Jordan - Water Supply and Sewerage : Sector Memorandum

DoCumnent of RETUR 7f - The World Bank REPORTS DS I,jTHPN - -' . - FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY CONFIDENTIAL Report No. 1826-JO FLa CrPv JORDAN WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE SECTOR MEMORANDUM February 22, 1978 Europe, Middle East and North Africa Regional Office This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization. JORDAN WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE SECTOR MEMORANDUM flVfrIflTf¶7 AWTh ",rI,TrA T T"TMe CURREJNCY AD EQ,U.LVAL.L Currency Unit = Jordanian Dinar (JD) JD 1 = US $3.03 US $1 = JD 0.33 WEIGHT AND MEASURES mm = millimeter (1 millimeter - 0.039 inches) cm - centimeter (1 centimeter - 0.39 inches) m - meter (1 meter - 3.28 feet) km - kilometer (1 kilometer - 0.62 miles) ha - hectare (1 hectare - 2.471 acres) km2 - square kilometer (1 km2 - 247.1 acres) m- cubic meter (1 m3 - 264.2 US gallons) m3/sec - cubic meter per second ( 1 m3/second - 22.8 million US gallons per day) lcd - liters per capita per day (1 lcd - 0.26 US gallons per capita per day) mcm - million cubic meters Fiscal Year January 1 - December 31 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY CONFIDENTIAL ABBREVIATION AND ACRONYMS AWSA - Amman Water and Sewerage Authority IDA - International Development Association JVA - Jordan Valley Authority JVC - Jordan Valley Commission MOH - Ministry of Health MRA - Ministry of Rural Affairs MVLF - Municipal and Village Loan Fund NPC - National Planning Commission NRA - Natural Resources Authority USAID - United States Agency for International Development WSC - Water Supply Corporation This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their onicial duties. it contents may not otherwise be disciosed without World Bank authorization. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No. MAIN REPORT SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS ........................... i-iii I. DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY AND ISSUES ....................... 1 Broad National Development Strategy ................... I Sector Strategy for Water Supply ..................... 1 Urban Population Growth ............................... 2 Resource Availability and Allocation .................. 2 1I. SECTUK SLTUATIUN AND UGANLZATIUN ..................... The Aman Area ......................................... 3 The Water Supply Corporation .......................... 4 Manpower and Training ................................. 4 The Jordan Valley Authority ........................... 5 Water Charges ......................................... 6 Municipal and Village Loan Fund ....................... 6 Water Service Levels ............. ......... .......... 6 Water Quality .......................................... 8 Se nSe werage . .... .0.. ... ................ ..... .. ..... .. 8 Amman Sewerage ........................................ 8 Outside Amman ......................................... 8 III. 5-YEAR NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN (1976-80) ............ 9 Projects of Water Supply Corporation .................. 9 Projects of AWSA and JVA .............................. 9 TV. RANK ROTP SECTOR STRATEGY. . . . Future Sector Work ...................................... 12 Amman Area ......... ................. .................... 12 Areas Outside Amma2 12 This memorandum was prepared by V. C. Nwaneri and based on a reconnaissance mission to Amman in August 1977. Table of Contents (continued) ANNEX AND TABLES POPULATiON TAra ble 1: Population- of Jordan by Gorernorate (1961, 1- '0 Tables 2 and 3: Population of Main Urban Centers (1975) WATER RESOURCES Table 4: Analysis of Supply and Demand of Resources to Year 2000 Table 5: Annual Yield of Main Surface Water Sources Table 6: Dams Completed or Under Study QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF SUPPLIES Table 7:- Water Supplies in Towns and Villages (1973) Table 8: WSC Projects in 304 Villages (1976-80) Table 9: Percentage of Water Samples Unsafe (1973-75) Table 10: Projected Water Production and Consumption (1975 & 80) SECTOR PLANNING Table 11: Summary of 5-Year Plan Water Projects of WSC Table 12: Summary of 5-Year Plan Projects of AWSA and Sources of Financing Table- 13: Funding of JVA Projects in the Plan Table 14: Summary of Total 5-Year Plan Water Resource Projects and Sources of Financing Table 15: 5-Year Plan Expenditure on Social Services Table 16: Service Level Prolections (1975-2000) Table 17: Water Charges in Jordan TAblA 18: Reference Documents MAPS 13200 13201 SUMMARY AND RECMMNDATIONS i. This sector memorandum focuses on Jordan's sector development strat- egy and the principal issues raised by it. These include rapid urban popula- tion growth, resource allocation, sector organization and policies, sector planning, and low service levels. Only the situation in the East Bank of the Jordan River is considered. The potable water situation in Amman city is well known through the Bank's operational work, but the situation in the areas outside Amman is not yet well known. Therefore a full sub-sector survey is recommended for FY79 to fill this gap. Most of the present East Bank population of about 2 million live in the urban areas (74%) especially in the Amman region (53%). The country's high natural growth rate (3.2% annually) is aggravated by immigration from the West Bank and the large concentration of refugee camps in most urban centers. Total population in the East Bank could reach 3.6 million by year 2000, and about 85% of these could be urban. ii. The broad strategy aims at achieving better balance in population and economic growth rates between the regions. This strategy is commendable. For the water and sewerage sector, the strategy puts greater emphasis than in the past on services outside the capital city of Amman. Thus, a substantial portion of proposed Five-Year Plan projects are outside the Amman region. It is recommended that the Bank in future should support this strategy. However the achievement of Plan objectives is likely to be constrained by limited resourcs and noor sector nrganizatinn iii. Proper allocation of water resources is a critical issue in Jordan. An analysis of preliminary data on potential water supply and demand up to year 2000 for irr.igation, domesti4_ and industrial consumers shows that potential supply is adequate for projected needs to the end of this century. The pro- ble-M is that-+ of exploitation. Because main resources are located some dis- LL" t.,a. J -tJJJ .LaL L.J. iaa C LLhC.LL L~SU #_~ ~ A~. U %UL1 . L ± tance from major population centers, exploitation and distribution would be increasingly more expensive but `ill need to be done to remedyexsighot .LLL L A U LV IUL W.L.L. U U U LM~ U U L U lf--Uy #_-A.5tii1g bILULL ages in major population centers. For example, the cities of Amman, Zarqa, Lrbid.LU anu Aarqa together accounted for 54% of the 175 estimated popU.LL.LU U East Bank. As shown in Annex Table 4, these are the main shortage areas in the East Bank of the Jorda. Together the two areas account for only qk of the potential supply (1% of,surface and 13% of groundwater resources) against 15% of the country's total demand up to year 2000. Much of the available groundwater in the Amman area is presently being mined. The area will in- creasingly rely on imports from other parts of the country. The city of Irbid, for example, relies on imported water carried by a long pipeline across the North of the country from Azrak. Amman's future development program relies heavily on water from the King Talal dam. To avoid major shortages after 1982, the Jordan Valley Authority (JVA) has agreed to release 15 mcm/year for Amman's needs from the King Talal dam but after 1987 Amman would need another 17.5 mcm/year from the dam. The JVA insists that the later need could not be met because of irrigation needs. These conflicting demands should be resolved to facilitate planning for water supply and irrigation projects in these areas. The government is aware of this problem and is awaiting the - ii - recommndations of two separate but comle Tmentary water etuis being undertaken by West German and British consultants. The