Guinea - Education Project

Document of fithE ED?J0The World Bank FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Report No. P-2366a-GUI REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION TO THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS ON A PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT CREDIT TO THE REPUBLIC OF GUINEA FOR A FIRST EDUCATION PROJECT August 29, 1978 This document bhs a restricted distrlbution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank autborization.  CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS Currency Unit = Syli US$1.00 = 20 Sylis Syli 1.00 = US$0.05 MEASURES 1 m 3.28 ft. 1 m = 10.76 sq. ft. 1 km2 = 0.38 sq. mile ABBREVIATIONS ADB African Development Bank COMECON Council for Mutual Economic Assistance EEC = European Economic Community ILO International Labour Organisation OECD = Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries FISCAL YEAR January 1 - December 31 (since 1977)  FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY THE REPUBLIC OF GUINEA FIRST EDUCATION PROJECT CREDIT AND PROJECT SUMMARY Borrower: Republic of Guinea Amount: US$8.0 million Terms: Standard. Proiect The project aims to (a) help alleviate Guinea's shortage Description: of skilled workers by improving and expanding technical training programs, and (b) strengthen the country's educa- tional planning and project implementation capacities. The proposed project would have the following components: (a) construction of and furniture and equipment for (i) an institute with a capacity for about 110 students to train and upgrade instructors for secondary polytechnic insti- tutes, (ii) two polytechnic institutes, combined capacity 400, to train and upgrade skilled workers for industry and public works, and (iii) accommodations for instructional staff; (b) equipment and materials for the Ministry of Education's planning office and for a project management unit; and (c) 36 man-years of technical assistance and consulting services, and 30 man-years of fellowships in support of the above items. The project's benefits would be the creation of a supply of instructors for the secondary polytechnic institutes, improvement of training in these institutes, expansion of the number of skilled workers for the indLustrial and public works sectors, and establishment of a project planning and implementation capacity in the Ministry of Education. The project faces no major risks; however, the Guinean Government may have some difficulty recruiting well-trained instructors and allocating suffi- cient amounts of foreign exchange. These factors were taken :Lnto account in the design of the project. This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization.  - ii - Estimated Cost:* Foreign Local Total - (US$ million)------- Category of Expenditure Construction 2.3 0.8 3.1 Furniture 0.3 - 0.3 Equipment 1.1 - 1.1 Technical Assistance 2.2 - 2.2 Fellowships 0.3 - 0.3 BASE COST 6.2 0.8 7.0 Contingencies Physical 0.4 - 0.4 Price escalation 1.4 0.1 1.5 TOTAL PROJECT COST 8.0 0.9 8.9 * Taxes are not included in the project cost calculations because the Government provides tax exemptions for development projects included in the Economic and Social Development Plan. Financing Plan: US$ million IDA Credit 8.0 Government 0.9 Total 8.9 Estimated Disbursements: FY79 FY80 FY81 FY82 FY83 ---------US$ million-------- Annual 0.5 2.5 3.6 1.1 0.3 Cumulative 0.5 3.0 6.6 7.7 8.0 Staff Appraisal Report: 2025a-GUI, dated August 15, 1978. MAP: IBRD 13575 R  INI'ERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION OF THE PRESIDENT TO THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS ON A PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT CREDIT TO THE REPUBLIC OF GUINEA FOR AN EDUCATION PROJECT 1. I submit the i.ollowing report and recommendation on a proposed development credit to the Republic of Guinea for the equivalent of US$8.0 million on standard IDA terms to help finance an Education Project. PART I - THE ECONOMY 2. The last economic report (No. Af-63b, dated September 1, 1967) was distributed to the Executive Directors on January 22, 1968. From 1970 to 1977 a number of economic missions visited the country during which a wide-ranging and active dialogue was conducted with the Government on several economic, monetary, and other development issues. Our last economic mission took place in March 1978, and its findings and those of earlier missions are reflected in the following assessment of the state of the economy and its prospects. Structure of the Econom[y 3. Guinea is potentially one of the richest countries in West Africa with substantial natural resources in the rural sector, mining, and to a lesser extent hydroelectric power. Its broad range of eco-climatic zones, from the sub-Saharan north to sub-tropical mountain areas in the center and tropical forest in the south, allows the production of a variety of agricul- tural commodities. At the time of Independence in 1958, Guinea had been the leading African exporter of bananas (100,000 tons per year) and also exported considerable quantities of coffee, pineapple and palm oil; it was able to meet most of its basic foodstuff requirements, whereas it is now a food importer. The country is particularly well suited for rice and livestock production. Guinea's extraordinarily rich mining potential includes bauxite reserves tentatively estimated at 4.5 billion tons, the second largest in the world, while readily exportable high-grade iron ore deposits are estimated at over one billion tons. Prospects for diamond and uranium mining and offshore oil exploration are being actively investigated. Long-Term Trends 4. In spite of this outstanding resource endowment, economic perform- ance from the time of Independence until 1972 was disappointing. While lack of adequate data prevents a detailed assessment, estimated real growth of GNP during this period was less than 2.5 percent annually. This was somewhat lower than the annual estimated population growth rate of 2.6 percent and therefore real per capita incomes actually declined. The years following  - 2 - Independence were characterized by a comprehensive reorganization of all economic and social activities in Guinea with a view to building a social- ist economy. This entailed (a) a sharp curtailment of the private sector and the establishment of Government trading companies operating at con- trolled prices, (b) the creation of numerous public enterprises, and (c) extensive State investment in industrial and social infrastructure. Returns on many projects were limited by inexperience and managerial and planning inadequacies, and public enterprises absorbed high and rising amounts of Government resources. The capital and recurrent costs of public investment soon exceeded budgetary savings and the Government resorted to heavy foreign borrowing and Central Bank advances to finance them. Foreign borrowing from both Western and Eastern bloc countries was carried out on an ad hoc basis with little longer-term planning and soon resulted in unmanageable debt obligations that could not be met by declining export proceeds. At the same time the liberal advances of the Central Bank led to a huge increase in money supply and galloping inflation. Consequently the public trading enterprises could neither obtain adequate supplies of local goods at official prices nor distribute them widely enough, and an active parallel market developed with prices as much as ten times their official level. Furthermore, the lack of foreign exchange caused sharp reductions in imports of intermediate inputs, which constrained production in both manufacturing and agriculture, and in consumer goods, all of which limited incentives throughout the economy. The economy thus stagnated in a vicious circle of foreign exchange shortages and declining investment, output and exports. 