Nepal - Community forestry development and training project : case studies

NOTES ON WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT NO. 16 (Case Stud: -.s) THE NE?AL CO'^LUNITY FORESTRY DEVELOPMENT AND TRAINIC PROJECT .his case scudy is one of a series prepared expressly for dicsussion by World Bank staff in workshoDs on vomen in development. :t is in no sense -n evaliation of the project, and describes only those of its features which ar- relevant to the concerns of the workshop. Office of the Advisor on Women in Development World Bank December, 1981 CASE STUDY THE NEPA'. COMMXUNIT" FORESTRY DEVELOPMENT AND TRAINING PROJECT (Cr. No. 1008) Contents I Country and Project Background II The Cultural and Economic Context fcr Waten III Project Description A. Goals B. Componen:s C. Monitoring and Evaluation Annex A THE NEPAL COk4UNITY FORESTRY DEVELOPMENT AND TRAINIJC PROJECT Cr. 1008-NEP I. Country and Project Backzround 1. Nepal is one of the most beautiful countries in the world; it is also among the poorest and least developed. In 1980, the estimated annual per capita income was bS$140. This figure masks variations, for, in the rural areas, where 96 percent of the country's population resides, annual per capita income can be as low as US$24. 2. The reasons why Nepal has lagged behind other countries in development are both oolitical and geographic. Until the overthrow of the Rana regime, a little over thirty years ago, Nepal was a closed country; closed to foreigners, to advice and assistance, with few schools and even fewer hospitals. It is not easy, after centuries of isolation, to catch up with the rest of the wcrld in three decades. Wedged in between India and China, the country is physically divided into three regions, running east to west. The northern stretch comprises the Mountains covering 16 percent of the country's land area; the Hills region occupies 61 percent of the land area; and the Terai region, which is the southern belt, is an extension of the Indo-Gangetic plain. Development has, therefore, to take place in a physical and geological environment which is as varied as it is difficult. 3. -so-thirds (about 62 percent) of the country's estimated population of 14.3 million, li-e in the Hill region--an atea cf rugged beauty, with peo' mmunications, and varying micro-climates that change even within the : valley. It is aa area where population density is now an estimated -2- 1,500 persons per kn of arable land. The population continues to grow at an annual rate of 2.2 percent and it appeas that this rate may reach an annual rate of three percent over the next decade. 4. The Himalayas and the middle hills (the Mahabharat range) of Nepal are geologically ycung and, therefcre, unstable. They are mountains still on the move. A=d half the erosion and landslides that occur in NepaA cai be attributed to their youth and ecological fragility. The other half can bc attributed to people. The human population has adopted two strategies to cope %ich the ever-increasing need for food, fibre, and sheltcr: first; to ec.e into inc:easingly marginal areas, cutting the tree cover to create arable land and provide for fuelwood and fodder, with resulting poorer yields and the necessity to move even further up the slopes of hills; secc=d, to relieve local population pressure in the Hills, by migrating to the Terai. Over the past 20 years an estimated 700,000 persons have migrated to the Terai, squatting on formerly forested areas denuded in the process of resettlement. Both strategies are ecologically destructive and contre_b;te to the growing siltation of river beds, changes in river course, and floods in the southern Gangetic plain. 5. With the re'uc:icn in the tree cover and grasslands, animal waste, traditionally used to fertilize soils, is increasingly used as fuel. It is estimated that cm the basis of the continued present use of animal manure as fuel, Neval =ould lose over cne million additional tons of food- grains between 1935 zan 1995. In fact, in 1979, all the fifty Hill districts were food deficit -- the deficit ranging between one to seven months in the year.- These deficits place an increasing burden on the 1/ Nepal Agricultural Sector Review. Report No. 2205-NE?. April 27, 1979. Washington, D. C.: The World Bank. food-surplus Terai districts and reduce one of the major sources of foreign exchange -- foodgrain exports. 