113974 T.R. BERGAMA MUNICIPALITY MUNICIPAL SERVICES PROJECT SOLID WASTE LANDFILL FACILITY ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT STUDY FINAL REPORT Assoc. Prof. Erdem Görgün io Environmental Solutions Project Manager/ Research Development Ltd Co. M.Sc Env.Engineer Env. Engineer Murat Ertürk io Environmental Solutions Researcher/ Research Development Co. Author Env. Engineer Utku Vardar io Environmental Solutions Researcher/ Research Development Co. Author Dr. Süleyman Övez İstanbul Technical University Biologist Environmental Engineering Department M.Sc Engineer. Tahir Öngür M.Sc Geology Engineer. NOVEMBER 2007 November 2007 This report is prepared for T.R Bergama Municipality by the io Environmental Solutions Research & Development Company. Project No : 2007/1037 Report Date : 22.11.2007 io Environmental Solutions Research and Development Company İTÜ Ayazağa Kampusü, Teknokent, ARI 1 Binası, No:3, 34469, Maslak – İSTANBUL / TURKEY Tel. 0212 276 65 48 Fax. 0212 276 33 67 2 Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 Indexes List of Tables ............................................................................................................................................ vi List of Figures.......................................................................................................................................... vii List of Appendices ................................................................................................................................. viii List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................ ix 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY..................................................................................................................... 1 2 POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK ..................................................................... 2 2.1 Legal and Administrative Framework...................................................................................... 2 2.1.1 Bergama Municipality...................................................................................................... 2 2.1.2 Ministry of Environment and Forestry ............................................................................ 3 2.2 Related international agreements .......................................................................................... 3 3 DEFINITION OF PROJECT.................................................................................................................. 5 3.1 Purpose of Environmental Assessment Study ......................................................................... 5 3.2 Definition and Purpose of project ........................................................................................... 6 3.2.1 Existing Situation ............................................................................................................. 6 3.2.2 Importance and necessity of project ............................................................................... 7 3.2.3 Suggested Project ............................................................................................................ 7 3.2.4 Introduction of facility units ............................................................................................ 8 3.2.5 Other Investments ......................................................................................................... 13 3.2.6 Wastes acceptable by the facility .................................................................................. 15 3.3 Rehabilitation of old dump site ............................................................................................. 15 3.3.1 Scope ............................................................................................................................. 15 3.3.2 Introduction of rehabilitation study .............................................................................. 16 3.4 Soil Pollution Analysis Study .................................................................................................. 17 3.5 Re-settlement and domestic public development plan ........................................................ 19 3.6 Time content ......................................................................................................................... 19 4 INITIAL DATA ................................................................................................................................. 21 4.1 General characteristics of project area ................................................................................. 21 4.1.1 Geographical Location ................................................................................................... 21 4.1.2 Meteorological condition and climatic characteristics ................................................. 24 iii 4.1.3 Hydrological Characteristics .......................................................................................... 27 4.1.4 Geological and hydro geological structure .................................................................... 27 Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 4.1.5 Flora and Fauna ............................................................................................................. 37 4.1.6 Protection Areas ............................................................................................................ 46 4.1.7 Forestry areas ................................................................................................................ 46 4.1.8 Roads to be used for transportation of wastes ............................................................. 47 4.2 Socio-economical conditions ................................................................................................. 47 4.2.1 Population ..................................................................................................................... 47 4.2.2 Economical characteristics ............................................................................................ 48 4.2.3 Social infrastructure ...................................................................................................... 48 5 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS .......................................................................................................... 49 5.1 Benefits of Project ................................................................................................................. 49 5.1.1 Protection and improvement of public health .............................................................. 49 5.1.2 Prevention of soil pollution ........................................................................................... 49 5.1.3 Prevention of water pollution ....................................................................................... 49 5.1.4 Prevention of air pollution ............................................................................................ 49 5.1.5 Recycling ........................................................................................................................ 50 5.1.6 Income obtained from recyclable wastes ..................................................................... 50 5.2 Environmental impacts of project and impact mitigation measures .................................... 50 5.2.1 Soil ................................................................................................................................. 50 5.2.2 Air Quality ...................................................................................................................... 52 5.2.3 Water quality ................................................................................................................. 57 5.2.4 Biological diversity ......................................................................................................... 69 5.2.5 Noise .............................................................................................................................. 69 5.2.6 Traffic ............................................................................................................................. 74 6 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES ......................................................................................................... 75 6.1 ALTERNATIVES RESEARCHED AS A PROJECT PLACE .............................................................. 75 6.2 No Action Alternative ............................................................................................................ 75 6.3 Alternative technologies ....................................................................................................... 75 6.3.1 Composting.................................................................................................................... 75 6.3.2 Incineration ................................................................................................................... 76 iv 6.4 Transfer Center Alternative ................................................................................................... 78 7 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN....................................................................................... 79 7.1 Purpose of Environmental Management Plan ...................................................................... 79 Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 7.2 Management and Scope........................................................................................................ 80 7.3 Basics of project .................................................................................................................... 80 7.4 Impact Mitigation Plan .......................................................................................................... 81 7.5 Monitoring Plan ..................................................................................................................... 84 7.5.1 Monitoring of meteorological data ............................................................................... 84 7.5.2 Monitoring plan for Leachate ........................................................................................ 84 7.5.3 Monitoring plan for underground water and drainage water ...................................... 84 7.5.4 Monitoring plan for surface water ................................................................................ 84 7.5.5 Monitoring plan for landfill gas ..................................................................................... 84 7.5.6 Monitoring plan for sanitary landfill ............................................................................. 85 7.6 Urgent intervening plans ....................................................................................................... 92 7.7 Institutional strengthening .................................................................................................... 93 7.7.1 Equipments to be purchased......................................................................................... 93 7.7.2 Educational and working hours ..................................................................................... 93 7.7.3 Consultancy services ..................................................................................................... 93 7.8 Institutional Arrangements ................................................................................................... 94 7.8.1 Arrangement of Organization........................................................................................ 94 7.8.2 Procedures related to impact increasing and tracing ................................................... 96 7.9 Meeting to give information to the public ............................................................................ 96 7.9.1 First Meeting ................................................................................................................. 96 7.9.2 Second Meeting........................................................................................................... 100 v Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 List of Tables Table 2.1: Targets of landfill directive determined for the member states ............................................ 4 Table 2.2: Targets of Packaging and Packaging Wastes Directive........................................................... 5 Table 3.1: Placement detail of administration building .......................................................................... 9 Table 3.2 Soil Analysis Results of Old Dumpsite Surroundings ............................................................. 18 Table 3.3 Limit Values of Soil Pollution Control Regulation ................................................................. 18 Table 4.1: Mean relative humidity rates measured at Bergama Meteorology station......................... 25 Table 4.2: Monthly rainfall values measured at Bergama Meteorology Station .................................. 26 Table 4.3: Dominant wind and direction according to blowing numbers ............................................. 26 Table 4.4: Evaporation information according to months ................................................................... 27 Table 4.5: Project area and near surrounding- flora ............................................................................. 39 Table 4.6: Regional fauna list ................................................................................................................ 43 Table 4.7: Fauna of Project area and surroundings .............................................................................. 44 Table 4.8: Census results in Bergama .................................................................................................... 47 Table 4.9: Population projection of Bergama district ........................................................................... 47 Table 5.1: Typical compound of landfill gas .......................................................................................... 