Mali - Second Education and Training Project

FILE co~~~~~~~ Document of Fas~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ r The World Bank | p7 4 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY l I Report No. P-2118-MLI REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION TO THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS ON A PROPOSED CREDIT TO THE REPUBLIC OF MALI FOR A SECOND EDUCATION PROJECT June 24, 1977  CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS Currency Unit = Malian Franc (MF) US$1.00 = MF 490 MF 1 million = US$2,041 MEASURES Im2 3.28 ft. I m2 10.76 sq. ft. 1 km = 0.38 sq. mile I hectare = 2.47 acres FISCAL YEAR January 1 - December 31 GLOSSARY AND ABBREVIATIONS Operations de Developpement: State Development Corporations ADF: African Development Fund DNAFLA: Direction Nationale de l'Alphabe- National Directorate of Functional tisation Fonctionnelle et la Literacy and Applied Linguistics Linguistique Appliquee (MEN) DNFAR: Direction Nationale de la Formation National Directorate of Rural et de l'Animation Rurales Training (MDR) FAC: Fonds d'Aide et de Cooperation French Bilateral Assistance Fund FED: Fonds Europeen de Developpement European Development Fund IPGP: Institut de Productivite et de National Institute for Management Gestion Previsionnelle IPN: Institut Pedagogique National National Pedagogical Institute (MEN) IPR: Institut Polytechnique Rural Rural Polytechnical Institute (MEN) (Katibougou) MDR: Ministere du Developpement Rural Ministry of Rural Development MEN: Ministere de lEducation Ministry of Education Nationale OACV: Operation Arachide et Cultures Groundnut/Foodcrop Development Vivrieres Scheme (MDR) - a Bank-financed agricultural project (Credit 491-MLI) USAID: United States Agency for International Development  FOR OMCLAL USE ONLY MALI SECOND EDUCATION PROJECT CREDIT AND PROJECT SUMMARY Borrower: The Republic of Mali Amount: US$10.0 million equivalent Terms: Standard Project Description: The project would be implemented in the period 1977-82 and would comprise: (a) Construction or conversion of building, equip- ment and furniture for: (i) two science/technology centers, originally programmed under the First Project and serv- ing groups of urban lower secondary schools; science rooms and technology workshops for about 20 rural lower secondary schools; and renovation of a teacher training college specializing in science, technology and agriculture; (ii) two agricultural and one livestock training centers for junior technicians; (iii) a national management institute; (iv) offices and houses for a functional literacy program. (b) Equipment, materials, and operating expenses for the Project Unit, for a functional literacy pro- gram, and for the development and testing of new programs identified by the preinvestment study of basic education. (c) Provision of 142 man-years of specialists, fellow- ships and support staff. I This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization.  Estimated Costs: The estimated cost of the project, including taxes and duties of US$0.8 million is US$12.0 million, with a foreign exchange component of US$7.1 million. Details are as follows: Project Cost Summary Local Foreign Total % of Total ---- US$ (million) ----- Base Cost Lower secondary schools 0.9 1.1 2.0 20.0 Agricultural training center (Samanko) 0.6 0.7 1.3 14.0 Extension worker center (Kita) 0.3 0.4 0.7 8.0 Livestock aide training school (Sotuba) 0.8 1.0 1.8 18.0 National Management Institute (Bamako) 0.6 0.8 1.4 14.0 Functional literacy program 0.5 0.9 1.4 14.0 Basic education study 0.1 0.3 0.4 4.0 Project Unit 0.3 0.4 0.7 8.0 Base Cost estimate 4.1 5.6 9.7 100.0 Physical Contingencies (6%) 0.2 0.4 0.6 Price Escalation (16%) 0.6 1.1 1.7 Total Project Cost 4.9 7.1 12.0 Total Project Cost Net of taxes 11.2 Financing Plan The proposed Credit of US$10.0 million would meet about 89% of the project's total cost, net of taxes, and finance all foreign exchange requirements plus some US$2.9 million of local costs. The Republic of Mali would provide the remaining 30% of the local costs plus US$0.8 million for taxes and duties.  Estimated Cumulative Disbursements: IDA Fiscal Year Disbursements 1978 1.57 1979 6.44 1980 9.30 1981 9.70 1982 10.00 Procurement Arrangements: Civil works and furniture contracts, estimated at US$4.5 million, would be for small and widely dis- persed buildings at some 26 sites. Such contracts would be awarded in accordance with local competitive procedures which are acceptable to IDA. Small, scattered buildings totalling US$0.4 million would be constructed by force account. Orders for equipment and materials, estimated to cost approximately US$2.1 million, would be grouped wherever possible in lots of not less than US$50,000, and contracts would be awarded in accordance with IDA's guidelines for international competitive bidding. Small equipment contracts, amounting to less than US$50,000, would be awarded on the basis of quotations or through local competitive bidding in accordance with procedures acceptable to IDA. Technical Assistance: Expatriate personnel costs have been estimated at an average of US$50,000 per man-year. Technical assist- ance would be needed for specialized fields such as architecture, curriculum development and agricultural training methods. Appraisal Report: 1379-MLI Map: IBRD 10704  INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION OF THE PRESIDENT TO THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS ON A PROPOSED CREDIT TO THE REPUBLIC OF MALI FOR A SECOND EDUCATION PROJECT 1. I submit the following report and recommendation on a proposed development credit to the Republic of Mali in an amount equivalent to US$10 million on standard IDA terms to help finance a Second Education project. PART I: THE ECONOMY 1/ 2. A report on "Recent Economic Developments in Mali" (233a-MLI) was distributed to the Executive Directors on September 27, 1973. An economic mission visited Mali in March 1976 and again in February 1977. Its con- clusions are reflected in the following paragraphs. An Economic Memorandum will be distributed to the Executive Directors shortly. 3. With a per capita GNP of $95 Mali is one of the poorest countries of Africa and amongst the 29 least developed countries identified by the United Nations. It is handicapped by serious obstacles to development. The extreme variability of rainfall causes sharp fluctuations in crop and live- stock production. Access to foreign markets is made difficult by its land- locked position and the long distances - more than 1000 km - to the nearest seaports, Abidjan and Dakar. Development is also constrained by the short- age of skilled manpower and the narrow domestic market for industrial pro- ducts. About 90% of the population depends for livelihood on crop farming, animal husbandry, forestry and fishing. Exports consist almost entirely of agricultural commodities and livestock. In 1972, the primary sector accounted for 43% of GDP. The relative contribution of the primary sector declined in 1973 and 1974 owing to widespread drought; in 1975 it was somewhat lower than in 1972. 4. Over the fifteen years following independence economic growth has barely kept ahead of the growth of population. During the 1960s GDP, in real terms, increased at an average annual rate of 2.8% as compared to the average population growth rate of 2.1%. During the drought of the early seventies, GDP declined; and Mali's problems were further aggravated by international in- flation, excessive credit expansion and growing budget and balance of pay- ments deficits.- The Government has initiated action to redress major finan- cial imbalances through credit restraint, substantial reduction of the sub- sidy element in the prices of essential consumer goods, fertilizers and agri- cultural equipment and improved tax collection. Good crop seasons in 1975 and 1976 facilitated the implementation of these measures. Though the growth potential is significant, serious structural problems remain. 1/ Substantially identical to the Economic background section of the President's Report Mali "Third Railway" project dated May 4, 1977.  -2- The drought years: 1972-1974 5. All economic sectors have in varying degrees been affected by the recent drought, and their recovery is following different patterns. The extent of losses of human lives is not known but has been severe among some groups, particularly nomads and among them more so the elderly and the child- ren. From an estimated 5.5 million head in 1971 the cattle herd was reduced to only 3.5 million head in 1974. 6. During the drought years the rate of investment was maintained at about 16% of GDP with the aid of an increasing inflow of external resources. The resource gap is estimated to have widened to nearly a third of GDP in 1974, an extraordinary level by any standards. In an effort to keep essential supplies at a sufficient level and retail prices for basic goods low, espe- cially in urban centers, the government resorted to large imports of cereals, only partly financed by external aid, and consumption subsidies. Thus, cereal imports shot up from 64,000 tons in 1972 to 235,000 tons in 1974, at a time when the average import price trebled and the bill for imported petro- leum doubled. To finance losses incurred by state enterprises charged with imports and sales of subsidized goods, growing amounts of bank credit were used. With the subsidies, price inflation was contained within strict limits, the GDP deflator varying around 5-6% between 1970 and 1974. As supplies of exportables were affected by the drought, exports receipts did not increase as much as the favorable world prices would have permitted and the policy of price containment and subsidization translated into very large external de- ficits. At the end of 1974, net foreign assets of the banking system were minus MF 64 billion (US$133 million) principally in the form of liabilities with the "operations account" at the French treasury. Uneven recovery: 1975-1976 7. Normal rainfall resumed in 1975 and primary production--cereals, as well as cotton and groundnuts--increased by more than 20% and total GDP by an estimated 12%. Recovery of physical production, however, has been accompanied by higher rates of inflation resulting from both the substantial reduction in Government subsidies and the delayed impact of international inflation, and the GDP deflator is estimated to have jumped by 18% in 1975. While the resource gap was reduced it remained high, representing about 20% of GDP and foreign assets declined further to minus MF 90 billion (US$190 million). Public dissaving continued to increase as growth of re- venues lagged behind fast rising expenditures, particularly expenditure on personnel. The wage bill increased rapidly because of cost of living adjustments and the policy of government to serve as residual employer of nationals who complete secondary or higher education. Current revenues did increase as a result of efforts to improve tax collection, but not enough to keep pace with rapidly growing expenditures. The current budget deficit widened from 3.6 billion MF in 1972 to 7.6 billion MF in 1975, or about 27% of total current revenues.  - 3 - 8. In 1976, real growth of GDP continued though at a moderate pace (4 to 5%). At the same time, a slower rate of world inflation and redressal measures by the government have begun to have a favorable impact in the financial sphere. 9. Credit expansion was reduced sharply, the overall increase in out- standing indebtedness of the economy to deposit banks being of the order of 10% over the first nine months of 1976. At the beginning of the year the Central Bank discount rate was raised from 3.5 to 6.0% with corresponding increases in the whole set of borrowing and lending rates of deposit banks. And a new banking law, providing for legal minimum cash reserve and liquidity ratios, is to be promulgated soon. The rate of inflation slowed in 1976, even though prices of sugar, soap and groundnut oil had been raised in 1975 and power tariffs as well as prices of gasoline and kerosene were in- creased last year. Producer prices of agricultural products, with the ex- ception of groundnuts, remained unchanged. The combined losses of state en- terprises are expected to have been much lower in 1976 despite marketing problems still experienced by some of them. 10. The balance of payments deficit in 1976 is provisionally estimated to have come down to US$32 million from US$43 million in the preceding year. As in the past the deficit was largely financed through the "operations account". The improvement in the balance of payments despite larger imports is attributable to higher volume and prices of cash crop exports, exports of foodgrains, some debt rescheduling, larger capital inflows and higher trans- fer receipts. Despite this, Mali's net foreign assets have somewhat further decreased, and at the end of 1976 were practically at minus MF 100 billion (US$200 million). The budget deficit for 1976 was still uncomfortably large (MF 10 billion) and it is unlikely to be significantly smallet in 1977. Foreign capital and debt 11. Public investment is mainly financed by foreign aid. During most of the sixties the USSR and the People's Republic of China were the most important aid donors. At the end of 1973, they held about one-third each of Mali's external-public debt disbursed and outstanding. Gross disburse- ments (grants and loans) from DAC sources increased from US$24 million in 1969 to US$108 million in 1974. Roughly 60% came from bilateral sources (mainly France, United States, Germany and Canada). Since the early sev- enties the amount of public aid received by Mali has increased very rapidly and grants account for most of the increase. The average annual gross inflow of aid was less than US$20 million in the early 1970-71, reached US$50 mil- lion during the first years of the drought (1972-73), peaked at US$112 million in 1974 and has decreased only marginally since then. Four-fifths of total aid since 1970 has been in the form of grants. 12. Mali's external public debt outstanding at the end of 1973 (ex- cluding drawings on the operations account with the French treasury) was US$368 million, including an undisbursed amount of US$85 million. IDA's share in the total amount disbursed and outstanding was 17.4%. Repayments  - 4 - of principal and interest due in 1973 would have claimed about 19% of for- eign exchange earnings (15% in 1972), but actual debt service payments were small (1.2% in 1972, 1.5% in 1973) owing to the rescheduling since 1970 of Chinese, Russian and some other debts under short-to medium-term arrangements. However, debt service projections indicate that the ratio may go up to about 19% by 1980, unless some further rescheduling of debt takes place. Mali received five stand-by credits from the IMF between 1964 and 1971 which have been repaid. Apart from the stand-by credits Mali drew SDR 5.00 million under the 1974 oil facility and obtained another credit of SDR 3.99 million (in March 1976) under the 1975 oil facility. Development prospects 13. The return of more normal weather conditions has strengthened the economy's short run position. In the medium and long term, the gov- ernment must address two sets of interrelated objectives. The first is the need to correct the profound financial imbalances that have developed over the years, especially since the early seventies; the second is the need to accelerate the pace of economic growth against a background of mini- mal improvement in per capita income since 1960. 14. The government has, since 1975, begun to tackle its financial problems and has been relatively successful to re-establishing more economic price relationships internally and relative to the rest of the world. Thus, incentives to agricultural production are stronger; consumer prices more closely reflect economic costs, the burden of subsidies has been somewhat alleviated and credit expansion has slowed down. Reform of public enter- prises has been undertaken, but is unavoidably a very gradual task; the budget is still basically unbalanced but the government is now seriously reconsidering its employment policy with a view to make it more selective; the external accounts now benefit from a stronger export performance which is expected to continue; it would be unrealistic to expect dramatic progress in the reconstitution of external reserves in a matter of months or even a few years, but the Franc area arrangements should provide the framework within which to undertake this long-term task. 15. Prospects for real long-term growth are probably better than in other Sahelian countries. Agriculture has considerable potential for ex- pansion both in the South where rainfed agriculture meets favorable con- ditions and in the vast inland delta of the Niger river. The river also offers much potential for power development to support industrial and mineral development. Planned investment in new capacity for cotton seed oil extraction, cotton textiles for export and sugar production, together with growing crop and livestock production, will eventually strengthen the balance of payments. Mineral resources (iron ore, phosphates) remain at present unexploited but may offer interesting longer term development pos- sibilities. 