Liberia - Lofa County Agricultural Development Project

CIRCULATING COPY Ft [0.. BE RETURNED TO REPORTS DESK DOCUMENT OF INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION Not For Public Use CIRCULATING COPY TO BE RETURNED TO REPORTS DESK Report No. P-1671-LBR REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION OF THE PRESIDENT TO THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS ON A PROPOSED CREDIT TO THE REPUBLIC OF LIBERIA FOR A LOFA COUNTY AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECT July 9, 1975 This report was prepared for offical use only by the Bank Group. It may not be published, quoted or cited without Bank Group authorization. The Bank Group does not accept responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of the report.  CURRENCY 1QUIVALENT The official monetary unit is the Liberian dollar, with a par value equal to that of the U. S. dollar. The U.S. dollar is legal tender in Liberia. FISCAL YEAR January 1 - December 31 ABBREVIATIONS USAID - United States Agency for International Development LBDI - Liberian Bank for Development and Investment  INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION OF THE PRESIDENT TO THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS ON A PROPOSED CREDIT TO THE REPUBLIC OF LIBERIA FOR A LOFA COUNTY AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECT 1. I submit the following report and recommendation on a proposed development credit to the Republic of Liberia for the equivalent of US$o.0 million on standard IDA terms to help finance an Agricultural Development Project in Lofa County. The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) is making a parallel loan of US$5.0 million; the loan would have a term of 40 years, including 10 years of grace, with 2 percent interest during the grace period and 3 percent during the following 30 years. PART I - THE ECONOMY 2. An economic mission visited Liberia in March 1973. Its report "Liberia: Growth with Development - A Basic Economic Report" (No. 426a-LBR dated March 1, 1975) has been distributed to the Executive Directors. Country data sheets are contained in Annex I. 3. During the 1950s and 1960s Liberia experienced an unprecedented rate of economic expansion, averaging close to 7 percent in real terms. This rapid expansion has enabled the Government, for the first time in the country's 150-year history, to undertake significant investments in essential economic and social infrastructure. 4. The growth has been essentially based on foreign enclaves -- iron ore mines, rubber plantations and forestry concessions -- with few linkages between the concessions and the rest of the economy. As a result, the benefits of growth have been unevenly distributed. Annual repatriation by foreigners of profits and savings equals about 20 percent of gross domestic product; about 4 percent of the Liberians have per capita income levels above US$3,000, while the vast majority are near subsistence level with incomes below US$100. To help redress this imbalance the Government proposes to increase its earnings from the enclaves and use the resources to diversify the economy with increased participation of Liberians. 5. To help achieve these objectives, the Government is preparing a national development plan for the period 1976-1979. In this exercise, it is assisted by a planning team financed jointly by the Bank, UNDP, USAID and the Government (President's Memorandum R74-61 of March 25, 1974). Further improve- ment of public administration, the availability of foreig_n c*pItal and technical assistance will, in large part, determine the size of the public development program. The Government has initiated a major effort to improve its administration and increase its capacity to plan and implement investment  - 2 - programs. The United States, the Federal Republic of Germany and the Barik Group have been, and. are expected to remain, the principal sources of external capital. UNDP and USAID are expected to be the main donors of technical assistance grants. Recent Trends (1970-1974) 6. With the transition from the 28-year rule of President Tubman to the new admiriistration of President Tolbert in 1971, the Government initiated a number of necessary fiscal reforms, including tighter expenditure control and renegotiation of concession agreements. This action has resulted in a significant improvement of the Government's fiscal performance. Nonetheless, the economy, particularly the non-enclave sectors, has been under severe strain since 1970. Initially this was caused by uncertainty in the private sector following the change in administration, and was accentuated by the fact that rubber -- which, in addition to being an enclave industry, is.also the principal export crop of Liberian farmers -- experienced a price deterio- ration cluring 1970-1971 and again in 1974. 