6. Part of the responsibility for t'e increased indiscriminate felling of trees must be borne by His Majesty's Government (HM4G) of Nepal. In 1957, In. an attempt to preserve an important source of national wealth and provide fnr the controlled exploitation of forest, all private forests were nationalized. I.khere, formerly, there were traditional village systems for the distribution and exploitation of trees (not necessarily for their conservation--traditional systems for conservation and replanting do not appear to exist in Nepal), the legislation undermined this authority. Private owners, angered at the expropriation of their property, cut trees; others, with a free good in their hands, continned the felling. What wds everyone's property, beca=e no ones. And the Forest Department (FD) charged with protection of forests was too chin on the ground to be able to control the depredations. Besides, most FD personnei were in the Terai, busy witn the more lucrative and leisurely tasks of commercial timber logging. Furthermore, most of the upper level government servants come from the Terai and are unfamiliar with the terrain, languages, and cultures of the Hills. Because of this, it is extremely difficult to get government servants to work in the-Hill districts -- other than'Kathmandu (where all potential. for preferment lies). 7. It did not take !G long tc realize that the legislation had an effect quite contrary to what was intended. In 1961, the Forest Act provided for the creation of panchayat forests.- In 1977 the Act was.further amended 1/ A "panchayat" is the smallest political unit in Nepal and usually comprises several villages. -4- to include panchayat protected forest in recognition of the need to involve local communities in the pro .*-Dn and regeneration of forests if wanton destruction were to be prevented. 8. By 19/7, HMG also realized the necessity for the development of a comprehensive and long-tern national strategy for forestry and invited E.nk assistance for this purpose. The Nepal Forestry Sector Peview was the result.1/ This Review points out that forest area had been reduced by 25 percent over the previous decade and that, if the present use continued, it could result in the "complete disappearance of all the accessible forest in the iills in the next 15 years and in the Terai in 25 years unless reforestation programs are initiated on a massive scale., 2/ The report estimated that this would need a reforestation program of about 1.3 million hectares (ha) over a period of 20 years. Most importantiv, the report notes that "the key to resolution of the present situation wll depend prinarily on HUMIG's ability to mobilize cooperation of people at. village leve. in tree planting." 3 This would involve changing their attitude towards the FD which had hitherto been one of suspicion. Further, cooperation between villagers in Nepal is not easy. The Nepali village,- is a heterogenous mix of different ethnic groups that cooperate only rarely, in times of crisis; there are caste and ethnic antagonisms that have to be ove-come. Except for a few previous instances which showed zhat villager cooperation could be obtained, there was little data to show that this was universally possible and, in that sense, the Appraisal Mission gambled on the basis of an infor-ed hunch. Most i=portantly, 1/ Report No. 1952-NEP, August . 978. 2/ rbid., 1. 3/ Ibid. 4/ This concrasts with the Korean village, organization of which is relatively easy because of its cultural and ethnic ho=cgeneity. - 5 - the most significant change in attitudes will have to involve the postpor.en- of short-term satisfaction (the cutting of trees now) for long-term gains. The Nepal Community Forestry Develipment and Training Project (Cr. 1008-NEP) is the direct outcome of the Review. II. The Cultural and Economic Context for Women 5. Identification, preparation and appraisal teams usually only meet men; the dominant cultural profile--Indo-Aryan HinduIsm--downplays the role of wemen; the stereotype, dominant again, is of the woman as wife and mother, with marriage as her main salvation and the production of male -hildren her primary joy: 92 percent of the women are married by the age of 24 (in the Terai 26 percent are married by the age of 14); only 5 percent of the women are literate, compared with 33 percent of the males (and the gap between male and female literacy is widening); there are oaly two trained vc=en holders of an agricultural certificate. 10. The area of the Nepal Forestry Project spans 28 Hill districts -ich different ethnic groups and variations in needs, motivations, and behavior. For examole, among the more Hinduized segments of the population, there is greater seclusion of wo. , not so, among other sections like Gurung, Magar or che Sherpa. 11. In the "ethnic turntable" that is Nepal, orthodox Hinduism !s Caly one social code. In practice, Hinduism is an umbrella of beliefs that accommodates the monotheist and the atheist; it involves adaptations and interpretations to local circumstances and has no centralized arbiter of dogma. There are, in effect, a variety of practices ranging from tize mcre orthodox Hinduism (more prevalent in the Terai and in the Far Western ?.egio. of Nepal) where the wo=en are more strictly confined to ho'ise and heaith, - 6 - to more egalitarian approaches. There is also diversity in language and even at the last census in 1971, only a little over 52 per-ent of the population affirmed that Nepali (the medium of the dominant cultural profile) was their native tongue. 