5. While lack of foreign exchange sharply limited the supply of im- ported goods, and indirectly of local products as well, excess money supply strongly stimulated local demand, contributing from that side to the growing imbalance between supply and demand at official prices. As a result of 15 years of deficit financing, money supply reached a high level of nearly 70 percent of GDP in 1972 or over three times the level attained in most other West African countries. Most of this money overhang was concentrated in the urban areas where it aggravated the severe excess demand situation and absorbed much of the limited supply of goods that would otherwise have been available to the rural areas. 6. At a socio-economic level, these trends created considerable diffi- culties. The rural population, about 80 percent of the total, operated prin- cipally at a subsistence level, selling as little as possible in the official market, and was largely excluded from the official distribution of imported consumer goods. On the other hand, the urban population had to compete for the limited supply of goods it could buy through official channels with rationing cards and supplement its needs in the unofficial market at very high prices. Large segments of the urban population were thus affected by the system as much as the average farmer. Recent Developments 7. The start of operations at two large bauxite mines in 1974 marked the end of this long period of economic stagnation. Since then, real per  - 3 - capita incomes have increased year by year at an average of nearly 7.5 per- cent, although they have not yet reached pre-Independence levels in real terms. By 1977 GDP in current terms was estimated at US$1,192 million, and based on an estimated population of 4.7 million, annual per capita GNP was US$230. 1/ The rural sector continues to dominate the economy, although with the recent growth of the mining sector, the share of GDP at factor costs contributed by the rural sector has fallen, declining from 56 percent in 1974 to 48 percent in 1977. The share of GDP in other sectors during 1977 was 21 percent in mining, 6 percent in manufacturing, power and con- struction, 15 percent in public administration, and 10 percent in other services. Although administration of the economy is still extremely cen- tralized, mining has been a mixed sector since Independence and the Govern- ment works extremely well with private foreign companies, encouraging further private mining investments. Agricultural policies are under review, with Government abandoning attempts to collectivize farming activities in favor of promoting voluntary farm cooperatives. Banking and manufacturing remain entirely State controlled. While, de jure, all trading takes place through official State channels, the Government has recently become more tolerant of private trading; improving relations between Guinea and the Ivory Coast and Senegal have led to some lessening of restrictions on the circulation of goods and people, and this has relieved part of the pressure on prices in the private markets. Performance 8. Guinea's overall economic performance has improved significantly since 1972, although fundamental structural problems continue to hamper the country's economic deve:Lopment. The markedly faster growth of GDP is mostly attributable to the start of the two new mining operations, and is in itself not a sufficient sign of better performance. More important, however, are the Government policies concerning the use of the additional foreign exchange resources created by the two mines, which to the extent possible have been carefully allocated in an effort to overcome the economy's structural con- straints. Thus, while nearly half of these export earnings has had to be used to pay for direct foreign exchange costs of the two mining operations, the remainder has gone mainly to increase imports of essential raw materials and certain consumer goods with a view to (a) providing more inputs for manufac- turing and agriculture, (b) improving rural producer incentives, and (c) reducing excess demand. In the agricultural sector these measures have been complemented by a number of actions intended to increase production, such as 1/ Although an official government census put total 1972 population at 5.5 million, a critical evaluation of this census and later data on test regions do not support a figure above 4.2 million for 1972 and 4.7 for mid-1977. All population-related data in this report are based on this latter figure. GDP is based on the findings of a recent UNDP/government agricultural survey and is higher than past estimates. Therefore, population and GDP figures differ from those in the Bank Atlas, now being updated to reflect these changes.  - 4 - more rural public investment, a slight increase in some producer prices, and more deliberate efforts to improve distribution of consumer goods in the hinterland. As a result, food imports have declined slightly over the last two years, further improving Guinea's foreign exchange situation. 9. Increased imports as well as the substantial export tax revenues on bauxite were also used to improve the monetary situation; a large part of Government and public enterprises revenues so created were turned over to the Central Bank to amortize the high level of accumulated Central Bank advances. As a result, the increase in money supply slowed down well below the rapid growth of GDP, leading to a marked reduction in the money overhang. This was an important factor in the nearly 50 percent fall in prices on the parallel market over the last two years, which led to an improvement in the real pur- chasing power of most of Guinea's poorest population. 10. Since 1974, public revenues have been growing at 33 percent annually, but public recurrent expenditures have increased at only 12 per- cent per year. Government is allocating an increased proportion of its recurrent budget for maintenance expenses and for the purchase of spare parts, which reflects its growing desire to maintain and fully exploit exist- ing capital assets. There is such a backlog of necessary maintenance, however, that even with higher allocations Government services and public enterprises have difficulty operating normally. Finally, the viability of the extensive system of public enterprises is under examination; a few of the least success- ful have been closed down while a rehabilitation program has been embarked upon for some others. The Government's objective is to make these enterprises self-sufficient, and it is becoming insreasingly realistic in recognizing the need to revise pricing policies to enhance cash flows, ensure adequate credit to maintain working capital and stocks, and call upon foreign technical assistance to strengthen operational efficiency. Development Planning and Objectives 11. Development planning in Guinea has so far met with limited success, and implementation of the 1973-1978 Plan was suspended in 1974 when Plan goals became unrealistic and the economy was undergoing substantial change. Since then capital expenditures have been determined annually, subject to the availability of foreign credit. Between 1973 and 1975 investment had to be financed entirely by foreign capital inflows. In 1976 and 1977 net domestic public savings were positive and financed a substantial share of public in- vestment, which was, however, less than half the 1973-75 level. Thus total investment outlays fell from US$79 million in 1974 to US$28 million in 1976 and US$31.5 million in 1977 due especially to the completion of the two major bauxite mining projects. Finally, the sectoral distribution of public investments also varied considerably, with the proportion of rural investment rising from some 11 percent in 1974 to almost 33 percent in 1975 and falling back to 18 percent in 1976. The share of industry and mining declined from 46 percent in 1974 to 24 percent in 1976.  -5- Prospects 12. While the Government's first investment priority is now rural devel- opment, in the short and medium term Guinea's prospects hinge critically on the rate of growth in the mining sector. Export earnings in current prices increased from US$61 million in 1973 to US$312 million in 1977 and will reach US$494 million by 1980 when the two bauxite mines that started production in 1974 reach full capacity. This level of exports is expected to be maintained during the next decade. New projects scheduled for completion by 1985 would permit exports to exceed US$1.5 billion in 1985 and reach more than twice that amount by 1990 when new mines begin producing at full capacity. However, in view of the lengthy implementation period for these new mining projects, the foreign exchange gap will continue to grow in the next few years in spite of a high expected real average growth rate of GDP (9%) until 1985, prompted by the secondary effects of these heavy investments. If there is much slippage in the realization of these investments the country's acute financial problems would be prolonged and the acceleration in growth retarded. Guinea will need large amounts of foreign aid to support the balance of payments until at least 1985 to enable it to carry out vital mining investments without reducing its already low standard of living. 13. The prospects for Guinea's general macroeconomic development are good. The Government is determined to further improve the monetary situation, to correct the results c,f past overly expansionary policies, and to do away with the profound disequilibrium between supply and demand which caused the flourishing parallel market and the rationing of basic consumer goods in the towns. The question still remains as to how best these goals may be achieved. It is unlikely that any sudden, fundamental changes will be enacted to restruc- ture the macroeconomic system as a whole. In the interests of political and economic caution, a graclual approach will probably be taken. This would involve the revision of industrial and producer prices, a reassessment of the public enterprises sector, and a continued shrinking of the money supply in relation to GDP. Both the Bank and IMF have begun and are maintaining an increasingly effective dialogue with Government on these questions, including foreign debt. Foreign Assistance and Debt 14. In the past few years Guinea has been diversifying its sources of foreign assistance by seeking aid from the West (notably France) with whom relations have markedly improved. The country has obtained multilateral aid from ADB, EEC, and IDA, as well as from OPEC countries (Algeria, Iraq, Libya, Kuwait Fund, Saudi Fund). Guinea has had a heavy foreign debt burden for many years which has siphoned off a large portion of its limited foreign exchange. In spite of several debt rescheduling agreements, the situation became un- manageable in the early 1970s, and by mid-1976 Guinea had accumulated arrears of US$88 million. Debt service obligations in that year (excluding arrears) reached some US$54 million or 25 percent of total export proceeds, although actual payments were at most 20 percent of what was due. Of these arrears, some 85 percent was due to Western countries, particularly the Federal  - 6 - Republic of Germany. At the end of 1976, total debt outstanding including undisbursed reached some US$950 million, nearly 88 percent of which was in the form of long-term loans and only 12 percent was supplier credits. The USSR and the People's Republic of China are by far the two largest creditor coun- tries (holding respectively 30 and 13 percent of Guinea's total debt) while COMECON countries together with China account for 50 percent. OECD countries hold close to 23 percent, multilateral agencies and the OPEC countries 10 and 6 percent each, while minor amounts are owed to a number of developing countries. 15. Notwithstanding Guinea's favorable long-term balance of payments prospects, the accumulated claims on the country's foreign exchange earnings will remain so heavy in the next few years that not all debt servicing obli- gations can be covered. With debt service charges of at least US$100 million per year, little amortization of foreign debt will be possible during the late 1970s and early 1980s, even if foreign capital inflows cover the entire foreign exchange cost of new investments, and arrears are thus likely to rise further. Guinea is already negotiating debt rescheduling programs bilaterally with some of its creditors and has requested Bank advice on the design of a program of debt management. With continued tight control and monitoring of imports of spare parts and raw materials and restraint on the importing of consumer goods, foreign exchange earnings should start to exceed minimum import requirements by about 1980 and debt amortization could then begin again. During the next few critical years, however, Guinea will have to rely on substantial amounts of foreign assistance on concessionary terms not only for investment purposes but also to provide foreign exchange for essential imports including consumption goods. PART II - BANK GROUP OPERATIONS IN THE REPUBLIC OF GUINEA 16. To date, the Bank Group has financed three operations in Guinea. Two loans totalling US$73.5 million in 1968 and 1971 financed infrastructure for the Boke bauxite mining project. IDA credits of US$7.0 million and US$14 million respectively were granted in June 1975 for a pineapple development project and in December 1975 for a road maintenance project. Annex II con- tains a summary of Bank loans and IDA credits and notes on the execution of ongoing projects. 17. In view of the shortage of foreign exchange and the poor state of infrastructure in Guinea, the Bank Group's first projects aimed at promoting mining and agricultural exports and rehabilitating the road system. The Boke project was completed satisfactorily and bauxite output has increased steadily, reaching about 7.4 million tons in 1977. Despite some delays in execution, the Daboya project is now exporting fresh fruit to Europe and a second pine- apple project based on expanded smallholder development is under considera- tion. The First Highway project followed shortly after the Daboya Credit and aims at rehabilitating and maintaining the essential road infrastructure network vital for agricultural development.  18. Two public utilities projects are now being prepared for water supply and electric power, with the first expected to go to the Board during the current fiscal year., Both projects are in Conakry, the capital, where power and water distribution problems have become critical. The two opera- tions are the Bank's first in the public enterprise sector and emphasize rehabilitation of existiLng infrastructure and institution building. Two other projects are under preparation in rice and in livestock, for which studies were financed under the Daboya project. Because of the vital importance of mining in helping alleviate the country's foreign exchange shortage, the Bank Group is also considering further intervention in this sector. Feasibility studies are almost compLeted for the Nimba Iron Ore Mining project. All projects now under preparation in Guinea emphasize improved management, investment planning, and project implementation. 19. The Government's key objectives for educational development are to increase access to primary education, to improve the quality and scope of technical and agricultural education at all levels, and to increase the Ministry of Education's capacity for planning, implementing and evaluating education and training programs. The education project proposed in this report would assist the Government in accomplishing these objectives by improving and expanding training programs for industrial workers and tech- nicians, training instructional staff, and strengthening the educational planning capacity of the Ministry of Education. 