Jordan - Northeast Ghor Irrigation and Rural Development Project

DOCUMENT OF INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION Not For Public Use Report No. P-1403a-JO REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION OF THE PRESIDENT TO THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS ON A PROPOSED CREDIT TO THE HASHEMITE KINGDOM OF JORDAN FOR THE NORTHEAST GHOR IRRIGATION AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECT May 24, 1974 This report was prepared for official use only by the Bank Group. It may not be published, quoted or cited without Bank Group authorization. The Bank Group does not accept responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of the report.  ,CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS Gurrency Unit: Jordan Dinar (JD) Before February 1973 US$ 1 * JD 0.357 JD = US$2.80 From February 1973 to US$ 1 = JD 0.322 date JD 1 = US $3.11 Appraisal Report: US$ 1 = JD 0.322 JD 1 = US$3.11 ABBREVIATIONS ACC Agricultural Credit Corporation AMO Agricultural Marketing Organization FA Farmers Association JCO Jordan Cooperative Organization JVC Jordan Valley Commission NPC National Planning Council NRA Natural Resources Authority FWD Public Works Department FISCAL YEAR January 1 - December 31  INTERNATIO.NAL DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION OF THE PRESIDENT TO THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS ON A PROPOSED CREDIT TO THE HASHEMITE KINGDOM OF JORDKN FOR THE NORTHEAST GHOR IRRIGATION AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECT 1. i submit the following report and recommendation on a proposed cre- dit to the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan for the equivalent of US$7.5 million on standard IDA terms to help finance the Northeast Ghor Irrigation and Rural Development Project. The borrower would relend about $760,000 equivalent througyh the Jordan Valley Commission (JVC) to the Agricultural Credit Cor- poration (ACC) for 15 years with interest at no less than 4-1/4 percent per annum. PART I - THE ECONOMY 2. A memorandum on the "Current Economic Position and Prospects of Jordan" was distributed to the Executive Directors on October 18, 1972 (R72- 231). An economic mission visited Jordan in January 1974 and its report is under preparation. Country data sheets are attached as Annex 3]. 3. During 1962-1966, the Jordanian economy grew at over 8 percent per year in real terms. Price stability prevailed, and high levels of foreign assistance permitted a sustained surplus in the balance of payments. However, Jordan's economy was adversely affected by the 1967 war with Israel and the confrontation with the Palestinian Fedayeen groups in 1970/71. The occupation of the West Bank, which supported 30 percent of Jordan's population, deprived the country of about 35-45 percent of its GNP, and over 300,000 refugees emi- grated to the East Bank. Growth of the most promising sectors, agriculture, tourism and industry, was curtailed; military expenditures increased; and the economy became more dependent on foreign budgetary support and military aid. The latter accounted for almost one-fifth of GNP in 1973. Government's efforts to check the activity of Palestinian guerillas in 1970/71 provoked economic sanctions against Jordan by some Arab countries. The closure of the Jordanian-Syrian border from July 1971 to November 1972 cut the country's land communications with Europe and resulted in a decrease in exports from $41 million in 1969 to $32 million in 1971. Difficulties were compounded by the suspension of budget support from Kuwait and Libya after 1970, and the closure of the Syrian-Lebanese frontier during the first half of 1973. 4. Now, thanks to more settled domestic conditions, economic recovery is well underway. In the second half of 1971, agricultural output increased. Industry picked up in 1972 and reached high capacity utilization in 1973. Exports of phosphates, cement and other commodities rose sharply, from $32 million in 1971 to $53 million in 1973. The increase of imports was also large, but increased receipts for foreign travel, workers' remittances, foreign budget support and direct military aid more than compensated for the deterioration in the trade account. At the end of 1973, the surplus  of the balance of payment amounted to $38 million and gross official re- serves reached $312 million, equivalent to nine months cf imports of goods and services. A high level of construction activity and workers' temporary migration relieved unemployment, now estinrated at about 8 percent. The Octo- ber 1973 conflict did not affect Jordan's economy significantly and available indicators point to a sharp increase in private industrial investment under a new incentives law. Public investment also is likely to pick up considerably with the start of a number of projects and economic growth is likely to be rapid in 1974, thanks also to the recovery of agricultural production from a bad crop in 1973. With the reopening of the Syrian frontiers with both Lebanon and Jordan in mid-1973, a calm domestic potitical climate, and a revival of private investment, prospects for continued growth are good. In spite of the vulnerability to increases in world prices, since imports are equivalent to more than 50 percent of GNP, balance of payments prospects are satisfactory, because of the recent tripling of phosphate prices and an ex- pected increase in phosphates production. 