12. When the Appraisal Mission for the proposed Commtity Forestry PrcJect visited Nepal in May/June 1979, the available literature indicated the following: First, that women played a significant role in agriculture. Second, a Household Baseline Survey 1/ conducted under the Nepal Rural Development Project I (Cr. 617-NEP) surveyed 472 households and found that each (average 5.7 members) spent an average 15 days labor a month on fuel.ood collection; women spent an average 7.7 days per month on fodder collection, and 5.3 days per month collecting water. This survey was carried out over only three days in May, when supplies of straw and stalks are exhausted (thereby increasing the time needed for collection of fodder), and when more time must bie spent gathering fuelwood to be stored for the period of the following monsoon. It showed that women play a significant rcle as providers of fuelwood for the family. Third, a report by a sociologist-consultanz for the proposed USAID Soil Conservation project alluded to the existence of traditicnal systems of fuelwood distribution and exploitation, which continued despite the enactment of the 1957 legislation.-/ Fourth, there was evidence from the siudies that with increasing tree-cutting, women and children were walking greater distances 1/ Project Coordinater's Office, 1978. Household Baseline Survey. Rastwa/Nuwakot Development Project. Kathmandu: Ministry of Home ?anchayat, Nepal. 2/ Canobell, J.G., 1978. Community Involvement in Conservation: Social and Organizational Aspects of the Proposed Resource Conservation ane Utilization Project. Kathmandu: Office of Agriculture, USAID. - 7 - to obtain the fuelwood necessary to cook meals, i..d the fodder vital to livestock survival -- at times a walk of over a day-ar.d-a-half. 1/ 13. Finally, and most importantly, a study- of one village in Nepal -- east of the capital, Kathmandu -- provided a detailed breakdown of the amount of time spent by males and females on various tasks. Observation of 45-50 Thami households (a caste lover than the Brahmin, though not untouchable) extended over a period of 7-10 months, the others were studied for a period of 1 1/2 months. In total 155 out of 674 village households were surveyed. he findiags were as follows: Average Tire Incut (in hours) per person per day in different work activitie: / Age Groups 6-11 12-14 15 + Male Female Male Female Male Fezale Total household maintenancea ..... .7 2.50 1.80 3.30 2.12 5.02 (of which firewocd collecticn).. 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.20 0.i0 0.12 Total directly productive wcrk ....4.03 4.18 5.70 6.60 7.96 7.41 (of which agricultural work on own land) ..................... 0.50 0.66 1.30 1.50 2.65 2.91 Tctal all work..... .............. 5.20 6.68 7.50 9.90 10.38 12.43 a/ Household maintenance = Child care, fcod preparaticn, firewocd collecticn, other household maitenance work. b/ Directly prcductive = Ani=al care, wage labcr, handicrafts, recciprccal labor exchange, agricul:ural wcrk (cwn land), and prcduction of artIcles for sale. / Nag, M., 3.N.F. Thite, and ?.C. ?eet, 1973. A: anthrooolcgical appcach to the study of the eccncmic --'alue of children 1-rJava and nepal. Current Anthroncicey, 1, 293-306. 2/ lbid., adapted from Tables 3 and 4. Fcr detailed breakdown, see Am=ex A, Table 1. - 8 - 1L. Subsequently, more information has accumulated on the role and contribution of women in Nepal to the househcld economy. As part of their study on the Status of Women in Nepal, Acharya, Bennett and others have extensively studied women's activities in eight villages, sellected from the main ecological zones. The findings (in draft) are now available. Some of the conclusions most relevant for the project are: - rural women's total work burden is extremely high, 10.81 hours per day cf. 7.51 hours for men, and thcy are engaged prim3rily in r.on-market subsistence production. - they generate more income for the household economy (50 percent ef. 44 percent). - they are primarily responsible for the farm enterprise, both labor contribution and nagem..: decisions. - families' dependence on girls' labor a: home and in the field is the primary reason for keeping girls from attending school. - Women relate to the outside world mainly through the mediation of men. 15. The following tables elaborate on some of these findings: - 9 - Average Time Use Pattern (in hours) for males and females in Six Villages- Age Groups 5-9 10-14 15 + Male Female Yale Female Male Female ConvenZional econocic 1.77 2.25 3.63 4.17 5.81 4.62 activities a/ (11.C6) (14.06) (22.69) (26.06) (36.31) (28.88) Expanded ecnnomic activities b/ 0.29 0.49 3.64 1.51 0.91 2.16 (1.81) (3.06) (4.00) (9.44) (5.69) (13.50) Domestic activities c/ (1.63) (4.06) (3.46) (10.19) t4.94) (25.19) Social, maintenance, leisure d/ 13.67 