7. The economic setback in the non-enclave economy has persisted until the first months of 1975 because of the continued contraction, in real terms, of the public sector and a significant, almost completely imported, inflation. Three key items illustrate this inflation. First, rice: the domestic retail price for a 100 lb bag in March,1973 was about US$10; at the end of 1974 it was US$25. Rice is the staple food of Liberians and dominates the cost of living index. Second, the impact on internal transportation of higher petroleum. prices; this has produced an increase of about 40 percent in the price for transporting goods and people. In addition, the. cost of power has also gone up. Third, the price of imported machinery and equipment has increased signifi- cantly in the past two years. This, in turn, has seriously affected overall investmant costs, particularly in agriculture and road building. 8. On the export side, each of the three major exports -- ru-bber, timber an(d iron ore -- has been affected differently in the past two years. Rubber prices rose during 1973 and peaked in early 1974, dropping sharply thereafter as the recession in industrial countries set in. In the timber industry, demand has continued unabated for choice primary species, but has fallen off significantly for secondary ones. In the iron ore sector, the general shortage of raw materials experienced in 1974 and the relative accessibility of Liberian ores have enabled the concessions to negotiate compensation for higher energy costs and a further increase in the contract prices for 1975 (30 percent higher for ore, 50 percent for pellets). At the same time, serious interest is being expressed by foreign groups in the development of three more iron ore deposits in Liberia. In the most optimistic scenario, all three will be in production by the mid-1980s, doubling the national output from the present annual 24 million metric tons to close to 50 million. Concession agreements for two of these new iron ore mines are almost completed. While this would certainly be a welcome development, it does not lessen the need to pursue a development strategy of diversification. OpenLing of new iron ore mines will only delay the inevitable decline of this sector by a decade or so.  - 3- 9. Owing in part to a successful program of fiscal reform implemented by the Government, the fiscal picture for Liberia looks reasonably good for the next five or six years. Manpower constraints are likely to be the main development bottleneck in the immediate future. Balance of Payments and Creditworthiness 10. Since Liberia uses US dollars as the medium of exchange, balance of payments analyses are at best tenuous. In the 1964-1972 period exports grew at 10 percent and imports by 5.9 percent annually. Thereafter, from 1972-1974, following international inflation, imports rose by 29 percent annually, exceeding the export growth of 22 percent a year. Oil irnports increased from US$12 million in 1972 to US$56 million in 1974. Nevertheless, Liberia achieved a trade surplus of US$96 million in 1974 which was more than sufficient to offset a deficit on current invisibles. 11. External public debt outstanding and disbursed was estimated at US$155 million in December 1974. The debt service ratio was 5.3 percent in 1974, as compared to 7.1 percent in 1972. The ratio is projected to fall further in the next few years as final portions of heavy debt incurred in the early 1960s are paid off. The Government has contracted little new debt in recent years and most of it at concessionary terms. The proportion of out- standing debt owed to the Bank/IDA is currently about 15 percent of the total. Even with an expanded public borrowing program and assuming the most adverse external conditions, Liberia's debt service ratio through the 1 980s is estimated to remain below 5 percent of exports. The country should, therefore, be regarded as creditworthy for some additional Bank lending: PART II - BANK GROUP OPERATIONS IN LIBERIA 12. The Bank Group has made 10loans for projects in Liberia totaling US$32.7 million; 3 IDA credits totaling US$11 million and one technical assistance grant of US$200,000 for development planning (paragraph 5). IFC has made one equity investment: US$250,000 in the share capital of the Liberian Bank for Development and Investment (LBDI). The Bank loans have been for roads, port expansion, power and LBDI; the most recent operation was a loan of US$1.8 million approved on July 8, 1975, to help finance a technical assistance program in the power sector. IDA credits have been for education and agriculture. Annex II cantains a summary statement of Bank loans, IDA credits and IFC investments as at May 31, 1975, and notes on the execution of ongoing projects. 