54 Table 5.2: The projection of landfill gas ................................................................................................ 55 Table 5.3 Leachate contamination concentrations at solid waste landfill facilities ............................. 57 Table 5.4 Rainfall catchment areas of lots ............................................................................................ 58 Table 5.5: Standards for discharge of wastewater into wastewater infrastructure (sewerage) .......... 61 Table 5.6 Discharge limits for solid waste disposal facilities ................................................................. 62 Table 5.7: Machines to be used during the construction activities and their noise levels ................... 70 Table 5.8: Results of noise dispersion modeling ................................................................................... 73 Table 6.1: Comparison of project alternatives ...................................................................................... 77 Table 7.1: Impact mitigation plan (in construction phase) ................................................................... 81 Table 7.2: Impact mitigation plan.......................................................................................................... 83 Table 7.3: Monitoring Plan (Construction Phase) ................................................................................. 86 Table 7.4: Monitoring Plan (Operation Phase) ...................................................................................... 87 Table 7.5: Monitoring plan (after closure) ............................................................................................ 91 vi Table 7.6 Equipments to be purchased ................................................................................................. 93 Table 7.7: List of Participants of First Public Awareness Meeting ........................................................ 96 Table 7.8: List of Participants of Second Public Awareness Meeting .................................................. 100 Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 List of Figures Figure 3.1: The satellite photograph of Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Facility of which construction was left unfinished. ................................................................................................................................. 6 Figure 3.2 Suggested Points of Observation Well ................................................................................. 11 Figure 3.3: Satellite photograph of solid waste landfill plan ................................................................. 14 Figure 3.4: Time schedule of Bergama Solid Waste Landfill facility project ......................................... 20 Figure 4.1: Position of İzmir Province in Turkey .................................................................................... 21 Figure 4.2: Position of Bergama District in İzmir province .................................................................... 22 Figure 4.3: Position of Bergama solid waste landfill facility project in Bergama District...................... 23 Figure 4.4: Mean temperatures in Bergama District according to months (2002-2006) ..................... 24 Figure 4.5: Mean rainfall information in Bergama District ................................................................... 25 Figure 4.6 Geological Map of Project Area............................................................................................ 28 Figure 4.7 View of Rock Formation at the Project Area ........................................................................ 29 Figure 4.8 Views of Formation at the Project Area ............................................................................... 29 Figure 4.9 Views of Sedimentary Layers at the Project Area ................................................................ 30 Figure 4.10 Satellite View of Structural Geology................................................................................... 31 Figure 4.11 Hydrogeological Map of the Project Region ...................................................................... 32 Figure 4.12 Fault Movements ............................................................................................................... 33 Figure 4.13 Bergama Foça Fault Zone ................................................................................................... 34 Figure 4.14 Seismic Activity of West Anatolia ....................................................................................... 35 Figure 4.15 Intensity Map of Dikili Earthquake ..................................................................................... 36 Figure 4.16 General Views of the Study Site ......................................................................................... 41 Figure 5.1 Flow Diagram for Leachate Treatment System .................................................................... 63 Figure 5.2 Leachate drainage system .................................................................................................... 65 Figure 5.3 Leachate Recirculation System............................................................................................. 66 Figure 5.4: Noise dispersion modeling .................................................................................................. 73 Figure 7.1: Bergama Municipality, Cleaning Works Department, existing organization schema ......... 95 Figure 7.2: Bergama Municipality, Solid Waste Management Directorate, suggested organization schema .................................................................................................................................................. 95 vii Figure 7.3: Photographs of Bergama First Public Awareness Meeting 28.06.2007 .............................. 99 Figure 7.4 Photograps of Second Public Awareness Meeting 18.10.2007 .......................................... 103 Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 List of Appendices Appendix 1 : Maps Appendix 2 : Photographs Appendix 3 : List of persons who prepare environmental assessment report Appendix 4 : Resources Appendix 5 : Soil Analysis Results of Old Dumpsite Surroundings viii Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 List of Abbreviations COD : Chemical Oxygen Demand BOD5 : Biochemical Oxygen Demand AKM : Suspended Solid Matter R.G. : Official Gazette ix Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In Bergama between 1963 – 1993, municipal solid wastes have been dumped at the front of Pazaryeri district, and since 1993 solid wastes are being dumped to Fevzipaşa District irregularly. These locations are open dump sites, causing an important environmental and public health problem in Bergama, especially in districts around the dumpsite. Bergama Municipality has started its studies in 2000 to eliminate the existing negativity such as environmental hazards and public health problems. For this reason a land has been assigned by the municipality between Armağanlar and Sindel Villages where distance to Bergama is 15 km. In scope of project an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) has been prepared in 2001 and construction of project has been started in 2002. But construction has been stopped because of design faults related with the slopes. Bergama Municipality has applied to Bank of Provinces to complete the landfill construction. In this direction a feasibility study has been made in year 2005 to benefit from the credit which is provided by World Bank to Bank of Provinces. The project has been renewed in 2007. Previous design faults were corrected within this project. Renovation of EIA study had been necessary according to World Bank procedures. As a result of this necessity Environmental Assessment study is implemented. In scope of Environmental Assessment impacts of construction and operation phases have been analyzed. Negative impacts of project have been determined and a plan has been established for measuring these impacts. A Public Awareness Meeting has been implemented for sharing these impacts and measures that will be taken, and to put public’s requests into practice. In scope of Environmental Assessment two Public Awareness Meetings and two reporting will be made. This report has a status of Final Report and is formed by detailing the content mentioned above. Final Report will be prepared with incorporation of World Bank proposals and second Public Awareness Meeting inputs, and then this report will become operative as an Environmental Management Plan. 1 Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 2 POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK 2.1 Legal and Administrative Framework 2.1.1 Bergama Municipality Bergama Municipality is founded according to the Municipalities Law dated April 3, 1930 and numbered 1580 and as stated in the incorporation law, it is responsible for ensuring the below given services pursuant to the Municipality law dated 09.07.2004: - To carry out and make others to carry out all the services related to collection, transportation, decomposition, recycling and disposal of solid wastes (Article 15, subparagraph e) - The Municipality firstly carries out or make others to carry out urban infrastructure services such as development, water and sewerage network, transportation; environment and environment health, cleaning and solid waste; municipal police, fire brigade, urgent aid, rescuing and ambulance; inner-city traffic; burial and graveyards, tree planting, park and green areas; housing; culture and art, tourism and introduction, youth and sport; social service and aid, marriage, profession and art training; economy and development of trade services. The municipality installs the geographical city information systems (Article 14). The municipalities are authorized to borrow money and accept donations to give above stated services. Pursuant to Article 17 of law, the Municipal Council is the decision organ of municipality and consists of members who are elected according to the principles and rules determined in the relevant law. The Municipal Council is authorized to negotiate and accept the strategic plan and investment and study programs and performance measures of municipal activities and personnel, to negotiate and approve the development plans, and to make resolutions on establishment of partnerships subject to the Turkish Commerce Law or withdrawal from such partnership, to give privileges in name of the municipality, make municipal investments under build-operate or build- operate-transfer model and privatization of companies, operational enterprises and subsidiaries owned by the municipality. The municipality is authorized to make resolutions on establishment of unions in other local administrations, to participate in established unions or withdrawal from such 2 unions, to develop, cancel and change the staff of municipality and affiliates within framework of norm staff and to give municipality services in contiguous areas. Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 2.1.2 Ministry of Environment and Forestry It is responsible for publishing regulations on protection of environment and auditing and observing whether such regulations are fulfilled. The main regulations related to sectors under the scope of project are given below: Regulation on Water Pollution Control (21.12.2004, R.G. 25687) Regulation on Solid Wastes Control (14.03.1991, R.G. 20814) Regulation on Hazardous Wastes Control (14.03.2005, R.G. 25755) Regulation on Medical Wastes (22.07.2005, R.G. 25883) Regulation on Waste Batteries and Accumulators (31.08.2004, R.G. 25569) Regulation on Packaging and Packaging Wastes Control Regulation on Control of Excavation Soil, Construction and Debris Wastes (18.03.2004, R.G. 25406) Regulation on Waste Oils Control (21.01.2004, R.G. 25353) Regulation on Environmental Impact Assessment (16.12.2003, R.G. 25318) Regulation on Soil Pollution Control (31.05.2005, R.G. 25831) 2.2 Related international agreements Our country is in the process to be a member of the European Union and within this process, our country is responsible for bringing her legislation in compatible with the EU legislation. The basic approach related to solid waste management in general of the EU is determined with - Waste Framework Directive (2006/12/EC) The member states establish their waste management strategies according to the said directive. The directive mainly defines the “waste” concept, presents a waste terminology and gives a list of waste kinds. The technical and environmental needs required by the solid waste management system compatible with the EU are regulated under two basic EU directives: 1. EU Landfill Directive, 2. Packaging and Packaging Wastes Directive - EU Landfill Directive The purpose of landfill directive is to minimize the landfill demand to prevent or decrease the 3 negative impacts of emissions resulting from the landfill process on soil, air, surface waters, Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 underground waters and so human health. The targets of directive determined for the member states are given in Table 2.1. The Directive determines general conditions on placement, design, tracing and observation for landfill of wastes. Table 2.1: Targets of landfill directive determined for the member states 1 Target year Directive requirements 2001 National law and regulations must be compatible with the directive 2001 All the new sanitary landfills must be compatible with the directive. Operators of the existing landfills must present the directive plan to be applied in 2007 to 2002 bring the landfills in compatible with the directive. The date when the directive will be fully conformed to ( this means regular landfills that 2009 are not compatible with the directive will be closed as of determined date). The directive determines detailed technical/operational standards for the landfill facilities. Landfill gas shall be collected from new landfills where biological decomposable wastes are stored and be incinerated. In operation phase of landfill facilities, there must be a drainage layer thicker than 0.5 m to collect impermeable layer (geological barrier and sub-drainage composition) and Leachate. To prevent pollution of soil, underground water and surface waters, Leachate must be disposed. Gas drainage layer, water drainage layer and upper soil layer together can form a surface cover. The directive states that the existing sanitary landfills must be improved until 2009 according to the conditions given in the directive and to the directive plan or be closed in conformity to the closing and supervision procedures given in the directive. - Packaging and Packaging Wastes Directive The purpose of Packaging Wastes Directive (AB, 1994) is to create principles of the packaging wastes management. In this manner, negative impacts of packaging wastes on the environments shall be minimized. Directives impose obligations related to packaging design on companies that manufacture packaging. The purpose of this application is to minimize negative impacts of packaging 4 1 AB, 1999 Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 and packaging wastes on the environment and decrease their amount. Directives also determine the level of heavy metal concentration and necessary materials in composition of packaging. On December 2001, the EU Commission presented its final proposal related to packaging and packaging wastes. This proposal contains higher targets on recovery and recycling that must be realized until date of 30.06.2006. Recovery and recycling targets are expected to be 60%-75% and 55%-70% respectively. Packaging wastes that are recovered and recycled according to the EU Packaging Wastes Directive must reach to targets given in Table 2 until at the end of 2008 year. Table 2.2: Targets of Packaging and Packaging Wastes Directive Waste Kind Directive Targets (%) Glass 60 Paper and carton paper 60 Metals 50 Plastics 22,5 Wood 15 Total recycled 55-80 Total recovered >60 The EU Commission requires 10 new members of EU to obtain these targets until the end of 2012 year during the additional 4-year adaptation period. 