Philippines - Educational Radio Technical Assistance Project

Document of FILE COPY The World Bank FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Report No. P-22 50-Pl REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT TO THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS ON A PROPOSED LOAN TO THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES FOR A EDUCATIONAL RADIO TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE PROJECT March 8, 1978 This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization.  CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS January 1978 Currency unit = Peso (P) US$1.00 = Pesos (P) 7.4 P 1.00 - US$0.135 ABBREVIATIONS DEC - Department of Education and Culture ECO - Educational Communication Office EDPITAF - Education Development Project Implementing Task Force NEDA - National Economic Development Authority PTCRD - Philippine Training Center for Rural Development FISCAL YEAR January 1 to December 31  FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY PHILIPPINES EDUCATIONAL RADIO TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE PROJECT Loan and Project Summary Borrower: Republic of the Philippines Amount: $2.0 million equivalent Terms: Repayable in 10 years, including 4 1/2 years of grace, at an interest rate of 7.45% per annum. The loan would be refinanced under any later loan or credit the Bank Group might make for mass media education. Project Description: The proposed loan would help finance a pilot project for devel- oping and evaluating the cost effectiveness of educational radio in two areas: (a) in-service teacher training, and (b) primary classroom teaching. The project would develop radio programs in these two areas and would have them trans- mitted and evaluated in two provinces (Pangasinan and Leyte) over a period of three years. The project also provides for related studies and for preparation of a possible future project. The pilot project would establish a basis for possible nationwide implementation of educational radio as a means to improve educational quality, a priority require- ment of the Philippine education system. The project is being financed on a pilot basis initially because of the need to determine the receptivity of both students and teachers to this form of instruction before the Government undertakes a major investment in this area. Estimated Costs: Local Foreign Total ----- (US$ million) ------- Equipment .10 .69 .79 Program materials .11 .37 .48 Technical assistance .52 .54 1.06 Administration .76 - .76 Sub-total 1.49 1.60 3.04 Contingencies .37 .40 .77 Total 1.86 2.00 3.86 Financing Plan: Local Foreign Total ------ (US$ million) ------- Bank - 2.00 2.00 Government 1.86 - 1.86 Total 1.86 2.00 3.86 This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization.  Estimated Bank fiscal year Disbursements: 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 -------- (US$ million) ---------- Annual - .6 .7 .5 .2 Cumulative - .6 1.3 1.8 2.0 Rates of Return: Not applicable Appraisal Report: None Consultants: 9 man-years to assist the Education Communication Office in implementing the project.  REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION OF THE PRESIDENT TO THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS ON A PROPOSED LOAN TO THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES FOR A EDUCATIONAL RADIO TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE PILOT PROJECT 1. I submit the following report and recommendation on a proposed loan to the Republic of the Philippines for the equivalent of $2.0 million to help finance an Educational Radio Technical Assistance Pilot Project. The loan would have a term of 10 years, including 4 years of grace, with interest at 7.45% per annum. The loan would subsequently be refinanced under any later loan or credit the Bank Group might make for mass media education. PART I - THE ECONOMY /1 2. An economic mission visited the Philippines in July/August 1977 and its report, "The Philippines: Country Economic Memorandum" (No. 1765-PH of October.26, 1977), was distributed to the Executive Directors under Secretary's Memorandum PHL77-2 on October 27, 1977. A basic economic report, entitled "The Philippines: Priorities and Prospects for Development" (SecM/76/366)2was distributed to the ExecutiLve Directors on May 18, 1976. Macroeconomic Performance 3. During the 1960s, the Philippine economy grew in real terms at an annual rate of about 5 1/2%. However, the rate of growth was less than what might have been achieved if its considerable natural and human resources had been utilized more effEectively. The benefits of growth were also distri- buted relatively unevenly. The growth of productive employment opportunities failed to keep pace with the growth of the population and labor force. Low levels of taxation resulted in inadequate public expenditure for necessary infrastructure and social services. Poor export performance combined with a failure to reduce the import dependence of domestic industry resulted in a chronic weakness of the balance of payments. 4. The growth of t'he Philippine economy accelerated slightly to an annual rate of 6% during 1970-75. Fluctuations, however, were significant. In the period 1970-72, when the effects of a balance of payments stabilization program initiated in 1970 were being felt, the economy grew less rapidly at 5% per year; exports and imports of goods and services were roughly equal; and the shares of public and private fixed investment in GNP were stable. /1 This part of the Report is the same as the Second National Irrigation System Improvement Project (See M/R78-31), which was considered by the Executive Directors on February 28, 1978.  - 2 - Economic performance was exceptional in 1973 when real GNP grew by almost 10% and the current account registered a substantial surplus as sharply higher prices for traditional export commodities stimulated demand and agricultural production rebounded strongly from the natural disasters of the previous year. The export-led income boom of 1973 was followed b) an investment boom. The resulting high investment rate together with favorable sugar prices temporarily sheltered the economy from the impact of the oil price increase in late 1973 and the following world recession, and real GNP growth was sustained at 6% in 1974-75. However, the collapse of sugar prices in late 1975, following earlier declines in the prices of other major export commodities, changed the external situation dramatically. The terms of trade dropped by 23% in 1975, and the current account recorded a deficit equal to 6% of GNP. 5. In 1976-77, the economy, led by exports and construction, has continued to grow at 6% per year. Exports (GNFS) increased by 19% in real terms in 1976 and are estimated to have risen by 11% in 1977. Uniortunately until 1977 the stimulus of the expansion in export volume was largely offset by further deterioration in the terms of trade. Inflation, which reached a peak of 40% in 1974 as a result of externally generated pressure on domestic prices, has slowed to an average of about 7% because of the deceleration in international inflation and a conservative monetary-fiscal policy. Investment and Savings 6. Due largely to the buoyant export performance in 1973 and the subsequent increase in incomes, investment boomed in 1974-75. Private investment rose from 14% of GNP in the early 1970s to 20% in 1975. Public investment was raised from 2% to 4% of GNP with the growth in revenue from international trade taxes, improvements in tax administration, and improved project implementation capacity. Subsequently, public investment has been raised further to an estimated level of 6 1/2% of GNP in 1977. The private investment rate, on the other hand, has fallen somewhat to an estimated 18% of GNP but still is well over the 14% average of the early 1970s. hlowever, the high incremental capital-output ratio, the relatively modest growth of manufacturing output and employment, and the structural underutilization of capacity in some industries, suggest that the efficiency of investment needs to be improved. 