20. The Bank Group's share in Guinea's external debt outstanding and disbursed and of total debt service amounted to 7 percent and 4.6 percent respectively in 1977 with IDA representing only a negligible proportion. By 1985 IDA's contribution to Guinea's total external debt will increase to about 2 percent while IBRD's will fall to roughly 5 percent. Because most of the debt presently owed the Bank Group will be amortized by the mid-eighties and payments on new borrowings will not yet be due, IDA's share of debt service will remain insignificant, with that of IBRD dropping to 2 percent. PART III - THE EDUCATION SECTOR 21. Guinea has pursued, since independence in 1968, educational policies that diverge significantly from those inherited from the French education system and from those of other West African countries. Primary and secondary schooling is intended to be mandatory (about 85 percent of those completing primary school continule into secondary education), local languages are used as media of instruction in all primary schools and are being introduced at the secondary level, students undertake productive work as part of the curriculum at all levels, and the Government assigns jobs to all school graduates. Organization and Structure 22. The education system is administered by the Ministry of Education and Culture, one of eight high-ranking ministries (Ministeres de Domaine). Three dependent ministries--Ministry of Pre-University Education and Literacy  - 8 - Training, Ministry of Higher Education and Distance Learning, and Ministry of Youth and Sports--have direct responsibility for school administration and support services. An extensive administrative network of seven regional inspectorates and 35 sub-regional offices supports the widely dispersed schools. The system comprises six years of primary school, six years of secondary school divided into a lower and an upper cycle of three years each, and university education consisting of a two-year lower cycle and a three- or four-year upper cycle. Vocational training is provied by ten secondary polytechnic institutes which cater to the growing manpower needs of the in- dustrial sector. A small school construction unit, within the Ministry of Education and Culture, coordinates the building and maintenance of schools. Access to Education 23. Total enrollment in primary schools (1976/77) represents about 30 percent of the 7-12 age group. There are considerable regional differences in enrollment ratios that range from 40 percent in the urban Conakry area to 18 percent in the rural Labe region. Secondary school enrollment is about 13 percent of the 13-18 age group, with regional differences similar to those for the primary schools. Total enrollment at the post-secondary institutions is about 18,000 students, representing 4.3 percent of the 20-25 age group. Education for Women 24. In all regions, enrollment of girls still lags behind that of boys. Girls comprise 34 percent of students in primary school, representing 21 per- cent of the female 7-12 age group. The proportion of girls declines to 26 percent in secondary school, 20 percent in the lower university cycle, and 12 percent in the upper university cycle. In recent years the Government has instructed the local communities to admit equal numbers of girls and boys to primary school; as a result, the proportion of girls in the first primary grade increased from 33 percent in 1974/75 to 39 percent in 1975/76, and further increases can be expected. Quality of Education 25. Guinea has adapted, in important respects, the content of education to national needs. At the primary and secondary levels, new and well-adapted curricula are being developed. Agriculture, including productive work, is taught in the majority of the secondary schools and has become the most impor- tant field of study in higher education. 26. The quality of teaching, however, is adversely affected by an in- sufficient supply of teaching materials and a scarcity of qualified teachers. Only 18 percent of primary teachers have adequate qualifications and more than 60 percent of secondary teachers have only been trained to the level of primary teachers. The output from five recently constructed teacher training institutes should result in an improvement in the quality of teaching at both the primary and secondary levels. In the 10 newly created secondary poly- technic institutes, critical shortages of teaching materials and a lack of qualified staff impair the quality of training. Vocational instructors  -9- generally have little industrial and teaching experience, and for some tech- nical specializations there are no instructors. Workshop and laboratory equipment often is not adapted to industrial training needs and in some schools the equipment hLas become obsolete. Under these difficult circum- stances, the Government has been unable to develop vocational training courses that respond adequately to the training needs of the industrial sector. Financing of Education 27. Government expenditures for education are moderate by international standards. In fiscal year 1975/76, the total Government expenditures for education represented about 4.3 percent of GDP. Recurrent education expendi- tures in 1975/76 accounted for about 20 percent of the Government budget and are expected to increase to about 22 percent in 1977, mainly as a result of increased provision for teaching supplies and equipment. Recurrent costs per student are low in comparison with other West African countries with a similar per capita income. In fiscal year 1975/76 these costs reached US$52 in primary school, US$135 in secondary school, US$150-700 in post-secondary institutes, and US$1,000-2,000 in the upper university cycle. It is expected, however, that the improvement in teacher qualifications resulting from the creation of several new teacher training schools will increase unit costs substantially over the next few years. 28. Accurate data on capital outlay by type and level of education are not available. At the primary level, regional and local authorities are largely responsible for the construction, furnishing and maintenance of school buildings. The Government also encourages local participation in recurrent financing of education: in 1975, receipts from school production (agriculture and crafts) accounted for 13 percent of the total operating costs for second- ary schools. Since 1976, small school fees have been levied to maintain Government recurrent expenditures at a moderate level and to allow for the purchase of basic school supplies. The main obstacle to an adequate supply of teaching materials and equipment has not been the lack of local funds but the availability of imported supplies, a consequence of the low import capac- ity of the Guinean economy. Employment Requirements and Output of the Education System 29. In 1975, Guinea's working-age population numbered about 2.3 million. A large part of the population works in rural areas, mainly in traditional farming. Only 126,000 workers, or 6 percent of the working-age population, are wage earners. Of these, about 33,000 are employed in public administra- tion, while the remairning 93,000 work in public or para-statal enterprises, mainly in mining or industry and in the primary sector. The modern sector labor force generally has low professional qualifications except at the top of the occupational ladder and in the mining industry. Organized training of skilled workers for industry has been limited to a few big enterprises in the mining and railway sectors. Most semi-skilled workers have acquired some vocational skills through on-the-job training. Latest forecasts show that an estimated 13,000 jobs will be created annually from 1976 to 1985  - 10 - through new employment and replacement of existing labor. Demand will be highest in construction and mining (41 percent of total requirements), followed by public administration (29 percent), the services sector (17 percent) and primary sector activities (13 percent). 