Philippines - Industrial development strategy and policies (Vol. 3 of 3) : Statistical appendix and annexes

Report No. 2513-PH Industrial Development Strategy and Plolicies in the Philippines Volume III: The Statistical Appendix and Annexes October 29, 1979 Country Programs Department East Asia and Pacific Regional Office Industrial Development and Finance Department FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Document of the World Bank This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official dcuties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization.  CURRENCY EOUIVALENTS US$1.0 P 7.40 P 1.00 US$0.135 p 1 million = TS$135,135 P 1 billion US$135 million ABBREVIATIONS ADB - Asian Development Bank AIIA - Agricultural Investment Incentives Act (R.A.) ASE - Annual Survey of Establishments BFAR - Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources BOI - Board of Investment CB - Central Bank of the Philippines COE - Census of Establishments CSMI - Commission on Small and Medium Industries DAP - Development Academy of the Philippines DBP - Development Bank of the Philippines DCP - Design Center of the Philippines DLC - Department of Loans and Credit (of CB) ECA - Economic Cooperation Administration (of the US) EPZA - Export Processing Zone Authority FCDU - Foreign Currency Deposit Units FDA - Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health FNRI - Food and Nutritioi Research Institute TORPRODICOM - Forest Products Research and Industry Development Commission PRR - Financial Rate of Return FTI - Food Terminal Incorporated IDRC - International Development Research Center IED - Institute of Export Development (of BOI) IGF - Invention Guarantee Fund IGLF - Industrial Guarantee and Loan Fund IPP - Investment Priorities Plan IPPP - Industrial Promotion Policy Project at the University of the Philippines IRRI - International Rice Research Institute ISEC - International Services Executive Corporation MASICAP - Medium and Small Industry Coordinated Action Program MOA - Ministry of Agriculture MIA - Maritime Industry Authority MIRDC - Metals Industry Research and Development Center MOI - Ministry of Industry MSI - Medium-Scale Industries NACIDA - National Cottage Industry Development Authority NBFI - Non-Bank Financial Intermediaries NCSO - National Census and Statistics Office NEDA - National Economic and Development Authority NFFA - National Federation of Fishing Association NIST - National Institution of Science and Technology NPCC - National Pollution Control Commission NSC - National Steel Corporation NSDB - National Science Development Board OBU - Offshore Banking Unit  - ii - FOR OFFICIAL WE ONLY OIA - Office of the Internal Audit (of CB) PCFM - Philippine Chamber of Food Manufacturers, Inc. PCHI - Philippine Chamber of Handicraft Industries PCMP - Progressive Car Manufacturing Program PD - Presidential Decree PDB - Private Development Bank PDCP - Private Development Corporation of the Philippines PEC - Philippine Export Council PFFPI - Philippine Federation of Food Processing Industries PFCA - Philippine Fish Farmers Association PFPA - Philippine Fruit Processors Association PISO - Philippine Investments Systems Organization PNB - Philippine National Bank PSTC - Philippine Shoe Trading Corporation PSC - Price Stabilization Council PTMP - Progressive Truck Manufacturing Program PTPEA - Philippine Tuna Producers and Exporters Association PTRI - Philippine Textile Research Institute RA 5186 - Republic Act 5186: Investment Incentives Act RA 6135 - Republic Act 6135: Export Incentives Act RC - Review Conmittee.(of IGLF) SBAC - Small Business Advisory Centers SMI - Small and Medium Industries STD - Special T:Lme Deposits TAC - Trade Advisory Councils TCNAP - Tin Can M.nufacturers Association of the Philippines, Inc. TDC - Technology Development Center TRC - Technology Resources Center UNIDO - United Nations Industrial Development Organization UP - University of the Philippines UPISSI - University of the Philippines Institute for Small-Seale Industries USAID - 'United States Agency for International Development FISCAL YEARS July 1-June 30 (up to June 30, 1975) July 1-December 31, 1975 (interim) January 1-December 31 (from January 1, 1976) This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance otirofffircil duties. Its cotntens may nol otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorizaion.   INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY AND POLICY IN THE PHILIPPINES TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No. GLOSSARY OF ABBREVIATIONS i BASIC DATA iii PREFAkCE vi STAT:ISTICAL APPENDIX 1 - 99 ANNEX No. I-1 Phil:Lppine Counterpart Committees 100 I-2 Economic Data on Plants Visited by Mission 103 I-3 Market Access 110 I-4- 4, Indus-trial Statistics in the,Philippines 112 II-1 Board of Investment and Procedures 153 III-1 Technical and Technological Assistance 157 and 'Craining III-2 Financing of SMI 161 V-l Statilstical Tables - Steel Industry 165 V-2 The Market for Steel 185 V-3 Raw Materials and Production Processes 188 V-4 Effective Protection in the Steel Industry 191 V-5 Estimated Foreign Exchange Savings of a 192 Proposed New Steel Project VI-1 Profile of Industrial Branches Based on 195 Plant: Visits in the Mechanical Industry VI-2 Comparative.Advantage and Incentives in the 199 Mechanical Industry VI-3 Subsector Profiles and Development Strategy 276 VII-1 Economies of Specialization 288 VII-2 Effect of Tariff Reduction on Viability 289 VII-3 Small.-Scale Power-Loom Weaving 290 VII-4 Processes of the Textile Industry 294 VIII-1 Agencies and Institutions Contacted in the 295 Food Processing Industry VIII-2 The Open Top (Sanitary) Can Situation 296 VIII-3 Project to Utilize Echinoderms (Sea Cucumbers) 298 as Source of Low-Cost Protein IX-l Profits on Domestic and Export Markets 301   - lii - Page 1 MANUFACTURING: BASIC DATA Annual Rate of Growth (%) 1970 1977 1970-76 GDP (billion pesos, 1972 prices) 51.0 78.0 6.2 Manufacturing Gross Value Added 11.8 18.6 6.7 (billion pesos, 1972 prices) Foodstuffs, beverages, tobacco 4.9 7.4 6.1 Textiles, clothing and. footwear 1.1 1.8 7.3 Wood and furniture 0.5 0.8 7.0 Chemicals, rubber, oil. & coal products 2.0 4.1 10.8 Nonmetallic mineral products 0.5 0.6 2.6 Basic and metal products, mechanical & electrical machinery, transport equipment 1.9 2.8 5.7 Other 0.9 1.1 2.9 Investment as % of GDP (1975) 1970 1975 Manufacturing Investment 2.4 2.1 4.71 2.86 (billion pesos, 1972 prices) Labor Force Total (in thousands) 10,729 14,663 5.3 Manufacturing (in thousands) 1,323 1,680 3.1 % of labor force 12.3% 11.0% Factory (in thousands) 404 630 7.6 % of manufacturing 30.5% 37.5% (1974). Shares in Factory Labor Force Foodstuffs, beverages, tobacco 13.2 17.0 Textiles, clothing and footwear 55.0 38.4 Wood and furniture 9.8 8.7 Chemicals, rubber, oil & coal products 2.2 5.2 Nonmetallic mineral products 1.8 2.7 Basic and metal products, mechanical & electrical machinery, transport equipment 13.8 16.8 Other 4.2 11.2  - iv - Page 2 Annual Rate of Growth (M) (Current prices) Exports (Million US$, 1973 1975 1977 1973-77 current prices) Total Exports 1,886.3 2,294.5 3,150.9 13.7 Traditional Exports 1,543.9 1,769.4 2,085.1 7.8 Sugar 293.6 614.6 532.2 16.0 Coconut 373.6 466.4 761.0 19.4 Minerals 334.3 255.8 302.3 -2.5 Forest products 416.5 225.2 261.5 -11.0 Fruits & vegetables 25.1 45.2 74.8 31.6 Other 100.8 162.2 153.3 10.9 Nontraditional Manu- factured Exports 226.8 374.3 717.0 33.3 Garments 58.0 107.0 250.2 44.3 Handicrafts 27.4 78.2 84.1 32.6 Electrical & electronic equipment & components 11.3 47.3 124.3 82.0 Non-metallic mineral manufactures, particu- larly cement 25.2 32.2 38.7 11.4 Chemicals 10.6 22.1 54.6 50.9 Wood manufactures, excl. plywood, veneer & lumber 17.2 16.9 35.6 20.0 Food products & beverages 15.0 14.7 30.7 19.5 Machinery & transport equipment 3.4 9.5 27.3 68.2 Textile yarn, fabrics & other related products 17.3 8.7 12.5 -22.1 Cordage, cable, ropes & twines 4.6 7.6 12.5 28.4 Other 36.8 30.1 46.5 6.1 Nontraditional Products (Unmanufactured) 55.4 135.5 323.7 55.5 Special Transactions & Re-Exports 60.2 15.3 25.1 -19.6  Page 3 1977 Direction of Exports US$ million % of total World 3,150.9 100.0 United States 1,102.6 35.0 Japan 726.9 23.1 Netherlands 281.8 8.9 Germany 137.6 4.4 Union of Soviet Socia:List Republics 130.1 4.1 People's Republic of China 108.0 3.4 United Kingdom 70.7 2.3 Singapore 64.5 2.1 Australia 60.4 1.9 Other 468.3 14.8  - vi - PREFACE This report presents the findings of an Industrial Sector Mission which visited the Philippines in February 1979 to review industrial strategy and policies, including rehabilitation and other programs toward further development and greater efficiency in a number of specific industries. The Report is in three volumes: One, The Summary Report; Two, the Main Report; and Three, the Statistical Appendix and Annexes with more detailed data. The scope of the Mission has been sketched in Chapter 1 of the Main Report. From the very start the work of the Mission was conceived as a joint Philippine-World Bank effort. Without the close cooperation and assistance of Philippine officials, the Mission could not have undertaken its task. After a preparatory visit by the Mission Chief in November 1978, the Minister of Industry arranged for several industry studies which were made available to the Mission on its arrival. The Minister also appointed a Coordinating Committee chaired by Rafael A. Sison, Deputy Minister and Conrado Sanchez, Jr., Supervising Governor, Board of Investments. The Mission members conducted all their field work with the help of Philippine counterparts. Further, in areas outside the purview of the Ministry of Industry and the Board of Investment, the Mission was guided by an inter- agency committee composed of representatives of NEDA and the Tariff Commis- sion, the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Natural Resources, the Central Bank, the Development Bank of the Philippines and the Metals Industry Research and Development Center. The Philippine counterpart committees and working groups are listed in Annex I-1. The Mission has benefitted from several'earlier studies of Philippine trade, industry and employment problems, notably Vicente B. Valdepenas, Jr., "The Protection and Development of Philippine Manufacturing" (1970); John H. Power and Gerardo P. Sicat, "The Philippines: Industrializa- tion and Trade Policies" (1971); "Sharing in Development, a Program of Employment, Equity and Growth for the Philippines" (ILO, 1974);) and Robert E. Baldwin, "Foreign Trade Regimes and Economic Development in the Philippines" (1975). The Mission has also drawn frequently on the Working Papers of the Industrial Promotion Policies Project conducted in 1978 at the University of the Philippines under the direction of Romeo M. Bautista and John H. Power, and the NEDA/UNDP Export Promotion Project. Several World Bank reports have aided the Mission's analysis: "The Philippines: Priorities and Prospects for Development" (1976); "Staff Appraisal Report on the Second Small and Medium Industries Development Project" (Report No. 2417-PH, March 30, 1979); "Staff Appraisal Report on the Development Bank of the Philippines" (Report No. 1972-PH, April 21, 1978); "A Development Strategy and Investment Priorities for the Central Visayas (Region VII)" (Report No. 2264-PH, January 4, 1979); "An Overview of the Small and Medium Industry in the Philippines," a draft consultant report; and preliminary papers from the Bank's research project on small enterprises (RPO 67-159).  - vii - The Mission was composed as follows: Barend A. de Vries - Chief of Mission Christiaan J. Poortman - Economist (Export and Employment Policies) William G. Tyler (Consultant) - Economist (Incentives) Maurice J. Joyce - Industrial Economist (Regional Dispersion, Garment and Cement Industries) Jacob Levitsky - Operations Adviser (Small Industry, Footwear and Furniture Industries) William P. O'Neil - Industry Expert (Steel Industry) Yung Whee Rhee - Economist (Mechanical Engineering Industry) Harry Y.H. Choi (Consultant) - Industry Expert (Mechanical Engi- neering Industry) Harold Catling (Consultant) - Industry Expert (Textile Industry) John P. Allchin (Consultant) - Industry Expert (Food Processing Industry) Kerry B. Busteed (Consultant) - Statistician Carlos F. Singer - Research Assistant The Mission report was discussed with the Government in August 1979 by a World Bank team composed of Messrs. Stanley Please, Barend A. de Vries, Hedayat Amin-Arsala, Lawrence E. Hinkle and Khalid Siraj.   