13. The objectives of Bank Group operations are: (a) to increase the absorptive capacity of the economy and enable Liberians to take greater initiatives in developing their own resources for the benefit of their own people; (b) to support policies and programs leading to a broader sharing of the friits of economic progress; (c) to help the Government in broadening the economic base; and (d) to assist the Government in mobilizing development resources for sound projects from other external agencies.  - 4 - 14. The proposed Lofa County Agricultural Development Project, which is being co-financed by USAID, is an important step towards these objectives. In addition, a road project has been appraised and is expected to be submitted to the Executive Directors in the next few months. A second education project, a rubber rehabilitation project benefiting small indigenous plantations and an agricultural development project for Bong County are in preparation. The Government is examining the possibility of convening a conference of donors for a coordinated program to assist the rural sector of Liberia. PART III - THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR 15. The structure of Liberian agriculture is characterized by (a) foreign concessions, (b) Liberian-owned commercial farms, and (c) small traditional farms that comprise more than 90 percent of agricultural holdings. Foreign concessions are limited principally to large rubber plantations and logging operations. The Liberian-owned commercial farms primarily produce rubber, but they are increasingly expanding into poultry, livestock, coffee, cocoa, oil palm and rice. The traditional sector is largely outside the monetized economy, located in areas with minimal infrastructure. 16. The average income of the traditional smallholder is about $70 per capita, compared with a national average of about $250. Traditional agricul- ture is based on staple crops, such as rice, and occasional cash crops such as cocoa, coffee and oil palm. The value of total agricultural output rose from an estimated US$68 million in 1964 to US$95 million in 1972 -- an annual increase of almost 5 percent in real terms. However, most of this growth was in rubber, forestry and fisheries; traditional agriculture grew by a modest 2.4 percent a year in real terms between 1964 and 1972. 17. Production of food marketed for cash by farmers is estimated to have grown at 3 percent per annum in recent years. This rate fell short of demand, which was rising 7 to 9 percent a year because of population growth (3 percent per annum) and the increase in disposable incomes in the modern sector. As a result, Liberia's dependence on food imports has increas2d, the rice deficit alone increasing from 2,600 tons a year in the 1949-1953 period to about 45,000 tons in recent years. Liberia also imports meat, sugar and wheat flour. 18. The Government has, in recent years, shown genuine concern for smallholders and has been assisting them in increasing rice and tree crop production for the market. Initially, the Government undertook semi- mechanized land clearance and settlement in the interior. This produced limited results,and the Government is now designing several integrated agricultural development projects for improving the health, education and production capability of smallholders. Two such projects -- in Upper Lofa and Bong counties (see map) -- have been prepared by consultants financed under the first agricultural credit (Credit no. 306-LBR of May 1972). The USAID is helping to improve rural health facilities in these areas,and the production program, as in the project under consideration, is closely linked to health support under a complimentary USAID financed project.  Similarly the educational needs of the rural population are proposed to be met under the IDA-assisted education projects (Credit no. 305-LBR of May 1972 and another in preparation), CARE and local self-help programs. Transportation support is being provided under crop extraction and trunk road programs financed by the Bank Group, the UNDP, USAID and Germany. Thus, the Lofa County Agricultural Development Project is an integral part of a comprehensive rural development program being launched by the Government in consultation with several aid donors. It is intended to mark the beginning of significant involvement of the people of the interior in the national development effort. 