12.61 11.17 8.69 8.49 5.19 (85.44) (78.81) (69.91) (54.31) (53.06) (32 44) !:te: Figu:res in brackets represent percentages a/ animal husbandry, agricultute, macufac:uring, outside income- eerning acrivities (in-village); b/ hunting and gathering, fuel ollecL:--, fecching water, household construction, food orocessing; c/ cooking/serving, cleaning dishes and pots, laundry, shopping, other domestic work, and chil" care; and d/ education, personal maintenance, social activities, and le-s-re. The differences in time spent become even more meaningful when only three activities are examined, viz., agriculture, animal husbandry, and fuel collection: Age Groups 5-9 10-14 15 + Yale Female Male Female Male Female Anial Husbandry 1.10 1.17 2.46 2.44 1.43 0.97 Agrcul?ure 0.53 0.72 0.90 1.51 2.73 2.7L Fuel Collection 0.06 0.14 0.15 0.43 0.24 0.38 / Adapted frcm Table 3.12: M. Acharya and L. Bennett, 1981. The Rural Women of Nepal: An Aggregate Analysis and Summary of Fight VillaRe Studies. The Status of Wc=en in Nenal. Vol. II, Field Studies, ?art 9. (Draft). For detailed breakdown, see Annex A, Table 2. - 10 - There are vArLations, both in the types of activit!e- and the amounts of time expended, between different ethnic groups -- variations that irplementing officials oust take into account. But what is imvortant is that the Acharya, Bennett, et al findings correspond closely vith those of Nag, White, and Peet (see pRra.11) and represent an advance in that an attempt is rae to quantify, in monetary tects, the respective contribicica of nales and fe=ales to the household econa-y. 16. To monetary terms the findings of Acharya et al are aS follows: Aggregate -ale/female contribution to household incotel-; (in percent) Age Group 10-14 yrs. 15 + yrs. Yale Fe-ale Yale Fe=ale Animal Eusbandry 8.45 10.59 46.95 34.01 (12,440) (15,590) (69,119) (50,069) Agriculture 1.86 3.37 45.79 4 8 (18,615, (33,728) (458,271) (490,197) t:-nting and gathering 1.93 5.61 43.70 48.76 (1,793) (5,211) (40,589) (45,289) Manufaczuring 0.91 1.47 43.05 54.57 (332) (536) (15,698) (19,899) Food ProLessing 0.91 3.61 10.75 84.73 (2,544) (10,r92) (30,054) (236,878) Wages and Salary 0.69 0.96 -7.01 21.5. (1,385) (1,925) (154,902) (42,932) Trading -- -- 60.33 39.67 -- -- (58,220) (38,283) Total Housebald Ircome 2.00 3.62 L4.58 49.80 (37,109) (67,082) (826,853) (923,547) 1/ Based on a 16-hour work day, and excludes both migrznts and immigrants, it is therefore possible that the vmn earned more than the wo=en. rbid, Table 3.3. 7igures in brackets are values of the goods and services produced in NRs. 17. An anvlysis of seasonal migration patterns provided further indirect confirmation of the role of women. In Nepal, after the main harvest and the October fcstival (Dassain) there is a wave of seasonal migration out of the Hills to the capital, to the Terai, and to India. The purposes of this migration are varied: for employment, to purchase articles not available easily in the Hills, or for social purposes. The migrations vary from one to six mcnths. The vast majority of migrants are males, estimates range up to 60 percent of the male popL-ation - for example, the Ecusehold Baseline Survev found only one female migrant. Thus, the females who are left behind play a major role in the cultivaticn of a second crop and in running the household. i. Although women play an acknowledged, important role in agriculture and are the primary collectors of fuelvood, fodder, ana water, they are rarely contact with the "outside" -- the "official" wrld. It is men who are the mediators between the home and the official wprld. When for instance, Panchayar Raj legislation provide for the representation of one womar in each panch-yat (either through election or through cooptarion), the provision was followed more in the breach than the obs2rvan e -- the provision was drnpped in 1978. It is difficult for the young, unmarried woman to be seen alone in public, or at meetings with a group of men without arousing adverse commemt; and, the difficulty is even greater where orthodox Hinduism prevails. It is however possible for oairs of women - be they officials, village level workers, cr fuel gatherers - to move about in villages without inviting adverse irferences. 