7. Aggregate savings performance has improved during the last decade and is comparable to that of other countries at a similar stage ofi economic development. In 1976-77, gross domestic savings maintained the level of 25% of GNP achieved in 1975 and financed about 80% of total investment, with the balance coming from foreign savings. In order to increase the efiiciency of financial markets in intermediating between savers and investors, the Govern- ment has made significant improvements in financial policy. Organized banking institutions have been strengthened. Interest rates were restructured in 1976 to encourage a greater flow of financial savings into time and savings deposits relative to short-term deposit substitutes, but further reforms are required to increase the availability of long-term domestic currency resources. Special credit programs have been adopted to expand lending to the credit-short agri- cultural sector and rural areas and to serve the needs of medium- and small-  - 3 - scale industries. However, a deterioration of loan recovery rates has been experienced by all governmient financial institutions and credit programs, creating a difficult policy dilemma. On the one hand, the programs have become costly means of achieving their ojectives, and the growth of arrears reduces the overall efficiency of resource mobilization and allocation. On the other hand, the programs do redress imbalances in the availability of credit so that arrears have to be reduced without closing necessary credit channels. Government Expenditures and Revenues 8. Public expenditures and revenues have historically claimed a much smaller share of national resources in the Philippines than in many other developing countries. In the early 1970s, general government expenditure averaged only 12% of GNP, public investment was strikingly low at about 2% of GNP, and tax revenues stood at 11% of GNP. Government expenditures were dominated by general administration and social services, particularly education. This situation had resulted from a variety of factors including difficulties in raising tax revenue and weak implementation capacity in the public sector. Since the early 1970s, the Government has taken steps to correct the situation and raise both the overall level of expenditures and the share going to economiLc services and public investment. By 1977 govern- ment expenditures had reached an estimated 18% of GNP and public investment, which has risen very rapidly in the last two years, equaled about 6-1/2% of GNP. 9. Recognizing that a large increase in tax revenues would be required to finance expansion of the public investment program, the Government has undertaken a comprehensive program of tax reform to raise the needed revenues equitably and efficiently. In the short term, needed revenues were raised through revision in indirect taxes. In the long term, structural changes are to be made to raise the built-in elasticity of the tax system, to reduce distor- tions in economic incentives and dependence on cyclically volatile taxes on international trade, and to improve equity by increasing the proportion of revenues coming from direct taxes. The Government has increased the ratio of domestic taxes to GNP by <an impressive 1.5 percentage points between 1975 and 1977 through new tax measures and vigorous efforts to improve taxpayer compli- ance and collection performance. However, much of the success in mobilizing revenue from domestic sources had been offset by a sharp decline in the yield of export taxes and import duties due to cyclical fluctuations. Total tax revenues, which had been raised from 11% of GNP to 13.6% by 1975, rose to only an estimated 14.1% in 1977. Greater resource mobilization by government corporations, whose investment programs have grown rapidly, is also needed. Agriculture 10. Despite fairly good soils and a relatively literate rural population, agricultural yields in the Philippines are among the lowest in Asia. Possible reasons for this paradox are the low quantity and quality of irrigation facili- ties and high vulnerability to weather risks; land tenure patterns; and weak agricultural credit extension and other supporting services. Agricultural production has, nevertheless, grown at an average rate of 4.4% per year in  - 4 - the 1970s. The performance of the sector was strong in 1976 and ]977, as production increased by 7% and the country was able to provide for rice and corn consumption solely from domestic production. The Philippines has been virtually self-sufficient in rice for the past three years. If this trend continues, prospects for sustained self-sufficiency in this main staple of the country appear to be good. The Government continues to give the highest priority to agricultural development and has initiated a number of programs designed to increase the use of fertilizer, credit and irrigation. It has also greatly expanded programs to improve living conditions in rural areas, including rural electrification, health and family planning, and rural roads. 11. For historical reasons, land ownership in the Philippines is inequitably distributed. The land transfer program, which has been in opera- tion for five years, proceeded quite rapidly when larger landholdings in the rice and corn areas covered by the program were the focus of concentration, but progress has been slower recently because of the greater difficulties inherent in dealing with a large number of medium-sized, often middle-class, landowners. As of June 1977, an estimated 120,000 tenants, or 30% of the total tenants under the program, had received Certificates of Land Transfer which established their claim to the land. Despite the difficulties in the process of implementation, the transfer program remains an important part of the Government's rural development strategy. Industry 12. During the 1960s, Philippine industrialization was promoted by tariff protection and subsidized finance, and consequently industrial growth was primarily in the area of import-substitution with a high capital intensity. Performance was disappointing with respect to employment and exports. In the early 1970s the Government floated the exchange rate and introduced policy changes to reduce tariffs and realign industrial incentives. Further efforts to reduce biases in favor of import substitution and capital intensity are needed to sustain a higher level of industrial growth, which has averaged around 8% during the 1970s. Due to the slow growth in national income and demand, because of the decline in the terms of trade in the last two years, manufacturing output has also grown slowly. On the other hand, industries producing nontraditional exports have expanded rapidly as their exports increased almost fivefold in the four-year period 1973-76. The construction industry has also grown rapidly as the expansion of relatively construction- intensive public investment and large tourism investment in the Manila area raised construction expenditure from 6% of GNP in the early 1970s to 12% in 1976. Employment, Incomes and Population 13. Employment increased by about 4.6% annually during 1973-76, a considerable improvement over the historical growth rate of 2.4%, and was able to keep pace with the rapid growth of the labor force. Particularly noteworthy was the growth of employment in manufacturing, which essentially stagnated during 1970-74, but grew by 8% annually during 1975/76, resulting in part from the growth of labor-intensive production for export. However, because manufacturing's share of total employment is small, agriculture and services continue to function as residual sources of employment and accounted for most of the growth in total employment.  - 5 - 14. Preliminary survey data show that the share of income received by the poorest 40% of familLes, which remained constant during the 1961-71 period, increased from 12% in 1971 to 15% in 1975. The income share of the top 20% of families remaLned about the same as in 1971, while that of middle income families declined somewhat. Due to the improvement in agriculture's terms of trade, the growth of agricultural production, the decline in urban real wages following the devaluation in 1970, and the stagnation of industrial employment until 1975, the ratio of the average rural income to the average urban income rose from 48% in 1971 to 57% in 1975. Real per capita consumption increased by about 2% anaually in 1971-75. Hence, after allowance for price increases, real incomes in rural areas, where most of the poor live, have probably increased somew]hat, while real urban incomes have remained about the same. 15. The population is estimated at 43.3 million in 1976 and is currently growing at 2.7% as compared to a 3.0% growth rate during the 1960s. The Philippines has an active family planning program registering approximately 650,000 new acceptors per year. Although the number of new acceptors has reached a plateau as the program faces the increasingly difficult problem of reaching rural areas, the estimated proportion of married women of reproductive age practicing family planning increased from 20% in 1974 to 25% in 1977. Development