German study, which is almost completed, ia water eorce master Iln f-r the whonal of Jordan. It will estimate total resources available and total demand to arrive at total resource balance. The British consultants study to be completed by April 1978 will determined broad intersectoral allocation between irrigation, domestic and industrial uses and recommnd a strategy for future allocation between various uses. Furthermore the government is sponsoring this March a conference on water resource situation and prospects throughout Jordan. The results of the conference and on going studies provide a much clearer picture of resource availability and allocation in Jordan. Any new information arising from these studies will be reviewed during the proposed sub-sector survey. iv. Although the government is studying Jordan's total resource alloca- tion problems, it needs to extend this to potable water management and policies in areas outside Amman. Average water consumption in Jordan is at present among the lowest in the Middle East region while average cost of supplies is likely to be one of the highest in the region because of high cost of long distribution lines. Under these circumstances efficient sector organization, resource management, operation and maintenance of facilities and cost recovery policies are crucial to sector development. At present these requirements are lacking in the areas outside Amman. Sector organization is weak in these areas because responsibility for operation and maintenance still rests with individual municipalities which are grossly short of staff and resources to undertake such responsibility. Most of them keep inadequate records and do not have adequate cost recovery policies or rational progressive tariff struc- ture. The Amman Water and Sewerage Authority (AWSA) which was established in 1973 with assistance from IDA is responsible for the Amman Municipality area and the Water Supply Corporation (WSC) is at present responsible for-bulk water supplies for the rest ofJordan except the Jordan Valley (JVA). Because of its own shortage of staff and administrative problems, the WSC has not yet tnkn over frnm thp Minirinalitien th onnration and maintenance resnonsibili- ties as it was legally authorized to do. The Natural Resources Authority (NRA) ha novll -rsoansibilit y fnr watev*Pr rneisrP sztudieq andi nlanning throughout Jordan. In view of the number of agencies involved in management of potable water supply and sewerage and attendant pbms i c- zation and institutional development, particularly of WSC, the government should urgently review exisbting potable water polceanognitono develop an overall policy and strategy for future planning and operation. To achieve the Government's strategy, it is necessary that IWSC be OLLLLL1n tL undertake its full responsibilities. Recently most of its senior management were removed and their positions have not been LL.LeU WLtL eJe.LLLU OLafL. It is recommended that the Government explore prospects for technical and financial assistance for WSC. Once the WSC is strengthened it will not be necessary to duplicate its technical capabilities in the Municipal and Village Loan Fund (MVLF) and the Ministry of Rural Affairs (MRA). There is a shortage of these capabilities throughout Jordan because of attraction for these skills by the Gulf states. WSC alone should build up these capabilities to avoid duplication of scarce resources. As presently organized, the MVLF is very ill equipped to make any significant impact on water and sewerage sector. The - iii - Government is currently exnloring (with IDA's assitance) alternative ways of reorganizing and strengthening this agency so that it can assist the WSC with its financing of rural and municia1 projects. However, the reorganized MVLF should not build up its own technical capability in the water sector and shnuild cionntineii tn r1l on ann stenhenedpnq 1SC%pe TQr for tehnca41 nes v. Data on service levels outside Am -n are mostly unreliable because of inadequate recording by the Municipalities. Service level data in the villges a nt avilable. 1/ Despite this handi- cap, it is estimated (Table 16) that the proportion of Jordanians (mainly in urban areas) W.LLL houseconnections in their homes could increase from an average of 60% in 1975 to about 66% in 1980, 70% by 1985 and 80% by year 2000. Average water consumption would increase from a present low level of about 30 lcd to about 50 lcd by 1985. Only the cities of Amman, Salt and Aqaba have sewage collection and treatment systems. The Amman and Salt systems are being extended and studies are in progress for the towns of Irbid, Jerash, Aqaba and Zarqa. If these studies result in projects in these towns, the proportion of urban population served by municipal sewerage (mostly in Amman) could increase from about 10% at present to 33% by 1985 and 45% by year 2000. In view of the sewage disposal problems in the major cities, these sewerage projects deserve high priority. vi. The projected increase in water consumption and service levels will reflect Government's allocation of JD 26.6 million for several water projects outside Amman City in the Five-Year Plan (see Tables 11 and 13). Half of this allocation would be spent outside the major urban regions of Amman, Irbid and Zarqa. The implementation of these projects will be constrained by inadequate capability for design, construction, operation and maintenance on the part of WSC and municipal staff. In the previous Fourth Plan actual performance was far below original sector targets. It is therefore unlikely that substantial increase in the present low average water consumption outside Amman would be realized at the end of the current Fifth Plan. vii. IDA's recent involvement in the sector was mainly in Amman City. It is recommended that Bank group strategy for the future should extend IDA's involvement by supporting Government's policy of extending services tn various parts of the country through WSC. It is also recommended that Bank Group assist WSC with itq fItuire inVQ-Tmeant pinogran and enable 4t- f-it to takeve- operation and maintenance responsibility outside Amman. Without such assis- tance. the ahility nf WSC to undertake its respns%ib4414t-yr Till e 4n A-ut Furthermore, the widespread shortage of water and poor sanitation in most parts of jordan'S mr ces hm-vjeO great 4pct- o the urban poor who can not afford expensive water from private vendors or to install cesspools as presently done in most towns In JorAn. I/ The recommended sub-sector survey would explore ways of remedying these gaps. It was not possible to assess the extent of this problem during the August reconnaissance mission which consisted of only a few days dis- cussion in Amman. - iv - vii Co rdnation between ATSA, JVA n TSC sihoul bnc a 7o example, a national training program needs to be implemented to meet the needs of all three organizations. Bank-- group involvement sho-.ul encorag gr coordination between these three entities to ensure efficient planning and utilization of the litd wamte r re So0uLrC e S iUn t uny. This.t imljie t planning for irrigation water should take into account the alternative cost of water for urban areas. Proper coordination between AWSA and JVA would be neces- sary for effective implementation of recommendations of ongoing water alloca- tion studies. I. SECTOR DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY AND ISSUES 1.Joda has an arid climte and a land _rea of about 87,0 00 km_2 of which 81,000 km2 is in the East Bank of the Jordan River. Although the East _ - 1 4_ -- 1, ' 4 J. UI I. r, 4I. *- O 4S J A.