19. Simultaneously with this effort, the Government is also studying measures for promoting commercial plantation agriculture on the Ivorian pattern. The Government is conscious of the need to diversify the economy to adjust to a declining minerals sector within the next few decades (paragraph 8) and wishes to promote a plantation program with the help of external aid agencies. However, this is still in a design stage,and it is too early to evaluate its likely impact on Liberian agriculture. PART IV - THE PROJECT 20. The Government commissioned the services of consultants (Agrar und Hydrotechnik of Germany) to prepare the project in Lofa County and requested IDA and USAID for financial assistance. The project was appraised in January, 1975, and a report entitled "Appraisal of Lofa County Agricultural Development Project" (No. 744-LBR dated June 27, 1975) is being circulated separately to the Executive Directors. A Credit and project summary is presented in Annex III. Negotiations took place in Washington on June 3 and 4, 1975. The Liberian negotiating team was led by Mr. Louis Russ, Deputy Minister of Agriculture. Project Objectives 21. The project has two major objectives: (a) to raise the income and improve the quality of life of some 8,000 of the poorest farm families in Liberia (each with average holdings of less than 4 hectares) through improved cultivation practices, better transportation, provision of reliable water supplies and disease control, and (b) to help establish sound, reliable institutional and technical support agencies for implementing this and future projects for smallholders. The risks involved in such a project are not incon- siderable. The project site is in a relatively remote section of the country. The intended beneficiaries typically work by traditional methods, barely participate in the market economy, live in poor social conditions and subsist on a modicum of food production from their farms. The risks are worth taking, however, since the Government of Liberia is now firmly committed to small- holder development and seems willing to consider bold, innovative measures to help achieve that objective. A similar project across the border from Lofa County in Sierra Leone, financed by the Association (Credit 323-SL of June 30, 1973) and involving peoples of similar tribal and economic backgrounds, has been successful. The Lofa undertaking is the result of careful planning and is regarded by the Government as a model for future projects.  -6- Project Content 22. Specifically, the project will include the following elements: provision of seasonal and development credit to assist project farmers develop and improve production of 5,600 hectares of upland rice, 1,900 hectares of swamp rice, 2,800 hectares of coffee and 2,300 hectares of cocoa; construction of 100 viLlage wells; provision of a schistosormiasis surveillance unit; construction and operation of staff and farmer training centers; recruitment and training of Liberians for extension, cooperative credit and project management; introduction of an agricultural credit system through new institutional arrangements such as creationi of a special revolving fund and the establishment of a branch of the Liberian Bank for Development and Investment at the project center in Voinjama (see map)! 23. During negotiations, assurances were obtained from the Government that it would construct up to 100 km of new feeder roads in the project area, rehabilitate up to 500 km of existing feeder roads, and maintain the main primary road through the project area as an all-weather road (Section 5.04 of Draft Credit Agreement). It is proposed that -this road component be financed under the Third Highway project, which will be submitted shortly to the Executive Directors (paragraph 14). However, if for some reason tins assistance is not forthcoming, the Government itself has agreed to provide $1.5 million for the road work. As stated earlier,the project is part of a wider area development program in Lofa County. Other features of the program include: (i) Lofa County rural health project, a comprehensive health improvement program assisted by USAID and costing US$5 million over the years 1975-1979; (ii) educational reform and extension under the Government's "Connunity Schools Program", for which assistance is proposed under the next IDA education project; and (iii) a rural water supply and sewerage program assisted by Germany, UNDP and WHO. The institutional aspects of this project (paragraphs 26 and 27) are des:Lgned to coordinate development activities in the region and to harmonize production programs with welfare activities so that effective continuity will be maintained in the post-project period. Project Cost and Financing 24. Total cost of the project is estimated at US$17.0 million, net of all identifiable taxes and duties, during the five-year development period, 1976-1980. The foreign exchange component would amount to US$7.8 rmillion (46 percent of total project cost) and would be financed partly by IDA (US$4.8 million) and partly by USAID (US$3 million). The balance of the IDA credit (US$1.2 million) and USAID loan (US$2 million) would finance local costs. Despite the measures taken to improve the fiscal situation, the Government is not in a position to fully finance the local costs of its stepped-up development program and the IDA and USAID loan proposals reflect the fact that some financing of local costs by external lenders is required, particularly for high priority projects in sectors such as agriculture where the foreign component of project costs tends to be relatively low. A total of US$6.0 million (or 35 percent of the project cost) would be financed by the Government of Liberia. Formal authoriz- ation and effectiveness of the IJSAID loan is expected shortly and will be a condition of effectiveness of the credit (Section 7.01 (a) of the Credit Agreement). The following tables summarize project costs and their financing.  -7- A. Estimated Project Cost by Categories (Thousand US Dollars) Local Foreign Total Infrastructure 847.3 849.2 1,696.5 Farm Inputs 2,348.6 1,360.0 3,708.6 Farmer Support Services 3,263.5 3,076.8 6,340.3 Technical Assistance 60.0 190.0 250.0 Contingencies 2,730.6 2,274.0 52004.6 Total 9,250.0 7,750.0 17,000.0 (% Share) (54) (46) (100) B. Summary of Proposed Financing (Thousand US Dollars) Govt. of TlA USAID Liberia Total Infrastructure 876.5 338.5 481.5 1,696.5 Farm Inputs - 2,076.8 1,631.8 3,708.6 Farmer Support Services 3,354.5 1,119.2 1,866.6 6,340.3 Technical Assistance 210.0 40.0 - 250.0 Contingencies 1,559.0 1,425.5 2.020.1 5,004.6 Total 6,000.0 5,000.0 6,000.0 17,000.0 25. The USAID loan would mainly finance the credit component for farm inputs (fertilizer, pesticide, seeds, farm tools and equipment, and hired labor for swamp development) and related technical assistance, administration and construction costs. It would also finance the schistosomiasis surveillance unit and dormitory facilities for training. IDA will finance the extension service, well drilling program and other project items. Details are in Annex III. 26. A project management unit would be established with headquarters at Voinjama. It would be headed by a project manager responsible, through a project steering committee, to the Minister of Agriculture or his designee. The unit would consist of six divisions: administration and personnel; finance; -training; cooperatives and credit; land development; and agriculture. The project would be staffed by qualified local staff wherever possible, but because of shortages of experienced Liberians, certain key positions may initially have to be filled with expatriates. The expatriates will be given a timetable within which Liberian counterparts are to be trained to take over the responsibilities. To facilitate operations of the project management unit, a project bank account will be established by the Government with an initial deposit of US$100,000. Opening of this account will be a condition for effectiveness (Section 7.01 (c) of the Credit Agreement).  27. A project steering committee and a prolect advisory committee would be set up respectively to help ensure coordination: a among government departments and (b) among tribal heads and other leaders in the project area. The latter committee would consist of the Lofa County superintendent, paramount chiefs and heads of cooperatives in the area. The former committee would include the Ministers (or their Deputies) of Agriculture (Chairman), Finance, Planning, Local Government and Rural Development and would ensure interministerial coordination in execution of the project. In addition, the Government will, in the context of a current study being carried out by the Minis,.ry of Agricul- ture, examine the possibility of establishing a rural development authority to assume overall responsibility for execution of the project and to plan and manage future rural developraent projects in the country. During negotiations Government agreed that institutional matters involving the Ministry and the proposed rural development authority would be discussed with IDA within six months of submission of the consultants' report (Section 5.02 of Credit Agreement). Agricultural Credit and Marketing 28. The project would help strengthen four existing cooperatives in the area, and rely on them for delivery of farm inputs and credit, and for providing improved marketing facilities to project farmers. A revolving fund for farm credit would be set up and administered by the Liberian Bank for Development and Investment (LBDI) under an agreement between the Govern- ment and LBDI. A branch of LBDI would be established in the project area for channelling credit funds through the farmer cooperatives. LBDI would lend to the farmer cooperatives, which, in turn, would advance development loans and seasonal credits to farmers. A credit advisory committee consisting of local chiefs, representative farmers, project and extension staff would screen loan applications prior to PMl4 approval. LBDI would also introduce, for the first time, full banking facilities in the project area. 29. The total amount of credit