Strategy 16. The Government's objectives and policies for the period 1978-82 have recently been set out in a five-year plan, which calls for an accelerating economic growth first to 7% and then to 8%. The development strategy focuses on an expansion of more productive employment opportunities at a rate of 3.6% per annum, reduction of income disparities, greater self-sufficiency in food and energy, strengthening of the balance of payments and increased development in rural areas. In addition, the plan includes strategies for development in each of the country's thirteen regions. In general, the strategies outlined in the plan represent an elaboration of the policy directions pursued by the Government in recent years. They are also broadly consistent with the Bank's basic economic report although investment, manufacturing output, and exports are projected to grow more rapidly than visualized two years ago. It should be feasible to accelerate the overall growth rate to 7% as the terms of trade stabilize, but more rapid expansion of manufacturing is necetssary to do so, and efforts need to focus on improving the efficiency of investment. External Sector 17. Largely as the result of a 23% decline in the terms of trade, the current account of the P'hilippine balance of payments recorded a deficit of $900 million, or 6% of GNP, in 1975. To maintain the momentum of growth and investment, the Government drew down its international reserves, obtained loans under various ItF facilities, and expanded its borrowing program to finance necessary imports. For the longer term, a strategy was adopted of accelerating export growth both to hold the current account deficit about constant, while it declined relative to GNP, and to meet the debt service payments on the higher level of external borrowing.  - 6 - 18. Some progress in this direction was made in the last two years. In 1976, in spite of a further 11% deterioration in the terms of trade, a substantial increase in export volume and slow growth of import payments narrowed the trade deficit and partly offset the higher net interest payments. Although somewhat larger than in 1975, the current account deficit stabilized at $1.1 billion or 6% of GNP. Net capital inflows were nearly doubled to $1.1 billion. Most of the inflow was from medium- and long-term loans, two thirds of which were public loans reflecting, in part, increased disbursements from official sources. Estimates for 1977 show a further substantial expan- sion in export volume which, with little expected change in the terms of trade, import volume, services or transfers, would reduce the current account deficit to 4% of GNP. Hence, on the whole, the balance of payments position has strengthened significantly. 19. To achieve a 7% growth rate in real GNP, as projected for the period 1978-82, imports will have to grow faster than they have recently and a net capital inflow of at least $1 billion per year will be required. Assuming continued sound debt management and the maintenance of a balanced maturity structure of foreign borrowings, the overall level of external debt of the Philippines is expected to remain within reasonable limits. The ratio of debt service payments to exports and nonfactor services would average about 19%, of which 7% would be public debt service, during the rest of this decade. In order to ensure that the long-term capital transfer is commensurate with the level of development expenditures which will be required during 1978-82 and that debt service obligations remain within reasonable limits, the Govern- ment sought commitments of official assistance of $750-800 million in 1978 at the meeting of the Consultative Group for the Philippines held in Tokyo on December 1 and 2, 1977. This amount is likely to be available. Many of the planned projects have a low foreign exchange component. In these circumstances it is necessary to finance some local costs, in appropriate cases, so that the Philippines external financing requirements could be met. PART II - WORLD BANK OPERATIONS IN THE PHILIPPINES /1 20. By February 28, 1978, the Philippines had received 50 Bank loans (of which two were on Third Window terms) and three IDA credits for a total of $1,362.7 million, net of cancellations. About one-third of Bank lending ($465.4 million) has been for infrastructure projects in power, transporta- tion, and water supply and another third ($428.4 million) has been for agriculture. Of the remainder, $278.4 million has been for industry and $125.6 million has been for social sector projects in education, population and urban development. There has been a marked improvement in the execution of Bank-financed projects in the last four years compared with experience in the 1960s, when there were serious problems caused by a shortage of peso counterpart funds and poor administration. All ongoing projects are now being implemented reasonably well. Annex II contains a summary statement of Bank loans, IDA credits and IFC investments as of December 31,1977, and notes on the execution of ongoing projects. /1 Same as that of President's Report on the Second National Irrigation Systems Project (SecM/R78-31) which was approved by the Executive Directors on February 28, 1978.  - 7 - 21. The Bank's lending program has been designed to continue to support the Philippine development effort with its emphasis on agriculture and infra- structure and its growing attention to the needs of lower income groups. More than 40% of Bank lending planned for the next few years would be for agricul- ture and rural development projects and about a quarter would be for needed basic infrastructure projects, mainly in the fields of transportation and power. The amount of lending for social sector projects, including education, popula- tion and urban development, is expected to continue to grow rapidly and account for more than 15% of future lending. The balance of future lending would be for industrial development, where growing attention is being given to the needs of small and medium industries with high employment potential. The rapid growth in public revenues during the past five years has allowed for a significant expansion in public investment, and both the ambitious Philippine development program and the Bank's growing lending program have been designed to meet the country's substantial future needs. In view of the per capita income of the Philippines, its level of external debt, and the generally good management of the economy, a limited amount of IDA financing will be proposed in the Bank Group's overall lending to the Philippines. 22. This is the fourth loan to be presented to the Executive Directors in FY78. Loans for rural infrastructure, rural electrification, a multipurpose irrigation and power project, and two for industrial finance projects are expected to be ready for consideration by the Executive Directors within the next few months. 23. As of December 31, 1977, IFC had made commitments in the Philippines totalling $86.3 million for investment in 16 projects in the fields of develop- ment banking, power, telecommunications, ceramic tiles, petroleum products, nickel mining and refining, chemicals and synthetic fibres and edible oils. Of these investments, $35.7 million had been sold, cancelled and repaid, leaving a net portfolio of $50.6 million, including $5.0 million undisbursed. 24. At present the share of the Bank Group in the Philippines' total external debt disbursed and outstanding is about 11% and its share in debt service is about 5%. These ratios are expected to increase to around 19% and 8%, respectively, by the end of the present decade. PART III - THE EDUCATION SECTOR 25. The Philippine education system is characterized by high enrollment ratios at all levels. The formal school system accomplished universal primary enrollments more than a decade ago. Adult literacy is now around 90%, among the highest in Asia. It has also achieved secondary enrollment ratios above 60% and tertiary ratios around 20% of the relevant age group. More than half of the secondary students and nearly all (90%) tertiary students are in private institutions. Enrollments of females equal or surpass those of males at all levels. Student:teacher ratios are generally good. Nonformal education and training have also reached impressive propor- tions, with around two million persons receiving instruction annually.  