e k o l d s e s p e c i a l l y where t h e  - 2 - mother i s e d u c a t e d , and t h e s e i n v e s t m e n t s b o t h f a c i l i t a t e a c c e s s t o and r e i n - f o r c e c o g n i t i v e development a t s c h o o l , and may a l s o have a x i n i e p e n d e n t e f f e c t on p r o d u c t i v i t y i n t h e job market. Fe a r e u s i n g y e a r s of e d u c a t i o n a s o u r c o n t r o l o r g.:oxy f o r human c a p i t a l ; t h i s n o t o n l y i g n o r e s p r ~ s c h o o iand non- s c h o o l i n v e s t m e n t s , b u t a l s o f a 5 l s t o c a p t u r e d i f f e r e n c e s i n q u a l i t y of s c h o o l i n g , a major component of h u m . c a p i t a l and one which i s l i k e l y co be c o r r e l a t e d p o s i t i v e l y w i t h f a m i l y background. I n t h e u e x t few t a b l e s we c o n t r o l f o r ed1::ational a t t a i n m e n t , and l o o k a t o c c u p a t i o n a l a t t a i n m e c t and income, by f a m i l y background. Table 3.H.la & b Table 3.H.la i s f o r form 1-4 l e a v e r s who completed t h e i r e d u c a t i o n b e f o r e 1970. h s l i g h t l y h i g h e r p e r c e n t a g e of p e o p l e w i t h f a t h e r s w i t h s e c - cndary i e d u c a t i o n a r e i n white c o l l a r o c c u p a t i o n s ( 9 3 % ) t k n <hose with primary f a t h e r s (87%) o r f a t h e r s with no e d u c a t i o n ( 8 4 % ) . Similarly t h e per- c e n t a g e In upper w h i t e c o l l a r . c a p a t i o n s < n a n a g e r i a l and p r o f e s s i o n a l ) i s g r e a t e s t f o r p e o p l e w i t h secondary + f a t h e r s (40% compared t o around 24% f o r the other groups). T a b l e 3.H.lb i s f o r t h e c o h o r t completing e d u c a t i o n between 1570 and ' 179, and t h e same p a t t e r i l i s observed ( a l b e i t r a t h e r w e a k l y ) , f o r * I 1 e x a s p l e 752 of employees w i t h f a t h e r s w i t h no e d u c a t i o n have w h i t e c o l l a r I j o b s , 81% of t h o s e w i t h f a t h e r s w i t h p r i m a r y , and 84% of t h o s e w:lose : a t h e r s I had secondary p l u s e d u c a t i o n . T a b l e 3.H.2a 'Ln t h e n e x t two t a b l e s we look a t t h o s e i r i t h y r i n a r y e d u c a t i 2 n ( a t I 5-8). For t h e c o h n r t compieting b e f o r e 1970, i t seems c l e a r t h a t t h o s e w:lo had f a t h e r s w i t h primary d i d s u b s t a n t i a l l y b e t t e r i n terms of o c c u p a t i o n , In t a b l e b , t h e t r e n d i s even s t r o n g e r ; t h o s e w i t h primary e d u c a t e d f a t h e r s e a r n 10% more, and those! w i t h s e c o n d a r y f a t h e r s 25% more, t h a n t h e group of employees whose f a t h e r s had nr, e d u c a t i o n . T a b l e s c C d a r e f o r employees witL s t a n d a r d 5-8 e d u c a t i o n , and w h i l e t h e r e does n o t seem t o be any t r e n d f o r t h o s e w i t h l e s s t h a n 7 y e a r s ' e x p e r i e n c e , f o r t h o s e w i t h 8 o r more