STATISTICAL APPENDIX Table No. Page No. Note on Reliability of Industrial Statistics 5 1.1 Composition of Gross Value Added in Manufacturing 8 1.2 Summary of Manufacturing Sector Data in the East Asia and Pacific 9 Region 1.3 Comparison of the Structure of Philippine Manufacturing with Cross 10 Country Structural "Norms", 1973 1.4 Philippine Manufacturing Compared with Korea, Taiwan and Mexico, 1973 11 1.5 Manufacturing Investment, 1960-75 12 1.6 Manufacturing Value Added, Output and Investment in 22 Industrial 13 Branches, 1960, 1970 and 1974 1.7 Manufacturing Capital Intensity, Investment and Growth in Output, 14 Value Added and Employment, 1960-74 1.8 Manufacturing:- Value Added, Output and Investment Arranged by 15 Industrial Branches and by Declining Kb/N Ratio, 1960, 1970 and 1974 1.9 Manufacturing: Capital per Worker, Labor Productivity and Capital 16 Efficiency in the Factory Sector, 1974 1.10 Manufactured Export Production, 1974 17 1.11 Direct Import Requirements of Manufacturing Output, 1974 18 1.12 Imports (F.O.B.) by End-use, 1975-77 19 1.13 Export Structure, 1.960-1977 20 1.14 Ten Lead Exports of Non-traditional Manufactures, 1970-74 21 1.15 Manufactured Exports in Major East Asian Countries (US$ million) 22 1.16 Manufactured Exports in Major East Asian Countries (x) 23 1.:17 Projection of ManuEactured Export Growth, 1977-85 24 1.18a Alternative Projections for Manufacturing Gross Value Added and 26 Employment, 1985 (Billions of Pesos/thousands of workers) 1.18b Alternative Projections for Manufacturing Gross Value Added and 27 Employment, 1977-85 (Percentage Annual Growth Rate) 1.18 Manufacturing Growth: Past, Present and Future, 1970-85 25 1.19 Structure of Manufacturing Growth, 1970-85 28 1.20 Philippine Manufacturing wages in relation to those in US, Germany, 29 Japan and Korea and consumer prices in relation to those in Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand and Taiwan, 1977 (1972 - 100) 1.21 Philippine Manufacturing wages in relation to those in US, Germany, 30 Japan and Korea and consumer prices in relation to those in Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand and Taiwan, 1977 (1966 - 100) 1.22 Changes in Manufacturing Output, Employment and Productivity in 31 the Philippines, 1974 1.23 Changes in Productivity in Manufacturing Industry in the Philippines, 32 U.S., Germany, Japan and Korea 1.24 Direct Employment Requirements for Manufactured Export Production, 33 1974 1.25 Employment Generation by Sector, 1956-77 34 1.26 Employment by Sector, 1970-77 35 1.27 Changes in Employment Structure in Manufacturing, 1956-76 36 1.28 Sectoral Employment: in Household and Factory Sectors by Major 37 Industry Group, 1960, 1970 and 1975 1.29 Manufacturing Employment in Five Major East Asian Countries, 1963, 38 1970 and 1975  - 2 - Statistical Appendix Page 2 Table No. Page No. 2.1 The Structure of Protection and Domestic Resource Costs, 1974 39 2.2 Capital Intensity, Growth and Import Coefficients for Philippine 43 Manufacturing 2.3 Movements in Real, Trade Weighted Purchasing Power Parity Exchange 46 Rate, 1966-77 2.4 International Comparison of Wage Rates in Manufacturing, 1977 47 2.5 Average Tariff Rates for Major Product Groups in the Philippines 48 Tariff Schedule, 1979 2.6a Value Added, Benefits, Export Earnings and Sales of Firms Registered 49 under the BOI Investment Incentives Act, 1977 2.6b Value Added, Benefits, Export Earnings and Sales of Firms Registered 51 under the BOI Export Incentives Act, 1977 2.7 Composition of BOI'Incentives Availed by Registered Firms, 1975 and 52 1977 2.8 Nominal and Effective Rates of Protection as Afforded by BOI Subsidies 53 Classified by Products of BOI-Registered Firms, 1974 2.9 Value of Benefits to BOI-Registered Firms under the Export Incentives 55 Act (R.A. 6135), 1973-74 2.10 BOI Investment Incentives Benefits and Capital Labor Ratios in- 56 Recipient Industries, 1975 and 1977 2.11 Capital Intensity,' Ca'pital Iroductivity and BOI Benefits by Size of 57 Firm, 1977 (Non-export oriented firms) 2.12 Capital Intensity, Capital Productivity and BOI Benefits by Size of 58 Firms, 1977 (Export-oriented Firms) 2.13 Incentives under the Investment Incentives Act (R.A. 5186) and the 59 Export Incentives Act (R.A. 6135) 3.1 Capitalization and Employment in Cottage Industries Registered with 69 the National Cottage Industry Development Authority, November 1978 3.2 Handicraft Exports, 1973-77 70 3.3 Total Credits Outstanding of Commercial Banks Classified by Different 71 Categories, 1974 and 1977 3.4 Changes in Employment Structure by Size of Firm, 1957-76 72 3.5 Capital Efficiency and Capital per Worker by Size of Firm in the 73 Factory Sector, 1974 3.6 Commission of Small and Medium Industries Projects, 1977 75 4.1 Gross Domestic Product by Industry and Region, 1975 76 4.2 Gross Domestic Product by Industry and Region (in percentages) 77 4.3 Gross Value Added in Manufacturing by Industry and Region, 1975 78 4.4 Gross Value Added in Manufacturing by Industry and Region 79 (in percentages) 4.5 Regional Breakdown of Manufacturing Employment, 1975 80 4.6 Investment Generation and Employment in BOI-Registered Projects 81 by Region, July 1968-December 1977 4.7 Per Capita Gross Domestic Product by Region, 1975 82  _ 3 - Statisti.cal Appendix Page 3 Table No. Page No. 7.1 Growth of the Textile Industry, 1955-78 83 7.2 Employment and Value Added in Textile Manufacturing 84 7.3 Degree of Specialization in Spinning 85 7.4 Employment in Textile Industry Branches, 1976 86 7.5 Profitability of the Textile Industry, 1972-76 87 8.1 Contribution of Food Manufacturing Sector and Selected Comaponents 88 to GDP, 1974 8.2 Food Manufacturing Sector and Selected Components: Summary Data, 89 1965-74 8.3 Food Manufacturing Sector and Selected Components: Summary Data for 92 Small and Large Firms, 1967 and 1972 *8.4 Examples of Trade Margins in Domestic Market - Popularly F'riced 94 Canned Goods 8.5 Total Family Income and Classification of Family Income in the 95 Food Market 8.6 Characteristics and Prime Costs Analysis - Processed Foods 96 8.7 Selling Prices - Open Top Cans 97 8.8 Analysis of BOI Incentives Provided for Processed Food, Food, and 98 Beverage Products, 1975-77 8.9 Imports and Exports of Processed Fo6ds, k970-76 99  -4- Statistical Appendix Page 4 RELIABILITY OF INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS The question of reliability of industrial statistics in the Philippines has been raised on a number of occasions. Some data series in the Philippines present problems in relation to their reliability, but the sets used here are on the whole consistent for the purpose of analysis. This. "Statistical Appendix" is grouped by Chapter categories. Some aspects of the reliability of the source data are indicated for each set of tables. (a) Comparative Data (Chapter I, several tables). The data on cross country comparisons in derived mostly from an IBRD Research Project "Patterns of Industrial Development" and from "A Review of the Manufacturing Sector in Major East Asian Countries" (IBRD, unpublished -draft). The data sets can be considered consistent and reasonably accurate. (b) Manufacturing Output and Structural Change (Tables 1.1 through 1.10). The tables in this section are generally drawn from: (i) NCSO's Census of Establishments; (ii) NCSO's Annual Survey of Establishments. The NCSO's censuses and surveys, while being reasonably reliable are somewhat out-of-date and this reduces their use- fulness. (c) Investment (Table 1.5). The NCSO, Annual Survey of Establishments estimates are the basic source for this table. It is based on capital expenditures during the year and includes both new and used additional fixed assets. These estimates are reasonably accurate. (d) Exports and Imports (tables 1.13 through 1.17). The export and import statistics are reasonably reliable, being based on adminis- trative records supplied by the Ministry of Trade. (e) Employment, Unemployment and Wages (Tables 1.20 through 1.29). The tables in this section are derived from a number of NCSO sources such as: Labor Force Survey, Annual Survey of Establishments, Population Census and Census of Establishments. Similar comments can be made about the ASE and COE as in (b) above. The Labor Force Survey and Population censuses however are published within reasonable periods of time. Also, the reliabilty of the 1975 Population Census is questionable, as explained in footnote c of Table 1.28. It is quite probable that the 1970 Population Census labor force estimates based on a 5% sample, are more accurate than the 1975 results, even though the latter is based on a complete count.  _ 5 - Statistical Appendix Page 5 (f) Regional (tables 4.1 through 4.7). A variety of data sources are used for these tables including National Accounts, Economic Censuses, Labor Force Surveys and Population Census. Note should be made of the statistical discrepancies between the 1975 Regional Income Accounts and the National Income Accounts. The deflated series at Constant Prices should be carefully utilized as the price deflation at regional level is in its initial stages of development. (g) BOI Statistics (tables 2.6 through 2.14). Most of the data comes from the S-1 reports of the companies registered with BOI. The quality of the statistical tables derived from these sources should be reasonable. Industrial Employment Statistics (Tables 1.20 through 1.29) The employment statistics relating to the industrial sector come basically from two sources: (a) Central Bank - monthly indexes of employment (since 1949); (b) NCSO - Annual Survev of Establishments (ASE); - Economic Census of Establishments (EC); - Integrated Quarterly Survey of Households (IQSH,/H) (formerly the Labor Force Survey); The major problems of these data are: (a) reliability; (b) time:Liness; and (c) data concept changes. Reliability This particularly relates to the CB index which is based on 777 establishments covering all industry sectors. There are a number of other methodologiceI deficiencLes in the series, which question the overall reli- ability of the only historical data source. However, this series is soon to be ceased and replaced by the IQSE with approximately 2,000 samp:Led estab- lishments for the manufacturing sector alone. No results have been published from this survey as yet but can be expected by about mid-1979. The series should be more reliable chan the old one but there are still some areas for improvement as mentioned in Annex I-4, such as: listing arrangements, reduced data content, collection arrangements, training and documentation, etc. Timeliness The fact that up-to-date data on employment is not available is a problem for the statistical system in the Philippines. The CB employment index and the NCSO's Population Census are produced within reasonable time limits. The IQSE, COE and ASE, however, have had more serious problems in regards to timeliness.. The 1975 COE has not yet been published although some preliminary calculations have been made available to the Mission.  - 6- Statistical Appendix Page 6 Data Concept Changes The IQSHi/H has been running since 1956 on a consistent basis up to 1976 and was available within reasonable time limits. However, from November 1976 a major definitional change occurred in this series relating to age definition of the labor force and the reference period for employment. These changes were quite significant in concept and as yet no measure is available to link the old and the new series. In fact the new series is not being published as quickly as the old series. Conclusions Obviously problems exist in the available employment data in the Philippines. The question of the reliability of the CB employment index will be resolved in the near future with the publication of the IQSE results replacing the old index. It is still expected that the CB will publish this new series, at least for the Metro-Manila area. The problem df timeliness of results;is more serious and to improve on this many of the recommendations will need to be implemented. Before any significant improvement is seen it could be at least a year or two. Regional Industrial Statistics (Tables 4.1-4.7). The recommendation in Annex I-4 that refers to regional statistics (i.e., 7.5-1.2) is related to the Integrated Quarterly Survey of Establishments (IQSE) only. It is recommended that regional data at the 2-digit or 3-digit level should not be published. The reason for this is based on the standard errors calculated at this level which indicated errors of the order or 20-50% and possibly higher as less than 100% response is obtained in these surveys. The figures at this level are just not reliable enough to most users of such data interested in trends in employment and output in these regions. However, this is not to say that regional statistics, in general, should not be calculated and published. Clearly there is a demand for such statistics. The Annual Survey of Establishments and the Census of Establish- ments provide regional industrial statistics on number of establishments, value added, employment, etc. by size and region but not by industry. These collections do have problems but these relate to the timeliness rather than reliability of results. For instance, the last published information available from the ASE is 1974. There is, however, some data available for 1976 although not at a detailed level. The 1975 Economic Census results are again not yet available in detailed form. When available, it is planned that they will provide indus- trial statistics at the regional level by two digit ISIC industry level.  _ 7 - StatistLcal Appendix Page 7 The timing of the results of these collections is certainly not satisfactory. Recommendations in Annex I-4 are designed to improve this situation, e.g., data content, collection arrangements, training and documen- tation, listing arrangements, etc. However, it will still be necessary for the NCSO to calculate regional industry statistics from the IQSE to meet the needs of regional national accounts. It may be possible that if standard errors are available some regional industry cells could be provided to those users who understood the problems with the data.  -8- Table 1.1: Composition of Gross Value Added in Manufacturing (at constant 1972 prices) 1967 1970 1977 Food, beverages and tobacco 41.1 41.8 39.4 Textiles, clothing and leather 10.9 9.9 9.5 Wood, cork, furniture 6.2 4.9 4.2 Paper products, printing 4.9 5.3 5.2 Chemicals and related products 15.9 16.5 22.5 Nonmetallic mineral products 4.6 4.2 3.3 Basic metals 2.6 4.2 4.0 Fabricated metal, machinery & equipment 12.6 11.8 10.8 Other manufacturing industry 1.2 1.4 1.1 All manufacturing 100.0 100.0 100.0 Memo items: Total manufacturing value added (P billiotn, 1972 prices) 9.8 11.8 18.8 Share of manufacturing in GDP (%, current prices) 21.2. 22.5 23.9 Share of consumer goods in GVA /a (Z, 1972 prices) 56.9 54.9 47.9 /a Defined roughly as food, beverages, tobacco, textiles, clothing, leather, furniture, printing, other industries. Source: NEDA, National Income Accounts.  Table 1.2: SUMMARY OF MANUFACTURING SECTOR DATA IN THE EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC REGION Korea Philippines Thailand Malaysia Indonesia Growth of real manufacturing value added: 1965-70 22.1 6.9 10.2 13.9 7.8 1970-75 19.7 6.9 10.3 12.3 9.6 Growth of manufacturing employment (%): 1963-75 10.72 2.92 5.08 16.34 4.90 1970-75 15.23 2.85 4.52 6.58 4.81 Employment in manufacturing (in thousands) 1975 2,265 1.61-6 852 363 3;295 % of total employment . 19.1 10.9 N.A. 10.9 7.9 Manufacturing investment (US$ million): 1970 414.6 223.3 254.8 65.7 102.5 1973 850.3 214.3 298.1 122.8 204.1 % of total investment: 1970 19.8 17.7 16.7 10.1 8.0 1973 29.0 11.4 17.9 7.5 7.1' % of GDP 1973 6.8 2.5 3.3 2.2 1.5 Share of manufactured exports in merchandise exports: 1967 69 9 8 11 2 1970 80 12 16 16 2 1975 84 16 25 24 2 Share of manufactured exports in ma'nufacturing output: 1967 11.0 2.8 N.A. N.A. N.A. 1970 15.0 3.0 8.0 14.3 1.8 1973 31.4 6.4 13.0 19.8 3.4 Wages (annual earnings per worker in US$): 1963 320.7 552.2 309.7 N.A. N.A. 1970 534.0 554.6 461.5 691.0 107.1 1973 685.2 593.4 N.A. 780.5 172.8 Productivity in manufacturing (VA/L in US$): 1967 1,250 3,018 3,371 2,412 330 (1970) 1973 3,045 3,185 2,047 2,746 908 Output per worker (US$) 1970 3,857 2,915 2,515 (6,000) 530 Source: "A Review of the Manufacturing Sector in Major East Asian Countries". (IBRD, unpublished draft).  Table 1.3: COMPARISON OF THE STRUCTURE OF PHILIPPINE MANUFACTURING WITH CROSSCOUNTRY STRUCTURAL "NORMS", 1973 /a Percent of GNP /b Percent of total manufacturing /c Industry Observed Predicted Residual Observed Predicted Residual (Actual) (Norm) (Actual) (Norm) 'Food 8.11 4.06 4.06 37.54 24.10 13.44 Textiles 1.83 2.60 -0.77 8.46 15.46 -7.00 Clothing 0.29 0.73 -0.44 1.33 4.34 -3.01 Leather 0.04 0.11 -0.08 0.16 0.67 -0.50 Wood 1.13 0.55 0.58 5.21 3.25 1.96 Paper 0.62 0.52 0.10 2.85 3.09 -0.25 Printing 0.42 0.45 -0.04 1.93 2.69 -0.76 Chemicals 4.16 2.31 1.85 19.25 13.71 5.54 Rubber 0.42 0.42 - 1.93 2.50 -0.57 Nonmetallic minerals 1.01 1.04 -0.04 4.65 6.21 -1.56 Basic metals 1.10 1.19 -0.08 5.11 7.07 -1.96 Metal products 2.19 2.43 -0.25 10.12 14.46 -4.35 Miscellaneous 0.32 0.28 0.03 1.46 1.68 -0.22 Total 21.62 16.83 4.79 100.00 100.00 - Primary sector /d 38.26 36.31 1.95 Industrial sector /e 24.11 21.62 2.49 Services sector 37.64 42.07 -4.43 /a Comparison between the composition of Philippine manufacturing output and the results of a 93 crosscountry regression analysis aimed at determining the average, or "norm", industrial structure at different levels of development and according to country size. /b Share of sectoral value added in GNP. /c Share in total manufacturing value added. /d Including agriculture and mining. /e Including manufacturing and construction Source: IBRD "Patterns of Industrial Development" Project.  Table 1.4: PHILIPPINE MANUFACTURING COMPARED WITH KOREA, TAIWAN AND MEXICO, 1973 Percent of GNP (observed) Percent of total manufacturing (observed) Industry Philippines Korea Taiwan Mexico Philippines Korea Taiwan Mexico Food 8.11 4.44 4.57 6.34 37.54 18.16 11.56 24.96 Textiles 1.83 4.22 5.00 1.92 8.46 17.24 12.66 7.57 Clothing 0.29 0.94 2.82 n/a 1.33 3.86 7.15 n/a Leather 0.04 0.17 2.10 n/a 0.16 0.69 5.31 n/a Wood 1.13 1.13 0.76 0.18 5.21 4.60 1.93 0.70 Paper 0.62 0.68 0.89 1.59 2.85 2.79 2.24 6.26 Printing 0.42 0.40 0.38 n/a 1.93 1.62 0.95 n/a Chemicals 4.16 4.00 7.33 3.21 19.25 16.35 18.57 12.62 Rubber 0.42 0.52 0.41 0.91 1.93 2.13 103 3.59 Nonmetallic minerals 1.01 1.25 1.45 2.24 4.65 5.12 3.66 8.81 Basic metals 1.10 1.85 1.04 3.72 5.11 7.56 2.63 14.66 Metal products 2.19 3.81 11.03 5.29 10.12 15.57 27.93 20.82 Miscellaneous 0.32 1.05 1.73 n/a 1.46 4.31 4.38 n/a Total 21.62- 24.48 39.49 25.40 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 NBte: Agriculture-based industries, such as sugar milling and coconut processing are included, Source: IBRD "Patterns of Industrial Development" Project.  fable 1.5: MANUFACTURING INVESTMENT /a /b (In millions of 1972 pesos) Total Industry 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 '1973 1974 19.75 investment 1960-75 Food 76 117 136 105 160 218 226 147 268 175 306 330 286 330 240 384 3,357 Beverages 26 30 20 17 32 29 40 56 27 41 30 47 44 54 56 129 622 Tobacco, 15 15 26 15 18 22 24 12 29 16 47 45 69 44 . 43 31 459 Textiles 146 149 174 131 77 66 83 83 107 101 110 93 143 162 220 469 2,231 Clothing and footwear 9 11 16 9 9 10 8 8 14 15 11 12 10 9 6 37 186 Wood 22 36 52 51 90 57 79 158 32 66 80 80 213 91 71 144 1,164 Furniture 2 2 2 6 12 3 2 2 3 1 1 3 4 3 3 8 55 Paper 44 21 30 18 16 27 30 17 16 14 68 40 *462 35 37 1!0 968 Printing 15 13 12 18 19 32 22 21 12 8 19 17 25 29 21 8 270 Leather 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 22 Rubber 17 11 26 15 16 17 22 9 23 15 13 26 30 38 18 18 305 Chemicals 39 36 58 51 63 86 152 128 126 49 85 102 109 140 99 99 1,294 Oil and coal products NA 272 204 11 9 12 32 131 29 15 207 189 70 71 57 40 1,218 Nonmetallic minerals 52 26 28 63 92. 54 127 134 156 79 189 98 222 90 238 48 1,562 Basic metals 7 19 14 42 7 51 43 9 19 434 329 65 21 43 102 51 1,247 Metal products 33 21 52 29 23 19 21 27 24 26 17 18 25 20 18 49 395 Nonelectrical machinery 4 -15 6 2 4 8 6 5 7 5 8 14 26 10 38 25 178 Electrical machinery 22 9 30 26 40 17 16 14 16 16 68 43 52 26 29 43 453 Transport equipment 13 6 12 13 25 24 16 21 40 26 12 17 44 31 52 180 511 Other 15 9 10 6 9 10 13 12 9 15 18 18 18 15 34 123 322 Total 559 820 -910 630 723 764 964 996 958 j*18 1,61 1,258 1.874 1.242 1,383 1,997 16,819 /a The years 1961, 1967, 1972 and 1975 refer to establishments employing at least ten workers, all other years to establishments employing at least five workers. /b Series deflated by the National Accounts Implicit Price Index. Source: NCSO, Annual Survey of Establishments and NEDA, National Income Accounts.  - 13 - Tablae 1.6: MANUJFACTURING: VALUE ADDED, OUTPUT AND INVESTMENT IN 22 INDUSTRIAL BRANCHES, 1960, 1970 AND 1974 /a /b (In millions of 1972 pesos) Value added Output Investments 1960 1970 1974 1960 1970 1974 1960-69 1970-75 Food 1,061 1,805 3,149 2,455 4,640 9,402 1,481 1,876 Beverages 294 602 565 466 1,013 1,141 262 360 Tobacco 185 516 627 405 1,060 1,392 180 279 T'extiles 222 489 769 603 1,329 2,260 1,034 1,197 Footwear/clothing 144 127 113 410 337 279 101 85 Wood 163 305 314 401 791 830 485 679 Furniture 35 32 49 74 67 125 33 22 Paper 100 223 356 251 610 1,022 216 752 Printing 133 192 170 246 368 432 151 119 Leather 17 13 12 44 40 39 16 6 Rubber 122 233 208 255 484 522 162 143 Chemicals 375 959 1,016 1,002 2,607 3,024 .660 634 Petroleum & coal NA 535 830 NA 1,647 4,090 584 634 Nonmetallic mineral products 139 288 415 233 561 1,073 677 885 Basic metals 59 300 355 124 1,080 1,474 636 611 Metallic products 211 192 220 495 609 835 248 147 Machinery 72 71 209 111 137 407 57 121 Electrical machinery 120 271 308 246 620 787 192 261 Transport equipment 113 259 299 288 .753 1,216 175 336 Other 275 95 155 455 245 447 96 226 Total 3,840 7,507 10,139 8,564 18,998 30,797 7,446 9,373 la Establishments employing at least five workers. lb Series deflated by the National Accounts Implicit Price Index. Source: NCSO, Annual Survey of Establishments and NEDA, National ICncome Accounts.  Table 1.7: KANUFACTURING: CAPITAL INTENSITY, INVESTMENT AMD CROtl IN OUTPUT, VALUE ADDED AND E14PLOYMENT IN 1960-74 /a /b (In 1972 prices) Inveastment Average annual growth (2) Industry and capital intensity Kb/N 1960-69 1970-75 t of total Output Value added Employment (1974) (P'000) 1960-69 1970-75 1960-70 1970-74 1960-70 1970-74 1960-70 1970-74 Oil and coal products 621,191 584/c 634 7.8 6.8 9.7/c 25.5 5.2/c 11.6 4.8/c -4.0 Food 24,469 1,481 1,876 19.9 20.0 6.6 19.3 5.5 14.9 3.3 7.1 Remainder, of which 16,899 5,381 6,863 72.3 73.2 7.6 8.0 6.4 4.5 5.5 7.2 I. Above average industry Kb/N /d 43,913 2,189 2,882 29.4 30.7 11.7 7.9 10.2 4.9 7.8 7.9 It. Below average Industry Kb/N e 10,064 3,192 3,981 42.9 42.5 5.7 B.1 4.9 4.3 4.9 7.0 All industry 19,957 7,446 9,373 100.0 100.0 7.4 12.8 6.0 7.8 5.0 7.1 /a Establishments employing at least five workers. lb Deflated by the National Accounts Implicit Price Index. /c Data is for 1961. Id IndtAstries included in this category are: nonmetallic minerals, paper, basic metals and chemicals. Oil and coal products and food products are also above the average Kb/N but are excluded. Le All other Industries except those In footnote Id. Source: Table 1.a.  - 15 - Table 1.8: MANUFACTURING: VALUE ADDED, OUTPUT AND INVESTMENT AJURANGED BY INDUSTRIAL BRANCHES IAD BY DECLINING Kb/N RATIO, 1960, 1970 AND 1974 /a /b /c (In millions of i972 pesos) Kb/N Value added Output Investments (1974) 1960 1970 1974 1960 1970 1974 1960-69 1970-75 Oil and coal products 621,191 340 535 830 717 1,647 4,090 584 634 Nonmetallic minerals 70,314 139 288 415 233 561 1,073 677 885 Paper 57,793 100 223 356 251 610 1,022 216 752 Food 24,469 1,061 1,805 3,149 2,455 4,640 9,402 1,481 1,876 Basic metals 23,7177 59 300 355 124 1,080 1,474 636 611 Chemicals 23,771 375 959 1,016 1,002 2,607 3,024 660 634 Transport equipment 15,033 113 259 299 288 753 1,216 175 336 Rubber 13,435 122 233 208 255 484 522 162 143 Textiles 13,157 222 489 769 603 1,329 2.,260 1,034 1,197 Beverages 12,494 294 602 565 466 1,013 1,141 262 360 Wood 11,874 163 305 314 401 791 830 485 679 Printing 11,041 133 192 170 246 368 432 151 119 Machinery,. 10,933 72 71 209 ill 137 407 57 121 Metal products 10,42'4 211 192 220 495 609 835 248 147 Electrical machinery 10,036 120 271 308 246 620 787 192 261 Miscellaneous 9,821 275 95 155 455 245 447 96 226 Tobacco 9,5,19 185 516 627 405 1,060 1,392 180 279 Leather 6,502 17 13 12 44 40 39 16 6 Furniture 4,294 35 32 49 74 67 125 33 22 Footwear and clothing 2,341 144 127 113 410 337 279 101 85 Total 19957 4,180 7,507 10,139 9,281 18,998 30797 7,446 9,373 (Average) /a Establishments employing at least five workers. /b Deflated by the National Accounts Implicit Price Index. Jc The capital-labor ratio (Kb/N) described above is based on book value of fixed assets which has considerable difference with replacement cost of fixed assets (Kr) as described in foot- note /a of Table 3.5. The Kb is used in the Annual Survey of Establishments and does not account for price distortions, while the Kr requires some data manipulation to account for price distortions and equipment life. The Kb for all industries, for instance, is US$2,734, while the Kr is US$11,207, which represents a more realistic cost per lob for the industry as a whole. Sources: NCSO, Annual Survey of Establishments and NEDA, National Income Accounts.  Table 1.9: MANUFACTURING: CAPITAL PER WORKER, LABOR PRODUCTIVITY AND CAPITAL EFFICIENCY IN THE FACTORY SECTOR, 1974 (AT CURRENT PRICES) /a Capital per worker (Kb/N) Labor productivity (VA/N) Capital efficiency (VA/Kb) Number of workers Number of workers Number of workers 5-19 20+ Total 5-19 20+ Total 5-19 20+ Total Food 5,934 30,009 24,469 4,089 55,332 43,523 0.689 1.844 1.779 Beverages 3,269 12,547 12,494 5,361 46,416 46,182 1.640 3.699 3.696 Tobacco 667 9,524 9,519 5,667 44,035 44,014 8.500 4.624 4.624 Textiles 2,227 13,493 13,157 3,847 13,965 13,661 1.727 1.035 1.038 Footwear/clothing 1,978 2,815 2,341 2,767 5,923 4,136 1.399 2.104 1.767 Wood 3,022 12,974 11,874 5,175 12,126 11,365 1.712 0.935 0.957 Furniture 4,836 3,932 4,294 4,212 8,075 6,527 0.871 2.054 1.520 Paper 7,231 57,436 57,793 10,323 46,163 45,303 0.143 0.804 0.784 Printing 4,760 12,128 11,041 6,694 20,001 18,039 1.406 1.649 1.634 leather 4,777 6,976 6,502 4,586 .8,750 7,852 0.960 1.254 1.208 Rubber 8,337 13,571 13,435 11,185 25,085 24,726 1.342 1.848 1.840 Chemicals 19,380 23,929 23,771 17,869 55,336 54,348 0.922 2.313 2.286 Oil & coal products 98,687 627,743 621,191 16,563 1,003,515 991,293 0.168 1.596 1.596 Nonmetallic products 7,084 78,751 70,314 4,602 27,820 25,097 0.650 0.353 0.357 Basic metals 7,398 24,104 23,777 9,585 33,432 33,092 1.296 1.387 1.392 Metal products 5,690 11,624 10,424 8,779 21,791 19,134 1.543 1.875 1.836 Machinery 5,658. 