~u LLI. AU LLL £-LU~ £LILL Bank populatonr. km2 is about 25, it is concentrated in the AiMman M,:Lunici_,- pality with population density of 5000/km2 in 1975. Broad Development Strategy 2. The recent Five-Year Plan (1976-80) outlines Jordan's broad develop- ment strategy (of which that for water and sewerage is only a part). The thrust of this strategy is to achieve a more balanced urban growth especially in the three regions of Amman, Zarqa and Irbid and accelerate economic growth in all regions. In particular the plan aims at: (a) Extending public services and utilities to all communities in the country through plans and programs based on a rational relationship between economic and regional planning. (b) Balancing the geographic distribution of population to ensure the achievement of strategic and economic objectives. (c) To concentrate on the importance of regional development and overall planning and coordinate urban development projects within cities and other communities so that various regions of the country are linked by a network of essential services. Sector StrateRy for Water Supply 3. In the context of its broad strategy, the Five-Year Plan sets out the following measures for the potable water supply and sewerage: (i) Drill new wells to increase the quantity of drinking water produced to the various regions. (ii) Adopt nrnoressive watpr tariff structure to control consumption. (i44) Exrpnanae networks nancnstrucit new storAgep tankcs in the various governorates. (iv) Undertake sewerage projects to improve facilities in Amman adSlt and sewerage studies in other main cities. It is clear that the Plan puts more emphasis than in the past to areas outside the major urban. centers of Amman, Zarqa and Irbid. This is reflected in in- creased financial allocation to water projects outside Amman-, Zarqa and Irbid (paras 29 and 33). The main constraints to this strategy are discussed in various paragraphs below but can be briefly summarized as urban population growth, location of main water sources away from population centers, inter- sectoral allocation conflcits (e.g. between Amman and JVA), ineffective sector organization and management, absence of effective sector policies (e.g. cost -2- recovery policies hy mtniplnitieq), shortage of trained mannower and lack of data collection geared to improving level of management. Urban Population Growth 4. Precise population data for Jordan is difficult to obtain for -various reasons. u'Lu uI u-.j.z j In- --.J variousCL reaons There has been L. no ofiil enusince 1961 and official estimates for subsequent years are based on various assumptions about annual growth rates (Table 1). The massive inflow of refuges as a result of the 1967, 1973 and the Lebanese conflicts adds further complication to the esti- mation of Jordan's population. Since 1967, there has been considerable migration between Jordan and the Arabian peninsula where employment opportuni- ties are much higher. For these reasons, this report focusses only on the East Bank where estimates are more reliable but are still to be interpreted with caution. 5. As shown in Annex Tables 1, 2 and 16, the East Bank total population grew from 587,000 in 1953 to 901,000 in 1961 and now estimated in 1977 at more than 2 million. The natural growth rate averages 3.2% annually. If On basis of current estimates, the East Bank population would be more than double in the 20 years between 1961-1981 and could reach 3.6 million by year 2000. As a result of high rate of migration to the urban areas, over 74% of Jordan's population is now estimated to live in urban areas (with population above 5,000). It is estimated (Table 16) that this would reach 80% by 1985 and 85% by year 2000. Resource Availability and ALLocarion 8. A satisfactory assessment of potable water situation in Jodan must reflect an overall water resource balance and uses. A major constraint on sector development is water resource availability and distribution. A supply and demand analvsis in Annex Table 4 using available data on water resources in Jordan (Map 13201) shows that the country's potential resources could be AdpmuAta fnr itq prnirted nppdq for irriation- domestic and industrial uses up to the year 2000. The table shows that rainfall in Jordan averages from 50 4myari thekj desert areasa to 600 m/ye1anv 4n the highlnnd areAas. Surfsace water sources in the JVA provide an average annual flow of 645 Mm3 compared to only 13 Mm3 in the heavily populated Amman Zarqa region. Thus exploitation of surface sources for community water supplies has not occurred to any great degree due ~~to the reaieylong distances inole to rec poulte tg Lcu U U LL1 ~.C11-LV=.Ly .LU16 U.LL4LL%;=~ inUvolved Lu LAL jJUJ U.LCLL.V'.%A centers and also because of the sporadic flow patterns of the rivers. Any future exploitation will therefore involve high developmental costs due to large capital investments required for transmission systems and high operating costs inherent in the 600 to 800 m. lifts from source to distribution. Most of Jordan therefore rely on groundwater sources for potable water supply. Even with full development of groundwater, demand will exceed supply. The Five-Year Plan divides the country into fourteen principal water resource 1/ Economic memorandum No. 1738-JO 1977. - 3 - basins. 1/ Five of these basins have or will soon have deficits becausepr jected demand exceeds supply. Of these five, only two - Amman Zarqa and Irbid regions - are cri tical because these contain the buik (o5%) of the country's estimated present population. In the Amman-Zarqa basin, groundwater is the principal source. It comprises upper and lower strata of water. The upper aquifer forms the main source of water for the region and is annually fed from rainfall and surface flows. Both strata are believed to be presently mined. Bacteriological quality is not always good due to aquifer contamination by cesspools but quantity is sufficient to meet the presently restricted demand until approximately 1980. Further studies are being undertaken to fully establish groundwater potential in the upper stratum. It is believed that because much of the groundwater is contained in difficult geological struc- tures, full exploitation would be more difficult and expensive than importing water from sources outside the region. One such source is the King Talal dam originally planned for irrigation by the JVA. In the Amman-Zarqa region, irrigation has lower priority than domestic and industrial use, both of which will absorb all the region's supply by 2000. Most of the region's population now receive piped domestic water from drilled wells within the area supple- mented by imported water from other regions such as'Azraq. The JVA has agreed for Amman's AWSA to draw about 15 mcm/year from the King Talal dam. This is being included in IDA's current project for Amman. It will avoid AWSA's expected shortages after 1982, but after 1987 AWSA will need a further 17.5 mcm/year from the dam. JVA is most relucant to allow this due to its irri- gation requirements. If the proposed Maqarin dam i§ completed, it might be possible to supply AWSA the additional 17.5 mcm/year from the King Talal dam but JVA has doubts about this happening, because of its projected irrigation needs. In order to ensure optimum water resource management and investments early determination of water allocation between Amman city anl JVA from the proposed dams is necessary. The government is currently studying this problem (nara iif abnve) 9. The cityu f TrbiA is Joa third biggest. It lies in a water shortage region and therefore relies on water imported from other regions. The city and 245 other villages an tw are sv byU tIhe Iidi.u pipe line system which runs across most of the norhtern half of Jordan from Azraq, fed by several wells from other regions with as experienced water rationing for some time. Recently the situation has deteriorated significant.Ly. II. SECTOR SITUATION AND ORGANIZATION - --- A - - - dI The Auman area 2i ii. In the Amman Municipality, responsibility for potable water supply and sewerage is vested in the Amman Water and Sewerage Authority (AWSA). This 1/ A study by Mr. W. Barber (see references) in 1975 divides the country into 24 basins. Annex Table 4 combines these basins with those in the Five-Year Plan. 2/ The sector situation in Amman is described in draft Appraisal Report, No. 1817-JO, December 22, 1977 and Report No. 71a-JO, May 1973. -4- Aut ho-t14 wasA 4es talnaiil to4nttin wi 4ih TA thrih Law 19 of 1)73 as "%A LUl.. L wo . - - _ - - - _ _ - _- - - - - ,- - - - * --- - - - an autonomous authority. Its management consists of a Board of Directors with thep Amn Lord Mayor as a chairan responsile to-the P-rme Wniar LLe Water Supply Corporation 12. Re~sponsibili ty for water sUpp.Ly UUOUd CAmLieLwthteZora lh.~ L~p U.