y e a r s , t h o s e w i t h primary f a t h e r s e a r n about 8% more t h a n t h o s e whose f a t h e r s had no e d u c a t i o n . We have looked a t t h e wages and o c c u p a t i o n a l a t t a i n m e n t of i n d i - v i d u a l s w i t h s i m i l a r l e v e l s o f e d u c a t i o n and d i f f e r e n t f a m i l y backgrounds. d The p r e v i o u s t a b l e s s u g g e s t t h a t fauiily b a c k g r o ~ ~ ndoes have some d i r e c t impact o n a n i : - d i v i d u a l ' s e c o n ~ m i cuuccer,s, i n d e p e n d e n t of e d u c a t i o n a l a t t a i n - ment. A f a v o r a b l e f a m i l y background may a l s o h c i p a n i n d i v i d u a l g e t a n u r b a n wage job more q u i c k l y , and be l-ess l i k e l y t.. s u f f e r s p e l l s of unemployment; beccluse of s u p e y i o r c o n t a c t s o r i n f o r m a t i g n . T a b l e 3.H.4a g i v e s u s some c o n f i r m a t i o n oE t h i s . In answer t o the q u e s t i o n "how l o n g was i t a f t e r you l e f t f u l l t i n e e d u c a t i o n c r t r a i n i n g b e f o r e you g o t wage employment" we s e e t h a t of t h o s e w i t h f o m 1-4 e d u c a t i o n , 65X of t h o s e khose f a t h e r s had sec- ondary p l u s e d u c a t i o n o b t a i n e d wage employment immediately, w h i l e o n l y h a l f of t h o s e w i t h f a t h e r s w i t h no e d u c a t i o n , o r primary were s o f o r t u n a t e . Con- . e v e r s e l y 11% 02 t h o s e w i t h f a t h e r s w i t h no e d u c a t i o n t o c k more t h a n 1 y e a r t o f i n d wage employment, 16% o f t h o s e whose f a t h e r s had p r i m a r y , b u t o n l y 3% - o r t h o s e =hose f a t h e r s had s e c o n d a r y p l u s . ~ G i l ~ r il ny + a b l e 3.H.4b, which * i s f o r emvlo;.ees -xi.th s t a n d a r d 5-8 e d u c a t i o n , c e s e e t h a t t h e few who had I f a t h e r s w i t h s e c o n d a r y p l u s o b t a i n e d wage jobs-very much more q u i c k l y t h a n t h e i r p e e r s from l e s s w e l l e d u c a t e d f a m i l y backgrounds.  - 5 - T a b l e 3.H.5a i s j u s t f o r t h o s e w i t h form 1-4 e d u c a t i o n who have had p r e v i o u s wage employment p r i o r t o t h e i r c u r r e n t job. We see t h a t a higher p e r c e n t a g e of t h o s e whose f a t h e r s had primary o r secondary e d u c a t i o n have been c o n i m u o u s l y i n wage employment, 1.e. have n o t had unemployment s p e e l s . The same p a t t e r n i s s e e n i n t a b l e 5b, which i s f o r employees w i t h s t a n d a r d 5-8 who have had p r e v i o u s wage employment. The g e n e r a l i m p r e s s i o n from t h i s s e c t i o n i s t h a t t h o s e from l e s s f a v o r a b l e f a m i l y backgrounds who d o . i n v e s t i n primary o r secondary e d u c a t i o n , t a k e somewhat l o n g e r t o f i n d a wage j o b , a r e o u t of wage employment a l i t t l e more f r e q u e n t l y , and a r e found s l i g h t l y more o f t e