16. The Five-Year Social and Economic Development Plan (1974-1978) gives high priority to agriculture, water and power development, industries processing agricultural materials and road transport. The pattern of in- vestment is well conceived, and allocation conforms broadly to the re- source endowment of the economy, but the investment target of MF 395  billion (about US$783 million) in 1972 prices is no doubt over-ambitious, which means that difficult choices will have to be made. Implementation of the plan has encountered serious internal and external resource con- straints, and the objectives for investment outlays are being revised down- ward. At the same time, with regard to new investments, priority is being given to projects and policies that will help correct over time the struc- tural weakness of the balance of payments, with greater emphasis on export crops, animal husbandry, minor irrigation works and the more efficient manu- facturing activities. However, the selection of projects, especially capi- tal intensive undertakings, needs to pay more attention to economic factors. 17. The prospects for the Malian economy have improved following the marked increase in output over the last two years and the stabilization mea- sures taken by the Government. Nevertheless, sustained and viable growth in the longer run depends crucially on investments that will strengthen the economy's export base and reduce its dependence on imports. Mali's capacity to finance new investment, however, is severely constrained by the limited savings potential resulting from the extremely low per capita income level, a situation further complicated by serious financial difficulties in the public sector. Borrowing on conventional terms would add considerably to the burden of servicing an already sizeable external debt. External aid, accordingly, should be on soft terms and finance, besides foreign exchange outlays, a significant proportion of local currency costs. PART II: BANK GROUP OPERATIONS IN MALI 18. The proposed credit would be IDA's fourteenth operation in Mali, which would bring total commitments of IDA funds to US$129.2 million. Actual commitments so far amount to US$119.2 million, including the Third Railway Project recently approved by the Board. Of this amount, US$54.9 million has been disbursed as of April 30, 1977. Of the thirteen credits already approved, six have been directed to the transport infrastructure, five to agriculture, one in telecommunications and one in education. Transportation represents the largest share (52%) of our past commitments followed by agriculture (nearly 41%). A summary statement of these credits as well as notes on the execution of ongoing projects are set out in Annex II. 19. Experience with most ongoing projects has been satisfactory. How- ever, a telecommunications project experienced some difficulties which have now been remedied as reflected in an amendment which was approved by the Board on July 21, 1976. The Second Highway Project faced some cost overruns due mainly to a delay of more than one year, and the Board of Directors approved in June 1975 a supplementary Credit of US$8.3 million to cover part of these overruns. In addition, a dispute between the contractor and the Government was recently settled following extensive discussions between the two parties. Other items of the project are either completed or well under way.  -6- 20. The Bank Group and other external aid agencies, have financed some ten major development projects which geographically cover most of the coun- try's cultivable area and benefit the majority of farm families, or about 90% of Mali's population. Bank Group's operations in this sector include the Mopti Rice Project, the Integrated Rural Development Project and the Livestock Project which were designed to assist the Government in its efforts to achieve self-sufficiency in food and to improve export earnings. A fourth IDA financed project, Mali Sud (Credit 669-MLI) for US$15.5 million, was approved by the Board in December 1976. A Drought Relief Project composed of more than 20 sub- projects aiding the most adversely affected rural population was approved by the Board in 1973. In addition three of the five projects financed in the transportation sector are directly related to the rural sector. 21. Agriculture and livestock undoubtedly will continue to provide the main development possibilities for Mali's largely rural population; the largely semi-autonomous state corporations ("Operations") are the main channel for external investment in these sectors. Because of the droughts in the 1968-74 period, these "Operations" have broadened their activities to include food crops and livestock to permit farmers greater self-sufficiency. They provide a reliable means for communication and logistics in remote rural areas, as their networks of extension agents reach down to the villages. Increasingly, these "Operations" are being used by the Government as vehicles for delivery of social services, specifically functional literacy for adult farmers and preventive health care at the village level. 22. The main objectives of Bank Group lending in the future are: (a) to promote agricultural development so as to help the country attain some degree of food self-sufficiency as well as generate adequate supplies of agricultural materials for processing industries and exports; (b) to strengthen the infrastructure facilities; and (c) to mobilize resources from other donors through co-financing. In keeping with these overall objectives and in line with the priorities established in the Government's Five-Year Development Plan, Bank Group lending will continue to support the Government in its efforts to increase agricultural production and rural incomes. Pre- paration is underway for a Rice Project in FY 78 and a Groundnuts/Cereals project in FY 79, the former consolidating and extending the first Mopti Rice Project, and the latter a follow-up of the Integrated Rural Development Project. As for infrastructure, a fourth highway project which might include primary road rehabilitation and a program of road maintenance, is being considered for FY 79. The emphasis on rural development and infrastructure, however, does not preclude Bank Group financing in other areas. In this context we are considering an Urban/DFC project for FY 79 designed to improve living conditions through a basic package of urban services emphasizing environmental sanitation and rehabilitation of existing facilities, and to assist Government in creating new employment. Needless to say, successful achievement of these objectives will depend, to a large extent, on the availability in sufficient numbers of qualified manpower to design and carry out development projects.  - 7 - 23. The first Bank Group Education Project (Credit 420 MLI) assisted the Government to improve the quality of science and technology education in lower secondary schools and of technical and vocational education. It also financed a pre-investment study to help the Government identify low-cost pro- grams for providing literacy and numeracy (basic education) to a greater pro- portion of children and adults than can be educated through the formal educa- tion system. The proposed Second Education Project would build on the work and on the results of the pre-investment study of the First Education Project. It would also address priorities manpower needs in the economy, specifically: the training and upgrading of managers and planners for all priority sectors; the training of an increased number of junior agricultural and livestock field technicians; and the extension of functional literacy and numeracy to addi- tional groups of farmers in the Integrated Rural Development Project area (Credit 491-MLI). PART III: THE EDUCATION SECTOR 24. In structure and organization, the formal education system is based on the French model and is administered by the Ministry of Education (MOE). A traditional six-year primary school program prepares for the three-year lower secondary school program, which offers science, technology and other foreign languages in addition to subjects taught in primary school. The lower secondary school prepares for the three-year lycee program, but increasingly its graduates enter agricultural and other vocational programs or the work force. Higher education institutions have been created for agriculture, engineering, public administration, medical training, and for the liberal professions. Unlike many other countries in the region, the teaching force at the primary and lower secondary levels is made up almost entirely of local staff. There is also an institute - the Institut de Productivite et de Gestion Previsionelle (IPGP) - to provide post-graduate training in business and in-service courses for managers. Finally, Mali has developed a variety of non-formal adult education programs, particularly in the area of functional literacy. 25. Girls are generally underrepresented in the formal education system. Their participation is 36% in primary education, 25% in lower secondary and progressively less in the upper levels of the system. While distribution data are not available, it is likely that the participation of girls in rural areas is generally less than in urban. Vocational training programs are limited to secretarial, nursing, and teaching programs. In terms of economic development, rural women are the priority since they are active in production and through them lie the best chances for qualitative change in child rearing, nutrition and family consumption patterns. The government recognizes this and has initiated a program with the aid of UNICEF to study the life styles of rural women with a view to improving their impact on development. The basic education programs to be financed under the proposed project will be carefully coordinated with the UNICEF-aided project and draw upon its ex- perience. The functional literacy program, to be financed under this pro- ject also addresses the needs of women but local custom tends to restrict participation to unmarried women.  - 8 - 26. Recurrent expenditures for education at all levels amount to about US$24.0 million, or about 30% of total Government recurrent expenditures. Salaries are lower than in other countries in the region, due to Mali's policy of keeping public sector salaries low, and account for 60% of the education budget. They represent about 75% of the primary and lower secondary schools allocations, but even at these levels funds available for the purchase of simple materials are reasonable, when compared with other countries in the region. Nevertheless the salary bill remains the principal constraint to the extension of education in Mali, particularly for primary education. A pre- investment study financed under the First Education Project focuses on the financing issue; possible solutions are community financing of salaries and structural changes in existing programs to enable them to handle more students while holding down costs. This is a promising approach, since communities already finance construction of all schools through grade 9 and rural communi- ties build, furnish and staff functional literacy centers. 27. Supply and Demand for Trained Manpower. In Mali, modern sector employment opportunities lie mainly in the civil service, the state enter- prises and the agricultural development projects. The personnel are generally young and, as elsewhere in the West African region, the manpower requirements are small in the public sector. New jobs are most likely to be created in agriculture and related industries. While information on overall manpower requirements is limited to a 1973 study by the Government, the general indica- tions are that the education system is producing more graduates than there are identified needs at the middle and higher levels, with the exception of agricultural and livestock technicians where specific needs have been iden- tified by a 1976 USAID executed manpower survey. The general implication of the situation is that the education level of the work force is likely to improve. 28. There are some qualitative deficiencies in the output of the system which may mean that jobs are not filled or are inadequately staffed. Despite the Government's emphasis on science and technology in lower and upper secon- dary education, lack of practical instruction at the lower secondary level reduces the number of upper secondary students who study these subjects. The consequence is that too few university students study scientific and techno- logical subjects. Another major deficiency of the formal education system is that its institutions do not address the problems of training and re-training employed workers and civil servants. This is a particular problem at senior and middle levels. Mali has taken some positive steps to alleviate this problem by creating the IPGP and by carrying out an in-depth analysis of civil service personnel requirements. 29. The recent analysis by the USAID of sectoral manpower requirements reveals specific needs for junior technicians in agriculture and livestock. While the annual needs of the "Operations" for junior agricultural technicians are about 200 through 1986, mainly for existing posts, annual output is only 90 due to lack of capacity in the training centers. In the livestock sector,  - 9 - the output from the country's only training center for livestock technicians (Ecole des Infirmiers Veterinaires - EIV) is less than 50% of the demand. On the other hand, the needs for the middle and higher levels are already being met. 30. Success of the agricultural and livestock projects also depends on improving farmers' knowledge and skills. At present, most farmers are illiterate; a higher rate of literacy and numeracy would help farmers to accept new techniques more readily, budget their revenues better, and pro- gressively assume a more active role in managing their own development. The Government attaches a high priority to functional literacy and farmer training programs which address these objectives. Educational Development Planning and Management 31. The Government considers the formal education system as the most reliable means for providing middle and higher level technical manpower. At the same time, it recognizes that the growth of enrollments will have to be carefully controlled. In terms of higher education too, it is trying to match numbers and types of graduates to the economy's needs. The principal instru- ment for improved planning and control of the education system will be the MEN's national directorate for planning. Complementary to these measures, the MEN plans to operate upgrading courses at the IPGP (para. 24) for headmasters, inspectors and school business managers with a view to improving the overall efficiency of the system. 