±.LLy LL de~ UJJL JL.A~£.LWL .~ .L~~l Of Valley Authority (JVA) for the valley area and the Water Supply Corporation (wSC) for the rest of Jordan. ILeZ Ww estalished in 1973 fot We Supply Department of the Natural Resources Authority (NRA) which still re- tains overall responsibility for water resource studies and planning through- out Jordan. Although WSC serves some areas directly, it is largely an agency supplying bulk water to most of the Municipalities which in turn are responsi- ble for operation and maintenance of their existing systems. (Annex 17 gives the tariffs charged by the WSC in its areas and by the Municipalities.) The WSC has designed and constructed a network of wells and pipelines in the north, central and southern parts of Jordan (see Map IBRD 13200). 13. The WSC is managed by a Board of Directors responsible to the Min- ister of Municipal and Rural Affairs (MRA) and a Director General responsible for its administration. The General Director is assisted by two deputies and three departmental heads for financial, administrative and technical aspects. The technical department is decentralized to three regions, northern, central and southern. Annex Tables 8 and 11 give details of WSC's future projects in its areas and Map IBRD 13200 gives location of its existing wells and pipe- lines. WSC ManDower Needs and Training 14. At nresent, the WSC's organization and senior management is being reorganized, and it is not clear what final organizational structure would evolve. Recently mnt nf its senior management staff were removed and their positions have not been filled with experienced staff. The Corporation will require substantial strengthenng nf irt technical, onerational and admin- istrative staff in order to effectively execute its program. At present, WSC employs about 700 persons, 70 of whom are technicians, the rest are unskilled. The WSC maintains that shortage of skilled staff will constrain the implemen- tation of its projects anA i t o of t oratin a mintenne of facilities in the urban and rural areas of Jordan outside Amman and JVA. This. may well be true but there is inufiin inorato at-. pCeen to evaluate ma eL. J L ~ U.L1 L O L LOLUL..L%.A.LLL. LLLA.%J&LC%. W - - - - the extent of WSC's manpower needs. The full sub-sector survey recommended here (para 37) may establish WSC's claim. The survey will also explore the extent of other constraints in addition to manpower shortage. These include organizational problems (e.g. municipalities still are responsile fUr Upera- tion and maintenance), inadequate policies regarding for example water charges and cost recovery. It is evident that some technical assistance to WSC is needed. The survey will also outline a program for assistance. It is there- fore, recommended that WSC explore sources of technical assistance (including the Bank) to enable it establish the extent and needs for training facilities for its staff. It is necessary that a study of the extent of its training needs be undertaken soon and should reflect its present and future development program. Such training could be undertaken jointly with AWSA and coordinated with other national training programs. it is recommended that AWSA, WSC and JVA explore scope for increased coordination of their training and other activities. The Jordan Valley Authority (JVA) 15. Sector responsibility in the East Jordan Valley Region now rests with the JVA which, until May 1977, used to be the Jordan Valley Commission (JVC). The JVC was established in 1973 to undertake a planned program of rehabilitation and development of East Jordan Valley which suffered most severely from the military events of 1967 and subsequent years. Economic activity in these areas came to a standstill after the war, and there was a lack of basic utilities such as potable water supply. A 1973 socio-economic survey of the area showed that 70% of the families in the area lived in the single bed-room houses, 58% had no separate kitchen and 91% had no bathroom. The Commission was authorized to plan the area's development and establish policies. In 1971 JVC prepared a Seven-Year Plan for the period from 1975- 1982. The ultimate aim of the Seven-Year Plan is to achieve full development of the Valley by the optimal utilization of its resources. This will yield a decent level of income, health and living conditions for its inhabitants. The JVA's Seven-Year Plan will consolidate the existing 60 scattered settlements into 36 by using 31 of the existing ones and establishing 5 new ones. The Bank group is assisting in JVA's development program. However there is at present inSiffiripnt infnrmat-ion to n1valuate t-he prioritv of JVA's water supply investments. This gap should be filled through the proposed sub-sector 16. For the purpose of supyn uffcient and safedikngwtrt all 36 population centers, the Valley has been divided into three regions, each to be supplied with separate water supply network: (i) The North East Ghor Project will serve 10 settlelents in the northern part of the Valley. The system will consist of developed spring suurces, sand filtration, chlorination, storage and distribution. Construction is scheduled to start in mid-1977 and be completed by mid-1978. (ii) The Middle East Ghor Project will serve 18 settlements in the middle part of the Valley and will obtain its water from the Wadi Rajeb well field. The wells have been drilled and the main supply lines to 15 of the 18 settlements have been com- pleted. Work on the main lines to the remaining settlements, plus the storage and distribution system started in October 1976, is scheduled for completion in late 1977. (iii) The South East Ghor project will supply water to 8 settlements in the southern part of the Valley from the Wadi Jaria wells. The construction of this project was divided into two phases. The first phase started recently and is scheduled for comple- tion in late 1977; the second phase will start in 1979 and be completed in 1981. -6- All of these water supply systems are designed for a two-fold increase in the population from 1976 to 1984 and an increase in the average water consumption rate from 10 liters per capita per day in 1975 to 50 by 1985. These will be the first fully pressurized systems in Jordan and therefore the most safe from a halth standpnint. Fnnding for these three domestic water supply projects have been provided within the Seven-Year Plan (Annex Table 13). Water Charges 17. While the progressive tariff system in AWSA is designed to ensure provision of basic services to poor consumers as well as adequate cost recovery in an area where water is expensive to supply (para 8) the tariff system in the rest of the country is har d ly base d On any rati ona poli34cy. Anne- table Lfl f~L J. IAC LU.UL Lb LJL ULy CC U .U Ci) .LL..AL L ;W.J. * _ _ _ _ 17 summarizes the level of tariffs in most parts of Jordan. The charges by WSC relate mainly to its .bulk supplies while those by the municipalities relate to their operation and maintenance services but neither of these charges is designed on the same criteria as those of AWSA. Available tariff data are fragmentary and certainly insufficient 's a basis for firm conclusions. It is therefore recommended that a tariff study for the areas outside Amman be under- taken as part of an overall sub-sector review (para 39). The present tariffs in these areas do not seem to encourage efficient utilization of scarce water resources. 