3 DEFINITION OF PROJECT 3.1 Purpose of Environmental Assessment Study This document is the report of Category “A” Environmental Impact Assessment study made according to the World Bank OP- Operational Policies -4.01 Environmental Assessment. Solid Waste Rehabilitation Projects are categorized under Category A of World Bank OP and Environmental Assessment Criteria. For Category A projects an EIA report and 2 Public Awareness Meetings are mandatory. The purpose of the environmental assessment study is to evaluate the environmental impacts of 5 Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Facility investment, to study alternatives to determine the most sustainable choice in respect to environment and decrease the potential impacts. Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 3.2 Definition and Purpose of project 3.2.1 Existing Situation Since waste is filled wildly in this area, a condition is prepared for hosting and reproduction of harmful organisms, odor is emitted when methane, etc. gases are released to atmosphere from the site, and fire and explosion risks arise because gases cannot be discharged properly. Groundwater sources are polluted because of the leachate in the waste content. Additionally, part of the waste are scattered around by birds and other animals. This situation causes a threat to environment and human health. The municipality carried out a project study in year 2000 to construct a solid waste landfill facility, obtained the necessary area and later in 2001 by preparing a EIA report, took an approval. Following this, in year 2002 construction of the facility was commenced. Some definite parts of Excavation- Filling works were completed but as problems, mainly miscalculation of slopes, resulting from the design was determined and the construction was stopped by the Municipality. The satellite photograph of the semi-completed facility is given in Figure 3.1. 6 Figure 3.1: The satellite photograph of Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Facility of which construction was left unfinished. Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 Currently, solid wastes are disposed in nylon packs or directly in containers located in the streets in are collected by the municipality every day from these containers. Solid wastes are irregularly dumped in an area near the city, in a 4.5 ha land at the edge of river bed. Trash pickers primitively separate nylon bags, pet bottles and other recoverable wastes and get an income by selling them. The garbage disposed in the landfill is stacked by laying soil layers between them. 3.2.2 Importance and necessity of project As a result of the wild dumping, underground water, surface water and soil are being polluted, pollutants spread in the atmosphere because of free emission of gases resulting from uncontrolled decay, this causes the bad odor problem, and people living around and collectors who collect recoverable wastes in the garbage face with negative hygiene conditions. Besides, combustible and flammable gases so formed cause fire and explosion risks. 3.2.3 Suggested Project To remove the negative situations resulted from the existing situation, it is decided to take the following measures; - A social awareness-raising campaign to decompose solid wastes at source must be started and continued. - Disposal of solid wastes must be carried out in a manner eliminating negative environmental impacts. - The solid waste unit of municipality must be restructured and trained to provide effective services in accordance with Environmental Regulations. With 1580 No Municipalities Law, collection, transportation, recycling and disposal of solid wastes are under responsibility of municipalities. Disposal methods of solid wastes are determined with the Regulation on Control of Solid Wastes that came into effect after it was published in the Official Gazette dated 25.04.2005 and numbered 24736. The widely used solid waste disposal methods are as follows; - Landfill - Composting - Incineration 7 This will be financed by the World Bank by means of İller Bank under the scope of “Municipal Services Project” to eliminate existing environmental problems, for rehabilitation of pollution in the Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 region and during the European Union (EU) adaptation process, to support fulfillment of environmental obligations. In the 2005 year feasibility report, composting and incineration alternatives were examined to determine the most suitable technology for solid waste disposal and recovery facility and landfill were determined as the most suitable method for disposal. The facility planned to be constructed consists of the following units; - Entrance Unit - Weighing Unit - Administration Unit - Workshop-Garage Building - Tire Washing Unit - Underground Water Observation Wells. (If Necessary) - Garbage Leachate Stabilization Pond Recycling System - Separating and recycling unit - Landfill Lots - Storm water drainage system After the facility is constructed and commissioned, the local public shall be trained on separation of solid wastes at source and decomposition at source shall be realized in the district by means of voluntary campaigns, meetings, seminaries, brochures and pilot area applications in the district. Recoverable waste containers in different color and shape shall be placed near the garbage containers in the streets. With this application, especially during the first years, a low output is expected. However, as a result of continues training campaigns and sanctions to be put in force in a time, both decomposition at source in conformity to the international legislations shall be ensured and Bergama shall establish an integrated solid waste management system that may be imitable by other municipalities in our country. 3.2.4 Introduction of facility units a Entrance Control building 4 m2 fixed entrance control building shall take place at the entrance of facility. A person here shall 8 be in charge of controlling the entrance and exit of the building and ensuring security of the area. Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 b Steelyard unit The steelyard unit and steelyard building shall be constructed on an unfilled natural ground in 85 m distance to the entrance. The steelyard shall be in 3x18 m platform size and have minimum 35 tons capacity. About 8m2 building is suggested for the steelyard unit and a person in charge of steelyard shall be in this building. As steelyard manufacturing projects vary depending on companies, in phase of steelyard manufacturing, project of a manufacturer shall be used. Vehicles coming to the facility shall be weighted here in full-empty manner and after they are registered, they shall be sent to the pouring area. Weighting results made at the steelyard building shall be delivered to the authorized person at the administration building and statistical information shall be kept there. 22 c Administration Building A 70m2x 2 floored administrative building on an unfilled natural ground and in about 200 m distance to the entrance is planned. The administration building shall contain the following details. Table 3.1 Table 3.1: Placement detail of administration building B01 General Depot 8,9 m2 B02 General Depot 15 m2 B03 Main table room 8,25 m2 B04 Boiler room 31 m2 Ground floor Z01 Lobby 12,8 m2 Administration Z02 Office 8,6 m2 Z03 WC-shower 8 m2 Z04 Office 12,55 m2 Z05 Workshop 12,55 m2 Z06 Kitchen 7 m2 Z07 Laboratory 10 m2 1st floor 110 Kitchen 12,6 m2 Living room Housing 111 19 + 6,5 m2 +Balcony 112 Lobby 10 m2 113 Bedroom 12,6 m2 9 2 Directive on control of solid wastes, Article 25-5 Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 114 WC-bathroom 8 m2 115 Bedroom 11 m2 116 Balcony 6 m2 d Workshop-garage building As a workshop-garage building, a 70 m2 building in height of 5 meters, near the administration building and in size two garbage vehicles can enter is planned. Small scale defects that may occur within the area shall be intervened here. There will be a spare part depot in the building. e Tire washing unit The waste vehicles coming to the solid waste regular landfill shall empty their wastes at the pouring point and here, wastes shall contaminate the tires of vehicles. For vehicles with contaminated tires, the tire sterilization and washing unit is planned in the facility to prevent carriage of contamination outside. This unit is in structure of a pool full of limy water. While waste collecting vehicles are passing from the pool, possible particulars shall drop thanks to border stones on the base and tires be sterilized. f Underground water and gas monitoring wells To monitor the impacts of landfill on the underground water in the region, three monitoring wells shall be opened around the area and bottom altitudes and impacts of the area on the environments shall be monitored from here. The depth of monitoring wells must be in underground water level and in diameter of 150 mm. Observation wells must be constructed at locations shown at below figure due to the NNW dipping stratigraphycal sequence and ESE dipping topographical landforms. 10 Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 Figure 3.2 Suggested Points of Observation Well g Garbage Leachate Stabilization Pond Leachate shall be collected and brought to stabilization pond. Amount of Leachate is calculated by considering extraordinary rains and accordingly, a stabilization pond in capacity of 7500 m3 is designed. As extraordinary rain fall amount, the most rain fallen day (173,6 mm) between years of 1965-2000, in 35-year period, was considered. An adequate safety factor (which is preferably between 1.10 -1.50) must be considered regarding global warming and its future consequences. The stabilization pond shall be constructed in the bottom altitude of the area. h Solid waste lots Landfills are planned at 3 lots. However, with a revision in the project, 1 and 2 numbered lots are combined and solid waste landfill design is made on 2 lots. The loading values shall be as follows; Lot 1 : 247.318 ton 11 Lot 2 : 356.991 ton Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 According to the results of the feasibility study, medical wastes shall also be disposed at the facility in conformity to the provisions such as separate collection and formation of an independent medical waste lot. Furthermore provisions of the “Regulation on Control of Medical Wastes” should be taken into account (as published in the Official Gazette dated 22.07.2005 and numbered 25883). On the other hand a medical waste sterilization unit was planned in the scope of the application project. Medical wastes: wastes from hospitals, health clinics, polyclinics, special health establishments, private hospitals, etc. i Medical waste sterilization unit In order to dispose the wastes of hospitals and health clinics in Bergama municipality in a healthy manner, a medical waste sterilization unit should be operated before disposal of medical waste in the regular landfill lots. This concept has been considered suitable in accordance with the Regulation on Medical Wastes (22.07.2005, R.G. 25883). Same regulation also refers to use of chemical and biological indicators for the applicability of the sterilization process. Also additional periodic laboratory analysis must be carried out in order to receive certification for sterilization. Sterilization unit is planned to be auto-loading steam sterilizer, with an approximately capacity of 100 kg/day. This will consume electricity and water, providing sterilization via applying pressured hot steam (@600oC). No chemicals (oxidizer etc.) will be used and the only emission will be the spent steam which will be filtered. Because the system will not provide incineration, formation of ash will not be a concern. Sterilized medical wastes will undergo a shredder and then will be finally disposed at landfill lots. j Separation and recovery unit There will be a separation and recovery unit in the facility area. In this unit, wastes collected at source individually shall be decomposed. Separation and recovery unit shall consist of sub units such as waste reception, temporary storage, separator, conditioning of recyclable fraction (plastics, metals, glass, paper etc.) and finally vehicles. (loader, lifter etc.) k Storm water drainage system Surface water drainage plans are prepared to discharge the storm water resulting from rains both inside and outside of the solid waste regular landfill in Bergama district. This drainage system is 12 planned to drain the surface water coming from outside of the landfill, the surface water to drop in Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 lots of which landfill is completed and then covered and the surface water to drop on roads and empty parts around the area. Though the solid waste landfill is 95.000 m2, the storm water basin that may come in the area is about 250ha. However, as the water coming from the basin shall be disposed by means of a bracing channel around the landfill before it enters into the landfill area, only reserve area suggested for the landfill area is considered for the storm water intensity. Estimated lifetimes for Lot 1 and Lot 2 are 13 and 7 years respectively providing a total of 20 years. l Car park A car park arrangement for five vehicles shall be made to meet the car park needs of service vehicles and guest vehicles that may visit the facility. m Wire fence Wire fence surrounding the area shall be made to control entrances-exits, to prevent entering of foreign persons in the area and to determine the boundary of facility. The wire fence shall also prevent scattering of materials around such as nylon bags, papers that may fly under effect of wind and entering of all animals in the area. As the dominant wind of region is east-north east, the height of wire fence at that direction must be about 5 meters. 