26. These quantitative indices of performance, however, give a somewhat misleading impression of the achievement of the education system. The duration of primary and secondary schooling is 2-3 years shorter than in most countries and repetition inflates the enrollments. The overriding problem in the system is the poor quality of schooling. Graduates from all levels tend to be poorly prepared. Other major issues concern equity and internal efficiency. The greater part of educational resources is concentrated in urban areas and two fifths of education expenditure go for students who repeat or drop out. 27. Education Structure and Administration. The education system as a whole has been carefully scrutinized on numerous occasions in recent decades. The last major review was the "Presidential Commission to Survey Philippine Education" of 1970 which in turn led to the Education Development Decree of 1972. This decree provided for a structure composed of a six-year primary level, a four-year secondary level, and a four-year tertiary level. The formulation of educational policy lies with the National Board of Education, chaired by the Secretary of Education and Culture. Administrative responsi- bility for public schools, as well as supervision of private schools, rests with the Department of Education and Culture (DEC). Following recommendations of the Presidential Commission, the DEC was reorganized in 1975 with the establishment of three bureaus organized by level of education (primary, secondary, and higher). Each of the DEC's 12 regional offices deals with all levels of education. The establishment of regional bureaus, accompanied by a decentralization of authority as planned, should speed up decision-making on local matters. 28. Educational Financing. Planning and budgeting for the education system is a widely shared activity, directed by the DEC, but heavily influ- enced by the National Economic Development Authority (NEDA) and the Budget Commission as well as by local authorities and the actions of private schools. Total expenditure, public and private, on all formal education and training amounted to 3.2% of GNP in 1975; about two-thirds of this was public expendi- ture. While nominal public outlays on education have more than doubled in the last decade, overall real expenditure is no higher and real outlay per student is about two thirds of what it was a decade ago. Partly as a result of the rapid increase in total government budget and partly because of restrictions on teacher salaries, education's share of public recurrent expenditure is about 15%, about half of the share devoted to education 10 years ago. Over 90% of public operating expenditures go for personnel costs. Primary level schooling is financed almost exclusively by the national government. About half of public secondary costs are covered by local government and the other half by private tuition fees; fees finance virtually all of private secondary schooling and 95% of post secondary education. Consequences of this financing pattern are substantial variations in the quality of instruction according to the ownership of the school and the income of the locality and social inequities in terms of the access to higher education. 29. Primary Education (Gr. 1-6, ages 7-12). At the elementary level, the enrollment ratio continues to be over 100% due to repeaters along with underage and overage students. Some 40% of entering students are overage and repetition is common in the later grades. Dropouts are still over 10% annually, although automatic promotion introduced in 1972 is spreading gradually. A  - 9 - recent study found that about three fourths of the students who enroll in Grade 1 reach Grade 4 but less than 60% reach to Grade 6. Almost all students (95%) are enrolled in public institutions. Pupil:teacher ratios are about 32:1. Some 98% of public school teachers are fully certified and 78% of these hold four-year bachelor degrees in education. Teacher turnover is only 5% per annum. The pupil:classroom ratio is 40:1 and physical facilities are generally adequate in quality. The curriculum is heavily weighted toward language arts; this accounts for half the study time in the first two grades and a third in the remaining four. About four fifths of completing students have been continuing at secondary level. 30. A basic problem in primary education has been the low quality of instruction, particularly in rural areas. The Presidential Commission (para. 27) observed that the curriculum is crowded with factual subject matter and textbooks are in short supply (an average of I book per 10 students), learning by rote is universal, and standardized achievement testing is rare. Although the majority of teachers are college graduates, the quality of preservice training has been weak. Mathematics teachers, for example, receive only six units of preparation in the subject. Some in-service teacher training pro- grams exist, but they are costly, limited to the summer term and the program content tends to become diffused as it passes from the national to local level. Only 40% of primary teachers surveyed in 1976 had received any in- service training. Student achievement averaged only 50% of the expected standard items tested in a recent sample survey; the poorest overall perfor- mances were in reading, ]Languages and mathematics. Substantial variations in achievement were found between urban and rural areas, with test scores ranging from an average of 30% in rural areas to 70% in Manila. Ways need to be found to improve edlucational quality and remove the disparities between urban and rural areas. 31. Secondary Education (Gr. 7-10, ages 13-16). The four year secondary cycle is given through four types of schools: general (90% of enrollments), vocational (6%), barrio and special science high schools (4%). The voca- tional schools have programs in trade, agriculture and fisheries but, along with the general schools, are being converted into a comprehensive secondary system combining both general and vocational training. Just over half of all secondary enrollments are in private schools. Secondary school attendance has climbed sharply in recent years (more than 10% annually) and the enroll- ment ratio for the 13-16 age group reached 62% in 1976, but with substantial variations between urban and rural areas. Enrollment ratios are only half as high in Western Mindanao as in Southern Tagalog in Luzon. Pupil:teacher ratios are 36:1 and about 95% of all teachers are college graduates in educa- tion. Teacher turnover is negligible. The dropout rate for studends is however high, with dropouts approximating 12% annually. About three quarters of those who graduate have been continuing their education. 32. At the secondary level, the quality of education is even less satisfactory. Studies of graduating students found weaknesses in all the basip skills - language, mathematics and science. Books and supplies are no more plentiful than at primary level. This is mainly a consequence of the very uneven quality of private secondary schools, which accounts for more than half the students, and inadequate Government support for public secondary schools. Expenditures per student, low in comparison to other Asian countries, vary widely reflecting wide variations in secondary school quality.  - 10 - 33. Higher Education. Higher education includes 2-3 year nondegree programs and 4-5 year bachelor degree programs. The participation rate for all higher education is now an extraordinarily high 21% of the relevant age group. More than half (56%) of the students are women. Private schools continue to account for nine tenths of the enrollment. In spite of the large number of institutions (659), metropolitan Manila has approximately one half of all higher education students. A few institutions, particularly in Manila, have good facilities and well-qualified staff. The more typical situation is one of high pupil:teacher ratios, overworked and underqualified staff and poor facilities. Fewer than 5% of all private institutions are accredited and most private schools are open to anyone able to pay. The low revenue per student only barely supports the relatively inexpensive courses of study in commerce and arts and is inadequate to provide quality instruction in science and technology. 34. Nonformal Education. The formal school system is complemented by a loosely integrated but widespread system of nonformal education. Though diffuse, the main activities relate to support for basic education, skill training, and agricultural extension. The DEC in 1975 reached over one million persons with various forms of adult education and literacy training programs. Middle level skill training in technical skills is moderate in scale (30,000 participants in 1976), but is increasing as a result of the expanding program of the National Manpower and Youth Council. Such skill training tends to be highly concentrated in urban areas. Nonformal agricultural training is largely in the form of extension although recently farmer training centers have demonstrated their effectiveness in providing short courses on modern rice technology. 