32. The Government's chief priorities are: to improve instruction in science, technology and practical subjects for lower secondary students, in particular for rural schools, and to develop more efficient programs of basic education. In the rural sector, major priorities are the training of junior technicians for the agricultural and livestock operations and the complementary extension of existing functional literacy programs to farmers. In the area of management, the Government seeks the further development of the IPGP to enable it to offer upgrading courses for employed senior and middle level managers in all sectors, with priority given to Government enterprises and the civil service. Past Experience in the Education Sector 33. The first Bank Group Education Project (Credit 420-MLI of July 1973) provided US$5.0 million to assist the Government to improve the quality of science and technology education in lower secondary schools and of technical and vocational education. It also financed technical assistance in planning, including a pre-investment study carried-out by local and expatriate specialists to help the Government identify low-cost programs for providing literacy and numeracy (basic education) to a greater proportion of children and adults than can be educated through the formal education system. At the lower secondary level, 11 science/ technology centers, serving groups of urban schools, were to be built. In the area of vocational and technical education, classrooms and workshops serving the country's middle-level industrial and commercial vocational institute and the technical high school were to be renovated and re-equipped. However, inflation caused a substantial cost overrun, and only  - 10 - 6 of the 11 urban science/technology centers can be built under the project. The Government has requested IDA financing for two of the remaining urban centers to serve pressing needs and they are included in the proposed project. It has, however, decided not to proceed with the three other centers for the time being and instead plans to concentrate its efforts on improving the programs in science/technology and agriculture education in rural lower secondary schools since the rural sector offers better chances of employment. Progress in the implementation of the rest of the first project is good. All construction and equipment contracts have been awarded, and the project facilities are expected to be completed by mid-1978. The first phase of the pre-investment study, identifying specific basic education programs, has been completed and the Government seeks financing for their development under the second project. 34. While it is too early to assess the educational impact of the first project, experience indicates that the reform of key programs in science and technology requires a sustained effort and cannot be completed in four to five years. In terms of improving planning, technical assistance to train local counterparts on-the-job is not sufficient: there is a need for systematic training of planners and administrators. In project implementation, it has become clear that the Government needs a strong service, capable of planning the provision and location of schools, and of designing and equipping them. The Government intends to develop the existing Project Unit into such a service. It has also become clear during implementation that careful coordi- nation with government serv:ices concerned by the project is required. Under the proposed project, a committee would be created to advise the Project Unit and provide liaison with these services. PART IV: THE PROJECT Project Background 35. In March 1976, an IDA mission visited Bamako to identify a second education project, and discussed educational development priorities with the Government of Mali. The Government's priorities include the improvement of science and technology instruction in secondary schools and the development of low-cost programs for providing a basic education to a greater number of Malians. The Government also requested that IDA consider assisting the Government in meeting specific manpower training needs. The proposed second project addresses the Government's priorities and was appraised in June 1976. Negotiations were held from April 18 to 21, 1977, with a Malian delegation led by H.E. Soumare (Minister of National Education). The Appraisal Report (No. 1379-MLI) is being circulated separately to the Executive Directors. Project Objective 36. Consistent with the educational strategy established for the first project and the Government's latest assessment of priorities, the Project  - 11 - objectives are to: extend the reform of science, technology and related instruction to rural lower secondary schools and to develop low-cost basic education programs. The project also aims at training and upgrading managers and planners for all priority sectors; training junior agricultural and livestock field technicians; and extending the functional literacy and numer- acy programs first supported by a rural development project (Credit 491-MLI) to additional groups of farmers. Project Description 37. The proposed project would include: (a) Lower Secondary Science and Technology Programs The project would provide for the construction, equipment and furnishing of science and technology laboratories and workshops for about 2,000 urban and 3,000 rural lower secondary students. The urban component would comprise the construction of two science and technology centers at Gao and Kayes deferred from the first project (see para 33), comprising laboratories and workshops, together with office and storage space for the center directors, teachers and support staff. Teachers would be trained by an existing team of instructors using training programs and curricula designed for the First Project. The Government's current pilot program for science and technology in rural schools in the Sikasso region would be extended to provide about 20 rural lower secondary schools with simple multipurpose science and technology facilities, equipment and adequate water supply. An existing teacher training college at Louloumi would be renovated and equipped for upgrading courses for teachers of science, technology and agriculture. In line with existing practice, physical facilities would be constructed by local building cooperatives or parent teacher associations. Specialists (11 man- years) would assist the National Pedagogical Institute (IPN) in developing and testing science, technology and agricultural programs adapted to the region and in training teachers. Programs for technology are already under preparation. During negotiations, the Government has agreed to establish and implement procedures satisfactory to the Association to evaluate the effec- tiveness of the institutions and programs included in the project (Section 4.04, draft Development Credit Agreement). (b) Training Agricultural and Livestock Technicians The project would assist MDR in the improvement and expansion of junior agricultural and livestock technician training by renovating an exist- ing 120-place training center (Samanko), by constructing a new field training center (Kita) for extension workers, and by constructing a livestock training center (Sotuba). In addition to construction, the project would finance equipment, instructional materials, and six vehicles for field work. The project would also finance three man-years of an agricultural training specialist to evaluate and design training programs for the agricultural training centers; six man-years of specialists to establish training programs for the Sotuba livestock technicians training center; and six man-years of  - 12 - specialists to establish programs for the Kita center. On a parallel basis, USAID is financing the construction of two other centers at Same' and M' Pessoba. Design specifications and staffing requirements were worked out in collaboration with the Association. To ensure that the centers financed under the project and by USAID meet the demands of the "Operations" and the MDR, in number and type of technicians, the MDR would collaborate closely with these clients. To this end, a condition of disbursement for the construction of the three centers will be that an advisory committee, with terms of reference and membership acceptable to IDA, be created to advise on admissions to programs and on the placement of trainees. The committee would be chaired by the Minister of Rural Development or his representative (Schedule 1, para. 4, draft Development Credit Agreement). The Government will also ensure that the necessary complementary technical assistance for the junior agricultural technician training is provided by a competent agency. This will be a condition of disbursement for the construction of the Samanko center (Schedule 1, para. 4, draft Development Credit Agreement). The availability of qualified Malian instructors is an important condition for the success of the centers, and the Government has decided that these MDR instructors will be accorded the benefits and advantages already received by similar grades in the MEN. (c) Training and Upgrading Managers for Priority Sectors The project would finance the construction, equipment and furniture for the IPGP at Bamako, to provide about 90 places for full-time students and serve about 400-500 part-time students per year. The project would also finance 10 man-years of specialists in the fields of manpower planning, project management and budgeting techniques, educational planning and administration together with 4 