5. An overall Middle East settlement would enhance longer term pros- Dects of uninterrupted growth. Nevertheless, Jordarn's development will corh- tinue to face the difficult problems of limited natural resources, a rapidly growing population and the pressing need to create new jobs to absorb the growing labor force, reduce the serious inderemployment, and settle refugees. Besides phosphate deposits, the country has yet unexploited deposits of potash and copper ore. The largest productive sector, agriculture, has growth poten- tial through irrigation and technical improvements, in spite of limited land and water resources. The country has also a potential for small- and medium- scale manufacturing which can be developed through an active search for viable projects, removal of the remaining bottlenecks for the private sector, insti- tutional backing, and improvement of skills in management. 6. The Government has prepared a three-year Development Plan (1973-75) to step up private and public investment to $557 million over 1973-75, which would be an increase of 70 percent ove. the level of the depressed 1969-71 period. The Plan offers an adequate balance between economic growth, income distribution, institution building and employment objectives. Transport ac- counts for 20 percent of total investment; mining, power and industry 20 per- cent; construction 20 percent; agriculture 15 percent; social sectors 17 per- cent; communications, tourism and trade 8 percent. The bulk of transport in- vEstments are for railroad construction to enable an increase in exports of phosphate rock. Special emphasis is placed on providing non-subsidized, low- cost housing which is urgently needed in the cities, especially Amman. The most important projects in industry and mining have as their objectives the increase of phosphate mining from I million tons to 2.7 million tons, and a beginning of phosphate processing. In agriculture, the major allocations are for irrigation in the Jordan valley and in the Dead Sea region. Progress on institutional reforms and project preparation was substantial during the first year of the Plan, and has opened the way to project implementation during the following years. 7. Fifty-six percent (i.e. $310 million) of total Plan investment is to be carried out by the public sector, with 70 percent (substantially more than in the past) being financed by foreign sources, half in loans and half  - 3 - in grants. The government budget would provide about $75 million annually during 1973-1975 for public investment and would increase domestic borrowing to nearly $50 million a year, mainly through development bonds and treasury bills. 8. The pattern of external assistance to Jordan in the recent past has largely been influenced by the unsettled conditions of the region. Transfers to the Government, mostly in the form of budgetary support and military aid, averaged $140 million per year during 1967-73. Under the Khartoum Agreement, Jordan received subsidies amounting to about $105 million annually from Kuwait, Libya and Saudi Arabia in 1967-69. Saudi Arabia maintained financial assis- tance in 1970 and increased its aid from $40 million to $64 million in 1972. Substantial US transfers ($100 million in 1972 and $89 million in 1973) com- pensated for the suspension after 1970 of the payments from Kuwait and Libya; Kuwait resumed its support in April 1973, raising total official transfers received by Jordan to $179 million in that year. 9. The new emphasis on development and an extensive project list pre- sented in the Plan have led to a sharp increase in development aid. New com- mitments over the last two years amounted to $137 million, mostly from Western sources, Kuwait and IDA. Average terms on the $92 million committed in 1973 were 1.1 percent interest, 6.9 years of grace and 29.7 years maturity. The net inflow of long and medium-term capital to the central and local govern- ments, which had averaged $10 million per year during 1967-70, increased sharply to an average of more than $30 million annually after 1970. The external public debt, including undisbursed amounts, was about $221 million at the end of 1972, of which only about 10 percent was held by the Bank Group. Because of the concessional terms, the debt service ratio did not exceed 6.6 percent in 1973. However, Jordan must continue to look for external lenders for concessional aid and for the financing of a high share of project costs, including some local currency financing, because of the difficult development problems arising from the country's limited natural resources, serious under- employment problem and the refugee burden. PART II - BANK GROUP OPERATIONS 10. Jordan has to date received eight IDA credits, amounting to $40.3 million, net of