35. Languages. There are eight dominant local languages spoken in the Philippines by about 86% of the people, and some 80 dialects spoken by the remainder. The language closest to a national language is Pilipino (Tagalog) which is understood by about 60% of the population. English is the most important non-local language, known by about half of the population and is the chief language of government, business and industry, mass media and universities. 36. In 1974 the Government announced a new bilingual policy which made English the medium of instruction for all science and mathematics courses and Pilipino for all other subjects. The auxiliary use of local dialects is still permitted in Grades I and 2. The implementation of the new language policy is to be phased over an eight-year period and to be completed by 1982. Its implementation, however, poses difficulties for those sections of the popula- tion that speak little Pilipino at present. For those people, it will be necessary to accompany introduction of the bilingual education policy with intensive language training in Pilipino. 37. Mass Media. Media coverage is more limited than might be expected. Despite igh literacy levels, the 60 Philippine newspapers and periodicals reach only about a quarter of the adult population. The circulation of other printed educational material is but a fraction of this. In the case of broadcast communications, Metropolitan Manila has 47 radio and 5 television stations. Formal educational broadcasting, supporting training provided by  - 11 - schools is undertaken by one television and 23 radio stations. Nonformal education broadcasts are made by more than 200 stations. It is estimated that about 20% of all broadcast time is alloted to broadly educational subjects. Nonetheless, geographic coverage is limited and many rural areas have no radio coverage at all, much less television. The isolated valleys and coasts of the 7,100 Philippine islands are barely touched by existing educational mass media programs. Evaluation of some direct primary school instruction via radio in the early 1970s showed that the programs were educationally successful. However, due to limited coverage, unsystematic use, and inadequate programming capacity, the DEC discontinued formal educa- tional radio broadcasts in 1975, pending comprehensive reassessment of the role of educational radio. The presently limited coverage of educational broadcasting represents a constraint on the Government's ability to reach some five million out-of-school youths and to improve the quality of both formal and nonformal education in rural areas. 38. Educational Sector Plans and Programs. Following the recommendations of the Presidential Commission, a "Ten Year Educational Development Program" was adopted in 1972. Th,e program aims at: (a) administration improvement; (b) expansion and improvement of technical and agricultural training, both formal and nonformal; (c) reorientation and improvement of secondary schooling; and (d) quality improvement through curricula development, textbook production, improved in-service teacher training and quality control in higher education. An important aspect of the 1972 reform program was the creation of a special fund (E 50 million annually during 1973-83) for education projects. This fund is administered by the Educational Development Projects Implementing Task Force (EDPITAF) under the Office of the Secretary of Education and Culture. The Government has succeeded in establishing EDPITAF as a strong agency, capable of implementing the Government's education reform projects. Since its creation, EDPITAF has been the executing agency for all Bank Group education projects. 39. Bank Education Lending Program. The World Bank Group has made four loans/credits totaling $69 million to support educational development in the Philippines. One project has been completed. The principal focus of this lending program has been to support quality improvements in higher agricul- tural education to provide the trained manpower necessary for increasing agricultural production. Loan 393, Credit 349 and Loan 1374 (in 1964, 1973 and 1977, respectively) provide about $35 million (50% of the total outlays for education projects) for improvements at the central University of the Philippines at Los Banos and key regional agricultural institutions. A second objective has been to effect quality improvement in basic education with a view to improving the basic skills of the population and equalizing educational opportunities throughout the country. Cr. 349 and Ln. 1224-T (1973 and 1976) support curriculum and staff development centers and the development, production and delivery of textbooks at primary and secondary levels. Thus far, quality improvements in basic education account for about 40% of the allocation of education project funds. A third objective has been funding for expansion of vocational/technical facilities to meet manpower requirements in industry. This has absorbed about 10% of education project funds.  - 12 - 40. The performance audit report of the First Education Project (Sec. M-75-516, July 30, 1975) reported that a more integrated layout of buildings would have been less costly and would have allowed greater effi- ciency in the future growth of the University. The audit report also referred to the proliferation of agricultural education in the Philippines which led to excessive expenditure on a large number of institutions of inadequate quality. These comments were specifically taken into account in the physical and institutional design of the Fourth Education Project. Implementation of the three subsequent projects has been satisfactory, and EDPITAF, the project implementing agency, has become a highly effective institution which is doing an excellent job in planning and executing Bank Group financed projects. 41. As part of its strategy of improving and equalizing the quality of basic education throughout the Philippines, EDPITAF, with the assistance of UNESCO and foreign and local consultants, carried out under the Third Education Project, a preinvestment study of the possible role of mass media in Philippine education. The study, which was completed in June 1977, recommended the establishment of a nationwide network for educational radio to serve two purposes: quality improvement in basic education and educational support for rural development. After carefully reviewing the report, the Government decided that the natural phasing of a national program would be a first phase pilot program in a limited area which could provide the empirical basis for deciding whether to undertake the larger investment which would be necessary to provide a nationwide program of educational broadcasting. The proposed project, which focuses on the use of mass media, particularly radio, would support the improvements of in-service teacher training and direct classroom instruction in two provinces. Since UNDP funds allocated to the Philippines are fully committed for other purposes and no other external grant funds were available, the Government requested the Bank Group to finance the proposed project which would provide the technical assistance and experience necessary to support the possible future development of a larger mass media education program in the Philippines. PART IV - THE PROJECT Background 42. The project was appraised in September 1977. Negotiations were held in Washington in February 1978; the leader of the negotiating team was His Excellency Eduardo Romualdez, the Philippine Ambassador to the United States. As is normal for technical assistance projects, there is no separate appraisal report for this project. Annex III of this report provides supplementary project data. Project Description and Objectives 43. The proposed four-year pilot project seeks to develop the use of communication technology to improve educational quality in the Philippines. The central purpose is to develop and evaluate the cost-effectiveness of two approaches for improving primary education. The first approach is indirect,  - 13 - using radio for in-service teacher training, with the expectation that addi- tional teacher training will improve the quality of instruction received by primary school students. The second approach would broadcast radio lessons directly to students as a component of their classroom activities. Since improvement in language training is one of the central objectives of the mass media program, the proposed project would focus on Pangasinan on the island of Luzon, and on Leyte in the Visayas, both predominantly rural provinces where Pilipino is not the major language, Only 55% of the population in Pangasinan and about 28% in Leyte speak Pilipino. In addition, recent studies have shown that students from Leyte have very low achievement performances. 