19. The access of women to education is limited (aided, undoubtedly, by cultural factors) and there is no implementable policy which takes into acc3unt che role women play in agriculture o )rovldes incentives to encourage the recruitment of women in extension and zgriculture. Some of the findings of - 12 - the report c u-ne ant :--ologist sent to examine the technique of i=ple=entati of the project were: Women have stronger feelings (and) opinions.. .ahour -he quality of certain woods such as their burning effic-eccy, hear generation, and whethpr or not the siToke burned their eyes. This is important when determining local species preference. Yen are more amenable to plantations of any usable firewood species, while womer will not burn fuel- wood that they dislike in any quantity... .Women have a better sense of the amount of firewood required for household needs.. .Mn greatly underestimated the number of days a load of wood would last, because they did not account for the extensive burning of crop residue in con4unction with firewood to stretch scarce resources. Where children are the primary herders, it will be the zesponsibility of the women to teacl. then proper fodder collection and grazing pracrices. The children who herd do not attend school, so this is not a proper foru= for education. It must be done in the home, and women are the ones who must undertake the responsibIlity for teaching them. 1/ -I. Project Description A. Goals 20. The Cc-,unity Forestry Project has three main goals: (a) strengthening the Forestry Denartment; (b) dev'eic;ing co=unity forestry through the establish=ent of 11,750 ha of Panchayat Forest, rehabilitation of 39,100 ha of ?anchayat Protected Forest, and establis'ent of 0.9X trees on private lands; and (c) the construction and disseminaticn of 15,000 ioro-ed szo.es over the life of the project. 1/ olnar, A., 1981. The Dynamics of Traditional Systems of Forest Yanazement in NeDal: Inlicaticns "or the Co=munitv Forestry Development and Train.ng Frnject. Washington, 0. C.: ASPEA, The World Bank, 1-15. - 13 - The project is the first phase cf a national forestry program proposed under the Forestry Sector Review. 21. The total project cost over a period of 5 years was estimated at US$24.8 million against which an IDA credit of US$17 million was approved. Co-financing amounted to US$6.1 million. In order to prepare for the 1980 plaating season retroactive financing was made available from October, 1979. B. Project Components 22. Strengthening the Forest Deoartrent is a priority for two reasons: first, because the Deparment was understaffed and would, certainly, need greater manpower if it were to be capable of dealing with the expanded role proposed under the Project. Second, the expanded role renuired a new breed of forester and, consequently, a new type of training. The Forestry Sector Review recognized "that tle traditional forestry trainirg received by existing government officers has fostered preoccupation 'rith forest reservation and long-term manaZement systems which are inappropriate in the ligh: of Nepal's 1/ present needs".-- The Review recommended that "In all cases, trainirg should aim to shift emphasis in the forestry curriculum away from traditional reser-vationist/protectionist/revenue collecting functions towards a more social/development oriented approach with strong emphasis on extension work".2- The Project seeks to give effect to this recommendation by remodelling trainir.n courses in a new institution to provide a new generaticn of Nepal foresters vit the tools by which they can understand, and are sensitive to the needs of, the people, can motivate them to plant trees and tndertake soil conservation works, and can provide the needed technical asslitance. The language of the project document im_plies that the personnel wo'ild all be male. The educational compone of the Project is being financed by USAID. 1/ op. ci t., iii. 2/ !bid., 15. - 14 - 23. Panchayat and individual forestry, the second goal also follows the reco=cendations of the Forestry Sector Review, in that it seeks to involve the community in programs of reforestation and soil conservaticn. The Bank has to choose the most suitable administrative unit available, rather than a smaller unit such as a village and the panchayat is the lowest political unit in Nepal. A panchayat is a body elected by all adults and could, therefore, be said to be a basic democratic institution. Further, experience in the Nepal Rural Development Project I (Cr. 617-NEP) had shown that, with dedicated government personnel, panchayats could become actively involved in the form.ulation and implementation of their own development programs. Finally, a panchayat in Nepal, unlike the Indian panchayat, is not a legal personality, therefore, in practice, the Forest Department could act with sufficient flexibility to involve panchayats, or wards (constituent units of a panchayat), or villages where i: thought fit. In these circumstances the choice of the panchayat as the main conduit of the proposed program reforestation was not erroneous, and corresponded with prevalent legislation. The project ai:s to reach 340 panchayats in 28 Hill districts of Nepal over a period of five years. 