11,911 10,933 9,089 30,357 26,926 1.606 2.549 2.463 Electrical machinery 7,832 10,101 10,036 9,154 25,040 24,639 1.169 2.479 2.455 Transport equipment 7,483 15,490 15,033 3,064 31,556 30,215 0.409 2.037 2.010 Miscellaneous 3,537 10,659 9,821 7,689 14,270 13,496 2.174 1.271 1.374 Total 4,689 22,571 19,957 4,514 33,677 29,414 0.963 1.492 1.474 (Average) /a Establishments employing at least 5 workers. Note: VA = Value added; N = Employment; Kb = Book value of fixed assets. Source: NCSO, Annual Survey of Establishments.  -17 - Table 1.10: Matnufactured Export Production, 1974 Exports as Sector Output Exports /a of output Sugar milling 5,656,693 4,251,861 75.2 Coconut oil 3,641,391 2,611,958 71.7 Other food 21,614,774 962,093 4.5 Beverages 1,782,044 23,048 1.3 Tobacco 2,457,589 25,089 1.0 Textiles 3,215,224 196,4i7 6.1 Clothing/footwear. 1,627,961 151,556 9.3 Wood 1,951,641 552,611 28.3 Furniture 251,508 92,252 36.6 Paper 1,869,291 52,746 2.8 Printing 678,128 4,482 0.7 Leather 112,065 12,447 11.1 Rubber 773,324 7,678 1.0 Chemicals 4,265,831 106,151 2.5 Oil & coal 8,440,456 100,323 1.,2 Cement 840,485 178,450 21.2 Other non-metallic minerals 725,578 53,913 7.4 Basic metals 2,077,359 138,484 6.7 Metal products 1,648,465 9,214 0.6 Machinery 563,526 22,740 4.0 Electrical machinery 1,031,961 17,389 1.7 Transport equipment 1,636,892 5,694 0.3 Miscellaneous 829,865 53,561 6.5 Total 67,692,051 9,630,157 14.2 /a Direct exports only. Source: NEDA, Input-Output Table, 1974.  - 18_- Table 1.11: DIRECT IMPORT REQUIREMENTS OF MANUFACTURING OUTPUT, 1.974 /a Direct import requirement of one unit of output Input-Output Sectors Imports Output (Ratio) Sugar milling 14,582 5,656,693 0.0025 Coconut oils 66,957 3,641,391 0.0183 Other manufacturing foods 1,323,764 21,614,774 0.0612 Beverages 69,791 1,782,044 0.0391 Tobacco 212,247 2,457,589 0.0863 Textiles 1,253,586 3,215,224 0.3898 Clothing and footwear 164,026 1,627,961 0.1007 Wood 84,475 1,951,641 0.0432 Furniture 31,503 251,508 0.1252 Paper 339,380 1,869,291 0.2136 Printing 93,989 678,128 0.1386 Leather 12,505 112,065 0.1115 Rubber 236,422- 773,3 24 0.3057 Chemicals 1,207,527 4,265,831 0.2830 Oil and coal products 4,331,281 8,440,456 0.5131 Hydraulic cement 68,638 840,485 Other nonmetallic mineral 0.0816 products 82,531 725,578 0.1137 Basic metals 1,063,925 2,077,359 0.5121 Metal products 416,671 1,648,465 0.2527 Machinery 97,968 563,526 0.1738 Electrical machinery 149,395 1,031,961 0.1447 Transport equipment 132,315 1,636,892 0.0808 Miscellaneous 221,415 829,865 0.2668 Total 11,381,163 67,392,055 0.1688 (Average) /a See footnote /a in Table 1.24 for clarification of the methodology used to obtain direct requirements of output. Source: NEDA, Input-Output Table, 1974  - 19 - Table 1.12: IMPORTS (F.0.3.) BY END-USE (Value in millions of USS) Commodity group 1975 1976 1977 CAPITAL GOODS Nonelectrical machinery 655 625 5,39 Electrical machinery 157 187 138 Transport equipment 223 171 209 Aircraft, ships & boats 78 106 36 Professional, scientific & controlling instruments 36 37 55 Total J,149 _1 1JO77 RAW MATERIALS AND VrNERNEDIATE GOODS Wheat 95 113 19 Crude materials, Liedible 128 133 189 Cotton 36 37 30 Synthetic and ar:ificial fibers 41 43 j5 Others 51 53 104 Animal and vegetabLe oils and fats 7 7 1 Chemicals 380 352 412 Chemical compound 108 132 160 Medicinal and pharmaceutical chemicals 34 39 4.3 Urea 46 10 29 Fertilizer, excluding urea 43 11 14 Others 149 160 186 Manufactures 457 461 5'.9 Paper and paper ?roducts 31 29 '36 Textile yarn, fab)rics and made-up articles 66 50 80 Iron and steel 176 194 237 Metal products 93 81 71 Others 91 107 1:5 Embroideries 58 115 95 Materials and accessories for the manufacture of electrical equipment 41 91 107 Total 1,166 1.272 1,462 MINERAL FUELS AND LU3RICANTS Coal, coke and briquettes 2 2 9 Petroleum, crude 710 801 8'i9 Others 58 87 125 Total 770 890 993 CONSUMER GOODS Food and food preparations 227 185 220 Dairy products 62 55 "IO Fish and fish preparations 33 30 22 Rice 37 12 5 Corn 16 12 16 Others 79 76 102 Beverages and tobacco 23 35 44 Miscellaneous, exc:!. professional, scientific and controlling Instruments 39 44 42 Miscellaneous, n.e.s. 85 81 _'7 Live animals noc for food 1 1 - Articles temporarily imported or exported 67 58 55 Others 17 22 22 Tocal 374 345 383 TOTAL IMPORTS 3,459 3,633 3,9i5 Source: NCSO, Foreig-n Trade Statistics.  - 20 - Table 1.13: EXPORT STRUCTURE, 1960-78 (Percentage share/current prices) Actual Sector 1960 1970 1972 1978 Traditional primary /a 49.3 40.0 39.7 12.2 Traditional manufactured /b 48.4 49.8 46.9 48.3 Non-traditional primary (unmanufactured) /c - 1.1 3.5 6.7 Non-traditional manufactured Id 1.2 8.3 9.9 30.5 Re-exports + special transactions 1.1 0.8 - 2.3 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Value of total exports (millions of US$/current prices) 560.0 1,142.0 1,168.4 3,424.9 /a Logs, copra, tobacco, abaca (unmanufactured), fresh fruit and vegetables (excluding bananas). /b Sugar, coconut & food products, wood products (except furniture), mineral products (excluding nickel). /c Bananas, nickel, fish, coffee, oil seeds. /d Garments, electronic equipment, furniture, chemicals, cement, travel goods and handbags, etc. Sources: NCSO, Foreign Trade Statistics, and BOI.  _ 21 - Table 1.14: NONTRADITIONAL MANUFACTURED EXPORTS (f.o.b. value in millions of US$ at current prices) Category 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 Garments 39 58 94 107 185 250 326 Electrical equipment and components - 11 27 47 84 124 253 Handicrafts 13 27 46 78 95 84 100 Nonmetallic mineral manufactures, partic- ularly cement 10 25 36 32 27 39 42 Chemicals 6 11 16 22 28 55 62 Wood manufactures, excluding plywood, veneer and lumber 8 17 25 17 24 36 21 Food products and beverages 11 15 17 15 20 31 41 Machinery and transport equipment 2 3 5 10 1.5 27 38 Textile yarn, fabrics and other related products 3 17 7 9 1.5 13 24 Cordage, cable, ropes and twines 3 5 10 8 1.0 13 12 Subtotal - (ten leading groups) 96 190 283 345 503 672 919 Others 20 37 44 29 43 45 126 Total exports of nontra- ditional manufactures 116 227 327 374 546 717 1,045 Source: National Census and Statistics Office.  - 22 Table 1 * 15 muFcn EXORTs ril MLX0RL FAST ASIN couNT!Irs (US$ mil1lion) K~orea Philippines Thailand Kalaysai Indonesia SITC Commodity 1967 1975 1967 1975 1~967 1975 1967 1975 1967 1975 Total m.anufactured etoods /a 221.0 4.255.9 72.9 371.0 50.9 582.6 100.0 933.4 16.6 135.0 0 Manufactured food 4.2 102.7 14.6 80.7 28.1 68.4 23.1 58.9 1.7 4.6 Fish-airtight containers 2.6 .37.6 0.0 0.9 0.0 1.0 0.8 10.3 0.2 0.0 MealL & flour of wheat - 0.0 - - 0.6 0.1 3.3 0.0 - 0.3 meal & flour of Cereals 0.0 0.0 - 0.0 4.5 9.3 0.0 0.0 - 0.1 Cereals preparation 0.3 4.4 0.0 0.9 0.6 1.7 0.9 5.2 - 0.6 Dried fruit 0.0 0.1 - 30.4 0.0 2.9 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 Fruit. preaerved & prepared 0.0 1.6 13.2 45.1 0.3 18.2 14.5 24.8 0.0 0.8 Vegetables, roots, tubers 1.2 27.9 0.0 0.5 21.8 23.6 1.7 6.1 1.2 0.1 Cocoa buttar & paste - - 1.0 - - - - 0.5 - 1.0 Miacellaneous food production 0.0 23.4 0.2 1.1 0.2 2.5 1.4 10.3 0.3 1.1 I Manufactured beverages/tobacco 0.4 1.3 2.5 2.1 0.1 0.5 3.2 11.0 0.1 13.5 Alcoholic beverages 0.4 .1 2 .I 1.73 0. 0.674 2.9 3~ .9 0.1 0.2 Tobacco manufactured 0.0 0.2 0.5 0.7 0.0 0.1 0.3 6.8 0.1 13.4 2 Manufactured crude materials 2.9 25.1 6.4 29.4 6.9 27.4 23.1 184.0 0.7 31.5 Wood ahaped/simply worked 2.7 15.9 6.4 27.2 6.9 27.2 23.1 183.6 0.7 31.5 Puip/waate paper - 0.0 - 2.0 - - 0.0 0.2 - - 4 Manufactured animal & vexetable (oils &fits) 0.1 0.6 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 15.1 0.2 0.0 AnimAl/vegecable oil/fats 0.1, 0.6 0.0 1.0 0.0o 0.1 0. 1 5.1 0 .2 0.0 5 Chemicals 2.4 74.6 4.6 21.2 0.8 12.0 13.1 33.1 1.9 24.3 Organic chemicals 0.3 31.5 1.3 5.3 0.1 1.5 1.0 2.7 - 1.1 Inorganic chemicals 0.1 9.6 1.4 0.9 0.0 0.5 0.3 2.8 - 0.7 Dyeing & color materials 0.1 2.6 0.2 1.0 0.0 0.4 2.6 1.0 0.1 0.1 Medical/pharmaceuticals 0.1 9.7 1.0 2.2 0.4 4.9 2.0 7.2 0.0 12.4 Plastic materials 0.0 8.8 - 4.4 - 3.1 0.1 4.5 - 0.0 Other chemidaili .0.0 IZ124. 0. 1, ;7.3 0.2 1.6 6.8 13.0 1.7 9.7 6 M4anufactured gagds 99.6 [.471.1 41.2 119.8 12.5 195.6 23.4 171.9 1.2 8.1 Leather - 0.7 - 0.0 0.2 2.4 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.4 Rubber manufactured 2.0 90.9 0.4 0.7 0.1 3.0 4.7 18.1 - 0.2 Wood &cork manufactures 36.6 227.5 35.9 59.8 0.8 22.7 4.2 85.6 0.1 1.1 Paper &manufactures 1.8 36.8 0.1 0.7' 0.0 4.2 1.0 3.5 0.0 0.3 Textile yarns 6 threads 3.1 205.0 0.1 4.3 0.1 9.6 0.6 5.3 - 0.0 Cotton fabrics 12.6 50.5 0.2 1.7 0.3 17.1 3.1 20.0 0.5 0.4 Textile fabrics (noncotton) 19.5 271.7 0.2 0.6 2.2 27.2 0.0 4.0 0.1 0.1 Building mcafteals 0.4 73.1 0.0 27.2 0.8 25.9 4.1 3.3 - 0.0 Glass/glasovare 0.5 7.9 0.2 1.9 0.2 1.0 0.1 2.7 - - Pearls, precious (6 semiprecious) stones 0.0 1.6 - - 4.5 38.7 - 0.2 0.0 0.3 Iron & steel ingots 0.2 34.6 - 0.2 - - 0.0 0.1 - - Iron & steel bars 0.2 46.5 - 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.9 - 0.1 Iron 6 steal plates 1.0 74.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.8 1.2 1.0 0.0 Iron & steel tubes 0.2 59.5 - 0.7 0.3 4.1 0.8 2.8 - 0.2 Tools 0.5 6.3 - 0.2 0.0 1.2 0.1 0.7 - 1.8 Otber manufactured goods 20.4 260.4 4.1 19.9 2.8 35.3 2.7 19.0 0.4 3.0 7 Machinery~ 6 transport equipment 14.2 700.7 0.7 12.8 0.5 28.5 3.9 238.8 10.4 32.1 Pover generating machinery 1.0 2.4 - 0.0 0.0. 0.2 0.0 6.7 - 8.0 Office mac-hints 0.0 44.1 - 0.0 - 0.4 0.0 31.9 - 0.3 Electrical machinery 7.4 440.9 0.0 5.3 0.4 2.3.3 2.3 126.6 - 12.9 Road motor vehicles 0.9 3.4 0.0 1.6 0.1 1.0 0.1 12.8 - 0.2 Aircraft 0.5 14.3 .- 0.0 - 0.0 0.0 10.1 - 3.0 Ships & boats 1.3 137.8 0.6 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.2 - 1.1 Other machinery 6 equipment 2.9 36.7 0.1 4.6 0.1 3.4 1.3 43.4 10.4 6.5 8 Miscellaneous manufactured articles 97.2 1.879.7 2.7 104.1 1.9 230.2 10.2 220.6 0.3 20.9 Furniture 0.1 - 10.8 6.6 5.2 0.0 3.1 1.3 4.0 - 0.2 ClothLing & textile fabrics 59.2 [.131.6 0.3 33.1 0.9 53.5 3.2 42.2 - 2.4 Footwear 8.1 191.2 0.2 3.0 0.0 0.7 1.8 14.7 - 0.2 Scienti.fic 6 medical instruments 0.3 23.0 - 0.8 0.0 1.5 0.1 136.1 - 2.6 Watches 6 clocks 0.1 43.0 - 0.1 - 3.1 0.0 2.9 - 0.0 Sound recording & muisical instruments 0.1 83.2 0.0 1.4 0.0 0.1 0.5 3.0 - 0.4 Printed matter 0.5 16.3 0.1 0.4 0.0 169.0 1.2 2.6 0.1 8.4 Toys. sporting goods 0.8 69.0 0.0 - 0.1 0.7 0.1 1.0 - 0.1 Others 27.6 293.5 1.5 58.3 0.8 17.5 1.9 12.5 0.3 6.4 /a~ SITC c-ategories. i.e.,* excluding mineral and agro-procassIng industries. Notes: (1) Major commodity groups at one-digit SITC level are uniderlined and should add up to 100% except for rounding off. Within a commodity group, only those commodities with a shars of 11 or more in any year have been listed. (2) Entries of 0.0 show either a zero or negligible value. Dashes represent no entry in UN tapes, which presumably means either zero or no information available. Source: UN4 tapes and "A. Review of the Manufacturing Sector in Major East Asian Countries" (tBRD. Unpublished D-raft).  - 23 - Table 1. IE: MAI(UFACTUrRED EXPORTS IN MAJOR FAST ASIA,N COUNTRIES Korea Philippines Thailand Malaysia Indonasia SITC Commodity 1967 1975 1967 1975 19~67 197~5 196 7 1975 1967 1975 Total manufactured goods /a 100.0 100.0 .L2O.0 1* J0040 100.0 100.0 lo 100.0 100.0 0 Manufactured food 1.9 2.4 20.0 21.7 55.2 11.7 23.1 ~ I 10.2 3.1. Fish-aircighe containers 1.-2 0.9 0.0 0.2 0.0 1.7 -0.8 1.1 1.2 0.0 Meal 6 flour of wheat - 0.0 - - 1.2 0.0 3.3 0.0 - 0.2 Meal & flour of cereals 0.0 0.0 - 0.0 8.8 1.6 0.0 0.0 - 0.1 -Cereals preparation 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.2 1.2 0.3 0.9 0.6 - 0.4 Dried fruit 0.0 0.0 - 8.2 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 Fruit, preserved & prepared 0.0 0.0 18.2 12.2 0.6 3.1 14.5 2.7 0.0 0.6 Vegetables, roots, tubers O;5 0.7 0.0 0.1 42.9 4.0 1.7 0.7 7.3 0.1 Cocoa butter & paste - - 1.4 - - - - 0.1. - 0.8 Miscellaneous food production 0.0 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.4 1.4 1.1 1.2 0.8 ManuLfactured beveragee/tobacco 0.2 0.0 3.5 0.6 0.3 0.1 3.2 1 j 0.9 10.0 Alcoholic beverages 06.2 0. 0 2.78 06.4 0._3 0.1 2.9 0.4 0.4 0.1 Tobacco manufactured 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.7 0.5 9.9 2 Manufactured crude materials 1.3 0.6 8.8 7.9 13.5 4.7 23.1 19.7 4.3 23.4 Wood sheped/simply vorked 1.72 0_.4 8i.8 7.3 13.5 4.7 23.1 19.7 4.3 23.4 Pulp/waste paper - 0.0 - 0.5 - - 0.0 0.0 - - 4 Manufactured animal & vegtetable (oils 6 fatsl 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.6 1.2 0.0 Animal/vegetable oil/fats 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.6 1.2 0.0 5 Chemicals 1.1j 1.8 6.3 5.7 1.6 2.1 13.1 3.5 11.5 18.0 Organic chemicals 0.1 0.7 1.9 1.4 0.3 0.3 1.0 0.3 - 0.8 Inorganic chemicals 0.1 0.2 1.9 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.3 - 0.5 Dyeing & color materials 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.1 2.6 0.1 0.9 0.1 Medical/pharmaceuticals 0.1 0.2 1.4 0.6 0.8 0.8 2.0 0.8 0.2 9.2 Plastic materials 0.0 0.2 - 1.2 - 0.5 0.1 0.5 - 0.0 .Other chemicals 0.0 0.3 0.2 2.0 0.4 0.3 6.8 1.4 10.5 7.2 6 Manufactured goods 45.1 34.6 56.6 32.3 24.6 33.6 23.4 18.4 7.2 6.0 Leather - 0.0 - 0T.0 _0.3 0.4 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.3 Rubber manufactured 0.9 2.1 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.5 4.7 1.9 - 0.1 Wood &cork manufactures 16.6 5.3 49.3 16.1 1.5 3.9 4.2 9.2 0.3 0.8 Paper &manufactures 0.8 0.9 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.7 1.3 0.4 0.0 0.3 Textile yarns & threads 1.4 4.8 0.1 1.3 0.2 1.7 0.5 0.6 - 0.0 Cotton fa brics 5.7 1.2 0.3 0.5 0.6 2.9 3.1 2.1 3.3 0.3 Textile fabrics (noncotton) 8.8 6.4 0.3 0.1 4.3 4.7 O0.' 