44. The pilot project has three subsidiary purposes: (a) the use of radio for rural education would be explored by examining its use as a comple- ment to the activities of the rural and farmer training centers being financed under Ln. 1374-PH; (b) the! project would include funds to continue the evalua- tion of communications technology appropriate to the Philippines; and (c) prep- aration of a possible second phase project. In-Service Teacher Trainira 45. This component of the project, a program to facilitate mass training of teachers, stems from the need to provide continuous training of teachers on key subjects within a short period of time (para. 30). The effect of this training on student performance could then be assessed. Instruction would be given via open radio broadcasts supplemented by printed materials and periodic meetings. The proposed training program would provide semester-length courses for primary school teachers in five basic subjects - Pilipino, English, social studies, mathematics and science. The courses would be designed to upgrade teacher mastery of subject: matter and teaching skills and to create a favorable attitude towards educatiotnal changes being introduced. These distance study courses would involve daily radio lessons (80 programs, 30 minutes each). The first course (Pilipino) would be broadcast in the second semester of the 1978-79 school year (July--March). Subsequently revised broadcasts would reach a larger audience over expanded geographical areas; concomitantly, courses would be developed in the other subject areas. A total of 12,600 primary school teachers would be reached during implementation; about two thirds would be in Pangasinan province and the remainder in Leyte province. Teachers would receive either in-service or academic credit for the courses, depending on the nature of the requirements they fulfill. Radio-Assisted Instruction in Primary Schools 46. This component of the project would employ radio for direct class- room instruction as another means to minimize urban/rural differences in the quality of primary instruction. The pilot project would provide primary school pupils with daily 30-minute radio classroom lessons in Pilipino. Pilipino is chosen as the subject area because of its importance to achieve- ment in over half the school subjects and the prevailing low level of achieve- ment in communication skills in Pilipino. During the first school year (1978-79) of the project the radio-assisted teaching series would be developed for Grade 4 students and field-tested in a small number of classrooms. Grade 4  - 14 - is chosen since many students drop out after completing the fourth grade. The content of lessons would be drawn from social development topics like agriculture, nutrition and health. In the second year, Grade 4 Pilipino would be revised, broadcast more widely and evaluated; simultaneously, Grade 5 Pilipino would be developed. The same pattern would continue into the third year with two exceptions: first, the Grade 6 curriculum being developed would include social studies as well as Pilipino; and second, the Grade 4 curriculum would be much more widely broadcast to the entire project sites in the provinces of Pangasinan and Leyte, in order to gain experience with the problems of operational implementation on a larger scale. During the pilot period, this component would reach about 2,500 classes, about 75,000 primary pupils, two thirds in Pangasinan. Evaluation, Studies and Project Preparation 47. Evaluation. The principal purpose of the project is to provide cost-effectiveness information on the in-service training and radio-assisted teaching in primary schools so that informed decisions could be made on their expansion. The project, therefore, includes a strong evaluation component. The basic evaluation design would address the question of: to what extent does in-service training through radio and textbooks, separately or in combi- nation, affect student performance? Tests woud be administered to students before and after the project to measure its impact on student achievements. This evaluation would be carried out by the Institute of Mass Communication and the School of Economics of the University of the Philippines at Diliman Campus in Manila. 48. Study of Rural Education Radio. The project would also explore and evaluate the use of media-based programs to complement the activities of the Philippine Training Center for Rural Development (PTCRD) in Laguna Province. The PTCRD is a component of the Fourth Education Project (Loan 1374-PH), the main objective of which is to support the Government's agricultural productivity program by upgrading the quality and quantity of extension workers who serve as educational links to rural families. This study would be designed to explore the potential of radio to reinforce, complement and supplement efforts of the PTCRD. The study would be undertaken by the Department of Development Communication of the University of the Philippines at Los Banos. 49. Assessment of Technological Options. Several substudies and experi- ments are planned on the technological aspects of the communication support system. These are categorized under four broad headings: methods of produc- tion of mass media material, distribution/transmission options, arrangements for reception of mass media communications, and two-way administrative communication for implementation of nationwide education programs. The purpose of these studies is to provide educational and technical planners with an up-to-date assessment of the cost and performance characteristics of the technological options (including satellite communications) potentially available for an operational system. 50. Preparation of an educational materials project. Based on the findings of the above-mentioned studies, together with findings of an evalution study under the Textbook Project (Loan 1224-T-PH), an educational materials project (including mass media and textbooks) would be prepared under the  - 15 - overall coordination of EDPITAF. The terms of reference for the three studies would be reviewed and approved by the Bank (Section 8.02 of the Loan Agreement). Project Implementation 51. Administration. An Educational Communications Office (ECO) has been established within EDPITAF, and will be responsible for project implemen- tation. ECO's location within EDPITAF will allow it to avail itself of EDPITAF's pool of technical and professional consultants, administrative services, and linkages to domestic and international development agencies. ECO is divided into four sections headed by directors responsible respectively for in-service training, radio instruction, engineering and studies. EGO would employ about ten professional staff. ECO is constructing its own radio studio by expanding existing premises, and would lease the necessary production and transmission facilities (possibly including satellite linking systems) from the Government, commercial radio stations, and DOMSAT (a private satellite communication agency). A detailed operational plan for implementation has been prepared. The Senior Staff of EGO have already been appointed and ECO expects, by June 1978, to complete its staff training program, select technical assistance consultants and acquire the equipment it will initially need to implement the project. The preparatory activities are being funded by the Government and, partly, by the preinvestment funds under Ln. 1224-T-PH. ECO plans to engage technical consultants to assist in the implementation of the project. It has been agreed that the Government would maintain ECO with organization and staffing satisfactory to the Bank (Section 3.05 of the draft Loan Agreement). 52. ECO would enter into a contract with the University of the Philippines, Diliman, and a separate contract with the University of the Philippines, Los Banos, and with the Philippine Training Center for Rural Development, on terms and conditions satisfactory to the Bank, for carrying outJrespectively, the evaluation and rural education studies (Section 3.02 of the draft Loan Agreement). These institutions have th,e capacity to carry out these studies effectively. Project Costs and Financing 53. The total project cost is estimated at $3.9 million (P 29.5 mil- lion), of which $2.0 million would be in foreign exchange. The project cost estimates provide for price contingencies, amounting to about 20% of total project costs; these assume price escalation on all items of 8% in 1978 and 1979 and 7% thereafter. The Bank would finance the foreign exchange costs, or 52% of the total costs, and the Government would finance the balance of project costs. 