3.2.5 Other Investments a Energy Energy to be provided for the area shall be taken from the energy transfer line of Armağanlar village in 1700 m west of the area. The energy shall be taken from Armağanlar village energy transfer line, Yunt mountain 26 no pole owned by TEDAŞ, carried to the facility under high tension and with 50kVA pole type transformer to be constructed in the facility, fixed facilities and area illumination systems shall be determined. Use of PCB’s as heat transfer fluid in power transformers must be avoided. Since they are non-biodegradable and persistent in the environment causing serious human health problems. b . Water 13 It is planned that 7 staff (personnel) will be employed to operate the facility. Daily water consumption per person is 75 lt×7 = 525 lt. Besides, 1500 liters water is required for building and Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 environment cleaning and 2500 liters water for vehicle cleaning, so the daily water demand of facility is 5000 lt. As the fire hydrants shall be fed from the same system (consumption for hydrants is 4-5lt/s), a 50-ton water depot is planned for the facility. This water can be supplied by ground water extraction. To do this, a ground water production well which will have 150 m depth and 12 ¼” diameter hole and 8 5/8” diameter casing and filter pipes. This well may be located at neighbor to the Site. Domestic type waste waters accumulated in the facility shall be collected with impermeable septic tank. Septic tank shall be emptied by a sewage truck by the municipality and be disposed. c Transportation Transportation to the facility shall be ensured by means of 1500 m2 road from Armağanlar village to the area. During the construction activities, the road shall be coated with asphalt. The satellite photograph of the planned facility is shown in Figure 3.3. 14 Figure 3.3: Satellite photograph of solid waste landfill plan Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 3.2.6 Wastes acceptable by the facility The source of wastes to be accepted by the facility shall comprise of domestic solid wastes of the Bergama district. Wastes collected from the health establishments in the district shall be treated in sterilization unit and disposed in waste lots. Wastes to be collected are as follows; - Domestic wastes collected from residence - Wastes from hotels, restaurants, offices, markets etc - Vegetable and fruit wastes from the fruit - vegetable markets - Domestic wastes from industry - Office and domestic wastes from public establishments and institutions - Domestic wastes of public units of public establishments and institutions 3.3 Rehabilitation of old dump site 3.3.1 Scope Currently, domestic wastes and industrial and medical toxic wastes from hospitals are being irregularly stored in a 4.5ha land in Bergama district. Such dumping of wastes in that area causes formation and production of harmful organisms, emission of gases like methane etc in the atmosphere, spreading of bad odor in the environment, and because of irregular discharge of gases, fire and explosion risks occur. To put under control the methane gas that is one of the greenhouse gases causing the global heating that treats our earth and all the living things is very significant. As methane gas has a greenhouse impact 20 times more than carbon dioxide among the greenhouse gases makes disposal of this gas mandatory. The current environmental legislation and EU environmental legislation contain provisions and sanctions on improvement of solid waste old dump site. To prevent existing risks is significant in respect to compatibility with the legislations. The main compositions suggested under scope of rehabilitation of old dump site are given under titles below. - Slope arrangement 15 - Barrier arrangement - Arrangement of filtrate water drainage and collection tank Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 - Final cover arrangement - Gas drainage and disposal By means of this explained basic approach, secured gas drainage at Bergama old dump site shall be ensured, odor problem shall be disposed, surface water be drained in a balanced manner, filtrate water be collected under control, accumulated temporarily and disposed suitably. 3.3.2 Introduction of rehabilitation study a Slope and barrier arrangement Slope arrangement may be required in Bergama old dump site. As a result of the slope arrangement, the waste mass shall have a regular geometry and final cover layers shall be applied in secured manner. With the slope arrangement, the waste mass shall be given a definite incline (2-3%) and in this manner, design of drainage system shall be facilitated and its output be increased. Barrier arrangement is very important in the rehabilitation phase. Barrier must completely surround the garbage mass and prevent surface water leakage in the garbage mass. During formation of final cover on the waste mass which is leveled and slopes are arranged, layers forming the final cover shall be anchored within this barrier. b Surface water drainage As the effective factor in formation of surface water is the rain fall, meteorological conditions in the region are a determinative factor. In addition to rain fall, evaporation is also an important factor. There is a surface water drainage channel around the landfill area.(Figure 3.3) As this channel has built before, it must be restored and made available to use. Besides, around the each lot also must be built drainage channels. These channels it must drain the storm water that will immediately run because of ground impermeability and incline and must transfer it to the river passing just near the old dump site. c Arrangement of final cover layer There are 1 m soil layer, 15 cm gravel layer under this layer and impermeability layer (clay) on the final cover section to be applied to the waste level under rehabilitation scope. After the final cover is applied, when the rehabilitation construction is completed, most of the rainfall on the surface shall 16 be drained by means of the channel explained above. On the other hand, some part of the rain fall on the surface shall evaporate and some part of it be kept in the soil and be consumed by soil and Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 vegetables. The remaining part shall filter from the soil layer and reach to impermeable layer. The rainfall reaching to that layer shall be drained to the gravelF contented channel established on the barrier and advancing in a manner to be continuance of the cover layer with impermeable base. d Gas collection and disposal The gas forming in the solid waste landfill fields must be collected (drained) and be treated in a manner not causing any danger. There are two basic choices related to gas drainage and disposal. - Passive gas disposal - Active gas disposal In passive gas disposal, gas is collected by using gas collection wells and then given directly in the atmosphere. Gas reaches to the atmosphere by means of wells under the effect of pressure in the waste mass. In active gas disposal, gas is collected by using gas collection wells and then incinerated in a gas incineration unit. In this choice, there are also two sub-choices whether to apply a suction system for collection of gas. With this method, the gas can be incinerated to obtain energy. Because of the odor problem and as methane gas increases global heating 20 times more than Co2 , gas that is collected by means of wells must be incinerated. However, the process to obtain energy from the incinerated gas was investigated by the company who makes the application project and not found feasible. Gas collected from wells shall be incinerated by means of open burning method by using a incineration stack. After the rehabilitation studies are completed, landscaping arrangement shall be made for natural and aesthetic appearance of the old dump site. During these studies, garbage moving with wind around the area shall be collected (bags, papers etc) and rehabilitated dump site shall be used for purpose of recreation. 3.4 Soil Pollution Analysis Study Extent of pollution was investigated as a guide for old dumpsite rehabilitation works. Soil samples were taken for this purpose. Samples were analyzed in an authorized laboratory and existence of heavy metal contamination was examined in particular. Test results and Limit Values of Soil Pollution 17 Control Regulation, that should be observed, are given in tables below. (Table 3.2, Table 3.3,) Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 Table 3.2 Soil Analysis Results of Old Dumpsite Surroundings Results Tests Test Method mg/kg Dried Soil Lead 6,1 EPA 3051 (ICP-MSD) Cadmium < 0,1 EPA 3051 (ICP-MSD) Chrome 5,6 EPA 3051 (ICP-MSD) Copper 2,5 EPA 3051 (ICP-MSD) Nickel 3,1 EPA 3051 (ICP-MSD) Zinc 73 EPA 3051 (ICP-MSD) Quicksilver < 0,1 EPA 3051 (ICP-MSD) Test Method: EPA: US Environmental Protection Agency Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste (SW-846) Table 3.3 Limit Values of Soil Pollution Control Regulation PH 5- 6 PH>6 Heavy Metal (Total) mg/kg Dried Soil mg/kg Dried Soil Lead 50 300 Cadmium 1 3 Chrome 100 100 Copper 50 140 Nickel 30 75 Zinc 150 300 Quicksilver 1 1,5 When the test results are compared with regulation values, they are seen to be below the limit 18 values. (Table 3.2, Table 3.3) Accordingly it was concluded that no special investment was needed for direct reclamation of the existing soil in the rehabilitation works. Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 3.5 Re-settlement and domestic public development plan There is no need for re-settlement and domestic public development plan for the project. 3.6 Time content It is suggested that the project shall meet the solid waste disposal need of Bergama until 2029. After the project is finished, the construction shall be completed within 12 months. During the first phase of construction, excavation and digging works and “Lot 3” construction to meet the first 10 –year period need shall be completed. In the second phase, the landfill to store solid wastes of the second 10-year period shall be completed. The time schedule of the project is given in Figure 3.4. 19 Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 Consultancy - Feasibility Environmental Impact Assesment Finishing the Application Project 1. Step Construction Old Dumpsite Rehbilitation Institutional Structure Education of Staff Awareness-raising campaign Assuming Hardware/Software 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1. Step Construction Closure of Dumpsite Figure 3.4: Time schedule of Bergama Solid Waste Landfill facility project Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 4 INITIAL DATA 4.1 General characteristics of project area 4.1.1 Geographical Location The project area is in 39o03’48’’N, 27o11’58’’E coordinates. The area is in Aegean Region, within boundaries of İzmir province and in 105 km distance to the city center. The position of project area in the country is given in Figure 4.1 and its position in İzmir region in Figure 4.2. Transportation to the province center is realized via highway and its distance to the nearest airport is about 100 km. Figure 4.1: Position of İzmir Province in Turkey 21 Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 Figure 4.2: Position of Bergama District in İzmir province The position of planned facility in Bergama district is given in Figure 4.3. The facility area is 2km south of Bakırçay that is the important water source of the region and 10 km to Bergama. From the satellite photographs, the facility construction left halt can be seen clearly. 