per farmer, including incremental seasonal credit, is not expected to exceed $1,000 and would enable small farmers to expand into permanent crops, swamp rice, coffee and cocoa, thereby reducing their dependence on the traditional shifting cultivation system. Development loans (3-12 years repayment, depending on the crop being developed, at 10 percent interest per annum) would be provided for swamp rice, coffee and cocoa, to cover land development costs, hired labor (swamp rice only), farm tools and equipment, seedlings, fertilizer during establishment of coffee and cocoa, and agricultu,ral chemicals. Seasonal credit (at a flat service charge of 10 percent l) would be provided for upland and swamp rice, coffee and cocoa for seed, fertilizer, agricultural chemicals and sprayers. The project revolving credit fund would be built up through repayments of seasonal credits and development loans. At the end of the project develop- ment period in 1980, the fund would amount to an estimated $3.8 million (excluding interest income). In the credit scheme, a 3 percent margin (about 8 percent on seasonal funds) would be provided to the farmer cooperatives to cover administration and bad debts. LBDI would receive a 2 percent commission on disbursed credit. 1/ Equivalent to 15 percent per annum for average seasonal credits with a maturity of eight months.  -9- Training 30. The project would provide a combination of short courses, inter- spersed with practical field instruction, for staff at all levels. A new training center would be established. Cooperative staff training in credit, input supply, marketing and management and organization would be undertaken by the project management unit. Farmer training would be provided thr xgh a combination of short residential farm family courses at the farmer training center, demonstration farms and farm visits. Emphasis would be placed on the demonstration effect of the more progressive farmers. Procurement and Disbursements 31. Procurement of vehicles, plant and equipment valued at more than US$25,000, and estimated to total US$0.9 million, would be financed by IDA through international competitive bidding. Domestically manufactured goods would be allowed a 15 percent preference or the applicable duty, whichever is lower, when comparing domestic bids with those of foreign manufacturers. Items valued between US$5,000 and US$25,000 would be procured on the basis of competitive bidding advertised locally and in accordance with procedures acceptable to the Association. Contracts for items costing less than US$5,000 would be procured through customary local procedures satisfactory to the Association. 32. Proceeds of the Credit would be disbursed over five years -- 1976 to 1980 -- to cover 35 percent of total project costs. The IDA credit would be disbursed against: (a) 100 percent of foreign or 80 percent of local expenditure for vehicles and equipment not financed by USAID, for certain inter- nationally recruited staff and consultants services and for LBDI assistance; (b) 90 percent of expenditure for civil works and construction materials; (c) 90 percent of local expenditure for administation and operating costs. Retroactive financing of up to US$100,000 is proposed to cover the costs of early recruitment of the project manager, training and development controller and agricultural manager prior to credit signature. Project Benefits 33. The economic rate of return is estimated at 26 percent. At project maturity in 1987, incremental annual production would amount to 7,300 tons of milled rice, 2,500 tons of coffee and 1,600 tons of cocoa with a total foreign exchange benefit of US$9.3 million. About 8,000 farm families, with average holdings of less than 4 hectares per family, would directly benefit. The average net farm family income is estimated to increase from the present $313 to $913 at project maturity. Apart from these direct benefits to participating farmers, the project would have important secondary benefits, largely unquanti- fiable, for the community as a whole from improved roads, banking, education and health facilities, including improved drinking water supplies. The project would also strengthen the Agriculture Ministry's technical capabilities, its cooperative/credit extension, agricultural research, and project management for future development activities.  - 10 - PART V - LEGAL INSTRUMENTS AND AUTHORITY 34. The draft Development Credit Agreement between Liberia and the Association, the Recommendation of the Committee provided for in Article V, Section 1 (d) of the Articles of Agreement of the Association and the texts of the resolution approving the proposed credit are being distributed separately to the Executive Directors. 