18. The Municipal and Village Loan Fund (MVLF) assists the WSC with financing of small projects in some villages and often lends directly to the municipalities or the village councils. The MVLF has no technical capability to appraise its projects and relies on the WSC and the Water Division of MRA for technical approval of its water and sewage related schemes. The MVLF was established in 1966 under the MRA as a specialiazed credit institution to provide finance for municipal and village projects. The MVLF is a small organization employing about 44 people in 1976. Its overall capital and capability to process projects is so low that it is ill equipped to make more than marginal impact on water project financing and implementation. It should be reorganized so that it can assist WSC in financing its water schemes. How- ever the MVLF should not build up independent technical capability in this sector but would continue to rely on WSC for its technical requirements. The Government is presently exploring (with assistance from IDA) alternative ways to reorganize and strengthen the MVLF to enable it expand its role in financing municipal and rural projects. Water Service Levels 19. Water supply service levels (both present and future) throughout Jordan are difFiCUlt- to- estimate beaue%f the scatteriing of repnsinbflity OVU UaLA L _ - t of~ the - - ttering -_S~ u f~ '- _ for operation and maintenance between AWSA, WSC, JVA and a number of munici- palities and village authorities. Data collectIon by these agencies is inadequate for efficient management of the sector. The recommended sub- sector survey and technical assistance should cover measures to improve data collection at the central level. Even if data on house-connections from these authorities are available centrally, it would still be UiffiUCl to assess potential demand because of the wide spread shortage of water, severe rationing and inaccurate metering throughout Jordan. For these reasons, -7- the estimates of present and future service levels given in Annex Table 16 and summarized below are to be interpreted with caution. 20. According to these estimates for 1975, the East Bank population was nearly 2 million and about 1.4 million of them lived in urban areas (5-000 or more population). About 60% of the urban population had house-connections for water and only 10% for sewerage (mainly in Amman). Rv the end of the irrpnt Five-Year Plan in 1980, the total population could increase to 2.3 million, 77% of whom would be living in the urban areas. Tf the projects in the Plan for water and sewerage are successfully completed in full about 66% of the urban population could be served with water through house-connections and 25% connected to municipal sewerage. If this trend of improvements is maintained, about 70% of the 1985 urban population and 80% of the urban population by year 2000 can be expected to be served water through house-connections (Annex Table 16). If current sewerage StUdies for Irbid, Zarqa and Jerash lead to pro- * ~ &JL JU.Lu "LL%JC CULIU J_JLCLOL1 L=CLU LU FJLUJ- ects, urban population connected to municipal sewerage could rise to 45% by year 2000, although about 90% of residents in A111HUmmn. cuUlU be connecLeU Lo sewerage by 2000. It is unlikely that the above targets will be fully achieved in the current Plan. Performance in the previous Fourth Plan for the sector was far below original targets. Efforts to achieve the targets set in the Fifth Plan will be constrained by existing problems in WSC which is respon- sible for implementing most of the projects outside Amman. Immediate priority should therefore be given to reorganizing the sector (shifting responsibility for operation and maintenance from municipalities to the WSC), strengthening WSC and developing adequate sector policies for both water and sewerage. These are the first steps towards successful implementation and operation of projects in the plan. 21. These measures are urgently required to bring services to levels comparable to other countries in the region. Average water consumption in Jordan is among the lowest in the Middle East region. Table 10 in Annex gives estimates of water produced and estimates of average consumption in Amman, Jordan Valley and the rest of Jordan in 1975 and 1980. Average consumption is estimated at 29 lcd in 1975 rising to about 38 lcd by 1980. This is very low compared to Syria for example where average per capita water consumption in the urban areas is estimated at 123 lcd in 1975 rising to 200 lcd by the year 2000. 22. For most of the urban areas existing water supply systems are not capable of meeting the demand. Development involves costly transmission of water over long distances and unfavorable topography. In 1973, (according to a survey by the Ministry of Interior on basic social services in the rural areas of Jordan), access to water was limited (see Annex table 7). It shows that annroximately half of the tnwn and vi1l1qc. (91 out of 79)} din nt- have access to piped water. In 372 communities, water was distributed to homes, (there were 31 villages without distribution to homes). 23. In th1,e 3172) villa ge s with- a distribution system the supysi- sufficient to meet the demand, and most often water is purchased from either public or private tanker truck by those who can afford the high cost charged by private water vendors. These tankers purchase and haul water from various sources, and water hauling is a major business in Jordan. -8- Water quality 24. In most narts of Jordan, physical and chemical quality of drinking water is generally acceptable. However, due to poor bacteriological quality water borne diseases in- Jordan are common. Studies by MOH for the 1973-75 period indicate very poor bacteriological water quality and that the extent of chlorinationis qestionable (Annex table 9). Also low pressure in the distribution systems and the contamination of the aquifer from cesspools lead to bad water quality in the system (para 28). Rehabilitation of water distribution systems and study of sewerage needs are therefore needed. Sewerage 25. The Government's present strategy puts priority for sewerage in the major cities of Amman, Zarqa, irbid and Salt. The priority for Amman is fully justified. 1/ For the other towns the priority should be fully evaluated through the recommended sub-sector review of the existing situation in these towns. Only the cities of Amman, Aqaba and Salt have at present community type sewage collection, treatment and disposal systems. There is no effective central authority responsible for sewerage on the same scale as the WSC for water. Except in Amman, responsibility rests with the municipalities and MRA. In its review of sector organization and policies as recommended (para 39) the Government should explore alternative organizational arrangements for sewerage. A National Water and Sewerage Board was proposed in a 1973 legislation but no action has so far been taken. Amman Sewerage 26. AWSA is responsible for the Amman sewerage which was constructed with IDA assistance. The existing Amman sewerage system consists of appro- ximately 220 km of mains and laterals serving about 11,000 premises. All sewage from the Aman Municipality is conveyed by gravity to a secondary treatment plant which is designed for a population of 300,000 persons. 27. AWSA has drawn up a Master Plan for water supply and sewerage for Amman for the period from 1976 to 2005. Under this Plan (part of which will be financed by IDA and USAID), the collection system will be improved and expanded through the installation of about 210 km of mains, house-connections and two lift stations. Total sewage flow by 1981 will be increased. Beyond 1981, additional 400 km mains and a pimp station are planned. 1 Autsi de- Aman 2n. The sa collection system 'For Salt, unlike the Amman system, is 1-0±L1 LL s wa e oA.~'L=%.A.WLL .7 -9 - old, and in need of renovation. The Salt system and the construction of new collection and treatment.systems for Z71,arq-a and Jeas a e d k under MRA during the current Five-Year Plan. Irbid sewerage is being studied 1/ For more details on Amman Sewerage see draft Appraisal Report No. 1817a- JO, December 22, 1977 and Report No. 71a-JO, May 1973. -9- at present. Most of Jordan relies on cesspools which are emptied occasionally by municipal and private waste pumper trucks. In Irbid, Jerash and Zarqa, the overflowing cesspools do not get emptied for several weeks causing a great deal of nuisance and polluting the aquifer. Some houses have three cesspools that are most often overflowing because of the shortage of tankers to empty them. It appears therefore that sewerage studies in these cities have high priority. The Aqaba system serves mainly the port, hotels and new residential parts of the town. Current plans are to replace the treatment plant and expand the rest of the system.