man-years of administrative posts. Ten fellowships for train- ing lecturers overseas would be financed under the project, to accelerate the Malianization of the teaching staff. Since there is a need to reserve a greater number of places in full-time training courses for managers employed in public and private enterprises, particularly at the middle level, the Govern- ment has agreed that it will reserve two-thirds of the places in full-time courses for managers or potential managers sponsored by their employers, with the remaining one-third to be filled by qualified university graduates selected by an entrance examination. (Section 4.03 draft Development Credit Agreement). To ensure that programs meet the requirements of the Institute's clients, the Government has agreed to conduct a study of their training requirements by September 1, 1978. The study will be updated every two years, evaluating ongoing programs and courses and making recommendations to the Institute's advisory committee on programs (Section 3.06, draft Development Credit Agreement). (d) Functional Literacy Programs for Farmers The project would build on the experience acquired in the Integrated Rural Development Project (Credit 491-MLI) to improve and extend the farmer functional literacy programs of the Groundnut/Food Crop Development Scheme (OACV). It would finance the costs of inspectors and supervisors required to establish the three new regional inspectorates responsible for administering the program and supplying materials to 1,600 village-financed centers. The MEN's functional literacy service would provide pedagogical supervision of the program and would train the instructors required for the centers. It would  - 13 - also be responsible for evaluation of the programs. The OACV would be re- sponsible for all field staff and for the management of the program. During negotiations, the Government confirmed that the DNAFLA and the OACV will conduct regular assessments of the progress of farmers participating in the functional literacy program and provide annual financial reports to IDA in the third quarter of each calendar year (Section 4.04 draft Development Credit Agreement). (e) Developing Low-cost Basic Education Programs The project would build on the work of the first project by financ- ing the development and testing of basic educations programs for both children and adults, specifically; (a) more appropriate formal education programs in reading, writing and arithmetic for primary school children, using national languages; and (b) vocational courses in farm budgeting, household accounts, crafts, child care and nutrition for rural men and women. In particular, the project would aid the MEN by financing the national specialists and consultant services (5 man-years) required for developing and testing the programs, three fellowships for staff training together with the costs of materials, vehicles and domestic travel costs. The design and estimated costs of the programs to be developed will be agreed on by the Government and IDA to ensure that they may be subsequently extended at reasonable cost (Schedule I, para. 4, draft Development Credit Agreement). (f) The Project Implementation Unit The Project Unit created under the first project (para 38) will be expanded to enable it to assume all responsibility for design work and site supervision. The project would finance the existing staff, together with two building engineers, two draftsmen, three site supervisors, and a senior accountant, for a total of 10 man-years of specialists and 18 man-years of support staff. The project would also finance five vehicles for supervision of the widely dispersed building sites, the equipment and materials required by the Unit, and the unit's operating costs. During negotiations, the Govern- ment confirmed that a committee responsible for liaison and representative of the agencies and services concerned with the project will be established not later than July 1, 1977 (Section 3.01 (c), draft Development Credit Agreement). Project Execution 38. The Project Unit created under the first project has proved effec- tive. It comprises a director, an architect, an administrator and local support staff and will be strengthened under this project (para. 37f). The unit's accounting staff would be responsible for recording, analyzing and projecting quarterly expenditures for the project items; and for providing annual statements, where required, to IDA and to the external accountants. 39. To avoid delays in the progress of work under this project due to Government's difficulties to pre-finance the expenditures to be reimbursed under the credit and in order to provide working capital, a revolving fund  - 14 - of US$200,000 financed out of the credit will be opened in a local bank immediately after the date of effectiveness of the credit. The Government will be allowed to use this account for expenditures for the project eligible for financing under the proposed Credit. The revolving fund will be adminis- tered by the Project Unit. Project Cost and Financing 40. The cost of the project is estimated at US$12.0 million, of which US$0.8 million are taxes and duties, with a foreign exchange component of US$7.1 equivalent, representing about 60% of the total. Construction costs have been estimated on the basis of recently awarded contracts for similar works, adjusted for price escalation. Space and other standards are compar- able with those of similar facilities financed by the Bank Group. The average cost per square meter would be US$290 equivalent, which is reasonable given the paucity of local materials, the dispersion of the sites and Mali's remoteness from the coast. Expatriate personnel costs have been estimated at an average of US$50,000 per man-year, inclusive of contingencies, which reflects UNDP and the Government's contractual experience. The recurrent expenditure incurred by the project is expected to constitute about 1.5% of the Government's budget for education and training in 1981. The proposed IDA Credit of US$10.0 million would finance the estimated foreign exchange com- ponent and about US$2.9 million of local costs, for an overall 89% of total project cost net of taxes. Procurement 41. Civil works and furniture contracts, estimated at US$4.5 million, would be for small and wideLy dispersed buildings at some 26 sites. Such contracts would be awarded in accordance with local competitive procedures which are acceptable to IDA. Small, scattered buildings totalling US$0.4 million would be constructed by force account. Orders for equipment and materials, estimated to cost approximately US$2.1 million, would be grouped wherever possible in lots of not less than US$50,000, and contracts would be awarded in accordance with IDA's guidelines for international competitive bidding. Small equipment contracts, amounting to less than US$50,000, would be awarded on the basis of quotations or through local competitive bidding in accordance with procedures acceptable to IDA. Disbursement 42. The funds from the credit account would be disbursed as follows: 75% of total expenditures for civil works - US$3.4 million; 75% of total expenditures for furniture - US$0.1 million; 100% of total expenditures for equipment and materials - US$2.1 million; and 100% of total expenditures for personnel and 100% of foreign expenditures for fellowships - US$2.9 million. US$0.2 million of the proposed Credit would be allocated for the revolving fund and US$1.3 million would remain unallocated to cover contingencies and price increases. Disbursements would be fully documented.  - 15 - Project Benefits and Risks 43. The project seeks to improve the quality of science and technology teaching in lower secondary schools. This program, aided by the First Educa- tion Project, will be extended to a group of rural schools. The improvement of these programs is expected to increase the number of students studying these subjects at the upper secondary level and entering vocational training programs as part of the Government's plans to adapt the education system to employment opportunities. The curriculum reform of rural lower secondary schools should also improve the level of candidates for the junior agricul- tural technician training programs and enable school leavers to find employ- ment in the "Operations" in the project area. The new programs will focus on applied technology and agriculture of the type likely to be utilized by these development projects. The manpower training components of the project are expected to have a beneficial impact on the economy by supplying practically- trained junior technicians in agriculture and livestock for development projects. The instructional programs are sound, but the recruitment and retention of qualified Malian instructors and practical field training within the development.projects will be crucial to the success of the agricultural and livestock components. At IDA's request, the Government has introduced an appropriate salary policy for instructors and the establishment of an advisory committee, representative of the "Operations", to ensure the effective organi- zation of the field training of future technicians. The functional literacy program is a complementary program to the training of technicians, since it seeks to make farmers more receptive to new techniques and better able to handle their own affairs. OACV's control and management of the program is likely to ensure that the participants and program content are appropriate. The Management Institute (IPGP) seeks to train and upgrade senior and middle level managers and administrators in key sectors, including education and agriculture. Its success will depend on the Institute's ability to work closely with employers in the selection of trainees and in the design of programs which reflect their needs. The Government and IDA will carefully monitor the training given at the IPGP. A study of employers' training needs will be completed by September 1978 and updated every two years, evaluating ongoing programs and making recommendations in this regard to the Institute's advisory committee on programs. 44. The project component which carries the greatest potential benefits and risks is the development of basic education programs. Illiteracy is high, and given Mali's limited financial resources and population growth the primary education system will need to be modified if it is to increase enrollments from their present level of about 22% of the 6-13 age group. At the same time, more effective programs for adults in post-literacy training programs and nutrition and child care for women are required. Such programs will be innovative and care should be exercised in the design of programs to ensure they meet the criteria of low costs, replicability, and wide interest to participants. Their organization will also prove a challenge, and it seems likely that the use of development projects as a vehicle and framework for the  - 16 - testing of such programs will be the most promising approach. IDA and the Government will review the programs to ensure that their design and estimated costs are likely to permit subsequent extension to larger groups, and the programs costs and effectiveness will be regularly evaluated. PART V - LEGAL INSTRUMENTS AND AUTHORITY 45. The draft Credit Agreement between the Republic of Mali and the Association, the Report of the Commitee provided for in Article V, Section I (d) of the Articles of Agreement of the Association, and the text of a draft resolution approving the proposed Development Credit are being distributed to the Executive Directors separately. 46. Special conditions of the project are listed in Section III of Annex III of this Report. The conditions of disbursement (Schedule I, para. 4, draft Credit Agreement) would be as follows: (a) for construction of the agricul- tural and livestock training centers, the creation of an advisory committee, with terms of reference and membership acceptable to IDA, to be chaired by the Minister of Rural Development or his representative, to advise on admis- sions, programs and the placement of trainees; (b) for construction of the junior agricultural technician training center (Samanko), the Government will ensure provision of adequate technical assistance by a competent agency; and (c) for financing the development of basic education programs, an agreement between the Government and IDA on the design and estimated costs of the program of courses to be developed. PART VI - RECOMMENDATION 47. I recommend that the Executive Directors approve the proposed Credit. Robert S. McNamara President by J. Burke Knapp Attachments Washington D.C. June 24, 1977  bO 4 r. TIALK 10 11AI * SOCIAL 11UA1C1S 8 DgATA SIEET MALI REFERENCE COUNTRIES (1970) TOTAL 1240.0 NOST RECENT AORIC. t4 1960 19t0 ESTIMATE NIGER 0. KMAE P. SENEGAL _* ~~~~- .._- .._-- -- ------- ............. _ -.... @ .._ - - . _- --------_---- * GNP PER CAPITA (US5 40.0 0.0 PO.O 110.0 17 0.0 240.o ...._ ............. POPULATION AND VITAL STATISTICS POPULATION (MND-YR. M ILLION) 4.1 5.1 5.7 4.0 1.6 4.4 POPULATION DENSITY PER SUARE RH. 3.0 4.0 5.0 3.0 3.0 22.0 P-R s. RN. AGRICULTURAL LAND 10.0 / 12.0 .. .. 26.0 39.0 VITAL STATISTICS CRUDE NIRNH RATE PER THOUSAND 50.1 49.6 50.1 52.3 45.4 4P.6 CRUDE DEArH RArE PER THOUSAND 32.4 27.1 25.9 25.7 26.4 24.4 INFANT NORTALITY RATE (/THOU) 123.0 120.0 .. .. .. 156.0 LiFE EXpECTANCT AT aIRTH FYRS) 34.7 37.2 38.0 38.S 39.0 40.0 GROSS REPRODUCFION RATE 3.8 3.3 3.3 3.5 3.0 3.0 POPULATION GROWTH RAtE (I) TOTAL .9 2.2 2.4 2.8 2.2 2.6 URBAN . .. 6.3 7.2 6.0 JAWAN POPULATION (I OF TOTAL) 11.2 .. .. 8.2 30.1 29.0 AGE STAUCTURE (PERCENT) 0 T 14 TEARS 4252 2 49.1 . 44.5 42.1 41.2 is T] 64 TEARS 54.5 49.3 .. 52.6 54.8 54.9 65 YEARS ANO OVER 3.3 1.6 .. 2.9 3.1 3.9 AGE DEPENDENCY RATIO 0.8 1.0 .. 0.9 0.8 0.8 ECO4OMIC DEPENDENCY RATIO 0.8 . 0.9 . - 1.0 / D 1.2 . FANILY PLANNING ACCEPTORS (CUMULATIVE. THOU) .. .. .. USERS (I OF MARRIED WOMEN) .. .. .. EMPLOYKERT TOTAL L4AOR FORCE (THOUSAND) a300.0 2A00. 0 .. 1900.0 6 0.0 1600.0 LABOR :ORCE IN AGRICULTURE (1) 94.0 91.0 .. 91.0 E7.0 73.0 UNEMPLOTED (I OF LABOR FORCE) .. . .. .. .. 7.0 INCOME DISTRI8UTIoN X OF PRIVATE INCOME REC*D AT- HIGHEST 5s OF HOUSEHOLDS .. .. .. HIGHEST 201 OF HOUSEHOLDS .. .. LOWEST 201 OF HOUSEHOLDS .. .. LOWEST 401 OF HOUSEHOLDS .. DISTRIqUTION OF LAND OWNERSHIP s OWNE) ar TOP 101 OF ODNERS . X OWNE) ar SMALLEST IOX OWNERS HEALTH AND NUTRITION POPULATION PER PHYSICIAN 39000.0 L 41490.0 33330.0 b 58260.0 38330.0 16640.o POPULATION PEA NUSN4ESN J650.0 3860. 0 2)48o.o ; I a 141.0 1 39 0.0 2680.0 POPULATION PER HHOSPITAL RED 1490. 0 a 1390.0 o 1380.0 2230.0 460. 0 810.o PER CAPITA SUPPLY OF - CALOiIES (0 OF REQUIREMENTS) 90.0 92.0 88.0/d 91.0 9. . PROTEIN (GRAMS PER DAY) 66.0 69.0 694 0 72 0 49 . 64.0 WO WHICH ANIMAL AND PULSE 2. 23.0 / . 24.0 0& 22.OLb za.0/ OEATH IATE (/THOU) AGES 1-4 S. 0 . EDOUCATION ADJUSTED ENROLLMENT RAtIO PRIMARY SCHOOL 7.0 20 2. 21.O/4. 14.0 / 73.0/a 38.0 /4 SECONDARY SCHOOL 2.0 3a2. 0/ 10 5.0 , 1I0 YEARS OF SCHOOLING PROVIDED (FIRST AND SECOND LEVEL) 12.0 12.O 12.0 1o3.0 VOCATIONAL ENROLLMENT 1: 0- SECONDARY) 15O ~ 4. .00 12.-.00 3. 0 ADULT LITERACY RATE CX) 5.0 If 40. 000 ID 10.0 HOUSING PERSONS PER ROOM (AVERAGE) OCCUPIEO OWELLINGS WITHOUT PIPE) WATER (I) ACCESS TO ELECTRICITY (I O ALL DWELLINGS) RUR4L DWELLINGS CONNECTED TO ELECTRICITY I) .. *. ** CONSUMPTION RADIO RECEIVERS (PER THOU Pop) 2.D 12.0 14.0/a 36.0 30.0 69.0 PASSENGER CARS (PER THOU POP) 2.0 1. 0 0 31.0 4 .0 9.0 ELECTRICITY (KWH/YR PER CAP) 6.0 11.0 15.0 10.0 2I9.0 7.0 NEWSPRINT (TG/YR PER CAP) z. SEE NOTES AND DEFINITIONS ON REVERSE - 0.-  Page 2 of I pages HamE Unless otherwise noted, data for 1960 refer to any year between 1959 and 1961, for 1970 betweeo 1968 end 1970 and for Most Recent Esitoate betweso 1973 end 1975. -n Senegal han been sleoted as an objective c-.te7:ivtee ita GNP per capita (1970) is 'about three tines tiat of Malt, netting an ambitious but not unreelietic target. Both c.oatries.lie in the 'Selielian iona, Senegal being MallsI western neighbour; have similar productico patterns, with groundouta playing a=mJor role; andis.imilii inonsMary arrangements with Francs. Their populatloons are roughly cooparable. MALI 1,960 /a 19-62; &, Ratib'of'pnpleio` ude 5 and 65 and over to total labour force; jp. G-ovenment personnel, including midwives and assistant nurses;, '- :L Go4ornaent hospital establishments; L 6-i and 15-17 years of age respectively; Lf Rot including privAt&,a6ctioinal schools.' 1970 Ratio of population under 15 and 65 and over to total labour force; /b Goveronet hoopital astablishnents; Is.1961-66; /d 6-lb and 15-17 yearn of age respectively. MOST FECEIIT ESTIMATE: LB. 1972; /b Governet; Li 1971; /d 1969-71 average; /. 