n i n t h e lower s t a t u s , o r lower paying jobs. FILE TS7A (CREATION DATE = 04/20/81) * v r * r * r r r r + r r r + r * b C R O S S T A B l J L / , T I O N O F r * * r r c c c r s r r * * * * * * V14G FATHERS EDUCATION R Y V238AG 0CCUPATION.CURRENT * * * * * * * * * * r * * * + + * * * * * * * + ~ * * + * + * * e * * * * + + * * * * * * * * * * PAGE 1OF 1 V238AG COUNT I POW PCT IMANUAL,S MANUAL.S CLERICAL TECtI & a *AN)< 8 PROFESS1 ROW IEMI-SKIL KILLED .SECRETL EMIPROF ADMIN ONAL TOTAL I 2. I 3.1 4. I 5.1 6.I 7. I V14G --------I-----.--I--------I--------I--------~--------I-------- I 0. I I I 8 1 2 9 1 3 I 0 I 5 I 55 NO EDUCATION I 1.11 I 14.5 I 53.4 I 6.3 I 15.5 I 8.8 I 26.2 -I--------I--------I--------I--------I--------I-------- I 1. I 4 1 1 3 1 7 6 1 4 1 2 5 1 5 1 127 PRIMARY I 3.1 I 10.1- I 59.8 I 3.5 I 19.7 1 3.8 1 61.1 -I--------I--------I--------I--------I--------I-------- I 2. I 0 I 2 1 101 4 I 9 1 2 I 27 SECONDARY t I 1.4 I 5.9 I 37.2 I 15.4 I 34.2 I 5.9 I 12.7 -I--------I--------I--------I--.-----I--------I-------- I COLUMN 5 22 115 12 43 11 208 TOTAL 2.4 10.7 55.3 5.7 20.5 5.3 100.0 NUMBER OF MISSING OBSERVATIONS = f5 TABLE 3.H.la EMPLOYEES WITH FORM 1-4 EDUCATION, GROUPED BY FAT!!ERS EDUCATION: DISTRIBUTION BY OCCUPATION *v a 1. (a) THOSE COMPLETING SCIIOOL BEFORE 1970 CIIAPTER 3 , S E C T I O N t1 05/29/8 1 PAGE 10 FILE TS7A ( C R E A T I O N DATE 04/20/81) * * * * * * r r + + * r r r r r r r C R O S S T A B U L A T I O N O F + + r + + r + r + r 1 + 1 1 1 1 1 1 V 14G FATHERS EDUCATION BY V 2 3 B A G O C C I J P A T I O N . CURRENT * 1 * 1 + 1 1 1 1 ~ 1 1 1 ~ 1 1 1 1 1 1 b 1 ~ 1 + 1 1 1 + + 1 1 t 1 1 1 1 + + 1 + + 1 + 1 + 1 PAGE + + 1OF 1 e V238AG COUNT I ROW P C T I M A N U A L , M A N U A L P S MANUAL.S C L E R I C A L T E C H & S MANAG & P R O F E S S 1 ROW IUNSKILLE E h I - S K I L KILLED .SECRETL EMIPROF A D M I N ONAL TOTAL I 1. I 2. I 3. I 4.1 5. I 6. I 7. I V14G --------I--------I--------I--------I--------I--------I--------I-------- I 0 . 1 3 0 1 4 3 1 6 4 1 3 4 1 5 I 0 I 0 I 177 NO E D U C A T I O N I 17.2 I 24.4 1 36.1 I 19.3 I 3.0 I 0.0 I 0.0 I 4 5 . 6 -I--------I--------I--------I--------I--------I--------I----*--- I I, I 24 I 37 I 40 I 84 I 5 I 2 I 2 I 202 PRIMARY I 11.7 I 10.5 I 23.9 I 41.6 I 2.4 I 1.0 I 0.8 I 51.9 -I--------I--------I--------I--------I--------I--------I--------I I 0 I 2. 2 I 3 I 3 1 ' 2 1 0 I 0 I 10 SECONDARY+ I 3.9 I 16.1 I 33.5 I 29.2 I 17.4 I 0.0 I 0.0 I 2.5 -I--------I--------I--------I--------I--------I--------I-------- I COLUMN 54 82 115 12 1 12 2 2 388 TOTAL 14.0 21.1 29.7 31. 1 3.0 0.5 0.4 100.0 NUMBER OF M I S S I N G O B S E R V A T I O N S = 19 TABLE 3.H.2a EMPLOYEES WITH STANDARD 5-8 EDUCATION, GROUPED BY FATHERS EDUCATION: DISTRIBUTION BY OCCUPATION. (a) THOSE COMPLETING EDUCATION BEFORE 1970 C!iAPTER 3 .SECTION tl 05/29/8 1 PAGE 12 FILE TS7A (CREATION DATE = 04/20/81) + r + * + * * + + + * * r * ~ * * C r R O S S T A B U L A T I O N O F r r * r ? r * * * * * * * * * * * * V14G FATHERS EDUCATION BY V238AG 0CCUPATION.CURRENT * + r * * * + * * + * + + + r * * * * * + + * * + + + * * * + + + * + r * + + + + ~ ~ * * *PAGE * + +1OF 1 V238AG COUNT I ROW PCT IMANUAL. MANUAL.S MANUAL.5 CLERICAL TECH & S ROW IUNSKILLE EMI-SKIL KILLED ,SECRETL EMIPROF TOTAL I 1.1 2. I 3. I 4.1 5. I V 14G --------I--------I-..