24. Individual forestry was not given pro-inence for several reas.'ns: first, it was felt that since this was the first forestry project in Nepal the emphasis should be on mobilizing popular partizipation; second, it was felt that if the emphasis was on individual forestry it would be mainly the upper economic strata that would benefit; and, third, given the staff constraints and the dispezsed nature of residences in Nepal villages, the demands on staff time would not be commensurate with the returns. - 15 - 25. The principal objectives of the co==-ity forestry component of the project were to establish and rehabilitate plantation so as to increase supplies of fuelwood in the hill areas and to provide arial fodder and wood for manufacturing agricultural implements. When wood is available for fuel less cow dung and agricultural residues would be diverted from use as crop fertilizer and this would help to prevent the loss of a quantity of maize at the peak year, equivalent to one third of present mai7e product-on in 1/ the Hills.- It envisaged establishing 11.750 ha of Panchayat forests, 39,10C ha of Panchayat protected forests and providing 0.9 million trees on private lands. Unskilled labor would be e=ployed for seed collection and other nursery work and for pi ting and planting. The village panchayat would organize voluntary labor for sore tending, grass collection, harvesting and replanting after felling. 26. One issue considered was whether stc--es should be introduced as a project component. Fuelwood accounts for 95 percent of all wood consumption in rural Nepal. Food is generally prepared on open fires in a clay stove (cnulo) which has a thermal efficiency of 10 percent. Further, there are studies which showed that the accumulation of snoke and constant exposLre to this was linked to a higher incidence of lung ane eye diseases among women. A stove with a higher thermal efficiency wculd reduce the demand for fuelvocd. 27. There were both technical and cul:=ral considerations to be weighed: research on improved stoves had teen carried out for nearly thirty years in India (at Hyderabad and Luckn=.c) and, under research conditions, it was claimed that the improved steve developed had twice the thermal efficiency of the traditional stove. Yet, these stoves had not become oopular in rural India. On the basis of a limited examination 1/ Nepal Agriculcure Sector Review (2205-'Z?) 1979, p. 73. - 16 - of the working of these stoves in Gujarat, the ceason appeared to be two-fold: poor extension and the failure to adapt stove design to the needs of the users and the actual conditions in the home. If the stove was to be introduced in Nepal, these constraints would have to be overccme. In 'epa? women felt thrt smoke billowing from the stove to the rafters kept insects out of the thatched roof; it also kept the roof dry. More importantly, to the Hindu the hearth is a sacred place; the shadow of a member of the lower caste cannot be allowed to cross the square in which the stove is located, particularly during meal preparation, since the shadow would pollute the food. Again, the hearth fire is only extinguished on the death of the husband -- embers from the hearth are used to ignite the funeral pyre. 28. In the light of all these considerations, great care would have to be taken in uevising plans for the introduction and dissemination of improved stoves. For instance, could members of the potter caste (K=bhars) be trained in the manufacture of improved stoves? Or, should the housewife be taught how to manufacture, use and maintain the stove? These ware unresolved questions before appraisal. The Preparation Mission was asked o review the "promotion of alternative energy sources including stoves" but the 1-ission felt that "no conpcnent for ... improved stoves could be meaningfully identified." It was Left to the Appraisal Kission to try and identify such a component. 29. The stove component of the Project created many =cre problems. The Appraisal Mission included an expert --ho had been involved in th! introduction of the Lorena stove in Guatemala. It was soon realized, however, that clinatic,cultural and technical conditions made it unsuitable to try to introduce the Lorena stove in Nepal. The Lorena stove is tco bulky for the cramped space of a rural Nepal "kitchen"; the Nepalese woman squats when she cooks, and often tends to the children at the sane time; the Lorena stove is built layer on layer (as the earlier dries) -- a time-consuming operation -- requiring a partizular type of sand not found in Nepal. The Mission finally opted for a variant of the Indian chula (stove). But the question remained as to the manner of introduction and testing. For some years, the Research Center for Applied Science and Technology (RECAST), affiliated urith Tribbuvan University in Kathmandu, had experimented on a variety of improved stoves. RECAST was, however, underfunded and understaffed; none of the "i-proved" designs had actually been tested in the field. The Mission, therefore, finally decided that a special Stove Improvement Unit (SIU) should be set up within the Cot:nity Forest Wing, which would be staffed by procters, some of whom would be women. It was also decided that these pro=ocors, who would b2 responsible for disseminating