cancellations. Performance under all projects has been gen- erally satisfactory. Four credits were made before 1967--two for agricultural credit (6.0 million) and two for water supply ($4.0 million)--and are fully disbursed. After the 1967 war and the 1970 civil disturbances, Bank Group lending resumed in mid-1971 and credits were made for highways ($6 million), education ($5.4 million), power ($10.2 million) and water supply ($8.7 mil- lion. The Bank is acting as Executing Agency for a three-year UNDP Planning Assistance Project in the National Planning Council which includes project generation, aid coordination and training of Jordanians in project prepara- tion. IFC has made its first investment in Jordan in February 1974 consist- ing of a $224,000 equity participation and $1,600,000 loan to Jordan Ceramic Industries Company Limited (JCL). Annex II contains a summary statement of  - 4 - IDA credits and the IFC investment as of' March 31, 1974, and notes on the execution of on-going projects. 11. The Bank Group's role in the medium term is to assist in institu- tions building and in project identification, preparation and financing in the sectors which offer the best growth prospects and employment opportuni- ties, such as irrigated agriculture and rural development, light industry and tourism. Priority will also be given to the expansion and reinforcement of vocational and technical education, to produce the specialized skills re- quired for the development of the above sectors, and to water supply, trans- portation and electric power to provide the necessary infrastructure. While, in view of Jordan's poverty and limited debt servicing capacity, IDA would normally have to be the source of Bank Group assistance, IBRD lending for prospective large mining projects may be considered on an "enclave" basis in view of their net contribution to the country's trade balance. 12. For the near future, a second education project is currently being appraised; a combined urban development/highway project and a first DFC proj- ect are also being considered. The Bank Group is assisting the development of light industry and tourism by supervising the execution of a study for the development of Aqaba, financed as part of our recent water supply credit. A 1966 study for the extraction of potash from the Dead Sea is being updated by the Government and a project may be proposed for Bank Group financing. IFC is discussing with the Government a large scale project for phosphate based fertilizers. PART III - AGRICULTURE IN JORDAN 13. Agriculture accounts for one-fifth of GDP in East Jordan and is the largest productive sector in the economy. It provides the main source of live- lihood for one-third of the labor force and a third of export earnings. The principal agricultural exports are tomatoes and citrus. Domestic production, however, is insufficient to meet the country's needs of food. Wheat, rice, meat, dairy products, fruit and vegetables have to be imported. The trade deficit in agricultural commodities is substantial, currently above $62 mil- lion a year. 14. The Government's agricultural development strategy aims at increas- ing output by rehabilitating and expanding irrigation, increasing land produc- tivity, reclaiming land, improving marketing and introducing high quality varieties of crops. The plan aims at narrowing the deficit in the trade balance by increasing the value of exports from $14 million in 1971 to $26 million in 1975 and by increasing substitution for imports of agricultural commodities. 15. There is some scope to increase agricultural production by increas- ing the use of Jordan's land and water resources. Out of the country's 350,000 ha cultivated area, more than 90% of the cultivated land is dependent on limited and irregular rainfall. While there is little possibility of expanding the  - 5 - area which can be cultivated under rainfed conditions, expansion of irrigated agriculture in the Jordan Valley offers opportunities of increasing production. Most of the country's 25,000 ha of irrigated land, which accounts for 70% of total agricultural production, lies In the Jordan Valley. In order to accel- erate agricultural development in the Valley, the Government set up in 1972 the Jordan Valley Commission (JVC) with wide administrative and executive powers. As a starting point, the Commission prepared a Three-Year Develop- ment Plan (1973-75) within the framework of the National Development Plan. The Plan emphasizes water devclopment and the proposed project figures in it prominently. PART IV - THE PROJECr 16. A report entitled "Appraisal of Northeast Chor Irrigation and Rural Development Project - Jordan (No. 339-JO dated May 10, 1974) is being dis- tributed separately to the Executive Directors. A Credit and Project Summary is attached as Annex III. A map of the project area is also attached. Tech- nical feasibility studies for the development of the Jordan Valley were pre- pared in 1969 by the consultants NEDECO (Netherlands) and Dar El Handasah (Lebanon). Additional studies were made by JVC. A FAO/IBRD Cooperative Program mission visited Jordan in February 1973 to assist in the preparation of the project. The project was appraised in October 1973. Negotiations for the proposed credit were held in Washington in March 1974. The Government delegation was led by Mr. Omar Abdullah Dokhgan, President of the Jordan Valley Commission. 