54. The estimated cost covers about 9 man-years of foreign consultant services to ECO and two man-years for fellowships. The average cost of consulting services for technical personnel, excluding contingencies, would amount to $50,000 per man--year.  - 16 - 55. Procurement. To the extent practicable, purchases of equipment would be bulked to allow for reasonably sized procurement packages. Contracts for equipment exceeding $50,000 equivalent would be awarded on the basis of inter- national competitive bidding in accordance with Bank Group guidelines. In bid comparison, domestic manufacturers would be allowed a preferential margin of 15% or the existing customs duty, whichever is lower, over the c.i.f. price of competing imports. Equipment purchases which cannot reasonably be grouped to form contracts for at least $50,000 equivalent would be awarded on the basis of normal government procedures satisfactory to the Bank. 56. Disbursement. The Bank loan would be disbursed for 100% of the foreign exchange costs of imported equipment and materials, 100% of the exfactory price of domestically produced goods and materials and 65% of the cost of goods procured locally. The loan would also be disbursed for 100% of the foreign exchange costs of consultant services and fellowships. Project Benefits and Risks 57. The proposed project would develop a program of in-service primary teacher training. Although the majority of Philippine teachers are qualified, the quality of their pre-service training has been weak. The less able teachers tend to be concentrated in rural areas. The pilot project holds the promise of developing more systematic in-service training with a capability to transmit quality programs directly to teachers in remote areas. A successful in-service training system by radio would greatly enhance the flexibility of the Philippine education system in the use of its resources. For example, a radio training system would improve the speed and effectiveness of introducing nationwide improvements in teaching programs and techniques. 58. The pilot project would also seek to achieve its objectives by direct instruction in the Pilipino language and other subjects in about 2,500 primary classes in two project sites (Pangasinan and Leyte provinces). Pilipino is the medium of instruction in over half the school subjects. Good instruction in Pilipino therefore could have an important impact on student performance in other subjects. This is particularly important for the large segment of the population who are not native speakers. 59. The project is being financed initially on a pilot basis because of the need to determine the receptivity of both students and teachers to this form of instruction before the Government undertakes a major investment in this area. Since this is a pilot project, it is not possible to determine at this time whether it will lead to a much larger future program or the extent to which mass media, including educational radio, will improve educational quality in the Philippines. However, the pilot project has been carefully studied and the prospects for its successful implementation appear good. By providing information on the cost-effectiveness of educational radio in the Philippines through experiments and evaluation, informed decisions could be made on whether nationwide use of educational radio in the future would be  - 17 - justified. Should the pilot project prove to be successful, the core of an educational radio curriculum thus developed in the pilot project would make such a nationwide implementation feasible. The project is justified by its potential contribution to widespread improvements and equalization in educa- tional quality, a priority requirement of the Philippine education system. PART V - LEGAL INSTRUMENTS AND AUTHORITY 60. The draft Loan Agreement between the Republic of the Philippines and the Bank, and the Report of the Committee provided for in Article III, Section 4(iii), of the Articles of Agreement are being distributed to the Executive Directors separately. Special conditions of the project are listed in Section III of Annex III of this report. 61. I am satisfied that the proposed loan would comply with the Articles of Agreement of the Bank. PART VI - RECOMMENDATION 62. I recommend that the Executive Directors approve the proposed loan. Robert S. McNamara President Attachments March 8, 1978 Washington, D. C.   ANNEX I TABLE 3A Page 1 of 4 page. PHILIPPENES - SOCIAL INDICATORS DATA SHEET LAND AREA (THOU KH2) --- ------------------_----____________________ LAND_AE__(_____ . PHILIPPINES REFERENCE COUNTRIES (1970) TOTAL 300.0 MOST RECENT AGRIC. 109.6 0960 1970 ESTIMATE THAILAND TURKEY AOPEA SOUTH *4 GNP PER CAPITA (USS) 140.0* 230.0* 410.0*/& 210.0 * 500.0* 280.0* POPULATION AND VITAL STATISTICS POPULATION (MID-YR. MILLION) 27.4 38.9 43.3La 36.3 35.6 32.2 POPULATION DENSITY PER SOUARE KM. 91.0 123.0 144.0 71.0 46.0 327.0 PER sQ. KM. AGRICULTURAL LAND 328.0 375.0 395.0la 263.0 65.0 1371.0 VITAL STATISTICS CRUDE BIRTH RATE (/THOU. AV) 45.1 44.2 43.8 44.3 40.6 35.0 CRUDE DEATH RATE (/THOU,AV) 17.9 13.2 10.5 13.7 14,4 11.4 INFANT MORTALITY RATE (/THOU) 84.6 Si.0 72.0 *0.0 153. * LIFE EXPECTANCY AT BIRTH (YRAS 49.4 55.5 5u.5 55.5 54.4 65.0 GROSS REPRODUCTION RATE 3.5 3.3 3.3 3.2 2.qLb.c 2.6 POPULATION GROWTH RATE (%) TOTAL 3.0 3.0 2.8 3.1 2.5 2.3 URBAN 4.0 4.0 3.9 4.9 4- .d 6.4 URBAN POPULATION (I OF TOTAL) 21.3 27.5 29.8 15.0 38.7 41.2 AGE STRUCTURE (PERCENT) 0 TO 14 YEARS 45.7 45.6 43.2 45.1 41.7 42.1 15 TO 64 YEARS 51.6 51.6 54.0 51.6 54.0 54.5 65 YEARS AND OVER 2.7 2.6 2.8 3.1 4.3 3.4 AGE DEPENDENCY RATIO 0.9 0.9 .9 09 0. 0. ECONOMIC DEPENDENCY RATIO 1.3 1.5 1.3/b 1.1 1.1/C 1.4 FAMILY PLANNING ACCEPTORS (CUMULATIVE, THOU) .. 320.0 4065.0/a 470.0 .. 4424.7 USERS (t OF MARRIED WOMEN) .. 3.0 25.0 DT 10.0 0.2 42.0 EMPLOYMENT TOTAL LABOR FORCE (THOUSAND) 10100.0 12400.0 15400.0/a 16700.0 14500.0/f 10200.0 LABOR FORCE IN AGRICULTURE (%) 61.0 55.0 52.67i 79.0 67.0 50.4/a IlNF.PLOyfn [% o0 LASOR FOPCE) 8.3 7.S 4.0 4.0Fj 4.S- INCOME DISTRISUTION S OF PRIVATE INCOME REC'D BY- HIGHEST 5% OF HOUSEHOLDS 28.8 .. .. 22.0 32.W/ 17.1 HIGHEST 20% OF NOUSH"LSS 56.2 5&.Q 53.3 5 60.6 44.5 LOIEST 20l OF HNO4IHOLDS 4.2 * . 5.6 2.9 71 7.1 L9WST 46M OF 0O4HOL02 11.9 11.7 14.7 14.3 9.4 h 17.7 *ISTRIDUtION Of LAND OWNERSHIP S OWNED BY TOP 10% OF OWNERS .. .. 43.0/c ., 53.0 28.0 S OWNED BY SMALLEST 10% OWNERS .. .. 2.0 .T* 0.9 2.0 HEALTH AND NJTRITION POPULATION PER PHYSICIAN .. .. 10.04d 7970.0 2250.0 2110 0 POPULATION PER NURSING PERSON .. .. 470. 6650.0 1770.0 /i 2170:. POPULATION PER HOSPITAL BED 1180.0 850.0 880.0 890.0 800.0 1900.0 PER CAPITA SUPPLY OF - CALORIES (% OF REQUIREMENTS) 63.0 93.0 105.7 103.0 110.0 103.0 PROTEIN (GRAMS PER DAY) 44.0 45.0 55.6 52.0 78.0 65.0 -OF WHICH ANIMAL AND PULSE 19.0 22.0 .. 17.0 /a 22. Oa 19.0 DIATH RATI (/THOU) AGIU 1-4 u@0 6.6 7.5 ,, 14.7/k EDUCATION ADJUSTED ENROLLMENT RATIO PRIMARY SCHOOL 95.0 113.0 117.0 81.0 109.0 104.0 SECONDARY SCHOOL 26.0 49.0 49.0 16.0 28.0 41.0 YEARS OF SCHOOLING PROVIDED (FIRST AND SECOND LEVEL) 10.0 10.0 10.0 12.0 11.0 12.0 VOCATIONAL ENROLLRENT (% OF SECONDARY) 14.0 6.0 9.0 14.0 /b 14.0 16.0 ADULT LITERACY RATE (5) .. .. 87.0 79.0 55.0 /1 87.0 HOUSING PERSONS PER ROOM (URBAN) .. *- .. .. 1.9 2.7 OCCUPIED DWELLINGS WITHOUT PIPED WATER (%) 80.0 76.0 * .. 64.0 80.0/C ACCESS TO ELECTRICITY (% OF ALL DWELLINGS) 17.0 23.0 31.0 .. 41.0 50.0 RURAL DWELLINGS CONNECTED TO ELECTRICITY (S) .- 7.0 10.0 ,, 18.0 30.0 CONSUMPTION RADIO RECEIVERS (PER THOU POP) 22.0 72.0 .. 78.0 89.0 126.0 PASSENGER CARS (PER THOU POP) 3.0 8.0 8.0 5.0 4.0 2.0 ELECTRICITY (KWH/YR PER CAP) 100.0 235.0 291.0 124.0 247.0 307.0 NEWSPRINT (KG/YR PER CAP) 1.3 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.7 3.5 SEE NOTES AND DEFINITIONS ON REVERSE  Ake7X I page 2 of 4 pages $Ms union othet ise .oe1, uoca for 1960 refer to any year beween 1959 and 1961, for 1970 between 1968 and 1970 and for Most Recent Estimata between 1973 and 1975. cIp yet captti daa e booed on the World Bonk Atlas m thodology (1974-76 basis). K- -tco hla hbon olettod an objective country on the basis of its sinilar population, location and income level and, like the Philippimea, it is oxp.ctod to Roc/ topidly in the coming Yora. Yh7l'IPIS L IOtA /c 1950-55; /b Ratio of population under 15 eon 65 and over to total la*hr force; /c Ac percentage of employment; /d 1960-62; Ia 1962; If Not including vocational 'sbort-tern couaee. 