the new stove, wou'?. be traLned in India and receive further orientation training from the Monitoring Unit and RECAST. Because of the experimental nature of the progra-, a target of 15,000 stoves was set. The Mission recommended that: Any improved stove (or "chulo") introduced under the project should...have the following characteristics: (i) it must be more efficient than the stove to be replaced, and also, if possible, provide heat for the home and reduce smoke emission; (ii) the costs should be low--both in terms of time for construction and maintenance, and in terms of the materials employed; (iii) local mzterials should be used as far as possible; (iv) construction and -aintenance should be simple so that the technology can be easily transferred; and (v) behavioral patterns and belief systems as well as artitudinal requirements should be accommodated. Incidental beneficiaries would include local stovetuilders and vc-en and children for whom the burden of wood collecticn would be lessened. 1/ 1/ Staff Appraisal Report. Co--unity Fcrestry Develcpment And Training ?oject. Project File Item 6, page 2. Report io. 2663a-NE?. Washington, D. C.: The World Bank. - 18 - 30. Molnar, the anthropologist advising on implementation techniques suggested fo,jr methods by which women could be incorporated into the project activities: "(a) Employment of a female consultant sociologist/ anthropologist to conduct detailed interviews with women in the project area and to undertake extension and motivation work. (b) Employment of an orientation team of qualified Nepali female motivators to travel to different project areas to talk with women and conduct local training. While there is a shortage of trained Nepali women, this option only requires recruiting a few qualified staff to carry out training. (c) Employment of a w.oman who is relatively educated and active in local government at the district level (or a similar person) as a m.tivator to conduct training and collect information from local women. Such a woman would still have contacts with and be responsive to village wcmen and be effective with proper orientation and minimal training. (d) Employment of village women recruited locally to work in their own panchayats talking with other village women and motivating them to ur,certake project activities".-/ The project is act4vely pursuing the four options to determine which would be the most effective. 31. , As late as March 1981, it was said that 74 percent of the Hill postings under the Project were unfilled -- and these posts mainly related to male officials who would be working on the ground with villagers. The possibility of substituting women in some of these posts bears considering, taking local variations into account. It would be incorrect to generalize on the characteristics of women -ho might thus further i=plementation of the project and the type of training required. 1/ Yolnar, op. cit., 15. - 19 - C. Monitoring and Evaluation 32. The project provides for a monitoring and evaluation unit CMLEU) headed by an economist/sociologist who was to have been appointed by Au;gust 31, 1980. Faced with limitations of knowledge and the belief that there would be wide variations in practice, the Mission insisted that the proposed M&EU carry out a survey of the role of wood in the life of rural residents in the Hills. The preamble to that recommendation is that "there is a lack of valid information on the role that wood plays in the life of Hill residents, time involved in fuelwood and fodder (leaves and grass) collection, mechanis--s for distribution of fuelwood and fodder within villages, and the arotnt of 2/ wood used for non-fuel purposes (e.g. roofing, implements etc.)." - The other mat:ers that the unit would monitor included the local acceptance or reactions to the introduction of improved stoves, ard the impact on agricultural produ:ttvity of making fuelwood available at the homestead, thus obviating the nEed for burning of crop residues and animal dung. 33. Since the key objective of the Project is the promotion of co:L=nity forestry as an integral part of village life, success of the project would depend on the ability to motivate and involve villagers. For this purpose the Project made provision for a special Motivation and Publicity Unit Vhise chief would also be aopointed by August 31, 1980. The program of this unit would include brochures and pamphlets, radio broadcasts, meetiz;s seminars and study tours. The importance of concentrated motivation activities in the early years to get the project started was recognized. The M&EU would monitor the success of the motivaticnal and publicity materials. 