17. The proposed project is part of a comprehensive agricultural devel- opment scheme for the entire Jordan Valley (East Bank), which aims at develop- ing irrigation and providing rural development facilities to increase produc- tion and narrow income distribution disparities. Within this overall scheme, USAID is assisting agricultural development in the Central part of the valley and with improvements of main roads generally; the Kuwait Fund is assisting with the construction of a dam on the Zarka tributary in the Central valley; and the German Federal Republic is assisting, through Kreditaustalt fur Wideraufbau, valleywide electrification and telecommunications projects as well as irrigation in the southern part of the valley. 18. The proposed project would almost double agricultural production over an area of 7,700 ha through land leveling, more efficient water dis- tribution and drainage on 4,940 ha that are already irrigated, conversion from gravity irrigation to sprinkler irrigation on 1,720 ha and provision of sprinkler irrigation for 1,040 ha, presently rainfed. Main project works include two diversion weirs and siltation reservoirs; 55 km of primary and secondary pipelines and a distribution network for sprinkler irrigation; 30 km of farm roads; land leveling of about 3,000 ha; tile drainage of about 520 ha; rehabilitation works on the existing East Ghor Canal; and 2 marketing centers. The project also includes treated water supply systems for about 10 villages; three new health centers and extension of an existing center; about 150 classrooms; a vocational training center; improvement of  - 6 - about 60 km of roads; about 10 communitY development centers; and $2.7 million credit to the Agricultural Credit Corporation (ACC) to finance the agricultural credit requirements in the project area for mobile sprinkler equipment, other farm machinery and inputs. 19. Expansion of agricultural production for domestic consumption and exports would bring about a significant increase in farm incomes, presently about JD 95 ($295) per capita, and significant improvements in the living standards of project area residents. The project aims at doubling the net income on vegetable farms and at increasing by 30-40% the net income on mixed produce farms. Direct employment would increase from the present 1.3 million man-days to 2.3 million at full development. Interest of the riparians 20. Part of the water for the proposed project would come from the Yarmouk River, an international waterway which forms a boundary between Jordan and Syria (including some of its occupied territories) and then flows into the Jordan River at the northern boundary between Jordan and Israel near Lake Tiberias. Water for the project is assured by an international treaty between Jordan and Syria signed in June 1953 which specifies how the waters of the Yarmouk and its tributaries are to be shared. Israel presently draws a small amount of water from the Yarmouk (about one cubic meter per second) for irrigation. The project is not harmful to the interests of other riparians since improved irrigation efficiency with the project would permit saving about 40 percent of the water presently used in the project area. Land Tenure and Farm Size 21. A law passed in 1968 requires that landholdings in government- developed irrigation areas should be allocated in-holdings of 3 ha where land is highly productive, or 5 ha where land productivity is average. This law also limits to 20 ha the maximum size of the holdings of previous owners. A survey carried out in February/March 1973 indicates that about 85% of hold- ings in the project area are within the range of 3 to 6 ha. About 40% of tihe project area is owner-operated and 60% sharecropped or rented to tenants. The newly irrigated area of the project has been acquired and will be reallo- cated to comply withl existing Jordanian. Law. The National Resources Authority (NKA) has the legal and administrative machinery for land acquisition and re- allocation. Project Execution 22. The project is to be carried out in 1974-78 under the overall re- sponsibility of the Jordan Valley Commission (JVC). JVC was established in 1973 as a public entity with the sole responsibility for the economic and so- cial development of the Jordan Valley. Headed by a President/Director Gen- eral and who reports directly tc the Prime Minister, JVC has adequate admin- istrative, legal and financial powers for its operations. The staff of JVC has been recently increased to enable it to carry out its tasks satisfactorily.  - 7 - 23, JVC would retain specific responsibility for planning, coordination, supervision and financial control of the project, and would entrust project execution, including detailed supervision of consultants' and contractors' work, to the relevant Government agencies. The NRA would be responsible for irrigation works, water supply facilities and collection of water charges. The Public Works Department would supervise the construction of primary mar- kets, health centers, schools, the vocational training center, roads and com- munity centers. The Department of Agriculture would provide extension and research services and the training support for the project. The Agricul- tural Credit Corporation (ACC) would be responsible for providing credit to the project farmers for mobile sprinkler equipment, other farm machinery and inputs. The Education and Health Departments would coordinate with JVC and the Public Works Department during the planning and construction phase of the schools and health centers, and later would be responsible for operat- ing these facilities. JVC would also establish a Farmers' Association (FA) for the whole Valley, which would assist the farmers in obtaining credit, agricultural inputs and other services, as well as in marketing their pro- duce. The Agricultural Marketing Organization (AMO) would operate the prim- ary markets and the packing and grading station. AMO would train professional staff of the FA. A Liaison and Advisory Committee (LAC) including the senior representatives of the agencies concerned has been set up under the chairman- ship of the President of JVC. LAC would meet periodically to assign prior- ities, coordinate project activitie, among the executing agencies, and re- solve difficulties. Consultant Services 24. JVC is finalizing a contract with the consultants who prepared the feasibility studies, NEDECO and Dar El Handasah, to assist NRA in the design and supervision of all irrigation works. Cost Estimates 25. Total project cost, excluding import duties and taxes, is estimated at $17.4 million including $4.9 million for physical and price contingencies. The foreign exchange cost is estimated at $9.1 million, or 52% of the total cost. Physical contingencies are estimates at 15% for irrigation works and 10% for all other items. Contingencies for price escalation of civil works and equipment have been included, at 12 and 9% in 1974; 10 and 7% in 1975; and 8 and 5% in 1976 through 1978 respectively. Contingencies for price escalation for land, engineering and administration have been included at 6.5% annually for foreign costs, and 10% annually for local expenditure. Financing Plan and Recovery of Costs 26. The proposed IDA credit would finance 82% of the foreign cost, equivalent to 43% of the total cost. The balance of the foreign cost and 92% of the local cost would be financed by the Government of Jordan. Proj- ect farmers would contribute the balance (8%) of local costs, represented by their share in the financing of sprinkler equipment, farm machinery and agricultural inputs required for the project. The financing plan would be as follows:  -8- US$ % of million project cost !DA credit 7.5 43 Government Foreign exchange cost 1.6 10 Local currency expenditures 7.6 43 Project farmers 0.7 4 Total 17.4 100 27. Water charges of 6 fils*/m would be levied on the berieficiaries in order to recover full operation and maintenance costs of the irrigation system which would serve the project area, and full investment costs charge- able to the project, including 5 percent interest per year, over the project lifetime of 40 years. Project charges would amount to about 19% of the in- cremental income on the average. 20. The ACC would repay the amount of the project's credit component over 15 years at an interest rate of not less than 4-1/4%. This would give ACC a satisfactory margin on its sub-loans to 7roject farmers, which would bear interest at not less than ACC's prevailing standard terms of 6-8%. AMO would charge a fee of 1% of the gross value of the produce sold in the primary markets it operates, and a fee of 5% of the gross value of the produce packed and graded in its stations. By the early 1980's, the proposed level of fees would cover full operation and maintenance costs and leave a margin for AMO. Procurement 29. The irrigation works and the main system of rural water supply ($5.5 million) would be grouped into one contract, and awarded after inter- national competitive bidding under the World Bank's guidelines. Contracts for equipment and materials exceeding $10,000 each, amounting to about $3.4 million would also be awarded after international competitive bidding under the World Bank's guidelines. Domestic suppliers would receive a preference equivalent to existing import duties or 15 percent of the c.i.f. cost, which- ever is the lower. Equipment and materials contracts not exceeding $10,000 each and an aggregate amount of $100,000, would be awarded after local com- petitive bidding in accordance with government procedures. The remaining project works (construction of schools, health centers, roads etc.) amounting to about $1.8 million are not suitable for international competitive bidding because they are scattered and their construction is spread over long periods. These contracts would be awarded after local competitive bidding in accordance with normal Government procurement procedures. * JD 1 = 1,000 fils.  - 9 - Disbursement and Retroactive F:nancing 30. Disbursement would be made in 1975-79, as shown in Annex III, to finance 50% of civil works contracts; the CIF cost of directly imported goods and 80% of total costs of goods purchased from local suppliers; the foreign exchange costs of consultant services; and 38% of loan disbursements made by Agricultural Credit Corporation (ACC) against short-, medium-, and long-term credit to project farmers for the purchase of mobile sprinkler equipment, other farm machinery and inputs. The IDA credit would finance retroactively up to $175,000 of expenditures for consultants' services incurred after March 1, 1974. Economic Rate of Return and Justification 31. At full development, the annual gross value of agricultural produc- tion in the project area would be twice the value expected without project, mainly due to increased production of high value fruits and vegetables. The economic rate of return is about 24% besides significant social benefits and institutional improvements. Furthermore, the project would result in addi- tional gross foreign exchange earnings valued at $6 million per year, increased availability of fruits and vegetables for the domestic market, and higher in- comes and employnment for about 1,700 farm families. The provision of schools, health centers, water supply facilities, and community centers would also con- tribute to a significant improvements of the living conditions of small farmers in the project area and a corresponding reduction of the incentives to urban migration. After payment of project charges, the net annual farm income per capita in the project area at 1971-73 average prices would increase by more than 50 percent to about JD 150 (equivalent to $470). PART V - LEGAL INSTRUMENTS AND AUTHORITY 32. The draft Development Credit Agreement between the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan and the Association, the draft Project Agreement between the Associa- tion and JVC, the Recommendation of the Committee provided for in Article V, Section 1 (d) of the Articles of Agreement of the Association, and the text of a draft resolution approving the proposed credit are being distributed to the Executive Directors separately. The enactment of a law establishing the Jordan Valley Farmers' Association and the election of its Executive Board would be an additional condition of effectiveness. Otherwise, the draft Credit and Project Agreements conform to the normal pattern of credits for irrigation and rural development projects. 33. I am satisfied that the proposed Development Credit Agreement and Project Agreement would comply with the Articles of Agreement of the Associa- tion.  - 10 - PART VI - RECOMMENDATION 34. I recommend that the Executive Directors approve the proposed Development Credit. Robert S. McNarnara President Attachments May 24, 1974  ANNE!'X I Page 1 of 3 pages Pa e 1 o 3 wDUNfRT DATA - JORDAN ARSA POPULATIONLI 917,740 loe?-- 77UT11ion (mid-1971) 2 Per km Per k2mb! stable land SOCIAL INDicATORs Referenc Countries Jordanad un .C GNP PER CAPITA US8$ (ATIAS BASIS) a . 250 2,430 280 /a 250 Ia Cr-de ir.that (per thousand) 47 l 49 /c1d 18.3 38 45 Crude death rats (Per thosand) 16 /b 16 J.d .4 14 23 Infan.t aorta~ilty rate, (Per thousud lire births) .12..7 LieePectac aYt birth (years) 52 /b ..74 52 /c oross reproduction rote 3.4 /sa . 1.3 3.1I/f Population growth rote -.-b 3.3 1.3 2.1 2.1 Popolotine growth rate - urban .. .. .. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~2.4/g.h 3.4A/ Age etr-tur (percent) 0- IL 45.4 /s 45I42 7.3 464 424 15-64d 51.162;6 51 7; 53 7; 65 and over 4.52 471' 571' be6 -isdny ratio /4 2.4/ 2.3L .:0/1 1.7- 1.2 71 Urban population as poct of total ha/.e . 78 /n 44 Ac.0 38A/ FanIy pi-rcing: ta o f u...eptors cuaulatlce (th_au.) ... . - 108- No. Of caere (% of earrisd snen) ... .12- EPLOYJJMENT Ic Total lbj Corns (thousands) 390I /~ 360 I 4,700 1,500 e 50I Percentage emplOyed in agriculture ~j72/ 7 v 5620A Peroontogo unemployed 7 /2jj ~~~~ ~~~~~ ~ ~~14 r 1.2 17t 16 7ov, INCOME DISRIBIUTION Par-n_t of _national i..oa. re..eic-d by highest 5%...22I Percent ofnational osereo-ired by highest 20% ...4,9 7i- tscsu f noti onal ioose -eceivd by loweot 20% 3...77- Percen t Of catioco1 ioose -enei-d by lo.est 40% ...14 71 DISTRIBUTION OP LAND UchNERSHIP % cooed by top 10% ofowes....53 % oonnd by snal1est lOt Of 5ae3, . .os HEALTH AND N1C1ITION PopulationF per.physi r.a n 5,900 /z 3,430 If 820 If 5,780 If 8,310/If Populto e usn esn1.940 77 a. 1,760 77 ab 210 7? ac 760 Ma 4 1as Population per hooplial bed ~~~~~~~~ ~~680 7Tf '970) jj 190 7t 410 f;,d2c Per o,ptue calorie cupply as % of requirements/ 87 /ak 98 /Is 121 /a= 94 /aI 74 Iai an PercO.pito proteic supply, total (grass per dsyY/6 58 flE 65 TaT 85 7.- 63 7fl 40 Fj tfwh -h,Ynialodp7a 7i Ta 18 7, 57 7" 14 7fl 23 2~ Death rats 1-4 ysero /7 .. .. o~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~.A 1.5 7o82a E,DUCATION Adjuste;d /8 prljeary school snnice t rto 76A ap 70 IftAP 102 If 107 /aq 163 /f Adjusted U ...oondory acOhienoll n ratio 24 &a 30