0.4 0.6 0.1 Building materials 0.2 1.7 0.0 7.3 1.6 4.4 4.1 0.3 - 0.0 Glass/glassware 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.3 - - Pearls, precious (4 semiprecious) atones 0.0 0.0 - - 8.8 6.6 - 0.0 0.1 0.3 Iron & steel ingots 0.1 0.8 - 0.1 - - 0.') 0.0 - - Iron & steel bars 0.1 1.1 - 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.13 0.1 - 0.1 Iron & steel plates 0.4 1.7 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.1 1.2 0.1 - 0.0 Iron & steel tubas 0.1 1.4 - 0.2 0.6 0.7 0.3 0.3 - 0.2 Tools 0.2 0.1 - 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.1 - 1.3 Other manufactured goods 9.3 6.1 5.7 5.4 5.4 6.1 2.7 2.0 2.6 2.2 7 Machinery & transport equipmett 6.4 16.5 1.0 3. 1.1 4.9 3.i 25.6 628 23.8 Power generating machinery 0.4 0.1 -- 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.13 0.7 - 5.9 Office machines 0.0 1.0 - 0.0 - 0.1 0.') 3.4 - 0.2 Electrical machinLery 3.3 10.4 0.0 1.4 0.8 4.0 2.3 13.6 - 9.6 Road motor vehicles 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.4 0.1 0.2 O.[ 1.4 - 0.2 Aircraft 0.2 0.3 - 0.0 - 0.0 0.0 1.1 - 2.3 Ships & boats 0.6 3.2 0.8 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 - 0.8 Other machinery 6 equipment 1.3 0.9 0.1 1.2 0.2 0.6 1.3 4.9 62.8 4.8 8 Miscellaneous manufactured articles 44.0 44.2 3.7 28.1 3. 42.9 10.1 23.6 1, 9 1j Furniture 0.1 07.33 0.9 -1.4 0.1 0.5 I.:S 0.4 - 0.2 Clothing & textile fabrics 26.8 26.6 0.4 8.9 1.8 9.2 3.1 4.5 - 1.8 Footwear 3.7 4.5 0.2 0.8 0.0 0.1 1.81 1.6 - 0.2 Scientific 6 medical instruments 0.1 0.5 - 0.2 0.0 0.3 0.) 14.6 - 2.0 Watches & clocks 0.0 1.0 - 0.0 - 0.5 0.0 0.3 - 0.0 Sound recording & musical instruments 0.1 2.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.3 - 0.3 Printed matter 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.0 29.0 1.1 0.3 0.3 6.2 Toys, sporting goods 0.4 1.6 0.0 - 0.2 0.1 0.I. 0.1 - 0.1 Others 12.5 6.9 2.1 15.7 1.5 3.0 1.9 1.3 1.6 4.7 /a SITC categories, i.ea., excluding mineral and agrn-.processing industries. Notes: (1) Major comzbodity groups at one-digit SITC level are underlined and should add up to 1(10? except for 'rounding off. Within a commodity group, only those commodities with a share of L% or, more in any year have been listed. (2) Entries of 0.0 show either a zero or negligible value. Dashes represent no entry in UN tapes, which presumably means either zero or no inLformation available. Source: UN tapes and "A Review of the Manufacturing Sector in Major East A.sian Countries' (TBRn, Unpublished Draft).  Table 1.17: PROJECTION OF MANUFACTURED EXPORT GROWTH, 1977-85 (Constant 1977 prices) Projected annual Exports Incremental Exports growth 1977 1985 1977 1985 1977-85 1977-85 rate (US$ million:) (Percent) (US$ million) (Percent) Traditional Manufactured Exports 7 1,856 3,325 60.3 49.0 1,469 39.0 Coconut products 9 761 1,515 Sugar products 4 532 730 Mineral products 7 302 520 Forest products 10 261 560 Nontraditional Manufactured Exports 18 718 2,795 23.3 41.0 2,077 56.0 Garments 15 250 765 Electronics 25 125 745 Handicrafts 10 75 160 Chemicals 20 55 235 Nonmetallic mineral products 10 39 85 Wood manufactures 25 36 215 Others (incl. food products) 20 138 590 Unmanufactured Exports 4 502 680 16.4 10.0 178 5.0 Total Exports 10 3,076 6,800 100.0 100.0 3,724 100.0 Source: t4ission estimates.  Table 1.18; MAN1!FACTURING GROWTH: PAST, PRESENT ANi, FUTURE, 1970-85 (Billions of pesos/1977 prices) Output /a Gross Value Added:/d Investment /e Employment /g 1970 1977 1985 1970 1977 1985 1970-77 1977-85 1970 1977 1985 (proj.) (proj.) (est.) (proj.) (proj.) Manufactured Export Sector Traditional manufactures 9.3 13.9 24.0/b 3.7 5.6 9.6 4.2 8.8 92/f 120 180 Nontraditional manufactures 0.9 5.4 20.2/b 0.2 1.4 5.0 3.0 9.0 20/f 140 500 Dou.iestic Market-Orieited industries`4 66.8 106.7 i85.8 20.6 30.8 54.4 - 32.3 75.8 1,211 1,420 1,920 Total Manufacturing 79.0 126.0 230.0/c 24.5 37.8 69.0/c 39.5 93.6 1,323 .1,680/i 2,600 Of which: Factory sector /h 404 630 1,440 Unorganized sector 919 1,050 1,160 J LA * The data for domestic market-oriented industries in this table are calculated as a residual. /a For exports, an exchange rate of US$1.00 - P 6.5 is used for 1970; a rate of US$1.00 = P 7.5 is used for 1977-85. /b From Table 1.17. /c Based on a real rate of growth in gross value added of 8Z per annum during 1977-85. /d The following value added coefficients are assumed: 0.4 for traditional manufactures; 0.25 for nontraditional manufactures; 0.3 for total manufacturing sector. /e The following ICORs are assumed: 2.2 for traditional manufactures; 2.5 for nontraditional manufactures; 3.0 for total manufacturing sector. /f Estimated on the basis of the 1969 Philippine input-output data. See Table 1.24. /g In thousands of workers. The following capital-labor ratios are assumed: P 150,000 for traditional manufactures; P 25,000 for nontraditional manufactures; P 100,000 for total manufacturing sector (1977). /h Establishments employing more than five workers. /i Because of a fall in total manufacturing employment between 1976-77, the estimate for 1976 is used. LI Employment in the unorganized sector assumed to grow at its historic rate of 1.5Z per annum during 1977-85. Sources: - NCSO, Census of Establishments and Annual Survey of Establishments - Emmanuel A. Ilife, "Factor Productivities and Intensities in Philippine Manufacturing wlthi Emphasis on Establishment Size, 1974" IPPP Working Paper No. 10, School of Economics, University of the Philippines, June 1978. - Mission estimates.  TABLE 1.18a: ALTERNATIVE PROJECTIONS FOR MANUFACTURING GROSS VALUE ADDED AND EMPLOYMENT, 1985 (Billions of Pesos/1977 prices/thousands of workers) Alternative 1 /a Alternative 2 /b Alternative 3 /c Alternative 4 /d G.V.A. Employment G.V.A. Employment G.V.A. Employment G.V.A. Employment Manufactured Export Sector Traditional manufactures 9.6 180 9.6 180 9.6 180 9.6 180 Nontraditional manufactures 5.0 500 5.0 500 5.0 500 3.4 340 Domestic Market Oriented 54.4 1,920 54.4 1,670 49.1 1,600 49.1 1,600 Total Manufacturing of which: 69.0 2,600 69.0 2,350 63.7 2,280 62.1 2,120 Factory sector 1,440 1,190 1,120 960 Unorganized sector 1,160 1,160 1,160 1,160 /a From Table 1.18 /b Same as alternative 1, but assuming employment elasticity of home industries to be equal to its historic rate (70-77) of 0.32 only. /c Same as alternative 2, but assuming growth rate of home industry G.V.A. to be equal to its historic rate (70-77) of 6% per annum only. /d Same as alternative 3, but assuming a real growth rate of nontraditional exports of 12% per annum only.  TABLE 1.18b: ALTERNATIVE PROJECTIONS FOR MANIFACTURING CROSS VALUE ADDED AND Et/PLOYMENT, 1977-85 (Percentage Annual Crowth Rate) Alternative 1 Alternative 2 Alternative 3 Alternative 4 Employment Elasticities G.V.A. Elnployment C.V.A. Roployment C.V.A. EBaployment G.V.A. Euployment 1970/77 Alt.1 Alt.2 Alt.3 Alt.4 Manufactured ExKport Sector Traditional manufactures 7.0 5.2 7.0 5.2 7.0 5.2 7.0 5.2 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.74 Nontraditional manufactures 17.2 17.2 17.2 17.2 17.2 17.2 11.6 11.6 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Domestic Market Oriented 7.4 4.2 7.4 2.4 6.0 1.9 6.0 1.9 0.32 0.57 0.32 0.32 0.32 Total Manufacturing of whtch: 7.8 5.9 7.8 4.3 6.7 3.9 6.4 3.0 0.55 0.75 0.55 0.58, 0.47 Factory sector 10.4 8.3 7.4 5.4 l1norganized sector 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Source: See Table 1.18a  Table 1.19: STRUCTURE OF MANUFACTURINCt GROWTN, 1970-85 (Percent share at constant 1977 prices) Output Gross Value Added . Employment Investment Incremental Employment 1970 1977 1985 1970 1977 1985 1970 1977 1985 1970-77 1977-85 1970-77 1977-85 Manufactured Export Sector Traditional manufactures 11.7 11.0 10.4 15.1 14.8 13.9 7.0 7.1 6.9 10.6 9.4 7.8 6.5 Nontraditional manufactures 1.1 4.3 8.8 0.8 3.7 7.3 1.5 8.3 19.2 7.6 9.6 33.6 39.2 Domestic Market-Oriented Industries 87.2 84.7 80.8 84.1 81.5 78.8 91.5 84.6 73.9 81.8 81.0 58.6 54.3 Total Manufacturing 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Of which: Factory sector 30.5 37.5 55.4 77.6 82.3 Unorganized sector 69.5 62.5 44.6 22.4 17.7 Source: Table 1,18.  Table 1.20: PHILIPPINE MANUFACTURING WAGES IN RELATION -TO THOSE IN US, GERMANY, JAPAN AND KOREA: AND CONSUMER PRICES IN RELATION TO THOSE IN SINGAPORE, MALAYSIA, THAILAND AND TAIWAN, 1977 (1972 = 100) Country Wages (1972 = 100) Consumer prices (1972 = 100) 1977 1977 I. Wages I. Consumer Prices Philippines (daily rates) 132.9 Philippines 188.6 US (hourly earnings) 148.6 Singapore 160.6 Germany (hourly earnings) 149.5 Malaysia 145.7 japa . 'mor.thly- ear-,inlgs) 2i5.1 -Thailand 163.0 Korea (monthly earnings) 342.6 Taiwan 184.1 II. Exchange Rates (Foreign exchange II. Exchange Rates /a per Peso: 1972 = 100) /a US 92.5 Singapore 76.7 Germany 60.7 Malaysia 76.6 Japan 73.5 Thailand 90.2 Korea 112.2 Taiwan 87.8 III. Philippine Wages Relative to: /b III. Philippine Consumer Prices Relative to: /b US 82.7 Singapore 90.1 Germany 54.0 Malaysia 99.2 Japan 45.4 Thailand 104.4 Korea 43.5 Taiwan 89.9 /a Based on exchange rates per US dollar as follows: /b Based on W1R/W2 where WI are Philippine 1972 = 100 1977 wages or the consumer price index. W2 Philippines (Peso) 6.789 7.379 foreign wages or the foreign price index Germany (DM) 3.200 2.105 (in local currency units) and R is the Japan (Yen) 302.0 240.0 exchange rate - foreign currency per peso, Korea (Won) 398.9 484.0 all in indices 1972 = 100. Singapore (S dollar) 2.82 2.338 Malaysia (Ringgits) 2.817 2.365 Thailand (Baht) 20.928 20.48 Taiwan (NT dollar) 40.05 380 Source: IMF, International Financial Statistics; ILO, Yearbook of Labor Statistics.  Table 1.21: PHILIPPINE MANUFACTURING WAGES IN RELATION TO THOSE IN US, GERMANY, JAPAN AND KOREA: AND CONSUMER PRICE IN RELATION TO THOSE IN SINGAPORE, MALAYSIA, THAILAND AND TAIWAN, 1977 (1966 = 100) Country Wages (1966 = 100) Consumer prices (1966 100) 1977 1977 I. Wages I. Consumer Prices Philippines 149.8 Philippines 145.3 US 146.2 Singapore 105.3 Germany 153.5 Malaysia 113.9 Japan 204.8 Thailand 124.4 Korea (1968-1977) 284.9 Taiwan 133.1 II. Exchange Rates /a II. Exchange Rates /a US 52.9 Singapore 40.2 Germany 28.0 Malaysia 40.8 a Japan 35.0 Thailand 52.2 Korea 94.8 Taiwan 50.3 III. Philippine Wages Relative to: lb III. Philippine Consumer Prices Relative to: /b US 54.2 Singapore 55.5 Germany 27.3 Malaysia 52.0 Japan 25.6 Thailand 61.0 Korea 49.8 Taiwan 54.9 /a Based on exchange rates per US dollar as follows: /b Based on W1R/W2 where W1 are Philippine 1966 = 100 1977 wages or the consumer price index, W2 Philippines (Peso) 3.89 7.379 foreign wages or the foreign price index Germany (DM) 3.977 2.105 (in local currency units) and R is the Japan (Yen) 362.47 240.0 exchange rate - foreign currency per peso, Korea (Won) 270.00 484.0 all in indices 1966 = 100. Singapore (S dollar) 3.08 2.338 Malaysia (Ringgits) 3.07 2.365 Thailand (Baht) 20.68 20.40 Taiwan (NT dollar) 40.00 38.00 Source: IMF, International Financial Statistics; ILO, Yearbook of Labor Statistics.  - 31 - Table 1.22: (ANGES IN MANUFACTURING OUTPUT, EMPLOYM1NT AND 1'RODUCTIVITY IN THE PHILIPPINES, 1974 (1969 = 100) Employment Output: Productivity (% change) Export industries /a 147.9 173.9 117.6 Food industries 134.6 162.5 120.7 Export and food industries 146.0 172.3 118.0 Other (non-export or food industries) 123.9 123.6 99.8 Industries above average Kb/N /b 141.6 112.1 79.2 Industries below average Kb/N /c 129.6 72.2 55.7 All industries .132.3 130.9 98.9 /a Export industries include food products, textiles, clothing and footwear, furniture, machinery, electrical machinery and transport equipment. /b Above average industry Kb/N (1974): Nonmetallic minerals, paper, basic metals and chemicals. Oil and coal products and food products are also above the average Kb/N but are excluded. /c All other industries except those in footnote /b. Source: NCSO, Annual Survey of Establishments.  - 32 -. Table 1.23: CHANGE;S IN PRODUCTIVITY IN MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY IN THE PHILIPPINES,. US,, GERMANY, JAPAN, AND KOREA Raal Country manufacturing Eaploy)ent Productivity output. (X, change) (1) (2.) (1)/(2) - 1 1972-77 Us 114.6 111.6 10.3 Germany 107.3 88.4 12.1 Japan 113.6 90.4 12.6 Korea 316.3 192..4 16.4 Philippines 120.4 131.9 -8.7 1969-74 US 116.3 110.4 10.5 Germany 117.0 98.4 8.4 Japan 140.3 102.3 13.7 Korea 250.0 163.5 15.3 Philippines 130.9 132.3 -1.1 Source: IMY, International Financial Statistics.  - 33 - Table 1.24: DIRECT EMPLoYMEN'r REQUIREMENTS FOR MANUFACTURED EXPORT PRODUCTION (LDE), 1974 /a Direct Direct employment employment requirement (LDE) required for one unit for export Total /b Manufacturing of output production Input-output sector employmnent Output Exports (ratio) (No. of workers) (p 000) (p 000) Sugar milling } 5,656,693 4,251,861 } Coconut oil } 198,207 3,641,391 2,611,958 } 0.0064 1 50,086 Other food } 21,614,774 962,093 } } Beverages 40,001 1,782,044 23,048 0.0024 516 Tobacco 36,852 2,457,589 25,089 0.0149 374 Textiles 214,959 3,215,224 196,417 0.0668 13,121 Clothing/footwear 405.,426 1,627,961 151,556 0.2490 37,737 Wood 101.,071 1,951,641 552,611 0.0517 28,570 Furniture 39,943 251,508 92,252 0.1588 14,650 Paper 21,347 1,869,291 52,746 0.0114 601 Printing 52,241 678,128 4,482 0.0770 345 Leather 6,743 112,065 12,447 0.0601 748 Rubber 21,640 773,324 7,678 0.0279 214 Chemicals 55,908 4,265,831 106,151 0.0131 1,391 Oil &. coal 5,,988 8,440,456 100,323 0.0007 70 Cement } 840,485 178,450 } Other non-metallic } 42,747 } 0.0272 } 6,320 minerals } 725,578 53,913 } Basic metals 29,734 2,077,359 138,484 0.0143 1,980 Metal products 33,817 1,648,465 9,214 0.0205 189 Machinery 68,345 563,526 22,740 0.1212 2,756 Electrical machinery 44,350 1,031,961 17,389 0.0429 746 Transport equipment 96,089 1,636,892 5,694 0.0587 334 Miscellaneous 120,419 829,865 53,561 0.1451 7,772 Total 1,429.000 67,692,051 9,630,157 0.1423 203,350 1970 Totals /c 1,323,000 19,284,451 1,634,666 0.0847 112,06Q * Methodology: /a The direct labor content of manufactured exports is obtained by dividing sectoral employment by the corresponding columrn vector of total sales and then multiplying the result by the fi- nal demand component (column vector) for exports. This measures the direct labor content only. /b The two-digit employment breakdown is for 1975, the total refers to 1974. /c Employment refers to 1970, output and exports to 1969. Sources: NEDA, Input-Output Table, 1974 and 1969, and NCSO, Population Census, 1970 and 1975.  - 34 - Table 1.25: EMPLOYMENT GENERATION BY SECTOR, 1956-77 (In thousands, except percent) Annual change in employment Year Agriculture Industry /a Services 1956 1957 170.0 61.0 (54.0) 1958 269.0 54.0 82.0 1959 139.0 (63.0) 47.0 1960 4.0 98.0 22.0 1961 186.0 57.0 173.0 1962 320.0 96.0 69.0 1963 69.0 135.0 105.0 1964 15.0 (13.0) 212.0 1965 (81.0) (21.0) 170.0 1966 394.0 168.0 101.0 1967 379.0 52.0 110.0 1968 (245.0) 41.0 156.0 1969 108.7 131.7 233.0 1970 108.7 131.7 233.0 1971 108.7 131.7 233.0 1972 816.0 (110.0) (119.0) 1973 399.0 45.0 170.0 1974 399.0 30.0 19.0 i975 17.0 241.0 336.0 1976 350.0 64.0 434.0 1977 147.0 (12.0) 550.0 Net Total 4,073.1 1,318.1 3,282.0 Net total employment generation per sector as a percentage of net total employment generation in the economy 47.0 15.2 37.8 Of which manufacturing 7.4 /a Includes mining and quarrying, construction, utilities, transport and storage, and manufacturing. Sources: Data on employment are from the Bureau of the Census and Statistics Survey of Households Bulletin for the dates indicated in the table. R.L. Tidalgo, "Labor Absorption in the Philippines, 1956-73", The Philippine Economic Journal, Vol. XV, Numbers 1, 2 (1976) and NCSO, Survey of Households Bulletin, 1973-1977.  - 35 - Table 1.26: EMPLOYMENT BY SECTOR L970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 Thousands of persons Agriculture, fishery & forestry 5,614 5,780 6,364 6,773 7,183 7,190 7,538 7,694 Mining & quarrying 50 56 46 55 44 54 56 47 Manufacturing 1,323 1,419 1,353 1,369 1,429 1,609 Z,680 1,596 Electricity, gas & water 31 53 41 37 40 46 46 46 Construction 437 441 466 434 401 456 491 521 Commerce 815 1,487 1,515 1,550 1,534 1,591 1,812 1,934 Transportation, communi- cation & storage 495 521 471 501 500 488 542 672 Other services 1,964 2,018 1,835 2,054 2,090 2,381 2,540 2,838 Total employment 0 729 11,775. 12,091 .12,773 13,221 13,815 14,663 15,348 Distribution (percent) Agriculture, fishery & forestry 52.3 49.1 52.7 53.0 54.3 52.1 51.4 50.1 Mining & quarrying 0.5 0.5 0..4 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.3 Manufacturing 12.3 12.1 11.2 10.7 10.8 11.7 11.1 10.4 Electricity, gas & water 4.1 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 Construction 7.6 3.7 3.7 3.4 3.1 3.3 3.4 3.4 Commerce 4.6 12.6 12.6 12.1 11.6 L1.5 12.4 12.6 Transportation, communi- cation & storage 4.4 4.4 3.9 3.9 3.8 3.5 3.7 4.4 Other services 14.8 17.1 15.2 16.7 15.8 17.2 17.3 18.5 Total employment 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1(0.0 100.0 100.0 Source: NCSO, National Sample Survey of Households Bulletin  - 36 - Table 1.27: CHAN(GS IN EMPLO'iMENT STRUCTURE IN MANUFACTURING, 1956-1976 ia /b /c Structure Percentage Distribution -- Annual rate of growth (%)-- Household; Total Household/ Year Unorganized Factory (000's) Unorganized Factory Total 1956/76 1956/66 1966/7 1956 756,191 205,809 962 78.6 21.4 100.0 Total Em- 1957 781,449 223,551 1,005 77.8 22.2 100.0 ployment 2.82 2.48 3.18 1958 698,693 228,307 927 75.4 24.6 100.0 1959 753,334 238,666 992 75.9 24.1 100.0 Factory 5.76 4.75 6.78 1960 787,219 248,781 1,036 76.0 24.0 100.0 1962 773,527 278,473 1,052 73.5 26.5 100.0 Household/ 1963 838,617 300,383 1,139 73.6 26.4 100.0 Unorganized 1.65 1.77 1.53 1964 (May) 928,585 316,415 1,245 74.6 25.4 100.0 1965 777,230 323,770 1,101 70.6 29.4 100.0 1966 901,646 327,354 1,229 73.4 26.6 100.0 1968 839,664 394,336 1,234 68.0 32.0 100.0 1969 (May) 888,936 402,064 1,291 68.9 31.1 100.0 1970 (May) 994,220 403,780 1,398/d 71.1 28.8 100.0 1971 1,018,012 420,988 1,439 70.7 29.3 100.0 1973 858,056 537,944 1,396 61.5 38.5 100.0 1974 891,027 531,973 1,423 62.6 37.4 100.0 1976 1,049,133 630,851/e 1,680 62.5 37.5 100.0 /a Unless otherwise indicated data refeirs to the month-of October of .each year. lb Employment in the household sector is derived as a residual from subtracting the factory sector (establishments employing at least five workers) and total manufacturing employment. It includes all firms employing one to four workers, all household industries, some larger firms and possibly, a large number of cottage industries registered with the NACIDA (National Association of Cottage Industries Development Authority). /c The years 1961, 1967, 1972 and 1975 are not included because of the different classification of establishnents by employment size used in the economic census for those years. /d Refers to experienced workers 10 years old and over. The definition has been used for 1970 because a sectoral (two-digit) breakdown was available (used in Table 1.28). The difference between experienced and employed workers in 1970 was around forty thousand workers. /e Preliminary employment data for 1976 is available only for the manufactoring sector and for those firms employing at least twenty workers. To complete the 1976 factory sector data; i.e., make it five or more workers rather than twenty or more; employment in firms employing five to nineteen workers in 1974 wgas added to the available 1976 data. The 1970-73 employment growth rate, 4.08% was applied to the 77,773 workers in the five to nineteen category making the total for 1976, 80,946 workers. Sources: NCSO, thtional Sample of Households Bulletin (Total Employment) and Annual Survey of Establishments (Factory Employment).  Table 1.28; SECTORAL EMPLOYMENT IN HOUSEHOLD AND FACTORY SECTORS BY MAJOR INDUSTRY GROUPS, 1960-70 and 1975 /a 1960 1970 1975 /b /c Industry Household Factory Total ibusehold Factory Total Hbusehold Factory Total Food 80,437 61,463 141,900 38,718 85,019 123,737 86,514 111,693 198,207 Beverages 36,474 9,226 45,700 10,229 15,181 25,410 21,128 18,873 40,001 Tobacco - 13,218 10,630 - 22,617 20,950 14,869 21,983 36,852 Textiles 81,186 24,574 105,760 148,768 46,974 195,742 128,099 86,860 214,959 Clothing/Footwear 205.918 30.022 235,940 473,884 40,178 514,062 3632u 42,2i9 405,426 Wood 4,419 19,371 23,790 55,212 38,855 94,067 58,385 42,686 101,071 Furniture 13,450 5,630 19,080 25,278 6,876 32,154 28,410 11,533 39,943 Paper - 4,635 4,310 - 8,928 7,082 9,216 12,131 21,347 Printing - 12,073 8,280 2,281 16,011 18,292 17,657 14,584 52,241 Leather - 1,512 1,520 579 1,760 2,339 4,481 2,262 6,743 Rubber - 4,986 3,800 - 8,612 5,730 8,676 12,964 21,640 Chemicals - 12,685 6,830 - 22,774 19,004 27,063 28,845 55,908 Oil and coal N.A. 1,579 1,523 3,102 4,696 1,292 5,988 Nonmetallic minerals 12,336 8,164 20,500 4,466 18,622 23,088 17,245 25,502 42,747 Basic metals - 3,468 3,172 10,917 14,089 13,174 16,560 29,734 Metal products 3,678 14,454 ) 21,600 2,580 16,197 18,777 16,108 17,709 33,817 Nonelectrical machinery 1,329 3,841 5,170 54,264 6,714 60,978 56,345 12,000 68,345 Electrical machinery - 7,476 - 28,143 13,488 41,631 25,054 19,296 44,350 Transport equipment - 7,210 5,280 28,286 13,565 41,851 80,829 15,260 96,089 Other 172,847 4,773 177,620 18,934 8,969 27,903 102,698 17,721 120,419 Total 588,929 248,781 837,710 886,208 403,780 1,289,988 /d 1,083,854 531,973 1,615,827 /a Ibusehold employment is derived as a residual between the factory sector (firms employing at least five workers) and total manufacturing employment. /b Factory sector data is for 1974. /c Totpl employment as reported above differs by 289,382 wukorr:s from tihat published in trle rinai volume of the Population Census, 1975. The actual number of workers reported was 1.33 million, which is lower than the 1.40 million reported in the 1970 census. Also, considerable difference is found between the 1975 census and the quarterly labor force surveys carried out by the NCSO. Therefore, an independent estimate has been made at the sectoral level. The distribution and totals (1.62 million workers) are probably in line with the 1.68 million workers reported for 1976 by the October round of the labor force survey. /d See footnote /d in Table 1.27. Sources: NCSO Population Census 1960, 1970, 1975, and Annual Survey of Manufactures 1960, 1970, 1974.  - 38 - Table 1.29: MANUFACTURING EMPLOYMENT IN FIVE MAJOR EAST ASIAN COUNTRIES, 1963, 1970 and 1975 ('000 persons and %) Malaysia Korea Philippines Thailand (Peninsular) Indonesia 1963 Labor force 8,343 11,364 n.a. n.a. n.a. Employment 7,662 10,841 13,749 n.a. 32,709 Employment in manufac- turing 667 1,139 470 59 1,856 Employment in manufac- turing as % of total 8.7 11.7 3.4 n.a. 5.7 1970 Labor force 10,199 12,378 n.a. 3,035 40,100 Employment 8,717 11,437 16,652 2,794 37,705 Employment in manufac- - turing 1,115 1,383 683 264 2,605 Employment in manufac- turing as % of total 12.8 12.1 4.1 9.4 6.9 1975 Labor force 12,340 14,156 n.a. 3,590 n.a. Employment 11,830 13,576 n.a. 3,317 41,504 Employment in manufac- turing 2,265 1,616 852 363 3,295 Employment in manufac- turing as % of total 19.1 10.9 n.a. 10.9 7.9 Growth of manufacturing employment (%) 1963-1975 10.7 2.9 5.1 16.3 4.9 1970-1975 15.2 2.8 4.5 6.6 4.8 n.a. = not available. Source: "A review of the Manufacturing Sector in Major East Asian Countries" (IBRD, unpublished draft).  - 39 - PHILIPPINES INDUSTRIAL SECTOR SURVEY Table 2.1: The Structure of Protection and Domestic Resource Costs, 1974 Nominal rate of protection Effective Domestic (Tariffs & rat:e of resource indirect protection costs /a I-0 taxes) (ERP) (DRCT no. Sector (M) (%) 3 Bananas -4 -6 n.a. 4 Citrus 62 70 n.a. 5 Pineapple 0 -3 n.a. 11 Coffee 0 50 n.a. 12 Cacea 7 6 n.a. 14.. Coconut incl. copra (in farms) -6 6 n.a. 15 Abaca -4 6 n.a. 16 Ramie & other fiber crops 10 8 n.a. 17 Tobacco (native & Virginia) 5 21 n.a. 25 Commercial fishing, ocean & off-shore 100 116 n.a. 29 Logging -10 -10 n.a. 32 Copper ore mining -4 13 n.a. 33 Iron ore mining -2 4 n.a. 34 Chromite mining -4 13 n.a. 35 Other metallic mining 2 2 n.a. 38 Other nonmetallic mining & quarrying 20 16 n.a. 39 Slaughtering & poultry dressing 25 128 8.00 40 Meat products, canned 25 5 8.26 41 Meat products, uncanned 39 68 9.43 42 Evaporated & condensed milk 16 5 1.67 44 Butter, cheese & other dairy products 33 52 18.13 45 Canned, fruits & vegetable products 19 80 10.33 46 Other preserved fruits & vegetables 13 19 9.94 47 Fish canning 11 -24 6.33 48 Other fish seafood products 55 76 9.36 49 Rice milling 0 -49 9.86 50 Corn milling 0 -46 7.45 51 Flour milling, cereal & flour-blended 41 1,148 26.02 52 Bakery products 110 3,371 15.68 53 Sugar milling & refining -6 -12 6.40 54 Candy & chewing gum products 86 519 15.18 55 Cocoa & chocolate peoducts 51 1,750 10.38 56 Processed coffee 46 36 9.97 57 Desiccated coconut products -4 -10 4.69  - 40 - Page 2 Nominal rate of protection Effective Domestic (Tariffs & rate of resource indirect protection costs /a I-0 taxes) (ERP) (DRC) no. Sector (%) (Z) 59 Starch & starch byproducts 44 650 10.55 60 Macaroni, spaghetti & noodles 63 78 9.44 61 Vegetable lard and margarine 82 /b n.a. 62 Prepared foods for animals & fowls 33 34 8.06 63 Flavoring extracts 9 7 n.a. 64. Miscellaneous food manufactures, n.e.c. 59 156 23.97 65 Distilled, rectified & blended liquors 209 394 15.61 66 Wines 57 113 n.a. 67 Brewery and malt products 72 69 n.a. 69 Cigarettes 182 18,758 18.13 70 Cigars, chewing & smoking tobacco 0 -12 6.15 71 Leaf tobacco processing - 115 /b 26.26 72 Textile mills products 57 78 12.15 73 Knitting mill products 23 -4 6.92 74 Cordage, twine & net industries 0 -2 10.18 75 Carpets, rugs & linoleum incl. mats 28 43 n.a. 76 Other textile products 48 36 8.16 77 Footwear except rubber & plastic 19 18 6.47 79 Ready-made clothing 0 -26 5.13 80 Manufacture of embroidered products 0 -41 5.74 81 Other made-up textile goods 19 1 6.45 82 Lumber -4 16 6.14 83 Plywood & veneer plants -4 5 6.48 84 Doors, windows & other millworks 0 -2 11.53 85 Other wood, cane & cork products 0 0 10.18 86 Furniture & fixtures 1 0 5.77 87 Pulp, paper & paperboard manufacturing 46 38 9.14 88 Paper products 109 195 11.10 89 Paper & paperboard containers 128 181 11.47 90 Misc. converted paper products, n.e.c. 72 478 10.22 92 Books & pamphlets 25 19 8.17 95 Tanning & leather finishing 68 145 9.55 96 Leather products except footwear apparel 0 -27 6.25 97 Rubber footwear 108 454 20.36 98 Tires & inner tubes manufacturing & retreading 103 323 9.85 99 Other rubber & related products 27 21 28.41 100 Compressed & liquified gas 2 17 6.35 101 Basic industrial chemicals 17 -7 10.06  - 41 - Page 3 Nominal rate of protection Effective Domestic (Tariffs & rate of resource indirect protection costs /a I-0 taxes) (ERP) (DRC) no. Sector (%) (%) 102 Fertilizer & lime 31 41 6.98 103 Coconut oil -4 5 3.48 104 Other oils & fats 24 -28 7.34 105 Paints, varnishes & related compounds 95 221 15.36 106 Plastic materials 45 56 7.51 107 Medicinal & pharmaceutical preparations 23 9 6.33 10 Cosmetics & toilet preparations 249 /b 139.08 109 Soap & other washing & cleaning compounds 61 175 10.39 110 Insecticides, germicides & agric. chem. 19 17 4.03 111 Other chemical products 42 35 n.a. 112 Petroleum refineries 21 21 8.96 113 ''Oth'er'products of petroleum;& coal 25 16 6.12 114 Structural clay products 5 -11 7.94 115 Structural concrete products 57 110 9.79 116 Glass & glass products 56 45 11.09 117 Pottery china & earthenware 47 31 8.68 118 Hydraulic cement -4 -36 7.09 119 Other nonmetallic mineral products 28 26 n.a. 120 Basic ferrous metal products 35 27 13.06 121 Basic nonferrous metal industries 10 0 5.05 122 Metal cans, boaxes & containers 57 110 4.78 123 Cutlery, hand tools & general hardware 39 34 13.74 124 Structural metal products 65 95 9.89 125 Stamped, coated & engraved metal products 37 38 7.26 126 Fabricated wire products 28 14 6.47 127 Heating apparatus, lighting, etc. 59 85 9.76 128 Other fabricated metal products 62 79 25.52 129 Agricultural machinery & equipment 29 14 5.87 130 Other special industry mach'y & equipment 13 4 4.75 131 General industry machinery & equipment 18 7 5.98 132 Office computing & accounting machines 29 27 n.a. 133 Electrical distrib. & control machines 25 18 5.40 134 Other electr. indus. mach'y & equipment 33 30 135 Communication equipment 31 31 14.55 136 Batteries 56 73 5.45 137 Electrical lamps & Eixtures 38 27 8.35 138 Electrical wires & wiring devices 40 51 n.a. 139 Household radio, TV sets, phonos & supplies 164 204 n.a. 140 Refrigeration & airconditioning equipment 142 195 14.91  _ 42 - Page 4 Nominal rate of protection Effective Domestic (Tariffs & rate of resource indirect protection costs /a I-0 taxes) (ERP) (DRC) no. Sector (%) (%) 141 Other household electr. appliances & wares 95 103 12.37 142 Shipbuilding & repairing 17 26 6.45 143 Motor vehicles, manufactured/assembled 93 127 144 Motor vehicles engines, bodies & parts 29 23 9.82 146 Motorcycles, bicycles & parts 50 52 7.23 147 Other transport equipment, n.e.c. 6 9 n.a. 148 Jewelry, silverware & related articles 91 133 n.a. 149 Musical instruments 60 61 n.a. 150 Fabricated plastic products 92 194 23.24 151 Measuring, controlling, scientific eqpt. 15 12 4.21 152 Medical orthopedic & surgical supplies 14 9 4.39 153 Photographic & optical goods. 37 30 n.a. 154 Sport equipment & supplies 91 93 n.a. 155 Pen, pencil office & artist's supplies 65 0 n.a. 156 Toys, dolls, parlor games excluding plastic rub 74 72 n.a. 157 Miscellaneous manufactures, n.e.c. 61 41 6.75 /a Using the UNIDO method, the shadow exchange rate for 1974 has been estimated at 9.21 (IPPP, 1978). /b EPR cannot be calculated for the sector because of its negative-derived international value added. Source: Nominal and effective rates of protection are from Norma A. Tan, "The Structure of Protection and Resource Flows in the Philippines, 1974", PhD dissertation, University of the Philippines, 1979. The domestic resource cost estimates were taken from Romeo M. Bautista and Gwendolyn R. Tecson, "Domestic Resource Costs in Philippine Manufacturing: 1969 and 1974", IPPP Working Paper No. 13, University of the Philippines, September 1978.  Page 1 _ 43 - Table 2.2: CAE'ITAL INTENSITY, GROWTH AND IMPORT COEFFI:CIENTS FOR PHILIPPINE MANUFACTURING Ratio Propor- of imports Input- tional of total output outpuit available classi- K/L growth domestic fication 1974 rate supply number Industry (W'000) 1969-74 (M/Z) 1974 40-1 Meat processing & canning 57.5 0.260 0.12 42 Evaporated & condensed milk 136.9 0.240 0.49 44 Butter, cheese & other dairy products 276.8 0.434 0.38 45 Fruits & vegetables, preserved 111.7 0.177 0.05 47-8 Processed fish & other seafoods 37.7 0.247 0.09 51 Flour milling, cereal & flour 254.3 0.273 0.00 52 Bakery products 30.0 0.215 0.00 53 Sugar milling & refining 289.4 0.388 0.00 54 Candy & chewing- products 3.9 0.:247 0.00 55 Cocoa & chocolate products 87.1 0.388 0.00 56 Processed coffee 146.8 0.253 0.00 57 Desiccated coconut 18.5 0.318 0.00 59 Starch & starch byproducts 64.9 0.263 0.00 60 Macaroni, spaghetti & noodles 6.6 0.263 0.00 62 Prepared feeds for animals & fowls 105.2 0.416 0.00 64 Other food products, n.e.c. 507.7 0.263 0.15 65-7 Liquors & wine<;, brewery & malt products 65.7 0.070 0.04 69-70 Cigars & cigarettes 61.0 0.168 0.01 72 Textile mill products 61.3 0.247 0.01 73 Knitting mill products 35.7 0.278 0.28 74 Cordage, twine & twine products 42.0 0.403 0.01 76 Other textile products 103.5 0.298 0.03 77 Footwear (excluding rubber) 9.1 0.196 0.29 79 Ready-made clot;hing 8.3 0.1.92 0.00 80 Manufacture of embroidered products 10.6 0.163 0.01 81 Other made-up textile goods 4.1 0.056 0.00 82 Lumber & sawmills with logging operations 33.2 0.300 0.02 83 Plywood & veneer plants 54.2 0.306 0.00 84 Doors, windows & other fab. millworks 49.7 0.250 0.00 85 Wood, cork, rattan & other cane products 240.5 0.355 0.02 86 Furniture & fixtures 7.6 0.296 0.03 87 Pulp, paper & paperboard manufacturing 300.7 0.183 0.03 88 Paper products 45.8 0.345 0.46  - 44 - Page 2 Ratio Propor- of imports Input- tional of total output output available classi- K/L growth domestic fication 1974 rate supply number Industry (P'000) 1969-74 (M/Z) 1974 89 Paperboard bags, boxes & containers 61.7 0.547 0.03 90 Misc. converted paper products, n.e.c. 124.5 0.213 0.41 92 Books & pamphlets 15.2 0.276 0.02 95 Tanning & leather finishing 23.5 0.141 0.48 96 Leather products 11.0 0.086 0.05 97 Rubber footwear 34.3 0.061 0.23 98 Tires & inner tube manufacturing 190.5 0.193 0.00 99 Other rubber & related products 302.4 0.296 0.07 101 Basic industrial chemicals 364.1 0.173 0.57 102 Fertilizers & lime 266.4 0.028 0.78 103-4 Coconut & other oils & fats 201.7 0.508 0.56 io5 Paints, varnishes & related compounds. 115.2 0.519 0.01 106 Plastic materials 162.9 0.356 0.14 107 Medicinal & pharmaceutical preparations 61.7 0.320 0.70 109 Soap & other washing & cleansing compounds 103.9 0.253 0.26 110 Insecticides, germicides & agric. chem. 96.0 0.300 0.04 111 Petroleum refineries 2,943.3 0.186 0.61 113 Products of petroleum, coke & coal 96.0 0.521 0.07 114 Structure clay products 117.5 0.110 0.17 115 Structural concrete products 55.2 0.237 0.46 116 Glass & glass products 129.4 0.170 0.00 117 Pottery, china & earthenware 72.2 0.187 0.16 118 Hydraulic cement 714.6 0.358 0.08 120 Basic ferrous metal products 290.7 0.298 0.01 121 Nonferrous metal basic industries 69.4 0.349 0.49 122 Metal cans, boxes & containers 52.4 0.206 0.75 123 Cutlery, hand tools, & general hardware 77.5 0.228 0.09 124 Fabricated structural metal products 52.0 0.299 0.79 125 Stamped, coated & engraved metal products 70.6 0.098 0.25 126 Fabricated wire products 88.5 0.190 0.09 127 Heating apparatus, lighting & plumbing fixtures except electrical 48.9 0.309 0.43 128 Other fabricated metal products, n.e.c. 473.1 0.684 0.25 129 Tractors & other agric. machinery & eqpt. 95.8 0.243 0.34 130 Special industrial machinery 33.6 0.670 0.65 131 General industry machinery & equipment 24.8 0.272 0.97 135 Communication equipment except radio & TV receiving sets 30.2 0.125 0.82  45 - Page 3 Ratio Propor- of imports Input- tional of total output output available classi- K/L growth domestic fication 1974 rate supply number Industry (P'000) 1969-74 (M/Z) 1974 136 Batteries 83.6 0.439 0.83 137 Electric lamps & fixtures 690.2 0.223 0.04 138 Electric wires & wiring devices 690.2 0.326 0.41 -139 Household radio & TV receiving sets, phonographs & accessories 690.2 0.125 0.79 141 Household electrical appliances & wires 690.2 0.249 0.22 Misc. electrical machinery apparatus 690.2 0.152 0.20 142 Shipbuilding & repairing 32.5 0.263 0.33 143-6 Motor vehicles, manufactured & assembled engines 118.0 0.134 0.85 147 Other transport equipment, n.e.c. 125.3 0.268 0.44 i50 Fabricated plastic products 17.1 0.361 0.36 157 Miscellaneous manufactures 7.6 0.330 0.08 Source: Norma A. Tan, "The Structure of Protection and Resource Flows in the Philippines, 1974", PhD dissertation, University of the Philippines, IPPP, 1979.  - 46 - Table 2.3: Movements in Real, Trade-Weighted Purchasing Power Parity Exchange Rate, 1966-77 Wholesale Real, trade-weighted Nominal industrial purchasing power parity exchange prices for the exchange rate /a rate Philippines (Peso/foreign exchange) Year (Peso/US$) (100 = 1975) (100 = 1975) 1966 3.89 30.0 91.4 1967 3.92 30.8 90.7 1968 3.92 31.7 90.4 1969 3.92 32.1 92.1 1970 6.44 39.7 126.6 1971 6.44 45.9 117.9 1972 6.79 51.9 115.4 1973 6.74 64.2 110.1 1974 7.07 94.9 94.1 1975 7.51 100.0 100.0 1976 7.44 109.2 98.1 1977 7.38 120.0 100.4 /a The trade weights were computed on the basis of the Philippine's three major export markets, the US, Japan and the Netherlands. The implicit assumption is that those country shares represent the overall shares of dollar, yen and European currency areas in Philippine exports. Wholesale industrial prices in the three leading market countries were used to make adjustments for price level changes.  - 47 - Table 2.4: INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON OF WAGES IN MANUFACTURING, 1977 Country US$ per month Exchange rates per US$ Philippines /a 57.0 7.38 Hong Kong /b 149.4 4.62 (end of 1977) Japan /c 836.5 240.00 Korea /d 142.9 484.00 Singapore 1e 125.8 2.34 Thailand If 32.7 (1975) 20.40 (1975) Colombia /g 101.5 38.10 /a Average basic pay in pesos per month. /b Basic rates in dollars per day. /c Basic earnings in yen includes salaried employees and bonuses. /d Basic earnings in won includes salaried employees and family allowances. /e Basic earnings in ce!nts rates per hour. /f Unskilled workers, baht rates per hour. / Basic earnings in pesos per hour. Sources: ILO, Yearbook of Labor Statistics, 1977; NCSO; IMF, International Financial Statistics, April 1979; "Thailand: Toward a Development Strategy of Full Participation - A Basic Economic Report", (IBRD Report No. 2059-TH).  - 48 - Table 2.5 Average Tariff Rates for Major Product Groups in the Philippines Tariff Schedule, 1979 Average Import-weighted Tariff tariff average schedule rate tariff rate chapters Commodity description (%) (%) 1-5 Live animals, animal products 68.9 11.6 6-14 Vegetable products 58.1 52.0 15 Fats & oils & kindred products 52.1 29.4 16-24 Prepared foodstuffs, beverages, spirits, & tobacco 73.4 45.1 25-27 Mineral products 15.9 19.2 28-38 Chemical products 29.2 2i.9 39-40 Resins, plastics, cellulose esters & ethers, rubber & kindred products 38.0 32.5 41-43 Hides, skins, leather products & kindred products 72.0 56.9 44-46 Wood & wood products 60.1 36.9 47-49 Paper making materials, paper & paper products 63.4 29.1 50-63 Textiles & textile articles 64.9 26.1 64-67 Footwear, headgear, umbrellas & assorted kindred products 83.1 68.0 68-70 Nonmetallic mineral products 48.7 27.2 71-72 Jewelry 48.3 10.0 73-83 Rose metals & articles of rose metals 28.2 19.7 84-85 Machinery, mechanical appliances, electrical equipment & machinery parts 32.4 22.0 86-89 Vehicle, aircraft & other transportation equipment & parts 18.4 24.3 90-92 Scientific & other instruments 26.5 18.6 93 Arms & ammunitions 82.9 70.0 94-98 Miscellaneous manufactured articles 72.6 47.2 99 Arts & antiques 10.0 10.0 Source: Philippine Tariff Commission.  - 49 - Table 2.6a Value Added, Benefits, Export Earnings and Sales of Firms Registered Under the BOI Investment Incentives Act, 1977 No. of reporting Export Sector/product category firms VA B earnings Sales ----- (p'000) ---- (US$'000) (PW000) Agro-Based Sector Livestock 16 132,443 11,329 23 607,097 .Marine products 23 84,115 6,291 - 193,164 Rice production 2 46 - - 2,340 Corn production 1 1,930 98 - 2,023 Wood & wood products 40 420,422 18,607 88,260 995,637 Pulp & paper 11 412,441 97,472 17,614 1,309,229 Starch processing 3 9,726 - 47,481 Vegetable oil processing 13 328,253 15,033 164,728 1,628,943 Processed coconut & byproducts 3 133,941 9,773 87,497 341,990 Processed foods 4 96,998 5,812 2,786 371,783 Cotton 1 2,844 555 117 7,754 Bag of natural fiber 1 4,092 - - 15,607 Total 118 -1627,251 16-4970 361,025 5,523,048 Mining & Mineral Processing Sector Metallic Mining Iron ore 2 101,302 11,931 29,240 215,121 Copper 12 1,387,652 218,602 361,654 2,349,952 Gold 2 8,579 38 82,443 8,172 Zinc-lead concentrates 1 24,980 - 4,150 30,526 Mercury 1 - - - Nlickel 1 - - - - Subtotal 19 j1,522513 230,571 477487 2,603771 Nonmetallic Mineral ProcessinS Glass products 8 196,102 7,813 3,748 399,247 Perlite 1 290 1,047 56 710 Barite 1 5,822 - - 7,232 Dinnerware 3 22,085 1,254 1,152 57,663 Rock aggregates 3 46,370 - - 69,467 Refractories 1 - - -- Beneficiated clay 1 77 - - 149 Ceramics 1 2,556 - 71 5,475 Subtotal 19 273,302 10,114 5,027 539,943  Page 2 50 - No. of reporting Export Sector/product category firms VA B earnings Sales ----- (P 000) (US$'000) (PW000) Metallic Mineral Processing Ferro-alloys 3 67,482 33 2,967 9,544 Primary steel 1 - - - - Subtotal 4 67,482 33 2,967 Total 42 1,863,297 240,718 485,481 3,153,258 Metal-Based Sector Machinery & equipment 14 19,458 3,333 223 63,845 Shipbuilding 6 52,574 12,277 188 121,662 Motorcycles 3 50,311 408 - 149,22( Automotive parts 2 26,191 2,364 - 31,51/ Metal products 15 311,367 27,905 8,160 445,70k Electrical equipment 12 59,121 7,521 2,744 149,09t Total 52 519,022 -53,813 11,315 961,051 Chemical-Based Sector Chemical & chemical products 17 223,792 39,890 5,861 652,991 Footwear 2 4,595 - 1,479 13,30( Petroleum products 1 101,525 26,214 2,241 503,89; Textile products 1 - - - Rubber products 1 3,561 532 - 7,21C Synthetic bags 2 191,518 13,116 680 63,42; Synthetic fiber 5 221,094 37,381 - 434,78( Synthetic & cotton 7 107,871 14,790 6,653 296,29t Ramie 1 39,603 8,713 808 93,325 Total 37 893,559 140,636 17,722 2,065,2iE GRAND TOTAL 249 4,903,129 600,137 875,543 11,702,-58F Source: BOI  - 51 - Table 2.6b Val-a Added, Benefits, Exnort Earnings and Sales of Firtas Registered Under the 801 Export Incentives Act, 1977 No. of reporting Export Sector/product category firms VA B earnings Sales ----- (P 000) ---- (UIS$'OOO) (P'000) Agro-Based Sector Food & beverage products 17 73,758 15,500 16,273 198,671 Processed rubber products 1 2,251 311 444 6,065. Wood & wood products 29 58,052 15,914 10,431 133,542. Handicrafts 25 50,445 18,568 18,107 134,882 Fiber products 3 54,377 42,417 9,989 104,752 Pulp & paper 4 160,839 8,466 249 255,295 Leather products 2 6,227 282 831 22,083 Coconut byproducts 1 - - 682 5,038 Feeds 4 2,396 2,616 880 7,570 Total 86 408,345 104,074 57,886 867,898 Mining & Mineral.Processing Sector Metallic products 2 39,809 - 8,137 59,921 Nonmetallic products 13 438,564 17,298 21,113 646,786 Total 15 478,373 17,298 29,250 706,707 Metal-Based Sector Metal products 14 107,007 12,200 7,236 191,282 Machinery, equipment & parts 3 8,779 362 226 30,050 Electrical products 3 19,818 1,408 426 40,876 Transport equipment 1 13,283 14,782 3,590 - Jewelries 2 484 - 74 550 Household appliances & utensils 2 8,725 - - 20,505 Total 25 158,096 28,752 11.552 283,263 Chemical-Based Sector Chemicals & chemical products 14 93,223 57,637 46,224 303,907 Plastic products 16 69,543 3,000 2,590 152,158 Footwear 5 57,502 - 3,762 177,439 Garments . 77 567,246 38,218 111,860 1,203,997 Textiles 27 523,005 19,686 25,417 1,691,514 Total 139 1,310,519 118,541 189,853 3,529.015 Other Products 7 7,668 1,172 465 18,999 Others Export traders 19 3,007 2,404 2,544 37,317 Service exports 19 126,863 54,460 31,063 429,537 Total 38 129,870 56,864 33,607 466,854 GRAND TOTAL 310 2,492,871 326,701 322,613 5,872,736 Source: BOI  - 52 - Table 2.7 Composition of BOI Incentives Availed by Registered Firms, 1975 and 1977 Percentages Percentages of BOI incentives of BOI incentives granted under the granted under the Investment Incentives Export Iacentives Act (R.A. 5186) Act (R.A. 6135) Type of incentive 1975 1977 1975 1977 A. Value of Deductions from Taxable Income to Firms /a 25.7% 38.0% 38.4% 57.9% Expansion reinvestment allowance 14.0 13.5 2.3 0.6 Accelerated portion of organizational and preoperating expenses 1.2 1.1 0.7 n.a. Accelerated portion of depreciation changes 6.6 10.7 1.4 n.a. Net capital loss carryover 0.9 5.6 14.5 2.6 Reduced income tax 2.9 4.6 19.0 53.1 Labor training expenses 0.1 0.5 0.5 0.5 Other tax deductions 0.0 1.9 0.0 1.0 B. Tax Exemptions 68.5 51.6 36.4 17.9 Compensating tax on imported capital equipment 16.8 8.6 7.2 4.7 Customs duties on imported capital equi?ment 41.8 19.3 12.7 6.4 Compensating tax on raw material imports of registered pioneer enterprises 2.5 6.2 12.7 n.a. Sales tax, etc. - pioneer enterprises 5.7 10.9 0.7 2.2 Export tax 1.5 0.4 3.0 0.0 Other tax exemptions 0.2 6.2 0.0 4.5 C. Tax Credits 5.8 10.5 25.2 24.2 Equivalent compensating tax and customs duties for purchase of domestically produced capital equipment 0.4 1.6 1.3 2.6 For sales, compensating & specific taxes on raw materials/supplies of exported completely finished products 1.5 2.4 23.8 21.3 For interest withheld on foreign loans 3.8 6.6 0.0 n.a. Other tax credits 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 D. Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 E. Percentage of Total BOI Incentives Granted 86.2% 66.0% 13.8% 34.0% (Under both R.A. 5186 & R.A. 6135) /a The value of the deductions from taxable income for firms has been computed on the basis of the prevailing 35% tax rate on business profits. Source: Calculated from information contained in BOI, "Incentives Availment of BOI Registered Firms, 1975-77", unpublished report.  - 53 - Table 2.8: Nominal and Effect:ive Rates of Protections as Afforded by BOI Subsidies Classified by Products of BOI-Registered Firms, 1974 (Percent) Nominal rates Effective rates I-0 Without With Without With Sector subsidies subsidies subsidies subsidies Agro-Based 3 Fruit production -4.0 -3.1 -6 -6 39 Livestock prcduction 25.0 25.1 123 123 62 Animal feeds 33.0 33.0 34 34 25 Marine products 100.0 100.1 116 116 59 Cassava, starch, cornstarch 85.0 85.8 650 676 103 Coconut oil -4.0 -3.1 -5 -2 57 Processed coconut products & byproducts -4.0 -3.8 -10 -10 40,41 45,46 Processed food & beverage products 86.1 86.3 445 449 48,52 54,56 16 Ramie 10.0 109.8 8 154 74,75 Fiber products 13.6 16,0 14 19 77 Footwear 24.0 24.0 18 18 83,82 Wood & wood products -0.9 0.5 10 14 84,86 87 Pulp & paper, pulp of straw & abaca 43.0 48.6 38 48 88,89 Paper products 117.0 117.0 159 159 85 Handicrafts 0.0 0.1 0 0 Mining & Mineral Processing 33 Iron ore -4.0 -1.5 - 8 0 32 Copper -4.0 +0.9 -10 -8 35 Gold 6.0 12.1 2 17 119 Mercury Bentonite Rock aggregate Marble products 34.0 34.9 26 27 117 Dinnerware Ceramics, ceramic products, beneficiated clay 56.0 61.4 31 36 116 Glass products, laminated safety glass 58.0 61.8 45 49 118 Cement -4.0 -4.0 -36 -36  - 54 - Page 2 Nominal rates Effective rates I-0 Without With Without With Sector subsidies subsidies subsidies subsidies Metal-Based 129-134 Machinery, equipment & parts 22.5 22.7 91 92 120-128 Metal products 38.1 38.4 28 29 136-138 Electrical equipment, elec- trical products 48.2 53.6 50 62 142 Shipbuilding - 22.0 22.0 26 26 ' 146 Motorcycles 53.0 53.0 52 52 144 Transport equipment 34.0 34.0 23 23 139-141 Household appliances & utensils 155.2 . 155.2 223 223 148 Jewelry . 203.0 203.0 133 133 Chemical-Based 99 Rubber products, processed rubber products 32.0 32.0 21 21 101,111 Industrial chemicals, chemicals & chemical products 24.6 30.2 0 6 113 Petroleum products 64.0 64.01 16 16 72 Synthetic fibers, textiles, textile products 59.0 60.6 78 84 76 Synthetic bags 53.0 53.05 36 36 155 Plastic products 96.0 96.09 194 194 107 Medicinal & pharmaceutical products 27.0 27.06 10 10 79 Garments 0.0 4.1 -26 -22 102 Fertilizer 35.0 35.0 41 41 Source: Norma A. Tan, "The Structure of Protection and Resource Flows in the Philippines, 1974", PhD dissertation, University of the Philippines, IPPP, 1979, pp. 53-54.  - 55 - Table 2.9: Value of Benefits to BOI-Registered Firms Under the Export Incentives Act (R.A. 6135), 1973-77 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 Value of tax exemptions (d'000) 9,531 26,411 16,994 .20,808 28,284 Permitted deductions from taxable income (P'000) 25,786 82,428 100,554 101,042 204,493 Value of deductions from taxable income to firmas (F'000) 9,025 28,850 35,194 :35,365 71,573 Tax credits (P'000) 8,617 19,906 28,086 117,493 36,119 Total value of benefits to firms (W'000) 27,173 75,167 80,274 73,666 135,976 Exports of nontraditional manufactures by BOI- registered firms (F'000) 912,663 1,434,793 1,740,247 1,873,005 1,511,217 Value of benefits as a proportion of nontrad:L- tional manufactures oif exports by BOI-registered firms 0.030 0.052 0.046 0.039 0.090 Source: BOI, Statistical Survey, 1978. Data on nontraditional exports are from BOI, Nontraditional Exports: The Dynamic Export Group..  - 56 - Table 2.10: BOI Investment Incentives Benefits and Capital Labor Ratios in.Recipient Industries, 1975 and 1977 (Benefits in th6usands at current prices) Capital /a Benefits /b Industry Labor 1975 1977 (1974) Oil & coal products 621,191 n/a 26,214 Nonmetallic minerals 70,314 12,389 10,114 Paper 57,793 13,446 97,472 Food 24,469 16,993 33 Basic metals 23,777 15,956 30,618 Chemicals 23,771 70,689 53,006 Transport equipment 15,033 969 15,049 Rubber .13,435 n/a 532 Textiles 13,157 46,306 60,884 Beverages 12,494 n/a n/a Wood 11,874 29,101 18,607 Printing 11,041 n/a n/a Machinery 10,933 1,257 3,338 Metal products 10,424 7,566 27,905 Electrical machinery 10,036 2,748 7,521 Miscellaneous 9,821 n/a n/a Tobacco 9,519 n/a n/a Leather 6,502 n/a n/a Furniture 4,294 n/a n/a Footwear/clothing 2,341 5,086 - Total 19,957 222,506 351,293 (average) /a The capital labor ratio described above is derived from the Annual Survey of Manufactures and refers to book value of fixed assets. /b Benefits represents tax exemptions, deduction from taxable income and tax credits granted to BOI registered projects. Source: BOI; and NCSO, Annual Survey of Establishments.  - 57 - Table 2.11: Capital Intensity, Capital Productivity and Board of Investments Benefits by Size of Firm, 1977 (Nonexport-oriented firms) No. Employ- Value Fixed FA for Bene- Size by of ment added assets firms fits FA B VA fixed assets firms (N) (VA) (FA) with B (B) N FA FA (P mln) --------------- (P'000) - Under 0.5 8 159 2,417 1,226 703 1,477 7,711 1.20 1.97 0.'5 - 0.9 5 185 2,472 3,768 597 90 20,368 0.20 0.66 1.0 - 1.9 13 772 23,636 19,457 1,488 1,522 25,203 0.08 1.21 2.0 - 4.9 37 2,614 92,149 129,361 49,205 19,122 49,488 4.43 0.71 5.0 - 9.9 30 5,626 170,112 212,416 107,004 12,162 37,756 0.06 0.80 10.0 - 29.9 52 15,496 380,874 1,011,143 590,886 38,391 65,252 0.04 0.38 30.0 - 49.9 18 6,557 216,895 485,908 175,737 5,031 74,105 0.01 0.45 50.0 54 41,927 1,907,130 9,269,915 7,589,002 262,351 221,096 0.03 0.21 Total 217 73.336 2,795,685 11,133,194 8,514,622 340,146 151,811 0.03 0.25 Source: BOI.  Table 2.12: Capital Intensity, Capital Productivity and Board of Investments Benefits by Size of Firms, 1977 (Export-oriented. firms) No. Employ- Value Fixed FA for Bene- of ment added assets firms fits FA B VA Size by fixed assets firms (N) (VA) (FA) with B (B) N FA FA (P mln) ---------------- (P'000) _ Export Incentives Act Under 0.5 56 7,261 46,709 11,568 4,893 10,433 2,066 1.00 4.04 0.5 - 0.9 39 3,354 50,652 27,427 14,803 131,199 8,177 4.78 1.85 1.0 - 1.9 44 7,942 96,617 61,980 35,861 15,517 7,804 0.25 1.56 2.0 - 4.9 48 13,825 183,594 160,668 103,325 29,728 11,622 0.19 1.14 5.0 - 9.9 44 29,257 401,903 322,738 177,477 96,597 11,031 0.30 1.24 10.0 - 29.9 38 12,043 349,595 613,305 347,204 25,695 50,926 0.04 0.57 30.0 - 49.9 10 5,205 92,758 427,126 262,667 17,404 86,060 0.04 0.22 50.0 32 42,622 1,142,856 5,814,266 2,934,112 93,733 136,415 0.02 0.20 Total 311 121 509 2,364,684 7,439,078 3,880,342 420,306 61,222 0.56 0.32 Investment Incentives Act Under 0.5 - - - - - - - - 0.5 -0.9 - - - - - - _ _ - 1.0 - 1.9 - - - - - - - - - 2.0 - 4.9 2 61 2,132 8,477 4,554 750 138,967 0.09 0.25 5.0 - 9.9 3 231 8,457 19,130 12,700 558 82,814 0.08 0.44 10.0 - 29.9 - 2,823 37,735 128,311 64,925 5,831 45,308 0.05 0.29 30.0 - 49.9 9 4,851 92,758 377,849 213,390 17,285 77,891 0.05 0.25 50.0 15 27,973 1,654,666 5,433,726 5,153,372 222,464 194,249 0.04 0.30 Total 29 35,939 1,795,748 5,967,493 5,448,941 246,888 166,045 0.04 0.30 Source: BOI.  'Table 2.13: Fixed Capital Per Worker. Capital Productivity and Labor Productivity: Comparison Between Large Manufacturing (i974) -and BO Projects, at 1972 Prices K/N (In '000s of pesos) VA/K VA/N (In 'OOs of pesos) Corres- Annual survey Annual survey Annual survey Board of Investments ponding B01 of establish- BOI of establish- BOI of establish- project [pioneer (P) or ISIC preferred ments (20 or preferred ments (20 or preferred ments (20 or nonpioneer (NP)] number projects more workers) projects more workers) projects more workers) Cotton, (P), nylon yarn & fiber (P), woven fabrics (NP), textile (NP), spun yarn (NP), polypropylene bags (NP) 3211 62.39 9.68 0.08 0.60 9.75 9.76 Leather shioes (NP) 324 16.59 4.38 0.06 0.57 2.64 3.42 Methanol (P), STPP (P), cellophane (P), carbon black (P), guim resin & gum turpentine (P), furfural (P) 3511 180.68 16.20 0.06 0.48 27.85 15.74 Lubricating oil (NP) 353 529.02 347.30 0.07 0.76 118.64 544.03 Synthetic fiber (P), polyester fiber yarn (P), polystyrene resins (P), polyvinyl chloride resins (NP) 35131 122.12 23.81 0.80 0.95 97.80 45.87 Industrial belts (P) 3559 15.34 4.90 0.28 0.72 9.33 5.76 Chemical fertilizer (NP) 35121 187.47 54.98 0.16 0.32 76.69 35.01 Fiberglass wood insulation (P), benefi- clated clay (NP), barite (P), perlite (NP), rock aggregates (NP) 3699 40.37 17.70 0.05 0.28 6.24 10.25 Copper (NP) 372 44.76 8.64 0,10 1 12 15.47 20.60 Glass contatners (NP) 36202 98.17 7.64 0.05 0.80 14.73 12.68 Steelforging (P), alloy steel casings (P), griniding balls (P), nickel steel tubes (P), iron sheets (P), ferro-alloys (NP), iron sand (NP), sintered ironi ore (P) 371 276.67 11.40 0.05 0.57 32.49 14.36  K/N (In '00()s of p.