- III. FIVE-YEAR NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN (1976-80) Proiect of Water Siupplvy Corporation 29. Within the context of the current Fifth Plan strategy outlined Section I of this memorandum, water and sewerage projects amounting to JD 65.12 mIlli (U$19 miin/ wer p for the WLeUL= LLULLL LU U e LP LLLteU under WSC, AWSA and JVA. The distribution of these expenditures is summarized in the table below (fpara 33)N and in_ more detail in Anex Tbe 1t 4 o the overall water resources sector (i.e. including irrigation), the Plan ori- ginally pLUposd JD 97.4 million (US$295 million) as shown in Annex Table 14. If the JVA and AWSA projects are added, this amount rises to JD 137.5 million (US$416.7 million) It is difficult to evaluate the WSC projects proposed in the Plan on the basis of only the final published Plan documents without studying the extent of project preparation undertaken by the WSC before the publication of the Plan. Similarly it would be difficult to predict WSC's achievement by the end of the Plan without thorough appraisal of progress made so far by WSC and works to be completed. These assessments should be made through the recommended sub-sector survey. Although firm conclusions are difficult to make with existing incomplete information, it can be speculated that WSC is unlikely to fully implement all its projects in the current Plan. Its performance in the previous Fourth Plan was much below its original targets. The current Plan will be constrained by WSC's present administrative problems (e.g. the recent removal of most of its senior management), its shortage of skilled staff, inadequate financial policies and the fact that municipalities still operate-and maintain most of the facilities. These municipalities do not have the staff required to undertake their tasks effi- ciently and their financial policies especially with regard to water charges are unsatisfactory (para 17). The extent of these problems as well as WSC's own financial and charging policies can be determined during the recommended sub-sector survey. Projects of AWSA and JVA 30. The investment program of AWSA is being evaluated as part of the proposed IDA project for Amman's water and sewerage. It is estimated that AWSA's water and sewerage investment program for 1978 to 1981 would cost about JD 36.8 million (TTS112 million). The high cost of supplying water to Amman is reflected in the estimated JD 18.4 million (US$56 million) to be spent over the 1978-1981 period the trnanmissonlinetobring water to Amman from the - 10 - King Talal dam. These investments are necessary to avoid constant threat of epidemics of water borne diseases due to unsanitary conditions. As shown in Table 12, substantial foreign assistance the Saudi Fund, USAID and IDA are necessary to realize AWSA's investment program. 31. The JVA was allocated a total of JD 3.3 million to be spent on water projects during the Plan period, most of which (JD 2.1 million) would be spent in 1977 and 1978. About 61% of the total allocation would be on projects in the South Ghor area, 21% in the North and 18% in the Central Ghor areas (see Annex Table 13 and para 15 above). 32. The major sewerage project in the Plan is the Amman sewerage now estimated to cost over JD 9.8 million. The MRA will undertake sewerage studies for which JD 80,000 was allocated for Irbid, Zarqa and Jerash. 33. The Plan proposals for the sector is summarized in the following table: Summary of Proposed 5-Year P.ln ExpeniureI WaterL SJuppIcly S ge Total! -----------(JD Millions)--------- Area: Amman /1 27.05 9.80 36.83 Jordan Valley 3.30 - 3.30 Governorates: Amman/Balqa 2.10 1.60 3.70 Irbid 7.40 - 7.40 Karak/Ma*'an 13.79 - 13.79 Irbid, Zerqa, Jerash (Studies) - 0.08 0.08 Total 53.64 11.48 65.12 /1 The -rrxied -atimatn for AWRA are usd -instead of original Plan esti- mates. These revised estimates however relate to the period 1978-1981 (see Tablel 12). IV. BANK GROUP STRATEGY 34. IDA's past involvement in JUorda'S water a nd werage inCudes (a) Credit 18-JO (US$1.5 million) in 1961. The major objectives of this Credit was to finance the foreign exchange cost of Amman's first water supply project and to develop the Amman - 11 - Municipal Water Department into an efficient organization. The latter objective was not fully achieved. (b) A second IDA Credit 43-JO (US$2.5 million) was extended to the Government in 1963 to finance the development of water supplies in other urban centers in Jordan (Jerusalem, Azraq, Irbid and Zarqa). (c) A third IDA Credit (385-JO) was made in FY1973 for USS8.7 million aimed at extending water and sewerage services in Amman, reducing water losses, and above all developing AWSA as a viable semi-autonomous entity. This last objective has hen fully achieved. (a) The Bank reiewedawater resources a hydroge o-- loical study for the Amman area which started in 1976 and is being finalized. Al_.. TOO1. r%J- - - - - 21 4 C_ -e fo rt 7TNAp l 3IUAu US$1 .U mllin is proposed for th Lfut IDAftWa war upp.LY and sewerage project which is scheduled for Board presentation in March 1978. The aim of this project is to assist AWSA' s expansion and rehabilitation of its facilities. The project has a training component aimed at strengthening AWSA's staff. Continuing budgetary constraints limit the investments which can be made by Government and.so bilateral assistance will continue to be heavily relied upon to meet the financial demands generated by the water supply and sewerage projects. In addition to USAID assistance, the United Kingdom, Federal Republic of Germany, Iran and Arab Fund have assisted in ongoing water supply and sanitation programs. 36. For its future strategy in the sector, it is recommended that the Bank Group support the Government's sector strategy aimed at improving basic services in the other urban centers of Jordan (para 3). To achieve this aim, WSC must be strengthened to overcome its present organizational, administra- tive and manpower problems. A training program for WSC should be coordinated with AWSA's training program (para 35). Without strong external support through projects and technical assistance, the ability of WSC to completely take'over responsibility for water supply outside Amman and JVA would be questionable. Support for WSC has the additional merit that WSC would be able to provide technical support to MRA and MVLF, thereby avoiding duplicat- ing technical capabilities in both the MRA and MVLF in their provision of services in both urban and rural areas. The widespread shortage of water supply and poor sanitation situation in most of Jordan's major urban centers (para 28) have greater impact on the urban poor who cannot afford private cesspools or expensive water vendors. Increased support for WSC is therefore in line with the Bank's increasing concern over urban poverty. A package of water and sewarage prolects of the tvne undertaken in Amman would nrovide a suitable vehicle for strengthening WSC. Such a project could be based on a nmhinntion of thns included in the Five-Year Plan (Annex table 11). - 12 - Nuture Sector IVIOrk JI. In various paragraphs of the memorandum, the gapS i knowledge of the sector have been emphasized and the means proposed for closing these gaps are as follows. Amman Area 38. Through its operation in Aman (para 34), the Bank group hlas aLtherU considerable information on the sector situation in the Amman area. This sub- sector is now well organized. A study of its water resource situation (para 34d) led to the conclusion that the future demands of Amman cannot be met from its existing underground sources. The main thrust of current studies is to explore alternative sources of supplying the area including Azraq ground- water sources and proposed King Talal, Upper Wala and Maqarim dams. No sector work by the Bank is required in the Amman area but the Government should study existing conflicts in resource allocation between Amman and other regions, particularly, the irrigation needs in the JVA. Early resolution of these con- flicts is vital to future planning of both irrigation and potable water in the area. Areas Outside Amman 39. The Bank's present sector knowledge of the areas outside Amman is inadequate and needs to be improved. A sub-sector survey is therefore recom- mended to be undertaken in FY79 to fill this gap in our knowledge. On the part of the Government, a review