30. In the area of industrial training, the supply of skilled workers and technicians covers only about 50 percent of the expected annual demand: approximately 200 industrial technicians graduate from the National School of Arts and Trades each year, and the newly created secondary polytechnic institutes are expected to produce about 550 skilled workers per annum. Bank-assisted projects in highways, feeder roads, water supply and elec- tricity, projected for the 1978-82 period, are expected to place considerable demands on the already scarce manpower resources at the skilled worker level. Government's Educational Objectives 31. The Council of Education, which establishes long-range objectives and formulates educational policy for implementation by the Ministry of Education, has established the following key objectives for educational development: (a) increase access to primary education, particularly for girls; (b) maintain wide access to secondary education and improve and expand job-oriented prac- tical training; (c) improve the quality of secondary and post-secondary teaching; (d) increase the opportunities for basic education of adults; (e) upgrade the planning and implementation capacity of the Ministry of Education; and (f) increase the participation of regional and village authorities in sharing the financial and management responsibilities for education. Bank Group's Role in the Education Sector 32. The Bank's knowledge of the detailed functioning of the Guinean education system and the effectiveness of the Government's education policy is still limited since a working relationship with Guinean education officials has only recently been established. A distinct feature of the Guinean edu- cation system is the strong link between the Ministry of Education and the national political party. In the past, political authorities frequently modified educational policies without always paying due consideration to constraints in policy implementation. 33. Under these conditions, the Bank Group's strategy is to lend for investments to satisfy clearly identified and high-priority manpower needs where project implementation does not unduly strain the country's adminis- trative and management capabilities. In carrying out this strategy the Bank Group follows two approaches: lending for project-related training, and lending for the development of important and well-defined subsectors of the education system. The Bank Group has begun to introduce training components into ongoing highway and proposed water supply projects, and intends to follow a similar practice for projects in the energy and agricultural sectors. Con- sistent with the second approach, the project proposed in this report would support the expansion and improvement of formal technical education. It is expected that the implementation of the first education project, plus the  - 11 - training components of othLer Bank-assisted projects, will provide the expe- rience required to expand lending for education and training. For this pur- pose, the proposed project includes provision of funds for project evaluation, planning, and future project preparation. In particular, our strategy in the education sector is likely to focus increasingly on training needs in the rural sector. PART IV - THE PROJECT 34. Following the Government's request for Bank Group assistance in the education sector, a project was identified in April 1976 during a sector/ economic mission. A follow-up mission in October 1976 reached agreement in principle with the Govermnent on the composition of a project that could be considered for IDA financing. In May 1977, a preparation/preappraisal mission visited Guinea and the Government signed a request for PPF financing for de- tailed project preparation. An IDA mission appraised the project in October 1977. Negotiations were held in Washington, D.C., from July 17 to 19, 1978; the Guinean delegation was led by Mr. Mamadi Keita, Minister of Education and Culture. A report entitled "Republic of Guinea-Staff Appraisal Report - First Education Project," No. 2025a-GUI dated August 15, 1978, is being distributed separately. Project Objectives and Composition 35. The project is designed to assist the Government in improving and expanding training programs for industrial technicians and skilled workers, with emphasis on institution building and quality improvements. New programs to train and upgrade technical instructors would be an important project feature. Specifically, the project aims to: (a) improve the quality and efficiency of the ten existing secondary polytechnic institutes by (i) updating their training programs, (ii) improving the qualifications of their instructors, and (iii) establishing closer links with employers;; (b) expand the capacity for training skilled workers for industry and public works by constructing two new polytechnic institutes; and (c) strengthen the Government's capacity for educational planning and project implementation. 36. The project wouald be implemented over the five-year period 1978-82 and would comprise:  - 12 - (a) construction, furniture and equipment for (i) a 110-capacity institute to train and upgrade instructors for secondary polytechnic institutes; (ii) two polytechnic institutes, with a combined capacity of about 400 students, to train and upgrade skilled workers for industry and public works; and (iii) accommodations for instructional staff; (b) equipment and materials for the planning office of the Ministry of Education and for a project management unit; and (c) provision of 36 man-years of technical assistance and con- sultant services and 30 man-years of fellowships for items (a) and (b) above. Institute for Instructor Training 37. The proposed institute would provide (a) one-year pre-service courses in teacher training and technical skill upgrading, and (b) in-service training of technical and administrative personnel for the secondary polytechnic insti- tutes. The institute facilities would include workshops for the production of audio-visual materials and instructional aids, a library/documentation center that would serve as a national resource center for all polytechnic institutes, and a central store to control the distribution of materials and supplies to all the institutes. The Credit would finance 26 man-years of technical assis- tance to help establish the institute and develop its training programs, and 20 man-years of fellowships for technical upgrading and pedagogical training of future Guinean instructors for the institute. The qualifications, expe- rience, and terms and conditions of employment of the technical assistance personnel would be acceptable to IDA (Section 3.03(a) of the draft Development Credit Agreement). The fellowship program would start not later than September 1979 and fellowships would be awarded to at least 10 qualified candidates by June 30, 1979 and would be required to serve at least three years in the posi- tions for which they were trained (Section 3.04 of the draft Development Credit Agreement). 38. To ensure that the institute's training programs are adapted to the needs of polytechnic institute instructors, an evaluation of these programs would be financed and carried out by the Government following graduation of the first group of trainees and not later than June 30, 1983, with the results to be forwarded to IDA (Section 3.05(a) of the draft Development Credit Agree- ment). Preparation of detailed terms of reference for the evaluation would be financed by the Credit. Secondary Polytechnic Institutes 39. The two polytechnic institutes to be built and equipped under the project would have a combined annual output of about 180 skilled workers in nine industrial occupations. One institute, with an enrollment of about 120, would be attached to the instructor training institute and would perform two functions: (a) skilled upgrading and instruction in workshop techniques for  - 13 - instructors undergoing training, and (b) regular full-time skilled worker training in four industrial trades (general mechanics, auto mechanics, welding and electricity). Provision would also be made for part-time and upgrading courses for employed industrial workers. The second institute would specialize in training for the public works sector by providing full-time courses in construction trades such as masonry, carpentry, plumbing and metal working. This institute would also have facilities to train diesel mechanics and heavy equipment mechanics for the Ministry of Public Works. The curricula for the two institutes would be based on a modular training system developed by ILO. The Government would finance and carry out an evaluation of the modular training program for skilled