6-11 years of age. OTTER 1970 Ratio of population coder i5 and 65 and over to total labour force; /b 196h-66; /c 7-12 and 13-19 yearn of age respectively. C. AFRIC&N NE?. 1970 Ratio of population under 15 and 65 and over to total labour for'ce; lb 196L-66; /, 5-10 and 11-17 yearn of age respectively. SENEGAL 2.920 Ratio of population under iS and 65 and over to total labour force; /b Gov-ernet hospital establishceots; ci1961-66; Ld Unadjusted; LeB. towr secondary I-eal. 15, Septeoher 15, 1976 DEFINITIONS OP SOCIAL INDiICATO5S teed Area (thco he2; Pspnintion ear suesing sarac - Pupol.into divided by nnber of praticing Total1 Total surface a- coprising lend nes and inland wacara. sale and feals Rend oneorea "trained or "cartified" nurses and cA-i. M-Mo rec... estimat of aglul -siae od t-p-r-ily or Pasn- -uiliary per-nosi with tr-inig orearec. naotily for crps, psatorsa, -krht & hitches g-rdan cc to lic elnlow. Posu1ation ear hoseiat1 bad - PopuIation divided by macher of hospital beds -citahls in pbIc ad prict anraIad pcird hospital and GNPpear cacte filS$) - ORP par capita eatias te at curent arkat price, -shbilitatio cains nldaa cusng hone and etabliah-te for calculated by -sc c -ioosra-, sthd an World Bash Atlae (1973-75 hania) ; c-todial and preostiv- care. 1960;1910 end 1911 data. Par .aoita sunply of calories ft of r-snirmaent) C-Copoted fr- energy equivalent.of se t food nuppliee avilable in contp prt caita par day; Posulat,i:: and vital sttistic, avilabi applies comprias d-stl production, aot less spo-ce, ned pcsult1 (ind_yea million) na of July first: if not avilable, ovaraan hbnngea to etob; net eappi. Insamlode animal fad, aenda , quanities usd of rw and-yea- simts 1)60, 1970 med 1971 data. in fond Pe....eanig and lonasa in diatrtbotion; r-qoi-oete were eatinated byiPAi base.d on phyeislgicai.. neda for n.t-I activity and health conaid- Ponulation dens ity - ear soone k. - Mid-y-s population par square kil-matar a ge anire-tasal teop-erstc, body wigtbt, ags and ass distributions of (1Sf1 hente.es) of to"Iiar. papulatian, and elbowing forin castedat bhsashod lau-1. Pooainden-ity et s-ar kan of sriy. leand - Cn,putsd a above for PaCsii oel-fs-t - frn erdy) - Notate content of Par capita aeiciurl ad only. net nopply of foed par day; eat supply of food is defined as above; requir- ments far all couatrien -atblishad by USDA Economl ca.e.r-b Service Vitet etatiatice proide fee a nini-o lotet of 60 grom of total protein par day, and Crude birth rate setr thonsand. av Rag - Annu-l live birch par thocasd of 20 gra cf animal and plae protein, of which 10 grom should he animal aid-year pupolutton; ten-year richseetin ov-rgea ending in 19ff end 1970, protein; these atend-rd ar lone r thac those of 71 gi- of total protein ande. fiv-yea --erge eodies in 1975 for east recant astimate. and 23 grom of aniaai protein an an overage for the world, Prop ard by FAO Crdo death rac tee thouoend. --ss - Annua deathe pan thouaand of sid-yanr in the Third World rood Sar-y. population ; ten-year anfthti. --vera endies in 190 and 1970 and fiv- Per caetaoroi naoly iro animal ond puins - Proteis supply of food yea avtgede n191frms eet satloort der,ived frn animalsand p1.e. i tone- par day. Inateralr :eefthou)tb- - Inoa datha fWiefnta under one year of age leach rate f/thou) ages 1-h- Ae- usul.deatho per thoonand in age grop 1-4 pertho....d lic b trha. year, to children in this age groP; suggestedasn indic-cor of tics eseaccancy at birth fvra) - Average macbar of yese of life renaing at ca lnotrition. birth; cannily fic-y-a a-srgen aedies in 1960, 1970 sod 1971 for d-vlop- 1mg coontrion Education Groa rnr-ductio rc-t vraenohr olice d-oghtern . oa wil hea,.r Adbua:ted.enrojLane .thraio perImr I'oi-lnnl,nco l age en par- is he r aneorprdutiv peiod if she esperie-c presen.t age -epcficnneeo eur colaepplto;io e childrenee f-liyanre fertility raise.; osuni1y fiv-yea avrsgee en ding in 1960, 1970 and 1975 hut adjua ted for differet isesthe of primary edo..neton; for t-otrias lt for docoloping nonotrien univrsa etducation,e enrolmet uay ae-ed 100% since es pupils a- helo Poonlailon aromA, rate 1)_- totl - cospond a.-ua growth eaten of sid-yesr or above the ffitiel sholge pouainfr1950-hi, 1960-70 ad1970-75. Ad uted erlmetrtio..-secndary achool - Computed as above; ascondary Poewlation grneth rate fT.) - urban -Computedli growth rate of ineduainrqre at leas t four yae- of epproved primary instr-tion; population; diffesent dofiniticon of urbon orasny offact tp-bility of proides general, vocationa re t.eeher training inatr-tions toe pupiis data among cacactriss f12t17 year of ee nrePondent cor rsar gener-llyseld. ccbao p=oltion f% of icio) - atl.ocf urban to tmini population; dgffe-at Sna're oftscholn eoigdd ffie an eod levels) -Tt Year of doftirtllono of orb. anarn say affect cparbility of data -mog nonuitea. etholies; at secondary leve, vctional i-midas say be partially o completely e..iuded. Angn ot-ror correc t) - Childre (i-1i y-ar) , wrhing-nge (15-Oh yearn), Vovationn1 -nrl..eot (1. of occ-dary) - Vocation.. tintit-cio.. ion lde a --otrd 6h)y...r a.od 00c) 00 por-estge- of mid-yea populatio. echoical, loduatrial c- other prfron which op-rae indep-ed-tlyora ice denodeocy2 raio. -Ratio of .popo foio coder 15 and 65 cod ovr to th-c doparnonts of secodary i-titotoo.- ofIaesI through hi4. Adul,t iiterec rate fT) - Litorate odlIn (oble to red atd write) as Pr- IcS.mi dR.dny nd nou of population under 15 amd 65 and ove to tenog of total advit popoIation ogd 15 year nod over. the labor force in age aroop of 15-hiy4 re fanil elnoina accet-or - lt.itive. thou) - C-ocltilu nunb-orfa....pt-r Noosing of birth-coctrol d-viten ord- ...pic.. of national fanily planning pengro-snnserro (urbo) - Average cnh-r of Persons pe roa to onnopied since incption oc icua Idwellings in urban arena; dAweitigo oc.cld co-p-rnns- Family el...ninu-usr --Ct of ua-rtd o Perr-tge- of -aried womoc of tr-ctres and unoccpied pn child-hearig age (15-4i y-ar) h.a oso birth-control do-in to Ott macetcd Occpied dwellings fbu. ta ae fh_t - Ottpiod on-eoicoa1 deelling wono i san age grouP. to urban and rura areas withoot inaide or.-tid. piped cuter f-nijitij as prcctai ofalloccpied dosilioge. fEclaynet nce to . eetr.ityftofaldwslMogw ~--Cnstico..l dwrIlinga with Toto labor force (thauand) - E-onomi-Ily entice parson, i-cIuding -rnd eocicity in lIving q-tr-n .a Porc..t of total dwelliogn it urban od forc lesad ...plcyed hot occlding hou..atesi , atud-tis, etc-; definitions -.ra aren.. tocricun .nenriea ar -o oparshie. gurni ~dwelling connected cc electricityt%) Compoted aabove f- rural tahr frcinaroutr ) -g oricoitora IIohor.irc (in faraing, forsetry. delnsoly. boing an fishing) na Per-etag ftan aorfre inomeloyad fT. of labor force) -ioployd.are onualyd dfnd aspa-ona who Caceneio n ble nod sillig to tab obk c c obo gie day ronimed cot cadiaree- vra fear tho eon) - 11 types ofrce r icr rdio broad,Itc. of a job, and s,eeking w-k for spunified .imimo pa-id noe nedn n o osaIpbi ot-tenadcippoaio;enlde nitese recivr ona';sy no _o oparable betweec nou..trien doe to diff-ent defintion is -oneiie and in years ebe. regiatretic.ocf radon sets wan to effet; of onaplayed o-d -oec of data, e.g. , euploynent office tsca tinc:'t, sapi data for recet years say oc ho anpr.. ble since cost bootin hlished a-rcY., compulsory -noPIcyneot insurance. lieeoning. Joe- dietribotion - Percentage of privat incm (bath iv cah and bind) lesthnegh asoa ncue omoace- orssadt silitary ` -e-el-d by rinh-e ST, richest 207%, puor-t 20T., nod poorest hO0. of hones- -ebinle.. holda. EIe-triity lOkh/yr -e -pe) - Anna connom pti-onfc industria.jceeril public and private electrficity io I iowteat inure Pc -pita, generally Dliatribatios of 1ood ae -hsie - Per..entagon of land cand by .thnltieni 10% base dcc production data, without allowance ice Ja..e. in grids hot ello-- nod pnor-t 107% of land ownrs. 1bi fee imports and enporta of electricity. H..1th nd N.triti- N7:p ~~~~~~~~~Sesoint (hg/yrte -ao) -,Psena lpita annua cusoption in bilag-as geslth and nutrition estimated f~~~~rom doneetin prdution plus ne Icp-rt of cewprint. noaion ser ebyscini - Population1 divided.by.onberiof prectintna physician qualified from a eia cho tu eriylvl  ANI4FX I Page 3 of 4 pages