of its policy towards potable water sub-sector in iirant1v reanired. Such a review should focus on such policies as water charges, finances, manpower development and organizational arrangements. The im nf t-h Goernmnt's rp-vipV should he to develon snecific nolicies and guidelines for future sector planning and operation in the context of its overall strategy (paras 2and 3). The Government shoild consider engaging independent consultants to assist it in this task. It is proposed that the Ban' groupassist h4e- Governmt in4 ths a-eview. The pnronPe siih-Prtnr survey would identify the areas to be covered in the Government's review. At present the Government hasn consultants to study water availablity and uses (para iii). The results of these studies will also be reviewed during the proposed sub-sector survey. It should address the following specific problems: (a) WSC's existing situation and its future direction including its organization, finances, water charges, manpower development, investment program, project preparation capability and scope of technical assistance it would need. (b) Organization of sewerage and policies for sewerage development, financing and charges. (c) A coordinated program by MRA or NRA for studying the water resource situation outside the Amman region. The Fifth Plan - I -13 - indicated that studies are going on in some basins (see Annex Table 4) but its information is insufficient to assess the quality of these studies. 40. A Conference to discuss the water resource situation in Jordan is planned to take place in Amman March 1978. It is expected to provide a clearer picture of what is known in the water resource area and to present the results of current studies by West German and British consultants on Jordan Water Master Plan and intersectoral water resource allocation respec- tively. It is proposed to review any new information arising from this conference during the proposed sub-sector survey. -2- TABLE 2 POPULATION OF MAJOR EAST BANK TOWNS IN 1975 Town Nuniber(000) % of Total East Bank Amman 626 32.1 Zarqa 245 12.5 Irbid and Barqa 128 6.6 Ramtha 24 1.2 Salt 27 1.4 Aqaba 16 0.8 Mafraq 15 0.8 Karak 12 0.6 Ma'an 12 0.6 Tafila il 0.6 Jerash 10 0.5 Towns over 10,000 1126 57.7 Source: See Reference Documents Table 18 No.4haied on Department of Statistics, Agricultural Quick Count, April and May 1975. -3- TABLE 3 POPULATION CENTERS IN EAST BAI (1975) Urban__ Rral % of, Total of Total Governorate _- _Number(000) East Bank Number(000) East Bank Amman 1006.6 51.6 92.4 4.7 Balqa 82.7 4.2 47.3 2.4 Irbid 305.4 -15.7 258.6 13.3 Karak 34.3 1.8 73.7 3.8 Ma'an 29.0 1.5 22.0 1.1 Total 1458.0 74.7 494.0 25.3 Source: Mission estimates based on Tables 1 and 2. V/Towns 5,000 or inore. -4- WATER RESOIRCES JORDAN i>sply and Deman4 to 2000 ( IYear) TABLE 4 A-a -Croass Balance(B) ar Rainfall Groundwater Potential Irrigation sDmestic Industry Dømand Surplus(S) Statue of Bas_ (zm) _ Surfaee Source# Sources Supply 1975 1980 20,00 (755. 2 (5 80, 2000) (75. 0, 20D) Defi.cit(D) Studies 1. Namad hass than 50 NSI NS NS None 1 1 2 uS 1 1 2 D Progressing 2. Azrak 50 - 200 15 20 35 2 2 2 NS NS 2 2 2 Cood 3. Wadi 100 - 200 NS 11 11 15 12 2 2 2 8 uS 17 14 10 D Very Good IDhuleil 4. Auman and 250 - 650 13 40 53 6 5 1 31 51 116 5 6 10 42 62 127 D Cood Zarka 5. Irbid 150 - 250 NS 7 7 2 2 3 4 9 27 NS 6 11 30 D Progressing 6. Salt 150 - 650 25 NS 25 NS 2 2 5 NS 2 2 5 S Nore Needed 7. JVA 100 - 400 645 160 805 :215 370 560 1 4 9 NS 216 374 569 S Progressing 8. Nujib 100 - 350 164 45 209 5 5 5 2 3 6 NS 7 8 IL 5 Good 9. liasa 100 - 300 30 10 40, NS 1 1 2 4 8 10 5 9 12 S Good 10. Shubak 50 - 350 55 15 70 1 5 7 1 2 3 NS 2 7 10 5 Very Good 11-12. Aqaba 50 - 100 67 50 117 15 20 80 15 18 25 1 3 -7 31 51 112 S Nedium 13. Jafr Less than 50 NS 6 6 3 4 6 NS 2 6 10 5 10 16 D Nedifu 14. Desert 50 - 150 uS NS NS NS i 1 2 2 6 10 3 7 12 IS Not vell known Total 1014 364 1378 264, 435. 666 61, 94. 205 14, 29, 47 339, 558, 918 S (4)+(5) as % of Total 1 13 4 3, 2, 1 57. 64, 70 36, 21. 21 14, 13, 17 Source: Nissian eatimates based on Pive-Year Plan (1976-80) and "An Outline for Vater Planning in Jordan" by V. Barber, Auguat 1975; ses map for basins. I/NS a Not Significant -5- TABLE 5 ANNUAL YIELD OF MAIN SURFACE WATER RESOURCES (MCM) Average Minimum Maximum Jordan Valley 635 312 1,190 Yarmouk River 438 240 870 Zerka River 85 29 148 Wadi Arab 35 14 42 Wadi Ziglab 13 7 16 Wadi Jurum 13 9 15 Wade Yabes 6 1 11 Wadi Kufranjah 12 2 25 Wadi Rajeb 4 1 8 Wadi Shueib 11 4 20 Wadi Kafrain 12 3 26 Wadi Husban 6 2 9 Dead Sea Basin 194 - - Wa-di Mujeb and Tributaries 114 - - Wadi Karak 5 2.5 7.5 Wadi Hasa 30 2 127 Zarka - Ma'in 20 15 25 Wadi Wala 25 2 52 -6- TAB LE 5 (cont.) Wadi Araba Region 21 14 Wadi E'isal 1 2 Wadi Fainan 6 3 ? Wadi Khashaban 10 T ? Wadi Feifa 4 3 5 Grand Total 850 Source: NPC's Five-Year Plan (1976-80). -7- TABLE 6 DhAMS, rOMPIT.EM (YR TTT)F.R STTIMY No. Dam Location Specifications Remarks STORAGE DAMIS COMIPLETED OR UNDER IMPLEMENTATION 1. Sama Sudud Mafraq a) Height 3.8 m. Utilized for irrigation. b) Length 120 m. c) Capacity 1,75 MCM 2. Ghathir Ahyad Mafraq a) 11 m. Utilized for irrigation. b) 200 m. c) 750,000 CM 3. Bovayda Mafraq a) 9.5 m. Utilized for irrigation. b) 65 m. c) 750,000 CM 4. Al-Lahafi Dhuleil a) 8 m. Utilitzed for rccharging b) 160 m. underground water and partially c) 750,000 CM for irrigation. 5. Ziglab (Shurahbil) Wadi Ziglab a) 48 m. Utilized for irrigation. b) 475 m. c) 4.3 MCM 6. Shua'ib Wadi Shua'ib a) 30 m. Utilized for irrigation. b) 760 m. c) 2.5 MCM TABLE 6 (cont'd) No. Dams Location Specifications Remarks 7. Kufrain Wadi Kufrain a) 30 m. Utilized for irrigation. b) 500 m. c) 4.3 MCM 8. Qatraneh Qatraneh a) 12 m. For recharging underground b) 260 m. water, for watering sheep c) 4.5 MCM and for irri- gation. 9. Sultani Sultani/ a) 8 m. For recharging Karak underground Governorate b) oo m. water, for watering sheep c) 1.25 MCM and for irri- gation. 10. King Talal Zerka River a) Height 92.5 m. Utilized for potable water b) Length 390 m. (Amman) and (Crest) irrigation c) Capacity 50 Mm3 Source: NPC's Five-Year Plan (1976-80). -9- TABLE 7 DISTRIBUTION OF DOMESTIC WATER SUPPLY IN TOWNS AND VILLAGES ACCORDING TO GOVERNORATE (1973) Amman** Irbid Balga Kark Total Villaaes with Dist. to hoises 87 178 972 dist. to houses 31 villages withn no ±peu water supply 131 13 h9 32 45 391 Total Villages and Towns 228 318 65 110 73 794 Total Populations 388,000 580,000 139,000 114,ooo 55,000 1,276.bo0 Source: Jordan Three-Year Plan 1973-1976, National Planning Council. **Excluding Municipality of Amman. -10- TABLE 8 WSC PROJECTS IN TARGET AREAS DURING THE FIFTH PLAN Villages Length Benefitin U PopL- of Water Name of the From the Estimated Cost tion (in Pipes in Present Project Project (JD Th1ousands)I ThLousands) KM St atus 1. Northern Desert Area 17 543 25 71 Being designed 2. Bani-Hassan Area 25 439 40 24 3. Expanding in- ternal Water Under con- Networks/Irbid 183 1000 n.a. oo construction 4. Jerash Area 3 208 n.a. 8 Being designed 5. Al-Yazidia Water Project 8 206 10 29 n.a. 6. Wadi- Alseir Tillages- 9 166 n.a. 26 Being designed- 7. Abu-Allusun Water Project 5 160 11 50 n.a. 8. Karak and Under con- Networks 21 150 n.a. 40 struction NjL/Tafila .Basin aUtuer Under con- Project 33 661 n.a. 90 struction 304 3533 n.a. 738 Source:.Five-Year Plan and NPC Working Papers Vol_II. -11- TABLE 9 PERCENTAGE OF WATER SAMPLES - UNSAFE* Jordan 1973 - 1975 Community Amman Irbid Karak Ma'an Madaba Salt Rusaifa Zarga Year 1973 8 39 53 34 27 31 20 24 1974 13 20 62 18 29.5 38 16 32 1975 9 17 35 13 13 4o 27 21 *Bacteriological Pollution in the Drinking-Water of Jordan, by Asem Shehabi,Ph.D., Ministry of Health, Jordan. -12- TABLE 10 WATER SUPPLY, JORDAN 1975 and 1980 1975 198c) Water Pumped Con.Rate - -W ater Pumped Con.Rate Area PopuLation MCM (1/c/d) Population (MCM) (1/e/d) Ammanl/ 652,000 17.6 402 780,000 20.0 48-. Jordan Valley 70,000 0.3 10 120,000 3.5 50 Bal. of JordanL/ 1,178,000 8.3 20 1,415,000 18.7 30 Total 1,900,000 26.2 28 2,450,000 42.2 38 Source: See References 4 and 5 !/Includes only original estimates for water supply improvements by AWSA and excludes King Talal Project. These figures are now revised upwards by AWSA - see para 33. 