workers not later than June 30, 1983, about one year following the first graduation (Section 3.05(b) of the draft Development Credit Agreement). Preparation of detailed terms of reference for the evalua- tion would be financed by the Credit. Educational Planning 40. The Project wouald provide (a) two man-years of technical assistance to improve the organization and management of the planning office of the Ministry of Education, (b) three man-years of consultant services to assist in preparing future education and training projects, and (c) four man-years of fellowships to train Guinean educators in educational planning and statistics. The Credit would also finance equipment, furniture and a vehicle for the educa- tional planning office. The technical assistance personnel and the consultants would be acceptable to IDA (Section 3.03(a) of the draft Development Credit Agreement). A training program for the fellowship holders would be prepared and submitted to IDA by June 30, 1980 (Section 3.03 (b)(i) of the draft Devel- opment Credit Agreement), and the fellowship holders would be required to serve at least three years in the positions for which they were trained (Section 3.03(b)(ii) of the draft Development Credit Agreement). Staff Housing 41. Due to the extreme shortage of housing in the Conakry area, the credit would finance the construction of 15 staff houses that would accom- modate Guinean and expatriate instructional and professional staff for the three project institutions. Site Selection 42. The three institutes would be built on adjacent parcels of a suitable 7-hectare building site,, located along the Conakry-Kindia highway in a devel- oping industrial area about 20 km from Conakry. The staff housing would be built on a small site adjacent to the institutes and bordering a proposed residential area. An access road from the highway to the project site would be built by the Government no later than December 31, 1978, when construction of the institutes is scheduled to begin (Section 3.01(b) of the draft Development Credit Agreement).  - 14 - Project Unit 43. The Government has established a project unit within the Ministry of Education to be responsible for project implementation and administration (Section 3.02(a) of the draft Development Credit Agreement). A full-time Guinean project director has been appointed and is responsible to the Minister of Education for overall project execution and for liaison with IDA. The Guinean director of school construction has been named assistant project director, with responsibility for construction supervision and equipment procurement. The Government has furthermore agreed to staff the project unit with the following additional experienced and competent personnel: an administrative officer, two accountants and two secretaries. Suitable office space has been allocated for the project unit. Office equipment, furniture and four vehicles would be financed by the Credit. 44. As the project would be the first to be implemented by the Ministry of Education, the Credit would help strengthen the project unit by financing three technical assistance posts: a counterpart to the Guinean project director (3 man-years), an architect-counterpart to the Guinean assistant project director (2 man-years), and an equipment consultant (3 man-months). Their qualifications, experience and terms and conditions of employment would be acceptable to IDA (Section 3.02(b) of the draft Development Credit Agree- ment). The Credit would also finance six man-years of fellowships to train Guinean staff in project management, equipment procurement and school con- struction. A training program for the fellowship holders would be prepared and submitted to IDA by June 30, 1980 (Section 3.03(b)(i) of the draft Devel- opment Credit Agreement) and the fellowship holders would be required to serve at least three years in the positions for which they were trained (Section 3.03(b)(ii) of the draft Development Credit Agreement). Project Cost and Financing 45. The net-of-tax cost of the project is estimated at US$8.9 million. The foreign exchange cost, estimated at US$8.0 million and representing about 90 percent of the net-of-tax project cost, would be financed by the proposed IDA credit of US$8.0 million. The foreign exchange costs are higher than average because of (a) the shortage of locally produced building materials and equipment, and (b) the relatively large component of technical assistance and fellowships, the cost of which is almost entirely foreign expenditure. Local currency expenditure, amounting to US$0.9 million, would be financed by the Government. Taxes are not included in the project cost calculations because the Government provides tax exemptions for development projects included in the Economic and Social Development Plan. 46. When the project institutions become fully operational in 1982, the recurrent expenditures falling within the Government's education budget would increase by about US$390,000 (in constant 1978 prices). About two- thirds of this increase, or US$260,000, would be for staff salaries and re- lated benefits and one-third, or US$130,000, for other operating costs such  - 15 - as training materials. The budgetary increase would represent about 0.5 percent of the education budget in 1982, assuming the growth of recurrent education expenditure is held at 9 percent per year. The Government has agreed to make an adequate annual budgetary provision for the operation and maintenance of all project-assisted institutions, including the allocation of foreign exchange to purchase imported materials and supplies (Section 4.03(iv) of the draft Development Credit Agreement). Project Implementation 47. Detailed educ,ational specifications and architectural sketch designs for the project institutions were prepared prior to project appraisal and were financed by a PPF advance of US$70,000. IDA has approved an additional PPF advance of US$150,000 to finance the preparation of detailed architectural drawings and bidding documents. During negotiations, the bidding documents and tendering procedures for civil works were reviewed and approved; arrange- ments were also made for the preparation of bidding documents for furniture and equipment. Construction of school buildings and installation of equip- ment would be completed by September 1980. The first output of technical instructors would be produced by 1981 and the first groups of skilled workers would emerge from the polytechnic institutes in 1982. The entire project is expected to be completed by December 31, 1982, with a closing date of June 30, 1983, to allow for all accounts to be closed. Procurement and Disbursement 48. Civil works valued at US$3.1 million and furniture, equipment and vehicles valued at US$1.4 million would be procured on the basis of interna- tional competitive bidding in accordance with IDA's guidelines. Procurement of educational equipment, consumable materials and other supplies would be handled by the national import-export agency (IMPORTEX) responsible for all Government procurement. Materials, equipment and vehicles that cannot be grouped in packages of at least US$50,000 each, and standardized equipment which is not suitable for international competitive bidding, would be pro- cured under local competitive bidding procedures acceptable to IDA, or through negotiated purchase on the basis of price quotations from reliable suppliers. The aggregate value of such items is estimated not to exceed US$0.2 million. 49. Disbursements from the credit account would cover 100 percent of foreign expenditures for civil works and professional fees (US$2.6 million), technical assistance and fellowships (US$2.8 million), and furniture, equip- ment and vehicles (US$1.6 million). The allocation for civil works and professional fees includes US$220,000 to refund the PPF advance (Schedule 1 of the draft Development Credit Agreement).  - 16 - Revolving Fund 50. A revolving fund of US$50,000 in foreign exchange, financed by the Credit, would be established with the Central Bank in Conakry and would be used to plurchase small items such as office equipment and supplies and spare parts for vehicles. IDA would replenish the account upon receipt of evidence of disbursements from the fund for allowable expenditures. Should any dis- bursements be made from the revolving fund that are not acceptable to IDA, the Government would be responsible for replenishing the fund in the cor- responding amount. In addition to this foreign exchange fund, the Government would establish a revolving account in local currency equivalent to the amount of US$250,000 to finance the local cost component of the civil works contracts and the operating expenses of the project unit. This fund would be replenished from the Government budget in accordance with a timetable and a replenishment schedule agreed during negotiations. As a condition of Credit effectiveness, the Government would be required to deposit the equivalent of US$250,000 in local currency in the revolving account established with the National Credit Bank in Conakry (Section 5.01 of the draft Development Credit Agreement). Accounts and Audits 51. The project unit would set up an accounting system, in accordance with accepted accounting practices, to record all project expenditures. All accounts would be subject to regular Government auditing procedures. Assur- ances were obtained during negotiations that the accounts and the audit report will be submitted to IDA not later than three months following the close of each fiscal year (Section 4.02 of the draft Development Credit Agreement). Benefits and Risks 52. The following benefits are expected to result from the project: (a) an increase in the supply of skilled workers for the industrial and public works sectors; (b) creation of a supply of technical instructors for the secondary polytechnic institutes; (c) improvement in the quality and relevance of technical training programs for these institutes; and (d) estab- lishment of a capacity for project planning and implementation within the Ministry of Education. 53. As this would be the first project financed by IDA in the education sector, its scope and content have been made simple and project designs have been taken to an advanced stage prior to Board presentation to minimize the risk of implementation delays. Government officials have participated fully in project preparation and we do not expect any major delays, although minor holdups might occur because of some cumbersome administrative procedures. There is a risk that the project institutions may not be operated efficiently because of the difficulty in recruiting well-trained instructors and also because these institutions will require significant allocations of foreign exchange to purchase operating supplies and to maintain the workshop equipment. These potential problems have been taken into account by providing for tech- nical assistance and fellowships and by an assurance obtained from the Govern- ment during negotiations that it will review budgetary and foreign exchange allocations for the project institutions with IDA prior to the scheduled opening of the institutions.  - 17 - PART V - LEGAL INSTRUMENTS AND AUTHORITY 54. The draft Development Credit Agreement between the Republic of Guinea and the Association and the Recommendation of the Committee provided in Article V Section I (d) of the Articles of Agreement of the Association are being distributed to the Executive Directors separately. 55. Features of the draft Development Credit Agreement of special in- terest are referred to in paragraphs 35 to 51 and in Section III, Annex III of this report. As a condition of effectiveness of the proposed Development Credit Agreement, the Government would submit evidence that an amount in local currency equivalent to US$250,000 has been deposited in a revolving account established with the National Credit Bank in Conakry. 56. I am satisfied that the proposed Credit would comply with the Articles of Agreement of the Association. PART VI - RECOMMENDATION 57. I recommend that the Executive Directors approve the proposed Development Credit. Robert S. McNamara President by Ernest Stern August 29, 1978  - 18 - ANEX I Page I TABLE 3A GUINEA - SOCIAL INDICATORS DATA SHEET LAND AREA (THOU KM2) GUINEA REFERENCE COUNTRIES (1970) TOTAL 246.0 MOST RECENT AGRIC. 71.7 1960 1970 ESTIMATE ZAIRE KENYA YUGOSLAVIA** GNP PER CAPITA (USS) 70.0 90.0 227.0 90.0 140.0 830.0 POPULATION AND VITAL STATISTICS POPULATION (MID-YR, MILLION) 3.7 4.8 4.75 21.6 11.2 20.4 POPULATION DENSITY PER SQUARE KM. 15.0 20.0 19.0 9.0 19.0 80.0 PER SQ. KM. AGRICULTURAL LAND 53.0 67.0 66.0 67.0 113.0 139.0 VITAL STATISTICS CRUDE BIRTH RATE (/THOU, AV) 47.4 47.3 44.6 46.8 49.0 21.0 CRUDE DEATH RATE (/THOU,AV) 30.4 26.4 22.9 23.2 17.0 9.1 INFANT MORTALITY RATE (/THOU) 216.0/a .. .. .. .. 55.5 LIFE EXPECTANCY AT BIRTH (YRS) 33.5 38.5 41.0 42.0 49.1 67.7 GROSS REPRODUCTION RATE 3.5/a b 3.1 3.1 2.8 3.4 1.3 POPULATION GROWTH RATE (2.6 TOTAL 3.1 2.8 2.7 3.1 1.0 URBAN 9.0 8.1 4.25 3.6 6.3 4.6 URBAN POPULATION (S OF TOTAL) 9.6 15.9 19.5 21.6 9.9 3B.7 AGE STRUCTURE (PERCENT) 0 TO 14 YEARS 42.1 42.5 43.1 44.4 48.4 28.3 15 TO 64 YEARS 55.1 54.7 54.0 52.8 48.0 64.3 65 YEARS AND OVER 2.8 2.8 2.9 2.8 3.6 7.4 AGE DEPENDENCY RATIO 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.1 0.6 ECONOMIC DEPENDENCY RATIO 1.1 /C 1.2/a 1.2/a 1.1/a 1.1/a FAMILY PLANNING ACCEPTORS (CUMULATIVE, THOU) .. .. .. .. 68.1 USERS (% OF MARRIED WOMEN) .. .. .. .. EMPLOYMENT TOTAL LABOR FORCE (THOUSAND) 1400.0 1900.0 2100.0 9700.0 5100.0/b LABOR FORCE IN AGRICULTURE (X) 88.0 84.7 84.1 79.0 90.0/f* UNEMPLOYED (X OF LABOR FORCE) .. . .. .. INCOME DISTRIBUTION X OF PRIVATE INCOME REC'D BY- HIGHEST 5% OF HOUSEHOLDS .. .. .. .. 20.2/C 15.1 HIGHEST 20% OF HOUSEHOLDS ,. ,. .. .. 52.6/i 41.4 LOWEST 20% OF HOUSEHOLDS .. .. .. .. 3.9/ 6.6 LOWEST 40% OF HOUSEHOLDS .. .. .. .. 11.7/r 18.4 DI~TRIBUTION OF LAND OWNERSHIP X OWNED BY TOP 10% OF OWNERS .. .1. .. . . . 15 /a x OWNED BY SMALLEST 10% OWNERS .. .. .. .8. .. 4.9/ HEALTH AND NUTRITION POPULATION PER PHYSICIAN .. .. 27890.0 30040.0 7830.0/d 1010.0 POPULATION PER NURSING PERSON 3620.0 .. 3600.0/b 13230.0 1470.0/i 410.0 POPULATION PER HOSPITAL BED 3270.0 980.0 /b 740.0 /7,d 320.0 770.0 170.0 PER CAPITA SUPPLY OF - CALORIES (X OF REQUIREMENTS) 83.0/d 90.0 84.0 92.0 98.0 124.0 PROTEIN (GRAMS PER DAY) 41.0/d1 44.0 42.7 33.0 71.0 92.0 -OF WHICH ANIMAL AND PULSE .. 29.0 /C . 16./b 29.0 29.0 DEATH RATE (/THOU) AGES 1-4 52.0 .. .. .. 1.9 2.6 EDUCATION ADJUSTED ENROLLMENT RATIO PRI'MARY SCHOOL 30.0 33.0 28.0 90.0 64.0 94.0 SECONDARY SCHOOL 2.0 13.0 14.0 9.0 9.0 45.0 YEARS OF SCHOCLING PROVIDED (FIRST AND SECOND LEVEL) 12.0 12.0 12.0 13.0 13.0 12.0 VOCATIONAL ENROLLMENT (X OF SECONDARY) 3.4 ,. 10.0 2.0 72.0 ADULT LITERACY RATE (%) 7.0 e . .. 13.0 30.0 88.0 HOUS I NG PERSONS PER ROOM (URBAN) .. .. .. OCCUPIED DWELLINGS WITHOUT PIPED WATER (X) .. .. .. 89.0/C . ACCESS TO ELECTRICITY (X OF ALL DWELLINGS) .. .. .. .. . RURAL DWELLINGS CONNECTED TO ELECTRICITY (C) .. .. .. .. CONSUMPTION RA1DI RECEIVERS (PER THDU POP) 13.0 23.0 24.0 .. .. 163.0 PASSENGER CARS (PER THOU POP) 2.0 2.0 2.0/d 3.0 9.0 35.0 ELECTRICITY (KWH/YR PER CAP) 32.0 99.0 113.0 141.0 68.0 1288.0 NEWSPRINT (KG/YR PER CAP) .. .. .. .. 0.5 4.3 SEE NOTES AND DEFINITIONS ON REVERSE  - 19- ANIEX I Page 2 NOTES 'nless otberwise noted, data far 1960 refer to any year between 1959 and 1961, for 1970 between 1969 and 1971 and for Moet Recent Ettimte between 1973 and 1976 ** Yugoslavia hba b-en aeleeted as n objective country for Guinea since it is mare advamced in its development and has .ompareble socia-econolic elms. GUINFA 1960 /a 1955; /b African population only; /c Rati of population under 15 and 65 and over to total labor force; /d 1961-65 avenage; /s Prior to 1965. 