------I--------I--------I-------- I 0. I 20 I 22 I 27 I 16 I 2 i NO EDUCATION I 22.5 I 25.4 I 31.4 1 18.3 I 2.3 I -I--------I--------l--------I--------I-------- I 1rWIl 15 I I 32 I 4 35 I 52 I PRIMAPY I I I 10.9 I 23.4 I 3.1 25.1 37.5 I -I--------I--------I--------I--------I-------- I 2. I 0 I 1 I 0 I 4 I 0 I SECONDARY+ I 0.0 1 13.1 I 6.0 I 80.9 I 0.0 I -I--------I--------I--------I--------I-------- I COLUMN 35 57 79 52 6 TOTAL 15. 1 24.9 34.5 22.8 2.7 NUMBER OF MISSING OBSERVATIONS = 12 (b) THOSE COMPLETING EDUCATION BETWEEN 1 9 7 0 and 1979 CIIAPTER 3,SECTION H 05/29/8 1 PAGE 14 FILE TS7A (CREATION DATE 04/20/81) FATHERS EDUCATION BY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VARIABLE AVERAGED. .. V77 WAGES PER MONTH SHILLINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PPSE 1OF 1 MEAN I COUNT I ROW STD DEV I TOTAL NO EDUCATION 1 I 857.34 I 857.34 PRIMARY I 783.06 I 783.06 -I---------- I 2 I 902.061 902.06 SECONDARY+ I 455.25 I 455.25 -I----- I----- COLUMN TOTAL 847.72 847.72 204 204 645.36 645.36 NLJMHER OF MISSING OBSERVATIONS = 3 TABLE 3 . H . 3 a . EMPLOYEES WITH FORMS 1-4 EDUCATION, GROUPED BY FATHERS EDUCATION: MEAN WAGES (a) THOSE WITH 7 YEARS OR L E S S EXPERIENCE  05/29/8 1 PAGE 16 FILE TS7A (CREATION OATE = 0 4 / 2 0 / 8 1 ) + r r * + r + r r r r r r r r r r r C R O S S - - - 8 R E A K O O W N O F * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * V14G FATHERS EDUCATION BY 1 1 8 * 1 + 1 * 8 1 1 + * 1 * + * + * 1 1 * 1 * * * * 1 * 1 I * * 1 1 C I I I I * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * V A R I A B L E AVERAGED ... .V77 WAGES P E R M O N T H S H I L L I N G S r c * * * + * * a ~ * ? b + F ~ b ~ r ~ r + r r r r r * r r r r r * r r + * ~ * * + r * r + + * + P+A G*E * I * O F 1 MEAN I COUNT I ROW STD DEV I TOTAL I 0 I V 14G --------I- I- - - - - - - - - 0 I 1352.13 I NO EDUCATION I 67 I ' I 670.05 1 -I----- I ----- 1 1 1491.11 I PRIMARY I 145 I I 704.27 I -I----- I----- 2 I 1728.21 I SECONDARY+ I 30 I I 672.41 I -1 I -- -------- COLUMN T O 1 A L 1489.94 250 697 - 7 0 NUMBER O F M I S S I N G O B S E R V A T I O N S = (b) THOSE WITH 8 YEARS OR MORE EXPERIENCE CHAPTER 3.SECTION H 05/29/8 1 PAGE 24 FILE TS7A (CREATION DATE = 04/20/81) * + * * * * * 4 * * * * 1 ~ * +*** C R O S S T A B U L A T I O N O F * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * V 123G TIME MONTHS.ENU EDUC AND WAGE EMPT BY V14G FATIIERS EDUCATION 1 4 4 1 + 4 + 4 r 4 1 1 1 ~ ~ 1 1 1 1 * * ~ * ~ 1 1 1 1 ~ ~ ~ 1 1 ~ + ~ ~ PAGE 1 ~ 4 14O F1 11 * 1 1 4 ~ 1 V 14G COUNT I COL PC1 IN0 EDUCA PRIMARY SECONDAR ROW ITION Y+ TOTAL I 0.1 1.1 2. I V 123G --------I--------I.