2/This represents a 54% loss due to leakage and other operational problems. I/This represents a 48% loss. L/Served by WSC covering about 773 Municipalities and Villages (322 in Irbid, 250 in Amman and Balqa and 201 in Karak and Ma'an). WSC supplied a total of 6.7 M.C.M. in 1973 and 7.5 M.C.M. in 197 for these areas. -13- TABLE 11 SUMMARY OF WATER SUPPLY PROJECTS BY WSCI/ 1 1977 1910 19(9 1980 Total a. Irbid Governorate 1) Za'atari/Haufa 1,300 300 - - - 1,600 2) Northern Badia 454 89 - - - 5143 3) Bani Hassan 100 339 - - - 439 4) Utilizing New Sumaya Wells 167 182 - - - 39 5) Yarmouk/Irbid 70 1,An 1,000 1,000 - 3,250 6) Expandin Watepr Distribution Net- works and Construe- tion at Reservoirs -200 200 200 200 200 1,000 7) Water Supply to Jerash Area - 33 175 - - 208 Total 2,291 2,323 1,375 1,200 200 7,389 b. Amman/Balga Governorate 8) Eira and Yarka 200 59 - - - 259 9) Yazidieh 125 81 - - - 206 10) Qastal and Suwaqa New Wells 120 90 - 100 500 810 11) Wa.ter Sumpplv +.o Hashimiyeh Villages 102 18 - - - 120 12) Water Supply to Wadi Sir Villages - - 116 50 - 166 1) Expanding water is- tribution Network and construction of Reservoirs 100 100 100 100 100 500 Total 647 348 216 250 6oo 2,061 -14- TABLE 11 (cont'd.) 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 Total c. Karak and Ma'an Gover- norate 14. Quweira Wells 130 120- 15) Abu Lassan Wells - - - 50 110 160 16) Expanding Water Distribution Networks and Construction of Reservoirs 150 150 150 150 150 750 17) Qa'Disi/Aqaba 4,200 5,910 1,000 - - 11,110 18) Qa' Ma'an and Najel/Tafileh 600 61 - - - 661 19) Well Drilling 300 140 180 120 120 860 Total 8,318 9,052 2,921 1,770 1,180 23,241 SOURCES OF FINANCING WATER SUPPLY PROJECTS OF WSC (JD 000) 1976 197 1978 1979 1980 Total General Budget 2,718 3,772 1,121 970 680 9,261 Foreign Loans 5,600 5,280 1,800 800 500 13,980 Total 8-,18 95052 2,921 1,770 1,180 23,241 Source: Five-Year Plan (17Details on these projects are given on pp. 271-289 of the Plan. -15.- TABLE 12 SUMMARY OF AMMAN WATER AND SEWERAGE AUTHORITY PROJECTS (JD 000) Total Proj ect 1976 L977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1978-81 Water 945 548 1,205 3,580 1,342 100 6,227 Sewerage 556 553 3,241 4,791 1,557 200 9,789 King Talal Transmission - - 1,577 7,248 T,658 1,957 18,440 Interest Capitalized - - 58 381 822 1,117 2,378 Total Project Constructi.on Cost 1,501 1,101 6,081 16,000 11,379 .3,374 36,834 Source of Funds IDA Credits 526 433 705 3,455 460 - 4,620 Other Fcreign Loans.l/ - - 2,958 7,281 8,622 3,147 22,008 Government Contribution 1,356 1,190 1,007 2,306 2,622 665 6,60o AWSA's Internal Cash Generation -381 -522 1,411 2,958 -325 -438 3,606 Total 1,501 1,101 6,o81 16,000 11,379 3,374 36,834 Source: Staff Appraisal Report - Amman Wa-Uer Supply and Sewerage Project III - February 1978. 1/These Loans from Saudi Fund and USAID will be made to the Governinent which will relend to AWSA for a period of 25 years, including 4 years grace at interest rate of 6% a year. TABLE 13 FUNDING LEVELS FOR THE JORDAN VALLEY WATER SUPPLY PROJECTS* (JD 000) 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 Total North - 4oo 300 - - - - 700 Middle - 200 400 - - - - 600 South 200 800 - 300 400 300 - 2000 Total 200 1400 700 300 400 300 - 3300 *SummAry-Jordan Valley Development Plan, 1975-1982, Jordan Valley Commission, May 1976. -17- TABLE 14 SUMMARY OF WATER RESOURCE PROJECTS (JD 000) 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 Total a) Water Resources 445 532 435 316 257 1,985 b) Irrigation 9,180 6,230 8,730 19,500 28,500 72,140 c) Domestic Waterl/ 8,318 9,052 2,921 1,TT0 1,180 23,24L Total 17,943 15,814 12,086 21,586 29,937 97,366 Sources of' Funds: General Budget 5,573 5,989 3,209 4,456 7,517 26,74 Loans 12,250 9,710 8,830 17,100 22,4o 70.295 Assistance 120 110 47 30 20 327 Source: Five.-Yea:r Plan 1976-80 l/Excludes AWSA and JVA. Both of which are given in Tables 12 and 13. -18- TABLE 15 DISTRIBUTION OF PLANNED INVESTMENT ON BASIC SOCIAL SERVICES OVER THE FIVE-YEAR PLAN (JD thousands) Percen- Sector 1976 1977 1978 1979 I8 Total t Electricity 10,920 12,230 9,370 6,700 3,615 42,835 21.9 Drinking Water. 8,318 9,052 2,921 1,770 1,180 23,241 11.9 Housing and Government Building 15.550 16,928 18,040 17,770 17,750 86,038 43.9 Ministry of Education 1,970 3,530 3,804 3.046 2,568 14,918 7.6 Higher Education 3,103 3,661 3,359 3,559 3,142 16,824 8.6 Youth Welfare 550 325 775 500 200 2,850 1.5 Health 792 1,401 1,995 2,392 2,462 9,042 4.6 Total 41,203 47,627 40,264 35,737 30,917 195,748 100 Percentage 21.0 214.3 20.6 18.3 15.8 100 Source: NPC's Five-Year Plan (1976-80) 1/1Excluding AWSA and JVA. TABmr-16 SERICE LEVL PRJCIOS(ASTBAK 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Total population (millions)!/. 1.9 2.3 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.6 Urban population2/(millions). 1.4 1.8 2.2 2.5 2.8 3.1 Urban population % of total popula- tion. 74 77 80 82 84 -85. Urban population with house- connection for water (millions).V 0.8 1.9 1.6 1.9 2.2 2.5 % of urban population served by house-connection. 60 66 71 75 78 80 % of urban population served With1, se=W 10 2V 33 40 42 45 % of Amman population with sewerage. 22 56 72 82 85 90 $ f othe r u,rban out4s-ide A-man WiULI seerage 1 1 Average water consunption (lcd) 29 380 6 70 80 Source:. Mission estimates based on: ='Annex Page 1 'Annex pages 2 to 3 1-'Annex Pages 9, 12 -;Main text paragraphs 25 to 28 TABLE 17 WATER SUPPLY CORPORATION Water Charges to Consumers (fils/m3)1/ Mafraq 125 Irbi` 125 J. r U-. Huson 110 Madaba 125 Karak 125 Ma'an 125 Aqaba 50 Bulk Supplies Individual Consumer Villages Azrak 105 60 Tannour 105 75 South of Amman 125 85 H.4 - 110 Wadi La.les 50 50 Yajous 70 70 Ziban - 75 Ghwier 105 75 Yafila 105 45 Nijel 90 75 Qaa Ma'an 45 Ata'teh 45 Quzroh -45 Municipalities Charges to Customers Amman?J 0 - 4o m3 60 fils/m3 41 - 100 m3 125 fils/m3 Balance 160 fils/m3 Salt 1 - 10 m3 50 fils/m3 3 11 - 20 m 40 fils/m 20 - 30 m3 60 fils/m3 Balance 100 fils/mi3 1/These are areas where WSC has taken over operation and maintenance of facilities. 2/These charges were revised in January 1978. -21- TABLE 17 (contld.) WATER CHARGES (cont'd.) Municipalities Charges to Customers Karak 100 fils/m3 Aqaba 50 fils/m3 Ma'-n 50 o ils Sweileh 90 fils/m3 Zerqa 175il/ Mafrag 110 fils/m3 lrtia 110 fils/m3 Irbid 110 fils/m3 -22- TABLE 18 REFERENCE DOCUMENTS 1. "Five-Year Plan for Economic and Social Development 1976-80" (by National Planning Council-Jordan). 2. General Report of the Jordan Development Conference held in Amman May 31 - June 2, 1976, Vol. III Working Papers (by National Planning Council). 3. Statistical Year Book 1975 (by Department of Statistics - Amman). 4. National Health Planning in Jordan - Phase Two (by Westinghouse Health Systems for USAID - February 1977). 5. Annrniqn1 nf Amman Water and Sewraae II - May 1973 - IBRD No. 71a-JO. A. "An Mitlini fnr Wner Planninc in Tordan" bv W.Barber. August 1975. IBRD 13200 380 INOVEMBER 19-7 To Nazareth ¯North Shr TDamscusD S Y R I A To HT NabkTubars ToorGaza q ElArran To Gaza ehem Suwe asr e Khrn SAUD Tor alm e Neo a Wate Supl.Cror A'>~,eIhIe eIr, >d Eb Ha _ Oa'l el Jin SAUD JORDAN /1 YVV/IEIR SUPPLY ANU ZSEWERAGE TefilehSECTOR MEMORANDUM /x ~!IJor~, ____Water Supply Corporation, PIPE LINES Sheaubak WELLS POOLS NATIONAL HIGHWAYS SE-COND CLASS ROADS Petra--- -- ---- 0T11HER ROAD. El Jair O ---RAILWAYS -fWADIS MUDF LATS AND WADI BEDS RIVERS AND DAMS - - INTERNATIONAL ROUNDARIg. 30Rse 31 - Q MEDITERRANEAK r' \SEA { bAS SRA 1 o 0 3P 4,1 so so 0 KILOMETERS 0 10 20 3 40 I> MILES Ca.Irooenani REPUB.L 3 I OF EGYP RE,DSEA IBRD 13201 azarh S Y R I A S AAUSD V WATElSUPPLANY ANADISE 7cD 320 3201 l ATIONA HAMAD - 'b/- - MDLSADA'B SAUDI A. \. AADIlA EASTERN DESERT 0~ 0 R D A N .\EA IRA tIASAWATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE 11_H, SECTOR MEMORANDUM tjA [ -_ 12 1 %.7 roundwater ^reas en. Les Wulm Aqababa 000 2 0 40 5 0 7 LOE S -1 NWATERAREAS MI ' ILESSUD RA -~ JFER_______ NATIONAL HIGHWAYS - ~ , '5.SECONDCI-ASS ROADS - RA WAYS .~/  \JMK'AN WARIVOS DFLATS AND WADI B EDS 1-NTERNATIONAL OUNDARIES syn, .' I'----~ .--'---.- .MED~TRRANEAN RD AQABA i S ä -iii-~j ~- ODAN K i0 2 L OME 4 R 60 , 0 40 0 30 401 MILES &.f AUDI ARIA 1 OF EGJYPT ~ E