22 Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report Figure 4.3: Position of Bergama solid waste landfill facility project in Bergama District November 2007 4.1.2 Meteorological condition and climatic characteristics The climate of Bergama and its surrounding is a typical Mediterranean climate, drought and hot in summers and warm and rainy in winters. In examination of meteorological situation and climatic characteristics, data obtained in observations made between years of 2002-2006 were used. a Temperature The temperature values of Bergama and its surrounding is 4C0 below the region mean. 3 These parts of the region are defined as sub-climate type and called as Aegean mountain climate. As a result of the observation studies made in the region between years of 2002-2006, the annual mean temperature was found as 16.6C0. The hottest months of year are July- August and the coldest months are December-January. The mean temperature values found as a result of the observations made between years of 2002-2006 are given in Figure 4.4. The highest measured temperature is 41.3C0 and the lowest temperature is -9C0. Figure 4.4: Mean temperatures in Bergama District according to months (2002-2006) b Relative humidity Relative humidity in Bergama is high in winter months and low in summer months. (Table 4.1) 24 3 İzmir Environmental Report, 2004 (p.42) Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 Table 4.1: Mean relative humidity rates measured at Bergama Meteorology station AUGUST MARCH APRIL JUNE JULY MAY NOV OCT DEC SEP JAN YIL FEB 2002 72 70 70 68 59 56 59 61 67 67 73 72 2003 76 68 63 68 57 48 51 54 62 64 70 71 2004 71 65 61 60 59 55 50 51 57 60 64 70 2005 69 67 65 56 59 50 51 53 56 60 71 69 2006 65 66 63 55 50 48 46 45 58 65 69 67 Average 71 67 64 61 57 51 51 53 60 63 69 70 Units are expressed in percentage %. c Rain falls Total annual rain fall in Bergama is 592mm. The highest rainfall mean is in January, February and November months and the lowest rainfall mean is in July and August months as seen in Figure 4.5. Figure 4.5: Mean rainfall information in Bergama District Monthly rainfall values according to years are given in Table 4.2. As it is seen from the differences between 2005-2006 December and 2004-2005 March months, monthly rainfall intensity can vary dramatically according to years. 25 Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 Table 4.2: Monthly rainfall values measured at Bergama Meteorology Station Months 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 Average January 31,4 36 0 57 70,5 208,6 30,8 94,4 77,8 February 85,5 57,9 18 146,6 95,2 28,3 209,6 20,5 81,3 March 21,8 24,9 76,4 91,2 78,3 185,8 37,3 124,2 85,9 April 64,9 46,9 37,4 48,4 49,3 38,9 90,6 93,4 56 May 3,9 100,5 9,6 30,8 32,5 36,1 18,2 13 40,7 June 2,6 0 ,39 0,1 1,3 - 0,1 2 1,4 July - 28 - - 0 - 0 - - August 2 0,1 1,7 0 0,4 8,9 0,3 0 1,7 September 8,1 0 0 2,8 0 21 112,3 0 20,4 October 19,9 14,5 10,2 9,1 68,8 3,9 39,9 48,5 33,2 November 23,6 32,8 110,9 108,5 85 175,7 69,7 84,2 106,9 December 278,7 123,7 93,4 177,8 154,5 82,8 195 206,6 163,2 Annual total 542,6 465,3 361,5 672,3 635,8 790 803,8 686,8 676,3 Units are expressed in millimeters, mm. d Wind According to Bergama Meteorology station monitoring records (Table 4.3), the dominant wind direction is east-south east in the first degree and north east in the second degree. Table 4.3: Dominant wind and direction according to blowing numbers 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 January 35 NE 34 ENE 32 ENE 34 ENE 46 NE February 21 ENE 40 ENE 29 ENE 30 ENE 28 NE March 34 NE 47 ENE 27 ENE 33 ENE 22 ENE April 25 ENE 37 ENE 33 ENE 28 WSW 26 NE May 27 NE 33 ENE 26 E 25 ENE 25 ENE June 31 NE 50 ENE 25 ENE 36 ENE 31 ENE July 20 NE 36 ENE 43 ENE 41 ENE 50 ENE August 31 ENE 56 ENE 26 E 38 ENE 29 ENE September 23 NE 46 ENE 38 ENE 32 NE 36 ENE October 28 ENE 26 ENE 29 ENE 36 NNE 33 NE November 26 NE 39 ENE 36 ENE 26 NE 31 ENE December 38 ENE 49 ENE 39 ENE 35 NE 39 NE 26 Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 e Evaporation Bergama District meteorology station evaporation records could not be found. Monthly total evaporation values measured between years of 1990-1997 at Güzelyalı meteorology station in 100 km distance to Bergama are given in Table 4.4. As evaporation density is very low in winter months, total evaporation values are given for April-November months. Total evaporation values in eight- month periods varied between 1194mm and 1462 mm and annual mean was realized as 1373mm Table 4.4: Evaporation information according to months 4 Months 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 Average April 101 99 132 99 118 110 119 85 108 May 170 130 181 136 179 209 187 212 176 June 228 210 226 233 221 253 268 241 235 July 278 236 261 268 270 281 292 296 273 August 243 233 266 246 257 251 270 232 250 September 161 148 197 167 175 184 163 177 172 October 106 99 132 105 89 107 97 107 105 November 66 39 66 56 48 42 60 57 54 Annual total 1353 1194 1461 1310 1357 1437 1456 1407 1372 Units are expressed in millimeters, mm. 4.1.3 Hydrological Characteristics There is not any surface water source continuously flowing in near surrounding of the project area. Bakırçay is the nearest surface water source in the area in distance of 1575m. In existing conditions there is a peripheral channel around the landfill site. This channel is shown in Figure 3.3 with a green line. 4.1.4 Geological and hydro geological structure As a result of the geological research, the ground of the area is determined as formed from bottom- middle myocen old volcanic serial. 27 4 İzmir Environmental Report, 2004 Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 a Geology 28 Figure 4.6 Geological Map of Project Area Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 The stratigraphycal sequence at this region consists of Yuntdağ Formation volcanites and sedimentary layers of the Soma Formation as interlayering situation. Yuntdağ Formation consists of lava, tuffbreccia and laaharic volcanic breccias at this region. Top horizon of this sequence consists of this tuffbreccias. This unit is a massive, irregularly and rarely jointed soft rock which was formed by angular small volcanic rock fragments, silt and sand sized material comminuted from these and from pumice and mineral fragments. Figure 4.7 View of Rock Formation at the Project Area Some of these breccias levels are typical laaharic breccias. These are characterized by coarse and angular lava blocks and fragments. This material were deposited as chaotically, nonsorted. 29 Figure 4.8 Views of Formation at the Project Area Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 Yuntdağı Lavas underlying these. These lavas are massive, beige grey at their weathered surfaces and pinky very dark grey at fresh parts, mostly with rare phenocrysts and with microcrystalline texture, hard, fragmented irregularly with cooling joints. Yuntdağı vulcanite has been deposited at an environment where Soma Formation lacustrine sediments have already being deposited. Thus, vulcanite are interlayered with chalky marls or fingered. These sedimentary layers outcropping at a belt at south of Site and at around Armağanlar Village. These consist of locally thin and regular limestone beds and some medium thick chalky marl and marly clays. Figure 4.9 Views of Sedimentary Layers at the Project Area Contacts of these sedimentary layers are seen as unconformable at locally. Tuffbreccia layers are being directly outcropping at the Site according to the soil investigation borings which have been done at the Site. But southern quarter of the Site is covered by a sandy clayey gravel deposit with maximum 7 m thickness. Gravels are angular, coarse gravel and boulder sized and lava and tuffbreccia origin. b Structural Geology This volcano sedimentary sequence wholly dipping to NNW at Site and its surroundings. Volcanic cover horizons are being outcropped at whole of these slopes. On the other side, at outside of the southern margin of the Site a lower belt is being extended 30 between NE-SW directions. Soma Formation sedimentary layers are being outcropped at this belt Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 Figure 4.10 Satellite View of Structural Geology There is parallel ridge at the SE of this belt, now SSE dipping volcanic cover is being outcropped again. This spatial distribution exhibits an anticline structure with NE-SW extending axis , at the center of which Soma Formation sediments are being exposed and Yuntdağı Volcanites cover its NNW and SSE flanks. The Site is situated at the N’ern flank of this anticline. c Hydrogeology: Tuff breccias at where the Site will be laid onto have very limited matrix type permeability. Pressured water tests which have been conducted during the soil investigation tests resulted Lugeon Coefficients as L<1. Permeabilities had been estimated at about k=1x10-8 cm/s. Lavas are impermeable, excluding very small local secondary permeabilities around cooling fractures. 31 Similarly, Soma Formation is impermeable, excluding some hard limestone layers. Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 As has been shown at the below given map which was prepared by DSİ as an attachment to the Bakırçay Basin Report alluvial plain is situated over a thick and permeable aquifer. There are plenty of wells constructed in it and provides large amounts of water for irrigation. Figure 4.11 Hydrogeological Map of the Project Region The secured reserve of underground water within district boundaries is 38hm3/a. almost all of the water is drawn by the wells then opened. Underground water within district boundaries generally locates on bottom lands or alluviums in river valleys. At the geological-geo-technique Study made in year of 2001, no underground water was determined in the project area. d Young Tectonic: The landfill is situated in the Western Anatolia, which is shaped under control of young tectonic activities that also control the current seismicity. 32 Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 Western Anatolia is being broken in the stress environment specified with movement of the Anatolian Plaque which is pushed to west along the Northern Anatolian Fault and pulled at the dip-& sink zone at the Aegean Island Arc.. Mainly E-W Büyük oriented Menderes, Küçük Menderes, Gediz, Bakırçay, etc. grabens have been formed at the tensile stress environment thus happened. The investigation area is situated by the southern side of Bakırçay Graben. Southern fault of the graben extents from Sindel Village at the southern side of the Plain and along E-W. Figure 4.12 Fault Movements This structures is interrupted by the Bergama-Foça Fault Zone with NNE- SSW elongation. This fault, shown on the “Active Fault Map of Turkey " published by MTA, has the character of a regional and alive tensile fault which also has a slight left lateral shooting component. In a 3-page section prepared by Prof Dr Aykut Barka in the appendix of a report made prepared by TÜBİTAK (Appendix 8) It is stated that there are slopes remaining from the faults formed by post-Holosen earthquakes at the Bergama-Foça Fault Zone of left lateral shooting with NNE-SSW elongation. According to Barka, activities between 1964-94 at the 33 Bergama-Foça Fault Zone is very intensive. As a result, Barka states that some faults are alive, some may be staying passive since Halosen and that an earthquake of M>6 may happen at the Bergama Catchment and surrounding. Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 In a study carried out by JICA, structural counters of the area was mapped with aerial photograph investigation. Impacts of Bergama-Foça Fault Zone are seen clearly in this map, part of which is quoted below. Figure 4.13 Bergama Foça Fault Zone These data shows that the investigation area is situated in a region with intensive young tectonic discontinuities. e Seismicity It is known that earthquakes are intensively distributed in the Izmir-Bergama region and this distribution becomes so frequent in some areas to be called as earthquake storm (the map below) 34 Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 Figure 4.14 Seismic Activity of West Anatolia Focus of the 1939 Dikili Earthquake is near Kaynarca between Dikili and Bergama in the Kandilli records and immediately south of Ovacık in the USGS records. 35 Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 In the1939 Earthquake co-intensity map prepared by Salomon-Calvi(1940), the area where the highest intensity was specified had a shape of arc from Dikili to the east. Intensity of IX was seen in this area and the intensity was VI around the investigation area. No doubt that the Bergama-Foça Fault Zone passes 5 km near the Landfill. Figure 4.15 Intensity Map of Dikili Earthquake 36 In the "2. GEOLOGY AND TECTONICS" section, prepared by Prof Dr Aykut Barka, of "Izmir Province Earthquake Scenario" work prepared by ITU and BU academy staff, the Bergama-Foça Fault Zone Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 (Zeytindağ-Bergama Fault Zone in MTA Alive Fault Map) is examined in more detail and it is described that the 1919 (M=7) earthquake was happened on this fault and there were also some destructive earthquakes in this region in historical age. “Figure 4.14” shows that antique Eleaa, Myrina (Aliağa) and Pitane (Çandarlı) towns here were destroyed in the Earthquake of AD 17. Stating that the AD 175 Earthquake may also be related with this fault, Barka believes that this fault may have left lateral shooting. In an assessment made by Prof Ansal (1999) for a natural gas cycling center constructed in a place quite nearby, it was specified that the design earthquake, in a distance of 50 km, with exceeding possibility of 10% in 50 year period might be M=6.8. When these values and 5 km focus distance and 3 km depth assumption and Ansal's approach are followed, the horizontal ground acceleration to be used in the design will be ah=0.48. During design of landfill structures and particularly when calculating the resistance against ground movements of the clay layer to be laid to provide impermeability, it is recommended to consider the Design Earthquake and parameters introduces above. All the necessary earthquake related measures (formation of layers, gas handling equipment etc.) should be taken into account during the design phase. 