1970 /s Ratio of populetion under 15 and 65 and over to total labor force; /b Govenrment hospitals only; /c 1964-66. MOST RECENT ESTIMATE: Ia Ratio of population under 15 and 65 and over to total labor force; /b Including midwivea sad assistant oun.es; /c Sovananest hospital astablihbmeots only; /d 1972. ZAIRE 1970 /t Ratio of population under 15 and 65 and over to total labor force; /b 1964-66; /c Percentage of population without cases. to safe water. KENYA 1970 ta Ratio of population under 15 and 65 and over to labor force age 15-59 years; /b Labor force ago 15-59 years; /s trban only; /d REgiterred doctors and mdical officers; /ea Reigatered only. YTGOSLAVIA 1970 7, Agriculture land hbld by social sector "Koebinato"; /b Agriculture land held by private small-holders; R2, May 15, 1978 DEPFINITIONS OP SOCIAL ISDICATORS Land Area Ptbou k,,2 population per nucring person - Population divided by -oober of practiciog 1otal - Total surface =rra -ooprinieg land area and island waters, mle and fmle gradate nurses, "traied" or "ncrtified" nurses, and Agric. - Most rnect estinate of agricaltural ares uaed tamporerily or prea- aaoiliary personnel with traIning or eaperiasne. nently for crops, pastores, market & kitchen gardens or to lia fallow. Popultion per hospital bed - Popultion divided by nceber of hospital beds available in poblic and private general and spenialised hospital and GNP per capita (fS1) - GNP per capita esti.ates at csrroet market prices, rehabilitation ent-ra ; exnludea sursing hore- and ettablislsaenta for calculated by sa-ne .cnvorsion -thod as World Bank Atlas (1974-76 basis); custodia1 and preventiv care. 1960; 1970 a-d 1976 d-a. Per ospit. supply of osionies (f of re-uironeote) - computed frSo esengy eqo-valent of net food sapplies available in --ontry per capitt per day; Population and vital statistics aveilable supplies cosprise dnes tin production, icoports less enports, and Pooplation (rid-year illion) - As of July first: if rot available, average changes in sto-k; set sopplies seclude animal feed, seeds, qo...tities oned of two end-year eatimates; 1960, 1970 and 1976 data, in food processing and losses in distrIbution; reqairests were estimated by PAO based on physiological.. neds for neensl ectivty and bealtb conid- Population den.ity - per anuses ko - Mid-year populatiao per sq-are kilometer erisg envirorsstal tsperatare, body weights, age and sex dietribotions of (100 hbctarea) of trota area population, and aiiaing 10% for waste at household level. yapulation dens.ity- per qoare too of aorir. land - Compated as above for Per capita supply of protein (oraam, see day) - Protein contest of par capita anicuttursl Land only. net supply of food per day; set supply of food is defined as abt; requir- m.ats for a11 countries establiehed by USDA Economic Roe.a.ch ServLcee Vital statiatics provide for a minimum alloes.ne of 60 gras of total protein per day, and Crude birh rate per thousand, average - Annual live b:Lrthb par thousend of 20 grss of animal and pales protein, of vhich 10 graes should be animal mid-year popoSatio-; tee-year arithmetic averages ending in 1960 and 1970, protein; these standards are lower than tbase of 75 grams of total proteti and ftie-year -rgrage ending in 1975 for oat tre.e.t estiate, and 23 Brams of animal protein as en average fur the -1rEd, proposed by FAP Crude death rate pert tbo-ad.roverae - Annasl deaths per thauaasd of mid-year in the Third World Food Survey. pupolatoin; tcn-year aritioetin averages ending in 1960 and 1970 and five- Per capita protein aupply from animSl and pulse - Protein supply nf food ynar avcrage endiog in 1975 for moot recent estimte. derived ftam snisala and pulses in grae per day. Infant crt.ality rate (/thon) - Annual deaths of infants under one year of age Death rate f/thou) ages 1-4 - Annual deaths per thousand in age group 1-4 per thou.nd Ilve births. years, to children in this ege groap; suggested as an indicator of rcfr -aPc-canny at birth (fre) - Anerage nu ber of years of life -ealsing at meaurition. birth; usually five-ye-c averages ending in 1960, 1970 snd 1975 for develop- ine co..tries. Education trase repr-d-cti-s rate - verage nonber of live daughters a w.ao. will bear Adlsned enrolls t ratio - primary school - Enrollment af a11 ages as per- is her nosml reproductive period if she emperiennen present age-spenific centage of prinary school-age popalatios; innludes children aged 6-11 years fentility rates; usally five-year averages ending is 1960, 1970 and 1975 but adjusted for different lengths of primary edatntion; for co-ntries witb for devaloping countries. Iliwaersi adatia, eerol,1eet oy enterd 1007 sicre soon popils are below population growth rate 5%) - total - compound annual growth rates of Sid-year er above the official school ge. popolaitan for 1950-60, 1960-70 and 1970-75. Adjuated e.rnllment ratio - se-ondry school - Computed as bove; secondary Population Prowth rate (7) - urban - Computed like growth rate of total education requires at least four years of approved primary instruction; popalatico; different definitino- of urban areas may affect c.aparebility of provides general, vocational or teacher training instructions for pupils data a-nu countries. of 12 to 17 years of age; correspondence csr.ee are generally enluded. Urban Pnpulutio- (% of total) - Ratio of arban to tot-l populatioa; different Years of schooling provided (first sod second levle) - Total yeara of deflnitions of urbnt areaa may affect cemparablilty of data amnwg contrIes. schooling; at secondary level, v-ati.a..t instruction a-y be partially or nomplretly seoluded. Akte *trocture (pernent) - Children (0-14 years), working-age (15-64 Ymsrs), Voeatiosal *nrellnent ft of a.cmdary) - Voc-tional institutions inclade and retired (65 years and over) as percesatges of mid-year pepulaton. ttahmicsl, industrial or other programs which operate independently or as Ace dape-dec-y ra-tio - Ratio of popolaitto under 15 aed 65 snd ovr to those deptrosentr of aecadary inatitutians. of agos 1 ih..ugh 64. Adult literacy rate It) - Literate ado1ts (able to read and write) as per- Eoucomic denoodency retia - Ratio af populatio under 15 sad 65 sad over to aentage of total adult popalation aged IS years md over the labor force in age group of 15-64 years Farily clasuico - sccretors cumet s1tive thou) - Coulu-tive somber of ancepters Houing oi birch--ctr-I denices under easpicee of national family planning pregrea Person- per roam (urb-n) - Average somber of persona per roes in accupied since inception. conventional dwellings in urban areas; dwellings eaclude non-permanent F-jily plan_iR - -ser f% of maruied wamen) - Perce.taggs of married women of atructurns d o -nnapied part. cbild-be_riog ago (15-44 years) who asa birth-caotr,,l davi.es to a11 married occuot d dwelliXns eithot piped water (X) - Occ.pied convenctlnsI dwelltngs woon In sase age group. in urban end rural areas without Saide or aatsidn piped water facilities as percen.tage of all onnapied dwellings. Enplayaant Aen_s ta lel tricity ft of all d1ell1sos) - Conventional dweJllngs with botail ,abr forte (fi-asand) - Economically active persona, including armed seect riit is living qoarter as percent of total dwellings in urba .an forces and useaplaynd bat eaclading housewives, -todents, tI.; deftiniiona ra erase. Sc various countries are not comparable. Rra dwelings connted to eletriity (.) - tperd as sho far rual Labor farce to agricolture (1) - Agricultural labor fomre (in faming, ferestry, dwel(lings oly. huntlag and fishing) as percontage of total iahor fore.. Un_mplayed (/ of labor farce) - . 'e.tployed are assal' defined as persons who Consonption are ablr and willing to take a job ai of anjab on a given day, remined ot Rdio reivrs (per thw pee) - ill types of recevrs for radio broadcasts af a ho, and seeking watk far a secified inimom period set esceeding one to general public per theuond o f pepularon; esiades unlicensedreivs week; muy not be co-parabli between noantries due to different definitions in countries and in years when registratin af radif sets was Sc effect; of un"nplay -d and aurce of dat, e. g., moploYneo utfics acaciscin-, sample data ftr recent years may not be caparable since most countries abolished ouorvy, compulsory onmoployment insurance. licensing. Income dicri_batton - Percentage of pri-ate income (bath in cash and kind) less t egt pron;eacludes ambulances, hearses d