35. -he conditions of effectiveness described in p&ragrnphs 2' an 29r. of this report are reflected in Section 7.01 (a) and (c) of the Credit Agreement. An additional condition of effectiveness would be the appointment of the Project Manager and the managers of the Training and Agriculture Divisions (Section 7.01 (b) of the Credit Agreement). 36. I am satisfied that the proposed Development Credit would comply with the Articles of Agreement of the Association. PART VI - RECOMMENDATION 37. I recommend that the Executive Directors approve the proposed Development Credit. Robert S. McNamara President Attachments July 9, 1975  ANNEX I Page 1 of 3 Pages ODUNTRY DATA - LIBERIA ARE POPULhATIONINIT 11-1,369q iel -T72-a'fII55 (mid-1972) Per kbZSoT...able land SOCIAL INDICATIORS Reference Countries Liberia (mac El Salvador Ja-ica. i3w m-o ~~~1970 1970 1970 . ON? PMR CAPITA U5$ (ATLAS RASIS) /I- 250/Iu 3(5 390/ 810/u. DEMOGRAPHIC0 fl-MrEflth ret.(p.,rthosard) .. S/bc 47/do 9/bf 35 /i Crude death rats (per thoummod) ..21 775 i 7Ttf i77 Infant mortality rate (par thousand live births) ..159 Joc . $ 0/ Life expeci.asy at birth (years) 37j 37t 7/e 53 Gosas reprudotim rata. Z2 2.o /d 3.2 3 9 /dr 2.5 PoPalatios growth rate 7J .7 3.1 77 2.6 /h 3:2 7t~- 1.6 lh Population growth rate - urban ....977 47- C 7)7 -19 377 16/hA 6 15-6b IIf)9 .9 51 71 99 65 end o-er 4.z- 10 17 Age dependency ratios/h 0fil 37) Economic dependency ratio A1 1.1 1.2 - iii !I 9 7 17 irban popelutiio as percentaof total . 2P /, 32 / 39 /b, 37 /k Family piercing: No. of acoaptor..cumulative (thou.,.) __ __ No. of users (% of married -nqen) *..2 /a E(PDYKENT Total lbor force (thous.an ds) 90I /c S 3,56 r ,00 I Joc 750/ Percentage employed in agriculture 8l * 2 55 77 7 7-b 33T7 Percntage unemployed 20 .. II 13-i9 77e INCOME DISTRIBtUTION Percent of national1 inomes recived by highest 5% ..60 ..20 J Percent ofntiona Throes. received by highest 20% ... .52 77 Percent ofnattonal ioo- rsoeived by least 20% . . .a77 Perocir of _tiuna1 incme rn...i-ed by lowest 40% ..13 ..13 77 MISTRIBUTION OF LAND OWNEERSHIP % cand by top 10% of ownrs ... 7$ % c-and by sa1lent 10% of cnr .. HEALTH AND NUTRITION Population per physlrlac 12,000 /s 10,900/ 17,950 /t 9,030 2,630 Poplation per nursing parson . 4 ,140 7t 1,070 77 960 1,720 /a Populatine per hoepital bed 730 5 30 77 7601 520 790 Per "opita ralorie supply as 8 of reqoiremete 86 88 92 82 103 Per capita protein supply, ntotl (grams per dayT-L 36 36 96 'I 56 Of ahich, acima1 and Poelee 10 Jr10 Jr I29 Jr Death rate 1-4 yearsn/7 29 / 217 lb: 7/b EDUPCAT ION Adjuted /8 primary school enrollment ratio 38- 73A /a89 90 8(5I AdJusted 79 so-ondary school -nrolim-t ratio 2 12 5 id 93 Teasrs of . eoliog provided, first and asend level 12 12 15 21312 Voca.tional -orll-tn e. % of sac. school esrollment 12 5 23 31Jr 9A/0 Adult 1litera cy rote % 9 /g.0b 32 /Is . 55 77.d 89 Wa HOUSINO Averege No. of persons pe rcon (urban) 1./al .. 2. Jo a Percent of occpied units without piped wsatr 7. , OY7t dorese9 to electricity (as % of total population) . .17 39 7SbI7 Perosot of fural population counected tn electricity 7 7T CONSUMP-TION LAT6- siorsper 1000 populatian 77 99 /b 05 I. 99 Jb 370 ' Passenger core per l00 population 74~b 1 00. E,la Eletric Powe cosuaptice (kwh p.. 119 /ai 36Ia 2d/ 1,3 /e Newsprint ocosmuption p.o. kg par year .. 09 Ji/a .5f Notes: Figure refer either to the latent periods or to occtfevrorsental temperature, body meights, andl the latent years. Latent periods refer in principle to dlstributi-n by age are ea" of nati onal popolatloos. the yearn 1956-60 or 1966-70; the 1uteet years in prin- &6 Protein stedarde (req1oir-eeta) for all coun.tries am estab- ciple to 1960 and 1970. Iishad by USDA Eac.... i RemeaCh Service provide for a inina aI The Per Cepita DNP estimate is at -aket pricen for aflcoanee of 80 v-e,ns of total protein per day, and 20 grnam of yrar sthr than 1960,. calculted by the ba ne overnico aninal antd poise protein, of which 10 gv-an should be enaiL1 techicque as the 1972 World Each Atls.. protein. Theme standards are oceewbt 1see than those of 75 a2 Avrerge number of daughters per sea of reproductive v-ensa of tuta1 protein end 23 gv-an of animal protein as an .ge. avrgag for the world, proposed by PAD in the Third World Food Z2 Popuiation groth rates -r for the decodes ending in Su-vY. 1960 and 1970. /7 lone studies have suggested that crude death races of children A Ratio af population under 15 end 65 and over to papufle- ages I through 9 nay be used as a first approximation index of Lion of ages 15-69 for age dependency ratio end to labor malnutrition. fares af ages 15-69 fur econeic dependency ratio. /8 Perm-toge enrolld of norreependlag population of school age /j FAO refernc stadards rep-eent physiological re- ac defined for each onatry. quireceot far normal activity end health, taking 0c 072; /h 19711 /o Estimate base.d on the pooulation growth surey which co-e-cd io Yay 19