-------I-------- I 0. I 47 I 112 I 38 I I 51.4 I 53.4 I 65.4 I -I--------I--------I-------- I 1. I 22 I 31 I 7 I I 23.6 1 14.7 I (2.1 I -I--------I--------I--------I 2. I 13 1 33 I 11I I 13.8 I 15.6 I 19.3 I -I--------I--------I-------- I 3. I 6 1 1 8 1 0 I I 6.0 1 8.5 I 0.5 I -I--------I--------I-------- I 4. I 2 1 11 I 0 I I 2.3 I 5.1 I 0.0 I I 0.4 1 1.0 I 2.7 I -I--------I--------I-------- I 6. I 2 1 2 I 0 I I 2.2 I 0.9 I 0.0 I -I--------I--------I-------- I 7. I 0 I 0 I 0 I I 0.4 I 0.0 I 0.0 I -I--------I--------I-------- I 8. I 0 I 2 I 0 I I 0.0 I 0.8 - I 0.0 I -I--------I--------I-------- I COLUMN 92 209 , 59 TOTAL 25.6 58. 1 16.3 NUMBER OF MISSING OBSERVATIONS = 109 TABLE 3 . H . 4 a BY T I M E BETWEEN ENDING EDUCATION AND OBTAINING WAGE EMPLOYMENT. (a) THOSE WITH FORM 1-4 EDUCATION , I-L za I 8 - . N 2 2 za 3 3 I- O J I -10 u0 0 I- u I u CHAPTER 3 . S E C T J W ,,& 1 05/29/8 I PAGE 30 FILE TSIA (CREATION DATE = 0 4 / 2 0 / 8 1 ) r c r r + * + r + r + + + r + r + r C R O S S T A B U L A T I O N O F + + + r + + + + * + + + + + * * + + V 13 1 CONT I N WAGE EMPT BY Vi4G FATHERS E D U C A T I O N 4 * ~ ~ ~ + ~ * ~ + ~ 1 + + 1 + + + 1 + + ~ + + 1 + + ~ ~ + + + + + + + + 1 + 1 + + PAGE + + 1 + O +F * 1+ * Vi4G COUNT I COL P C T I N 0 EOUCA PRIMARY SECONOAR ROY TOTAL 38.9 56.2 4.9 100.0 NUMBER OF M I S S I N G OBSERVATIONS I8 - TABLE 3.H.5 (b) EMPLOYEES WITH STANDARD 5-8. FILE TS7A (CREATION DATE - 04/20/81) + * + r r r r + c * * * + r + r r r C R O S S - - - B R E A K O O W N O F * r + + + r + r + + + * * * + + * * V14G FATHERS EDUCATION BY * * + * + * + * * b * * + * * * * + + * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 4 * * * + * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * V A R I A B L E AVERAGED ... V77 WAGES P E R M 3 N T H S H I L L I N G S COUNT I now S T D DEV I TOTAL I 0 I 1 1 591.46 I 591.46 PQIMARY I 170 I 170 2 I 550.33 I 550.33 SECONDARY + I 7 I 7 COLYMN T O T A L 592.20 592.20 3 0 3 M 235.41 235.41 NUMBER OF M I S S I N Q O B S E R V A T I O N S = 13 (c' EMPLOYPES WITH STANDARD 5-8 and 7 YEARS EXPERIENCE 02 LESS, GROUPED BY FATHERS EDUCATION: MEAN WAGES  3ISCUSSI3N PAPERS [A * by t h e number- i n d i c a t e s t h e p a p e r i s Bank-confidential o r o t h e n d s e r e s t r i c t e d . ] 81-1 Bey A. Meesook, "Demographic C h a r a c t e r i c * i c s o f I n d i v i d u a l s and t h e Measurement of L i f e t i m e Income". F e b r u a r y 1981. ~E-G Susan H. Cochrane, "The Economics o f F e r t i l i t y v i t h Examples from Asia". F e b r u a r y 1981. 81-3 Rashid F a r u q e e , " S o c i a l I n f r a s t r u c t u r e and S e r v i c e s i n Zimbabwet1. F e S r u a r y 1981. 81-4* Richard S a b o t , e t a l . , " c o g n i t i v e S k l l l s : T h e i r D e t e r m i n a n t s and I n f l u e n c e on E a r n i n g s i n Two Poor Urban Economies". ' ~ e b r u a r y1981- 81-5 Dean T. J.~rcison, e t a l . , "Improving Elementary h a t h e m a t i c s E d u c a t i o n i n Nicaragua: An Experimer.ta1 Study of t h e Impact o f Textbooks and RaCio ori Achievement". tiarch 1981. 