4.1.5 Flora and Fauna a Flora The said land is involved in Mediterranean Phyto-geography (Main Mediterranean) region. This phyto-geography region comprises of Gelibolu peninsula, west part of Biga peninsula and especially north coasts of the Marmara Sea, Aegean part of the Aegean Region and the Mediterranean region. Vegetation in the region mostly has a drought character depending on hot and drought summer season. For this reason, generally huge green plants with thick, pointed and glossy leafs that require great light and temperature are seen in the region. The most important property of the plants in this region is that they are resistant to drought in summer. Plants of the Mediterranean Region are the plants that do not like hot (such as cactuses) but resistant to hot. Trees and small trees, especially red 37 pine (Pinus brutia), grow very rapidly in areas where base water is high. Even, in such environments, biomass increase or growing rate of red pine approaches to trees in equatorial trees. Bush (scrub) formation in the Mediterranean phyto-geography region begins from the Aegean coast and Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 especially by means of tectonic origin depressions, extends to the Inner West Anatolia. Areas where red pine forests are destroyed are mostly coated with bushes. However, kinds vary significantly. In general, kermez oaks ((Quercus coccifera) are widely seen on metamorphic schists where the natural balance is degenerated because of erosion of the soil cover. On the other hand, Daphne (Laurus nobilis), (Arbutus andrachne), strawberry (Arbutus unedo),mersin (Mrytus communis), broom ((Spartium junceum) are dominant in humid environments and carstic areas. Frigana or garig is a plant group consists of bushes in height of knee length resulting from demolition of bush vegetation or excessive pasturage. The most important property of garigs is that they are yellow in summer months and the appearance of environment becomes very yellow. In fact, garigs spread in areas where natural balance is greatly degenerated and soils are completely eroded. The first coming vegetation to such areas is generally the garig members. So, Gragis come to areas where the natural balance is greatly degenerated in the Mediterranean Vegetable Geography Region and form stabile vegetation there. Besides, as the garig members have the rapidly spreading ability, they reach to red pine forests and brushy areas that are destroyed and fields that are abandoned as a leading plant. As it is understood from the Turkey Flora and bibliography published by the Flora of Turkey and the Aegean Islands (Davis, 1965-1988) and Turkey Scientific and technical Research Institute to determine the plant kinds in the region, many researchers have collected plant samples in the region. Flora and fauna of the area was determined by Biologist Ahmet İşçen in April-May (2001) months by means of examinations and land observations, detailed literature screening, estimations and experiences of the local people. The updating study of flora and fauna information in the region is being realized by the İstanbul Technical University, Environmental Engineering Department, Biologist Dr. Sülayman Övez. In the report, flora and fauna is defined with their biotope properties, relative abundance, whether they are endemic, their general spread in Turkey, bio-geographic region they characterize. The terrestrial biotopes in the study area are degenerated in great extent because of excessive land use. Depending on the biotope loss, also the bio-diversity decreases. As a result of the research made in the region, flora names in near surrounding of the project area 38 are given below (Table 4.5). The flora kinds seen in the facility land are marked as “+”. Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 Table 4.5: Project area and near surrounding- flora FAMILIA-GENUS Seen in the N.B. Flora Region Spread land 1. RANUNCULACEAE (Düğün çiçeğigiller) West 2 Mediterranean Clamatis L. (Akasma) Anatolia 2. MORACEAE (Dutgiller) Morus Alba (Beyaz dut ağacı) 4 Mediterranean Wide Ficus Carica (incir) 3 Mediterranean 3. CARYOPHYLLACEAE (karanfilgiller) 3 Mediterranean Wide Silene behen (gıcı gıcı otu) 4. CRUCIFERAE Alyssum strigosum (otsu çayır bitkisi) + 4 Wide Mediterranean Alyssum verna (otsu çayır bitkisi) Mediterranean + 4 Wide 5. CRUCIFERAE Alyssum strigosum (otsu çayır bitkisi) + 4 Mediterranean Wide Alyssum verna (otsu çayır bitkisi) + 4 Mediterranean Wide 6. ASTERECEAE (papatyagiller) Xanthium spinosum + 4 Mediterranean Wide (küçük pıtrak) 7. COMPOSITEAE Anthemis tinctoria (papatya) + 4 Mediterranean Wide Calendula arvensis (sarı papatya) + 4 Mediterranean Wide Inula viscosa (Yapışkan otu) 3 Mediterranean Wide Spartium junceum (katır tırnağı) 4 Mediterranean Wide 8. URTICACEAE (ısırgangiller) + 3-4 Mediterranean Wide Urtica L. (ısırgan) 9. LABIATE Origanum anites (İzmir kekiği) 2 K. Tr. Salvia L. (adaçayı) 4 N.Mediterranean Tr. Mentha L. (nane) 4 E.Mediterranean Tr. 10. LEGUMINOSEAE Trifolium globosum (tırfıl) 4 Mediterranean Wide Medicago intertexta (kaba yonca) 4 Mediterranean Wide 11. MALVACEAE Malva sylvestris (büyük ebegümeci) 4 Mediterranean Wide Alcea pallida (hatmi) 3 West Anatolia Wide 12. OLEACEAE (zeytingiller) Olea europaea (zeytin) West 39 + 4 Mediterranean Anatolia 13. PAPAVERACEAE (gelincikgiller) West Papaver L. (gelincik) 4 Mediterranean Anatolia Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 FAMILIA-GENUS Seen in the N.B. Flora Region Spread land 14. FABACEAE (baklagiller) N. Phaceolus vulgarist (fasulye) 3-4 Mediterranean Wide Meticago sativa (yonca) 3-4 N.Mediterranean Tr. 15. GRAMINEAE Lolium rigidum (çim bitkisi) + 4 Mediterranean Wide Tritieum monococum (buğday) 4 Mediterranean Wide Hordeum bulbosum (arpa) 4 Mediterranean Wide 16. PINACEAE West Pinus brutia (kızılçam) Anatolia Pinus pinea (çam) 4 K.Mediterranean West 4 K.Mediterranean Anatolia 17. SCROPHULIACEAE (sıracaotugiller) Veronica cymbalaria (yavşan otu) 4 Mediterranean Wide 18. SOLANACEAE (patlıcangiller) O. Solanum tuberasum (patates) 4 K.Mediterranean Wide 19. FAGACEAE O. Quercus coccifera (kermes meşesi) 4 K.Mediterranean Wide 20. ERICACEAE Arbutus unedo (kocayemiş) 4 O. Wide Arbutus andrachne (sandal) 4 K.Mediterranean Wide 21. MYRTACEAE Myrus communis (mersin) 4 O. Wide Laurus nobilis (defne) 4 K.Mediterranean Wide Abbreviations used in the flora list : (N.B.) relative abundance: 1: very rare 2: rare 3: abundant 4: very abundant 5: forms a pure population Flora Region i: K: north D: east B: west 40 O: middle Mediterranean : Mediterranean flora element Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 Spreading in Turkey: Wide: almost all around Turkey Tr.: Turkey Observation of Flora In the studies carried out by Biologist Dr. Süleyman Övez in August 17, 2007, at the site that is considered as the location to deposit solid waste of the Bergama District, a very poor plant community was seen in the area within the borders of the study site (Figure 4.16). This situation is also seen in photographs taken from the space. There is no herbaceous or ligneous plant and no species of trees were seen in the major part (about %80) of the site considered as the landfill. However there is a brushwood and maquis area at the eastern part of the study site borders that may be marked as flora. It was determined the floristic structure in the entire site has disappeared or there are some very rate herbaceous roadside plants. No notable structure was seen in this study site other than few roadside thorns, marquis and bush. It is immediately seen that desert and infertile structure and the land and inexistence of surface water source cause a negative effect on flora population and diversity. Figure 4.16 General Views of the Study Site 41 Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 b Fauna The fauna of the study area was determined by means of field observations made on different dates, detailed literature screening, and experiences of the local people. Living environments of kinds, whether they are hunted animals in Turkey, and their risk classes according to Red Data Book were determined. Risk classes only exist for birds in the fauna. A.1 : extinct kinds or kinds in danger of extinct A1.1 : extinct kinds A1.2 : kinds whose individual number is between 1-25 couples all around Turkey A2 : kinds whose individual numbers are below 26-50 couples and under big risk in regions they spread A3 : kinds whose individual numbers are between 51-200 couples but decreased in number in some regions A4 : kinds who are decreased in some regions though their individual numbers are high B : kinds who temporarily come to Turkey and be under risk when their biotopes are destroyed B1 : kinds who use the Anatolia in winters but not reproduce in the Anatolia B2-B3 : kinds who pass from the Anatolia in transit or use the Anatolia in winters and whose risk degree is lower 42 Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 Table 4.6: Regional fauna list Living Red Mer. Av. Bern Familia Genus Sp. environm Data Kom. Ka. agreement ent Book CLASSIS: INSECTA (INSECTS) Coccinellidae Coccinella septempunctata Bushy land - - - (ladybirds) (Ladybirds) Diploptera Vespa crabro Bushy land - - - (wasps) (wasp) Musca domestica Black fly land - - - Apininae Apis mellifera land - - - (honey-bees) (honey-bee) Red Living Mer. Av. Bern Ordo Familia Genus Sp. Data environment Kom. Ka. agreement Book CLASSIS: AMPHIBIA (FROGS) Rana ridibunda Appendix Land - - (frog) list III CLASSIS: REPTILIA (REPTILES) Agama stellio Appendix Agamidae Rocky area - - (Dikenli keler) list III Ophisops elegans Field, desert Appendix Sauria Lacertidae - - (field lizard) area list III Field, rocky Ablepharus kitaibeli Appendix Scincidae and brushy - - (thin lizard) list III area Coluber jugularis Brushy area, Appendix Ophidia Colubridae - - (black snake field list III Eirenis modestus Brushy area, Appendix - - (snake) field list III Testudo graeca Field, road Appendix Testudines Testudinidae - - (Adi tosbağa) edge list III Red Mer. Av. Bern Ordo Familia Genus Sp. Data Kom. Ka. agreement Book CLASSIS: AVES (BIRDS) Columbidae Columba palumbus Columbiformes - A4 - (pigeons) (Tahtalı güvercin) Streptopelia decaocta - - - (Dove) Hunted in Streptopelia turtur permitted A2 - (turtle dove) seasons Coracidae Coracias garrulus Hunted Coracuformes A2 - (raven family) (Raven) freely Upupidae Upupo epops 43 - A2 - (Çavuşkuşugiller) (Çavuşkuşu) Upupidae Upupo epops - A2 - (Çavuşkuşugiller) (Çavuşkuşu) Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 Motocillidae Motacilla flava Passeriformes - - - (Kuyruksallayangiller) (Sarı kuyruksallayan) Troglodytes Hunted in Troglodytidae troglodytes permitted A3 - (Çitkuşları) seasons (Wren) Hunted in Turdus merula permitted - - (Blackbird) seasons Hunted in Paridae Parus ater permitted - - (Baştankaragiller) (Çam Baştankarası) seasons Hunted in Parus major permitted - - (Büyük Baştankara) seasons Pica pica - - - (Magpie) Passeridae Passer domesticus - - - (sparrow family) (home sparrow) Fringillidae Carduelis carduelis - A4 - (snowbird family) (Saka) CLASSIS: MAMMALIA (mammals ) Rodentia Soricidae Crocidura russula - - Liste III (rodents) (house mouse) (house mouse) Moridae Mus musculus - - - (long tail mouses) (house rat) Felis domesticus Felidae - - - (cat) Table 4.7: Fauna of Project area and surroundings Red Bern Living Mer. Av. Familia Genus Sp. Data Agreem environment Kom. Ka. Book ent CLASSIS: INSECTA (INSECTS) Coccinellidae Coccinella Brushy land (ladybirds) septempunctata (lady - - - birds) Musca domestica Black fly Land - - - Apininae Apis mellifera Land - - - (honey-bee) (honey-bee) Red Bern Living Mer. Av. Ordo Familia Genus Sp. Data Agreem environment Kom. Ka. Book ent CLASSIS: AMPHIBIA 44 Rana ridibunda Ek Liste Land - - (frogs) III CLASSIS: REPTILIA (REPTILES) Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 Eirenis Ek Liste modestus Brushy, field - - III (snake) Red Bern Mer. Av. Ordo Familia Genus Sp. Data Agreem Kom. Ka. Book ent CLASSIS: AVES (BIRDS) Streptopelia decaocta - - - (dove) Troglodytes Hunted in Troglodytidae troglodytes permitted A3 - (wrens) seasons (Wren) Hunted in Turdus merula permitted - - (Blackbird) seasons Passeridae Passer domesticus - - - (sparrow family) (house sparrow) Fringillidae Carduelis carduelis - A4 - (snowbird family) (Saka) CLASSIS: MAMMALIA (MAMMALS) Moridae Mus musculus - - - (long-tail mouse) (house rat) Kinds that are under protection according to the Agreement on Protection of Wild Life and Living Environments of Europe can be found in regions near the facility area. Besides, there are animal kinds who are under protection or hunted in some definite permitted seasons in pursuant to the resolution of the Central Hunting Commission of the Ministry of Environment and Forestry, National Parks, Hunting and Wild Life General Directorate in 1998-1999. However, these kinds are not only peculiar to that region and can continue their life in a very wide area. According to the Agreement on Protection of Wild Life and Living Environments of Europe (BERN) published in the Official Gazette dated 20.02.1984 and numbered 18318, the kinds in the region shall be protected. 45 Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 Observation of Fauna In the studies carried out by Biologist Dr. Süleyman Övez in August 17, 2007, at the site that is considered as the location to deposit solid waste of the Bergama District, during the investigations and observation performed, very few faunal structures species was seen in the area within the borders of the study site also due to the floristic structure. Several bird species (bee eaters, sparrows and magpies) flying around the land, which is considered as the landfill, and bees, lizard and insects, that may be seen almost everywhere in this region, were seen. Since there are no trees in the study site and it is a very droughty place, wild life of higher organization and mammals were not encountered. It seems to be an ecological environment that cannot provide requirements (water, food, shelter, hiding, hunting, etc.) needed to perform vital activities of the faunal structure because there are no water sources and the flora is poor and has no diversity. Thus, the study area is far away from being an environment to be preferred by the faunal structure (Figure 4.16) and it is a quite desert structure. It is very difficult for the faunal structure to meet its primary hunting and sheltering needs at such a dry and infertile environments. Since it will not be preferred because in particular it lacks shelters that mammals, wild life and birds can make nests, hunt, reproduce or lay egg, and because there are no trees of higher organization and with fruits, and no surface fresh water source, the study site will not cause any threatening element for the faunal structure. However, there are more appropriate sites with green trees to become habitats for the faunal structure around and 2-3 km away from the landfill. 