Multi-stakeholder review of post-conflict programming in Aceh : identifying the foundations for sustainable peace and development in Aceh (Vol. 1 of 2) : Executive summary

55603 v1 he Multi-Stakeholder Review of Post-Conflict Programming in Bangsa (Communication Forum of Aceh (MSR) was undertaken by the Aceh Peace-Reintegration Sons of the Nation, FORKAB) to Board (BRA), the National Development Planning Agency advocate for claims for assistance. (BAPPENAS), AusAID, DFID, the Embassy of the Kingdom Members of these groups have of the Netherlands, UNDP, the USAID-SERASI program and the World received assistance through BRA. Bank between May 2008 and December 2009 with IOM contributing in Moreover, almost all of the 2,035 the initial phase. It builds upon recent efforts by BRA and its partners to former political prisoners released better plan and coordinate post-conflict programming, based on a shared after the MoU have received understanding and strategic vision. The MSR has engaged a wide range of assistance, as have a number of Former combatant with a water buffalo that he received as assistance. government, international and local stakeholders. prisoners released before the MoU. Four years on from the Helsinki MoU, it provides a framework for future Approximately 1.5 million people or 39 percent of the population policies and programs to consolidate peace and development in Aceh. The consider themselves to be victims of conflict. Displacement, trauma, MSR employs a comprehensive framework to identify post-conflict needs damage to property, disruption to primary livelihood source, and physical and issues in Aceh and ways to most effectively respond to them. It considers injury or illness are the most common forms of victimhood. Victims are issues relating to livelihoods and the economy, politics, security and social concentrated in the four most heavily conflict affected districts plus cohesion, and governance and institutions. Within each of these areas, the Lhokseumawe. report discusses existing programs, needs, challenges and constraints at Types of Conflict Victim the individual, community and macro levels. This allows for a consideration of the policies and programs that can build the foundations for sustainable peace and development in post-conflict Aceh. MSR Analytical Framework Source: ARLS. Women were affected by the conflict in a number of ways. A small number carried arms, approximately 680 were in GAM's military structure, and 3,800 played a variety of supporting roles in the conflict. Many women were The Conflict Affected forced to take on the role of the Former political prisoner in her new cafe primary provider for their families. The conflict had negative impacts on most of Aceh's population. The she set up with assistance. Some witnessed the death of family MSR estimates that there are 14,300 former Free Aceh Movement members while others continue (GAM)combatants in Aceh. Over half of the former combatants can to suffer from the uncertainty of disappearance. An unknown number of be found in the four most heavily conflict affected districts: Aceh Utara, women on both sides of the conflict were subject to sexual violence. While Bireuen, Aceh Timur and Pidie. some women have shown remarkable strength, others are still traumatised. Stigma and a reluctance to openly address the issue are hampering effective Nationalistic groups that opposed responses to the problem. GAM during the conflict now come under the collective banner of Over 400,000 people were displaced by the conflict. While most have Pembela Tanah Air (Defenders of returned, between 45,000 and 145,000 people are still displaced, the Homeland, PETA). Many of the mostly in the four most heavily affected conflict districts. Returnees former GAM fighters underwent re- often face significant challenges upon return such as retrieving property, education (binaan) by the Indonesian rebuilding relationships and finding work. IDPs and resettlers face issues Government. After the MoU they of tension with host communities, access to resources and, again, formed their own organisation employment. Reaping the harvest of peace called Forum Komunikasi Anak through work. MSR EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2 Cost of Conflict by District Broken irrigation dam before and after rehabilitation in Bandar Baru, Pidie. The Cost of Conflict The conflict exerted an immense toll on Aceh. The economic cost of the conflict is estimated to be Rp. 107.4 trillion (US$ 10.7 billion). This is almost twice the cost of damage and losses from the December 2004 tsunami. Economic losses due to the conflict were eight times greater than the cost of damages incurred. The provincial economy incurred 61 percent or Rp. 65.5 trillion (US$ 6.5 billion) of the total cost of conflict, while the cost to the national government was Rp. 41.9 trillion (US$ 4.2 billion). The productive sector bore the brunt of conflict damage and loss. Agriculture and enterprise were particularly affected, heavily impacting on the lives of rural communities. The conflict damaged rice and other agricultural fields and killed livestock in nearly all districts. Over 50 percent of rural infrastructure in Aceh was damaged directly or indirectly to some degree as a result of the