81-6 Rashid F a r u q e e , "Analyzing t h e Impact o f H e a l t h S e r v i c e s : Narangwal and O t h e r Experiences1'. !-larch 1981- 81-7 J . B . Knight and R.H. S a b o t , "Labor Market Discrimination i n a Poor Urban Economyf'. March 1981. 81-8 Oey A. Meesook, " I n t e r r e T a t i o n s h i p s between Demographic F a c t o r s and Iucomc D i s t r i b u t i o n : Problema o f Measurement, D e s c r i p t i o n and Interpretation". A p r i l 1381. 81-9 Susan H= Cochrane, " F e r t i l i t y A t t i t u d e s and Behavior i n t h e Nepal Terai". A p r i l 1981. 81-10 J - B . Knight and R i c h a r d S a b o t , "The R o l e of t h e Firm i n Vage D e t e r m i n a t i o n : An AErican Case Studyf1. A p r i l 1981. L 81-11 5.3 Knight and Richnrd S a b o t , "The Re .urns t o Education: Increasing w i t h Experience o r Decreasing v i t h Expansion?". March 1981. 81-12 J-3 Knight ar,d R i c h a r d S a b o t , "From M i g r a n t s t o P r o l e t a r i a n s : EmpJ o p e n t E x p e r i e n c e , i 4 0 b i l i t y bnd Wages i n Tanzania". March 1981. 81-13 A. B e r r y and R i c h a r d i a b o t , "Unemplopent and Economic Development1'. A p r i l 1981. E . 81-14 R a s h i d F a r u q e e and Ethna Johnson, ' H e a l t h , Nutrition and - m i l y Pl.anning : A Zumey o f Eruerimentrs and S p e c i a l T r o j e c t s i n I n d i a . " 4 p r i l 1981. 81-15 Dean T . Jamison and F r a n c o ~ sO r i v e l , "The C o s t - e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f D i s t a n c e Teaching f a r . School Equlvnlency", June 1 9 8 1 - 81-16 R i c h a r d S a b o t , "Labor P o r c e Growth, Employment and E a r n i n g s i n Egypt: ., 1966-1968", May 1981. 81-17 Yzrala: S o c i a l K.C. Z a c h a r i a h , "Anomaly o f :he F e r t i l i t y D e c l i n e i r ~ Development, A g r a r i a n Ref o m s , o r t h e Family P l a n n i n g Progrant'. 81-21 Nancy B i r d s a l l and M. L o u i s e Fox, "Why Males Earn More: L o c a t i o n , J o b P r e f e r e n c e s and J o b D i s c r i m i n a t i o n Among B r a z i l i a n S c h o o l t e a c h e r s " . May 1981- 81-22 X l t h e a B i l l , "The Demographic S i t u a t i o n i n Sub-Saharan M r i c a : A Background P a p e r t ' , May 1981. 81-23 R. S a b o t , A. B e r r y , A. Hazlewood and J. K n i g h t , "Does t h e Expansion Compress t h e S t r u c t u r e of Wages and Reduce t h e I n e q u a l i t y o f Pay? A Preliminary Analysis". J u l y 1981. 81-24 Nancy B i r d s a l l , Sulekha P a t e 1 and K.C. Z a c h a r i a h , " X l t e r n . ? t i v e P r o j e c t i o n s o f t h e Chinese P o p u l a t i o n " J u n e 1981. 81-30 V i c e n t e Paqueo, "A Koilsehold P r o d u c t i o n Hodel of ScJ-~oolE n r o l l m e n t : X 31-31 Bryan L. B o u l i e r and V i c e n t e B . Paqueo, "On :he Theory and Measurements of t h e Determinants of Mortality". J u n e 1981. 81-33 R. Sabot, A. Berry, A. Hazelwood and J. Knight, "Correlates of -- Educational Attainment in Tanzania". July 1981.