2/ SAR Community Forestry, cn. cit. - 20 - 34. Coordination with programs and policies of other Government agencies at national and local level was to be achieved through three committees: the Project Coordinating Co=ittee would determine overall policy with othr departments and Ministries; the Comunity Forestry C/ordinating Comittee for the planning and implementation of the project at the working level; and a technical co=ittee. - 21- ANNEX A TABLE I Average Tire Input (in hours) Per Person Per Day In Different Work In A Nepalese Village Age Group Males - Activity 6-8 9-11 12-14 15-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50 + 1. Child Care 0.2 0.6 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.5 0.3 3.3 2. Household Food Preparation 0.3 0.5 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.9 1.0 0.9 3. Firewood collection 0.6 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.1 4. Other household maintenance work 0.2 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.6 1.0 0.9 0.7 5. Animal Care 2.6 4.1 3.7 2.8 2.0 1.9 2.1 2.0 6. Wage Labor (agricultural) 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.9 2.1 1.0 1.1 0.5 7. Wage Labor (nonagricultural) 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.7 0.5 1.2 0.5 0.4 8. P.andicrafts 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.9 9. Reciprocal Labor exchtnge comunity labor 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.0 0.1 10. Agricultutral work (own land) 0. 0.6 1.3 2.2 2.8 2.8 2.3 2.7 11. Prcduction of articles for sale* 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.7 1.0 0.8 0.8 Total household maintenance (1-4) 3.7 1.7 1.8 2.0 1.6 2.5 2.5 1.9 Total directly productive (5-11) 3.0 4.8 5.7 7.5 8.8 8.7 7.9 7.4 Total all work (1-11) 2.7 6.5 7.5 9.5 10.4 11.2 10.4 9.3 * Includes collection of forest ;rcducts, blacksmithing, and tailoring; excludes portions of handicrafts, agrIc=ltural products, and animal products which are sold. ANNF.X A Table I Age Group Females - Activity 6-8 9-11 12-14 15-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50 + 1. Child Care 1.7 0.9 0.6 0.2 0.7 2.9 1.3 0.4 2. Household Food Preparation 0.2 0.9 1.5 2.0 1.8 2.8 3.1 3.2 3. Firewood collectfon 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 4. Other household maiitenance work 0.4 0.7 1.0 0.8 1.0 1.1 1.1 0.r 5. Animal rare 2.2 4.7 3.5 3.4 2.5 1.8 1.8 1.6 6. Wage Labor (agricult c-- 0.0 0.1 1.2 2.1 1.8 2 n 1.9 0.7 7. Wage Labor (nonagric-lt. el) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 e. Handicrafts 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 9. Reciprocal Labor exchange community labor 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 10. Agricultural work (own land) 0.3 1.0 1.5 2.3 3.3 3.0 3.0 3.0 11. Production of articles for sale * 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.9 Total household maintenace (1-4) 2.4 2.6 3.3 3.2 3.7 6.9 5.6 4.4 Total directly productive (5-11) 2.5 5.8 6.6 8.1 8.4 7.2 7.1 6.3 Total all work (1-11) 4.9 8.4 3.9 11.3 12.1 14.1 12.7 10.7 * Includes collected of forest products, blacksmithing, and tailoring; excludes portions of handicrafts, agricultural products, and animal products which are s3ld. ANNEX A TABLE 2 COMPARATIVE TT'. USE PATTERN TROM IALZS AND FEMALES in (in hourn) 6 Vill1agen Age Group/Sex 5 - 9 years 10 - 14 YeArs Above 15 years Nctivities Male Female Hale Female Male Frmnle Animal Husbandry 1.10 1.17 2.46 2.44 1.43 0.97 Agriculture 0.55 0.72 3.90 1.51 2.73 2.74 h nanufacturing 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.03 0.42 0.45 > o Gutside locome Earning F Activities (n-Villag0. 0.35 0.25 0.13 1.24 0.46 Fub-Total for Conventional v . conomIc Activities 1.77 2.25 3.63 4.17 .5.81 Is.62 Hunting and Gathering 0.02 0.03 0.08 0.03 0.17 0.05 SFuel Collection 0.06 0.114 0.15 0.43 0.24 0.38 0 Fetching Water 0.11 0.21 0.23 0.70 0.07 0.67 o Household Construction 0.03 0.03 0.06 0.02 0.25 0.08 n Food Processing 0.07 0.09 0.12 0.34 0.18 0.97 Sub-Total for Expanded 2. Economic Activities 0.29 0.49 0.64 1.51 0.9i 2.16 i 'iN.X A .b!le 2 COMPARATTVE TIME USE PATTI.N FROM MALES ANi) VFMALYS in (in hol.n)6 Villa&n Age Group/Se 5 - 9 years 10 - 14 yearR Above 15 yearn Activities Male Female Male Female Male FenIe Cooking/Serving 0.03 0.07 0.15 0.63 0.27 2.05 w Cleaning Dishes and Pote 0.01 0.07 0.03 0.23 0.03 0.39 p Cleaning House/Mud 0.02 0.05 0.04 0.24 0.04 0.46 W. U C Laundry 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.06 0.02 0.15 SShopping 0.02 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.24 0.17 Other Domestic 0.03 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.04 0.13 o Child Care and Benting 0.15 0.34 0.22 0.35 0.16 0.9 3. Sub-Total for Household Domestic 0.26 0.65 0.55 1.63 0.79 4.03 Sub-Total for WORK BURDEN . (1 + 2 + 3) 2.33 3.39 4.83 7.21 7.51 10.81 4. Education 0.96 0.14 1.72 0.83 0.43 0.10 5. Personal Maintenance 1.4C 1.45 1.35 1.33 1.45 1.12 6. Social Activities 0.10 0.LO 0.12 0.23 0.31 0.16 7. Leicure 11.21 10.92 7.98 6.30 6.30 3.81 S,jb-T.-tel for SOCIAL MAINTENANCE LE.SURE (4+!-4+7) 13.67 12.61 11.17 8.69 8.49 5.19 ii, Total IN-VILLAGF. ACTIVITIES 16.00 16.00 16.00 16.00 16.0 16.00