conflict. Almost 4,000 schools (two-thirds of the total Source: Cost of Conflict in Aceh, MSR. in rural Aceh) were damaged. As of 2006, 33,000 houses were completely destroyed and another 77,000 had sustained heavy or moderate damage. sixth the amount provided for the tsunami reconstruction effort, despite the The fighting also damaged 7,700 km of road and almost 2,200 bridges. greater levels of damage and loss from the conflict. Needs in agriculture and The cost to the government of maintaining security during the conflict is transport remain in conflict-affected areas. estimated at Rp. 22.5 trillion (US$ 2.3 billion), or 21 percent of the total cost of conflict. Foregone tax and utilities revenues were also significant. Direct or specific reintegration and peace-building assistance to the Sectoral Proportions of Conflict Costs end of 2008 has totalled Rp. 3.7 trillion (US$ 365.6 million). Similar shares have been provided by the Government of Indonesia (GoI) and by international donors. Of the total funding committed for reintegration and peace-building programs, 96 percent has already been allocated and 81 percent has been disbursed. Given the remaining needs, this underscores the need for new support for direct peace-building programming in the short to medium term. GoI assistance includes Rp. 135 billion (US$ 13.5 million) of district and provincial government funds allocated to general development programs in conflict-affected regions. In addition, an estimated Rp. 5.3 trillion (US$ 529.5 million) of tsunami recovery and development funds have Source: Cost of Conflict in Aceh, MSR. supported post-conflict recovery in areas not affected by the tsunami. The conflict had the greatest impact on the north-east districts of Aceh Utara, Aceh Timur, Pidie and Bireuen, while Aceh Selatan, Bener The four most heavily conflict-affected districts of Aceh Utara, Bireuen, Meriah, Aceh Besar and Aceh Tengah were also heavily affected. The Aceh Timur and Pidie have received the highest levels of assistance, pattern of damage and loss differed across districts, with particular types of indicating effective geographic targeting. Thirty-eight donors and 89 infrastructure and facilities sustaining different levels of loss in each district, implementing organisations have delivered 140 direct reintegration and underscoring the need to design district-specific approaches to address peace-building programs across Aceh. This is significantly lower than the damage and effectively help communities resume productive lives. Sunk number of agencies involved in tsunami reconstruction, making coordination costs, which cannot be recovered or compensated for, account for Rp. potentially easier. A wide variety of approaches to support post-conflict 46.1 trillion (US$ 4.6 billion) or 48 percent of losses. Recoverable loss can recovery have been followed. conceivably be compensated for (although this not recommended by this report) and accounts for Rp. 49.5 trillion (US$ 5.0 billion) or 52 percent of Many former combatants and conflict victims claim they have yet to loss. receive any assistance. However, as a group, former combatants and civilian conflict victims have received greater amounts of reintegration Stock-Take of Post-Conflict Assistance assistance than civilian non-victims. To date, the greatest share of funds has been allocated to projects focusing on governance and administration; Although large strides have been made in addressing the needs of followed by community culture and religious facilities; housing; and conflict-affected individuals and communities, total funds provided to enterprise support. Agriculture and livestock account for a small proportion date have been inadequate to address damage and losses caused by of post-conflict recovery assistance. BRA has commited to provide housing the conflict. However, over the long term the total peace dividend from the assistance to almost 30,000 households, in line with the total number peace process provided by the government will exceed the provincial cost of destroyed households as of 2006. BRA has already supported the of conflict. reconstruction of three quarters of these. The total amount of funds committed to reintegration and peace- The Government of Aceh stands to receive an estimated additional building is estimated at Rp. 9.0 trillion (US$ 895.1 million). This is one- Rp. 78.6 trillion (US$ 7.9 billion) in special autonomy funds between MSR EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3 2006 and 2027 as a result of the to provide skills training or business development support to former Law on the Governing of Aceh combatants, political prisoners or conflict victims. Only a small number of (LoGA). The total value of the peace former combatants or amnestied political prisoners have returned to school dividend in Aceh from the autonomy since the conflict ended. funds and assistance is 130 percent of the provincial cost of conflict giving In the medium to long term, strategies to promote general growth may Aceh a chance to build back better be more effective in dealing with the needs of most conflict-affected from conflict. Most of this funding is people than targeted assistance programs. However, certain vulnerable provided by the central government population groups