197; /a As percentage of employment; /b Not including private vocational schoola or vocational ehort-tern courses. I0ost cicEtoT ESlTr1ATE h 1976: /b Ratio of population onder 15 and 65 and over to total labor force; /c 1971; /d Ragistered only; believed to be over-estimate of number actually precticlna. TrhAILAND 1970 /a 1964-66; /b Public schools, which include technical aduction at the post-secondary level. TURKEY 1970 /a 1967; /b Excludes 17 eastern provinces; /c 1965-67; /d 1965-70; /a Ratio of population under 15 and 65 and oVer to labor force 15 years end over; /f 15 years and over, excludes unemployed; ?R Rsgietered only; /h Dispocable income; /i Including as..taint annura ad nidwivee; i. 1964-66; /k 1967-68; /L Pereone Six years and 00cr who tell the census takers that they can reed and write. KOREA REP. OF 1970 /a A. percentage of eploVnt; /b Registered, not o11 practicing in the country; /L Water piped inside. RlO, November 17, 1977 DWFINITIOS OF SOCIAL IN(DICATORS Land Area (thou i 2) Population or nursing Percon - Population divided by ncber of practicing Toctl - Total ourface area compi.ing land arca nd inlnd -eters. uls and f-1a graduate nuresa, "trained" or "certified" norsee, and AMUrl. - ---c raccc eotiate af cAagricultur-l area- od te_p-rrily or pr-- anciliary peronna with training or expari-no. mcntly for oropo, paotur.e, mrket & kitchen gerdo or to lie fsllow. pOpultion pr hospital bsd - PoPlation dfvidad by mbatr of hospital bode QhLMr__cA_itA_JUS$ - GNP pe c.pit. etimates t..rre.available in Public and Private general and specialiead hospital and NliP car cavctqJ0%i - G17P per capita catixatnas at current market prices, rshabilittion centers; ..cludea nursing homes and eatabliahoents for caIculated by came co-vercion method ac World Sank Atlaa (1973-75 basis); custodial and preventive cars. 1960; 1970 sod 1975 date. Per capita anoPly of calorisa (7 of r-quirmente) - Computed from energy equivalent of met food Supplies aveilable in country per capitc per day Poculutico and vital ctatiatco, avUilabla aupplice comprise do-tic production, ficprc- l -pxport- d PoPultion (.id-year . .illion) .0 of July firslt if not available, average hbangea in stock; net supplies exclude jLmal feed, -aeda, quantitico -ccd of two and-Ystr e-tim-es; 1460, 1970 and 1975 data, in food procesing and loseaa in distribution; requirante were estimated by FAO based n physiological neods for normal activity and health crid- Population deceity - car aquore kb - Mid-year population per square kilot_r ering envirOmnotel tinperature, body osight, age end see diatributiona of (100 hectarec) of tocl are.S population, ad *lloing 10 for ween t hou;ehold leel. P?opulation danaity - per equate be of agric. lod - Computed aa above for Per capita Supply of protein (grmw par day) - Protein content of per capita agrlioltu-l Iuod only. net Supply of food per day; mt eupply of food is defimed as abova; -equOt- Vitarl t.tr.ttl l-nd remte for a11 contrias established by USDA Economic R esarch Servicce Vital atatiatich provide for a ninim- allowsnce of 60 grne of total protein par day, and Crudo birth rate car thounand. average - Annual live births per thoucand of 20 grna of animal and puIls protein, of which 10 gra Should be animal mid-year population; ten-yetr rithcatic average ending in 1960 and 1970, protein; eae standard r Ioer then chie of 75 grin of total proceic and fivo-year average ending iL 1975 for moot recent estimate, and 23 grin of aniSal prot in la an average for the world, proposed by Fp Crude deach race par thoucand. avergea - Annual detheh per thonusad of id-year in the Thiod World Food Survey. populacirn; ton-year ariLh1setic f veragna ending in 1960 and 1970 and five- Per capita protein supply from animl nd pulae - Protein supply of food year average ending in 1975 for moat recent etimace. derived from animals and pules in gra per day. Infanc rootality rate 1/thou) - Annual deathe of infant under one year of age Death rate (/thou) ages 1-4 - Annual deatha per thooceod in age group 1-4 pat t touoand live birtha. years, to children in this age group,; uggested as Rp icdicator f Life e,pectanh at birth (yre) - Average ocnbar of years of life remaining at pmlontritinn. birch; uIIly five-year averagac ending in 1960, 1970 and 1975 for develop- iny countriea. Education Crorr roproductiontatrdr- tageuo aobr of livo daughtera woma ctll bear Adluted nrollnt ratio - primary School - Eirollmeoc of *11 agee aa pat- in her no.-al -rproducttov perIod if she experiennes present age-specific cmntage of prtimry achool-sge populetiom; includes children aged 6-11 Y-eo fertility roteo; - ily fif0-year oyeragea ending in 1960, 1970 and 1975 but adjuated for different lengtha of prisary education; for countriea with for deP 1 loping crut trioct universal education, enrolLmenet my e.ced 100% Since a oa e pupils are ..b1 Population growth rate CL) - total - Compound annual grovth rate of mid-yar or above the official cho_l age. population for 1950-60, 1960-70 and 1970-75. Ad1uSted enroll1ment ratio - secondry hool - Computed a bove; aeconday Population cr-rth r-te (7% - urban - Computed like growth rate of toetl education requires at lease four years of approed primry inatructio, population; differeoc definitiona of urban ereae mey affeut comparability of providee general, vocational or teacher training instructions for pupilo data among countria. of 12 to 17 yeara of ag; correspondence coursa are generally eeluded. Urban population (7, of total) - gatio of urban tot al poplation; different Yers of chooliom providd (firt end secod levels - Toeta yers- of definitiono of urban areao msy affect comparability of data among countries, schooling; at ae.cary 11, e ocatioal inatruction may be partially or Aff- t--C- (P--t) - hildrn (0-4 yse.), -ig-ag (15_4 yeas)completely exclded. md acructure (percentl - Children (0-14 ye rs), worfie_-ege (15-64 years) Voetioml enrolinet nl of secondary) - Vocational institutions i-cludo An~d,rpe,6. ereadae)a erafgeo i-ya ouain technical, industrial or other pragraw sbich ,perats lodapend-ly or as on depecdaccy a tric - Ratic of population under 15 nd 65 and over to these departeente of eadary intitutions. of agec 15 through 64 Adul c lta u cnnic depoodecc taeo tic-aRtio of population under 15 acd 65 and ovor to cent ge of tortl adult population adults 5be t read ovd erit) a. per- tbe labor force io ago grou.p of 15-64 years. ..tg fttlautPPlto 9d1 -r dmr Fmnily plannmno - acceptors (c-ol.tive. thou) - Cumulative number of acceptors Hou Log of birth-cot-.ol dovicee under auapiceo of national family planning progrm Persona per room (urban) - Average ouber of personc per room In occupied Fitny plioetng - .- (7 of rried wome) - Pe-cnt-ge f conveoionat dwelling in urban area.; dwellings extlads non-pernenc rhiyd-b-an g - (1cro Yearrie wae f married wboen of ctructo1rea ed unoccupied parts. cb in d-a age (15-4 e) wone birth-ct1 devi to al married Occupie.d dli ithout piped water ('1) - Occupied conventIonal dwelling rn urban nd rural areas ithout inaide or outaide piped water f-olitiee E,plon-.t as percentage of a11 occupied dwellitga. Total bor Jorce (thAOd) USieccees to electricit % of all dllixsa) - Comnvational dwellings witb forcta and fo ployed bou - Etconiclly ctive P n, incldi ad elctricity n iving quarters .s percent of total delilng isn urbsr end force and cenpiped bt exluding hou.e-Jiv., atudenta, etc..; definitiona rt..Irslaras. tfttId-l9 n-b mo icuorcous cooncries are not comparable. u d c to e ) - C c ao f Labor force in agricultur Cl) - Agricoltural Iabor force (in farming, forestry dural ings rition (ly - Conp.ted Se for r-1 hunting and fishing) Sa percentage of total labor force. llomployed (7 of labor force) - Unomplayed are usually defined as person who Conacaption are able nd willIng to take a job, out of a job on a given day, rmained out Radio reeiver (a tho pop) - All type of rcivers for redio broadcasts of a job, nd -eeking work for a specified miniv m period not exceeding one to geners public per thousand of pop),i -ltof secludes uorli-ned receivers web; may not be comparable between countries due to different definitio it -tunri and in yer_s hen registrationo rdcse we in effect; of unomployad and source of data, e.g., B ployment Office tatitei, amsple dt for rece io years not b compralson of edto Setcs tin efaect eurceys, compuglsory unomploymott insurance