4.1.6 Protection Areas In and around the facility, there are no national parks, natural parks, watery areas, nature monuments, archeological heritage, wild life protection areas, wild animal raising areas, cultural assets, natural assets, sit and protection areas, bio-diversity reserve areas, biosphere reserves, , potential water resources protection areas, tourism areas and other protection areas. 4.1.7 Forestry areas Although facility area is shown in the cadastral plan under the name of forestry area does not show any characteristics of being forest. The required prior authorization was received from the Directorate of Forestry District. (No: 46 18.KD.33/02-G-ÇED.185-347 Date: August, 2000) Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 4.1.8 Roads to be used for transportation of wastes There are some possible road alternative where surrounding of the lots but final alignments of this service roads will be determined after projects being finalized. The alignment of the road to be used by trucks carrying clay from clay yards to the landfill area is shown in 1/50 000 scale map in appendix. This map also shows the alignment of the main roads connecting facility to Armağanlar village. 4.2 Socio-economical conditions 4.2.1 Population Population of the Bergama city center determined in previous censuses is given in Table 4.8. Table 4.8: Census results in Bergama Year 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1997 2000 population 21.689 24.121 27.044 29.749 34.716 38.849 42.554 46.880 52.100 The population projection is given below which prepared for the Final Feasibility report of Feasibility Report Consultancy Services, Bergama Municipality that was prepared by “Erbil-Temelsu Joint Enterprise “ and approved by the İller Bank General Directorate, Project Planning and Road Department for “Group A Municipalities” is given in Table 4.9. Table 4.9: Population projection of Bergama district Year population Year population Year population 2007 57.552 2015 64.325 2023 71.098 2008 58.398 2016 65.172 2024 71.944 2009 59.245 2017 66.018 2025 72.791 2010 60.092 2018 66.865 2026 73.638 2011 60.939 2019 67.711 2027 74.484 2012 61.785 2020 68.558 2028 75.331 2013 62.632 2021 69.405 2029 76.177 2014 63.478 2022 70.251 2030 77.024 47 The total population of the district was 110.249 people in 1997 census. 61.8% of total population is men and 32.2% is women. 22.6% of the population in Bergama district is between ages of 0-11 and Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 22.2% is between ages of 12-19. 48.7% of the population consists of 20-64 age group and 4.6% of 65- 98 age groups 5. 4.2.2 Economical characteristics 32 % of economically active population in Bergama district works in manufacturing industry, 17% in agriculture, 11% in construction, 10% retail sale, 6% in transportation, 18% social services and 3% in other activities. Majority of the public works in agricultural fields and factories in the near surrounding. The income level of the public is medium and below medium. Rural life is widespread in plain area villages. The life standard in mountain villages is low. The people here earn their money from cereal plantation and livestock production. When dispersion of active population in the business area is considered, 40.9% of active population consists of employees. Family worker people make 34.9% of active population and people who work for their own make %20 of active population. 4.2.3 Social infrastructure While 16.3% of Bergama district population is not literate, 83.7% of it is literate. 16.3% of population is not graduated from any educational institute, 51,5% is primary school graduates, 6.6% is secondary school or equivalent school graduates, 5.4% is high school graduates, 1.5 is vocational school graduates and 2.4% is college graduates1 6. Bergama is a historical and cultural heritage district which is being visited by many tourists. There is a museum in the district containing 10.516 art works. Transportation to the district is made by means of highway from center of İzmir city and Balıkesir, Çanakkale city centers. In addition to primary and secondary schools, there is also a college in Bergama district. A public library gives service to the people in Bergama. 48 5 DİE, 1997 6 DİE, 1999 Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 5 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS 5.1 Benefits of Project 5.1.1 Protection and improvement of public health Through strengthening of institutional structure and raising awareness of the public, problems being faced during garbage collection and disposal shall be minimized and be completely removed at the end of a definite process. Besides, prospect fire and explosion risk resulting from landfill gases shall be disposed. 5.1.2 Prevention of soil pollution Since the solid waste will be layed on a lot where all surfaces being coated by some materials to satisfy the required impermeability criteria. As recyclable wastes shall be recovered and solid wastes in the landfill shall be compressed in conformity to the prescribed technique, the solid waste volume storable in the same area shall increase and lesser area shall be used as a solid waste landfill. 5.1.3 Prevention of water pollution At present, leachate of stored solid wastes reaches to the underground water layer, this pollutes the underground water, rainfall water that contacts to wastes in raining periods reaches to Bakırçay by means of surface flow and causes pollution. Annually 25.000 m3 water is being polluted coming to waste landfill by means of storm water. This negative impact shall be removed when the existing area is improved and the new area with drainage system is used. Leachate to be collected from the planned landfill will be disposed of by recirculating with back spraying method to the site for first 4 years of the plant, then it will be treated in coming years by conveying to the municipal wastewater treatment plant to be constructed. With rehabilitation of old dump site, the pollution impact of that area on underground water shall be minimized. 5.1.4 Prevention of air pollution After the existing area is closed, gas emission shall be put under control and in case it reaches to rates that may cause negative effects, it will be incinerated and disposed. As the gas shall be incinerated in high heats in the new landfill, its negative effects on air quality shall be disposed. 49 Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 5.1.5 Recycling Recycling is the most positively recognized and practical waste management application. Recycling ensures recyclable materials in urban solid wastes to be separated and converted into production. Thanks to recycling, limited mine sources are protected and lesser raw material and energy is used. Besides, recycling increases the service life of waste landfill facilities. 5.1.6 Income obtained from recyclable wastes Collection of recycling wastes at source and their separation at the regular solid waste landfill shall ensure obtaining of income from selling of such materials. Through awareness –raising campaigns, collection at source shall increase and cleaner and more regular materials be obtained and this shall increase the selling value of materials. Besides, by converting these materials to raw materials and reproducing them, indirect benefit shall be ensured to the economy of our country. 5.2 Environmental impacts of project and impact mitigation measures 5.2.1 Soil a Excavation Digging in the project area shall be realized during excavation works to be made for preparation of landfill lots and construction of other units. Excavation of the 1st lot has been completed in great extent and not important digging shall be made in that construction. Digging in construction of the 2nd lot shall be used in establishment of barrier. If sufficient amount of digging cannot be removed in this manner, the remaining digging shall be used as a daily cover layer of solid waste cells, to cover above side of landfill and as a final cover in rehabilitation of existing wild dump site. Municipality shall ensure waste management in a manner to minimize the negative impacts of digging soil, construction and debris wastes on human health and environment in conformity to the Regulation on Control of Excavation Soil, Construction and Debris Wastes published in the Official Gazette dated 18.03.2004 and numbered 25406. This regulation, mainly favors the reuse of excavation soil and other construction wastes. Excavation soil shall be reused as cover soil for the landfill as advised in the regulation. The activity owner shall obtain necessary permits and approvals in phases of formation, transportation and landfill of digging (excavation) soil, construction and 50 debris wastes, collect such wastes according to their compositions, recycle them, eliminate harmful, dangerous or foreign matters in wastes, cover all expenses to be made for purpose of waste Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 management, compensate all losses resulting from accidents that may occur during phases of formation, transportation and landfill of wastes and remove contamination resulting from the accident. b Base impermeability material In the geotechnical studies carried out, natural base of the 2nd lot, which is excavated in the present case in the dumpsite, was seen to be impermeable, with permeability values7 between 0,5*10-10 – 1,3*10-10 m/sec. A 10 cm thick sand layer will be formed at the bottom of this lot and the drainage pipes will be laid in this layer. A 30 cm thick gravel drainage layer will be formed on the sand layer. The base impermeability system will be constructed in accordance with the Regulation on Control of Solid Wastes. (Official Gazette dated 14.03.1991 and numbered 20814). Since the base of lot no 1 to be excavated sits on the alluvium layer, it will be covered with two impermeable clay layers of 30 cm thickness. 10 cm thick sand layer, in which the drainage pipes are placed, and two coats of clay layers each being 30 cm thick will be laid on these clay layers. Clay shall be laid and compressed in at last 30 cm layers on places where coating of impermeability material is required and a clay layer in thickness of 60 cm shall be established. The compressing shall be made by wetting and crack formation be prevented. For this process and for other clay needs, clay to be purchased from a clay yard in 24.5 km distance to the facility shall be used. The said clay both meets the impermeability values given in the regulation on control of solid wastes (Official Gazette dated 14.03.1991 and numbered 20814) and gives a very high proctor values 7. c Geotechnical Assessment The landfill and all its structures will be located directly on tuff breaches of Yuntdağı Vulcanite Formation. Tuff breaches have characteristics of soft rock. Free Pressure Resistance was found as qu=13-18 Mpa (Mega Pascal) (132 – 185 kg/cm2) There is no excavation difficulty. It can be excavated with any kind of excavation machine. Bearing Power of this unit is high and in the design of structure foundations, it can be takes as 51 7 Pre examination and Design Report, Gentek Engineering Consulting Co. (April, 2007) Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 qall= 300 kPa=3,0 kg/cm2 . No consolidation settlement may happen at pedestrian environment under structure and landfill loads; elastic settlements cannot exceed few millimeters because of the height of the elasticity module of the rock environment. In the excavations to be made in the landfill area, excavation slopes may stay still be durable in the long run and under earthquake loads with 1/1 (horizontal/vertical) slope. Since the slope inclination is <15° in the place of landfill and the ground environment is made of rock with high sliding resistance, there is no possibility of slope activity undurable in the long term. 5.2.2 Air Quality a Using of fossil fuels The work machines at the landfill and other sections of facility, trucks coming from clay yard and garbage collection vehicles shall cause incineration of fossil fuels such as fuel oil and emission of polluting gases. However, it is considered that such amounts will not cause significant change in the air quality of region. It is planned to use 1 compactor, 1 loading ladle and 10 Trucks at the facility. b Dust emissions The processes that may cause dust emission before commissioning of the project are digging for construction, land arrangements, transportation and unloading of construction materials etc. The pollutant kinds resulting from such processes are particular matters and dust. Every matter bigger that one molecular size (0,0002μm) , smaller than 500μm size and can be suspended in air for a while is involved in the particular class. Dusting ,whether resulting from natural reasons or artificial reasons, is a pollution kind that shortens visibility range, changes the band absorbing sunbeams, and has negative impact on human, animal and plant health. Dusts smaller than 1μm behave in manner of gases ,and enter into lugs by passing from upper and bottom respiratory track. During excavations and diggings, the following measures given in Article7, paragraph 5 of the Regulation on Control of Air Pollution shall be fulfilled; 52 - Wind preventing soil stacks are established in the area, vegetables preventing the wind are implanted and wind protector is placed. Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 - Above parts of carriers are closed - Loading and unloading is made without throwing - Above of materials are covered with a nylon cloth - Upper layers of digging soil are kept at 10% humid. - Irrigation is made on road to prevent dusting No explosion process causing dust emission shall be realized during the excavation works. c Landfill gas As there is no composting or incineration unit, all of the organic wastes shall be brought to landfill. Wastes shall enter into biological reaction and subject to organic degradation at the landfill. After the landfill filler is established, as contact of solid wastes with air shall be prevented, anaerobic reaction shall star after the existing oxygen is consumed. Degradation process occurs in 4 phases: 1st phase: oxidation 2nd phase: anaerobic sour fermentation 3rd phase: unbalanced anaerobic methane fermentation 4th phase: balanced anaerobic methane fermentation In the first phase, oxygen inside of wastes is consumed and after wastes are covered with other wastes, soil and another material, the first decaying process starts. In this phase, complex organic compounds (oils, protein, cellulose) decompose to basic compounds (amino acids, lipids, sugar etc). In the second phase, the basic compounds formed in the first phase are converted to H2, Co2 and lipids. As in this phase the lipid concentration increases in great rate, the name of this phase is the “sour fermentation”. If wastes contact to air in this phase, their odor emissions will very high. In this phase, contamination level of leachate is also very high. In the third and fourth phases, intermediate products of the second phase are converted to CH4 (methane), CO2 and H2O. These gases are the final product and the compounds determining the properties of landfill gas. The above processes are very complex. As the conversion speeds in such processes can change in different parts of the landfill body, four phases develop in parallel in the landfill body. Properties of 53 leachate and landfill gas vary depending on age of the landfill body. Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 As a result of these anaerobic reactions, landfill gas in high concentrations containing CH4, CO2, water and various trace compounds (ammonium ,H2S and volatile organics) shall be produced. 8 The other trace matters are benzene, toluene, sulfur dioxide, methylene chloride. Typical compound of landfill gas is given in Table 5.1. Table 5.1: Typical compound of landfill gas Compound % CH4 48-48 (55) CO2 34-45 N2 < 1~20 O2 < 1~5 H2 < 1~5 Water steam < 1~5 Trace compounds (volatile organics < 1~3 During the first years of landfill activities, oxygen concentration shall be very high and methane concentration shall be very low. The reason of this is that the oxygen in wastes they bear before they are stored shall cause an oxygenous (aerobic) medium in that period. The quality of landfill gas and production rate of landfill gas varies depending on the following conditions; - Composition of waste (carbon concentration , nutrient content, existence of compounds (inhibitors) preventing degradation reactions, humid rate, etc) - Pre-treatment degree of wastes ( waste decreasing, recycling, composting) - Kind and degree of compression - Operation type of landfill - Kind and thickness of cover layer - Amount of wastes - Geometry and hydro-geological properties of landfill - Climate (temperature, evaporation) 54 8 Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Environmental Management General Directorate, Solid Waste Master Plan, Vol.1, 2006, p.181 Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 Per ton of disposed domestic wastes forms approximately 100-400 m3 landfill gas during the life of landfill. 60% of landfill gas forms within 10 years after the waste is stored. This figure increases to 90% within 15-20 years. In case inorganic matters such as construction wastes and rubbles are disposed at landfills, formation of landfill gas shall be lesser. Gas formation is more limited in such areas as a result of inhibition on disposal of dangerous wastes. At solid waste landfills, there are literature and observational data related to gas formation. However, if only landfill is ensured, gas drainage can be performed productively. To determine the gas formation potential at the facility, Tabasaran-Rettenberger (1987) correlation was used. Gas formation projection is shown in Table 5.2. Gt = 1,868 × Co × (0,014 × θ + 0,28) × (1-10-kt) Gt: total landfill gas amount to be produced until t.year , m3 k: landfill gas production speed constant, year-1 (0,035-0,04) t: period passing from acceptance year for waste to waste landfill period ,year Co: total organic carbon amount in stored solid waste (170-220 kg/ton) θ: temperature in the landfill facility (30-35oC) Table 5.2: The projection of landfill gas Garbage amount to be Gas amount accumulated to form Year m3/year ton/day ton/year m3/hour 2009 59.245 55,7 23.700 604.794 69 2010 60.092 57,1 24.231 1.165.598 133 2011 60.939 58,5 24.762 1.692.819 194 2012 61.785 59,9 25.299 2.182.247 250 2013 62.632 61,4 25.842 2.644.220 303 2014 63.478 62,8 26.391 3.073.704 352 2015 64.325 64,3 26.946 3.480.897 398 2016 65.172 65,8 27.508 3.860.040 442 2017 66.018 67,3 28.075 4.221.244 483 2018 66.865 68,9 28.649 4.558.061 522 2019 67.711 70,4 29.229 4.880.637 559 2020 68.558 72,0 29.815 5.190.312 594 2021 69.405 73,6 30.408 5.479.712 627 2022 70.251 75,2 31.006 5.759.109 659 55 2023 71.098 76,8 31.611 6.020.545 689 2024 71.944 78,4 32.222 6.274.457 718 2025 72.791 80,1 32.839 6.512.306 745 Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 Garbage amount to be Gas amount accumulated to form Year m3/year ton/day ton/year m3/hour 2026 73.638 81,7 33.462 6.744.713 772 2027 74.484 81,7 33.462 6.948.161 795 2028 75.331 82,5 33.759 7.141.385 817 2029 76.177 83,3 34.065 7.315.791 837 2030 77.024 6.702.877 767 2031 6.141.314 703 2032 5.626.797 644 2033 5.155.387 590 2034 4.723.471 541 2035 4.327.741 495 2036 3.965.165 454 2037 3.632.965 416 2038 3.328.597 381 2039 3.049.729 349 2040 2.794.224 320 2041 2.560.126 293 2042 2.345.640 269 2043 2.149.123 246 2044 1.969.071 225 2045 1.804.103 207 2046 1.652.956 189 2047 1.514.472 173 2048 1.387.590 159 2049 1.271.339 146 2050 1.164.827 133 2051 1.067.238 122 2052 963.778 110 2053 868.830 99 The landfill gas shall be collected through vertical gas wells established on waste lots. The collected gas shall be incinerated with torches on stacks and emissions of methane gas and trace compounds in atmosphere shall be prevented. During the operation period, together with the increased waste level, waste stacks shall also be developed. Gas collection wells shall be constructed by using 16/32 mm carbonate free gravels in perforated polyethylene pipe placed in a steel frame and area between the pipe and frame. 56 Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 d Odor After the wastes are laid on the area, they shall be compressed with a compactor in the landfill and be covered with soil. This method shall decrease the odor formation as much as possible and also the reproduction of fly and insects. 5.2.3 Water quality a Leachate One of the most important compounds that must be controlled at the solid waste landfills is the garbage leachate. Leachate has very pollutant concentration especially during the first years of landfill. The characteristic pollution concentrations of landfill leachate according to years are given in Table 5.3. Table 5.3 Leachate contamination concentrations at solid waste landfill facilities 9 Parameter 1.Year 5. Year 16. Year pH 5,2-6,4 5,0-6,6 5,6-6,1 COD 10.000-40.000 8000 400 BOD5 7500-28.000 4000 80 TOK 7300-16.350 83-9150 108-3080 NH3-N 56-482 36 10 Top-P 25-35 12 8 Total Solid matter 10.000-33.000 718-18.400 1920-5350 Total volatile solid matter 5350-20.330 124-10.300 770-3300 Alkalinity 600-800 1330 70 Chloride 620-1880 5,3-730 115-193 Cd - < 0,05 < 0,05 Mn 75-125 0,06 0,06 Cu - < 0,5 < 0,5 Fe 210-325 6,3 0,6 Pb - 0,5 1 SO4 400-650 2 2 Zn 10-30 0,4 0,1 57 9 T.C. Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Environment Management General Directorate Waste Management Presidency ,Solid Waste Master Plan Final Report Volume 1,2006 Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 As shown in Table 5.3, pollution parameters begin to decrease in a certain time. Disposal of the leachate is difficult because of the high pollutant concentrations it contains. This natural requirement has been determined also with national and international legislation. Regulation on Control of Solid Waste, Clause 26 states that the landfill base should be made impermeable to avoid mixing of leachate with groundwater, and it should be collected and disposed of with a drainage system made at the landfill bottom. In this project, leachate will be collected with the drainage system and accordingly will be deposited in an impermeable lagoon to be constructed. Leachate Collection System Once the leachate drainage pipes are laid on the bottom of the landfill site, about 50 cm thick drainage layer will be formed with 16-32 mm gravels. This drainage layer will ensure that the leachate generated from the solid waste will reach in controlled manner to the drainage pipes, and the leachate will be drained to the leachate collection tank by pipes. Permeability coefficient of this drainage layer will be k≥10-3. Leachate drainage lines are planned only at the base part of the landfill; pipes will be perforated HDPE pipes and minimum 1% inclination will be given to provide flow with gravity. b Leachate Lagoon and Amount Calculation Leachate amount and maximum rainfall in the region should be considered in calculation of the volume of the leachate lagoon. 173 mm rainfall for 24 hours of precipitation with 35 year periods has been taken as a meteorological data in tank design of the project. Rainfall catchment areas of lots have also been provided in the Table 5.4. Table 5.4 Rainfall catchment areas of lots Lot Number Area (m2) Rainfall catchment areas (ha) Lot 1 37135 3,71 Lot 2 18541 1,85 Total 55676 5,57 • Lot-2 Leachate Calculation 58 A = Leachate of waste with domestic origin (Daily Waste Amount x 10 %) Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 B = Leachate from precipitation (173 mm rainfall for 24 hours with 35 year periods) A = 100 ton/day x 10 % = 10 m3/day B = 18541 m2 x 173 mm = 3208 m3/day Qlot-2A = A +B = 321 m3/day • Lot-2 Leachate Calculation A = 100 ton/day x 10 % = 10 m3/day B = 37135 m2 x 173 mm = 6425 m3/day Qlot-2A = A +B = 6435 m3/day c On-Site Treatment Alternative The leachate treatment requires using of serial treatment processes together to realize the desired treatment level. A process chain that will meet the change in composition and altitude of leachate depending on age of the solid waste landfill must be established. In selection and design of a treatment facility, the following factors must be considered. - Character of leachate: organic and inorganic matter content - Harmfulness potential: high concentrations of organic and inorganic poisonous chemical matters - Discharge alternatives: surface water, city sewer system, treatment in land, recovery on landfill - Treatment degree: leachate composition, discharge standards (Please see Table 5.6) - Treatment ability studies: obtained experimental data, applicable technologies - Operation: maintenance and repair of equipment, personnel security training, analytic tests - Cost: to determine necessary budget, construction of final cover layer 59 Changing of compositions of leachate depending on the age of landfill requires application of different treatment processes. Treatment of leachate by means of physical-chemical methods in young landfills is not sufficient in respect to organic matter removal when compared to biological Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 processes. On the other hand, physical –chemical treatment gives good results on stabilized leachate collected in old dumpsites. For the leachate, there are two discharge standards as in other waters. - The discharge standard in city sewerage network system - The discharge standard in receiving water body. (Regulation on Water Pollution Control) The waste water permitted to be discharged in the city waste water network must give the values in Table 25 of the “Water Pollution Control” directive in Turkey. These values are given in Table 5.5. 60 Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 Table 5.5: Standards for discharge of wastewater into wastewater infrastructure (sewerage) At wastewater At wastewater infrastructure facilities of infrastructure facilities of which sewerage network which sewerage network systems result with systems result with sea PARAMETER complete treatment outfall Temperature (˚C) 40 40 pH 6.5-10.0 6.0-10.0 Solid matter in suspension (mg/L) 500 350 Oil and grease (mg/L) 250 50 Bitumen and petroleum origin oils 50 10 (mg/L) Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 4000 600 (mg/L) Sulfate (SO4=) (mg/L) 1700 1700 Total sulfide (S) (mg/L) 2 2 phenol (mg/L) 20 10 Free chlorine (mg/L) 5 5 Total azot (N) (mg/L) - (a) 40 Total phosphor (P) (mg/L) - (a) 10 Arsenic (As) (mg/L) 3 10 Total cyanide (Total CNˉ) (mg/L) 10 10 Total lead (Pb) (mg/L) 3 3 Total cadmium (Cd) (mg/L) 2 2 Total chrome (Cr) (mg/L) 5 5 Total mercury (Hg) (mg/L) 0.2 0.2 Total copper(Cu) (mg/L) 2 2 Total nickel (Ni) (mg/L) 5 5 Total zinc (Zn) (mg/L) 10 10 Total tin (Sn) (mg/L) 5 5 Total silver (Ag) (mg/L) 5 5 Clˉ (chloride) (mg/L) 10000 - Surface active matters that give Discharge of matters of which biological degradation is reaction with methylene MBAS) (mg/L) not in conformity to the standards of Turkish Standards Institute is banned in principle. Following the chemical+ biological treatment for leachate, pretreatment limits (Table 5.5 - 61 COD<4000mg/l) might be provided. However, the receiving water discharge limits (Table 5.6 - COD<700mg/l) cannot be provided with only chemical+ biological treatment so an additional 2nd Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 phase biological treatment (anaerobic - aerobic), and even membrane treatment with ultra filtration+ nano filtration might be required. For discharge of leachate in surface water (receiving water), limits given in the “Water Pollution Control” Directive Table 20.6” for Solid Waste Assessment and Disposal Facilities must be provided (in 24-hour composite samples COD<500mg/l, TKN<15mg/l). Table 5.6 Receiving water discharge limits for solid waste disposal facilities PARAMETER UNIT COMPOSITE COMPOSITE SAMPLE FOR 2 SAMPLE FOR 2 HOURS 4 HOURS Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) (mg/L) 700 500 Total Kjeldahl-Nitrogen (mg/L) 20 15 Suspended solids (AKM) (mg/L) 200 100 Oil and grease (mg/L) 20 10 Total phosphorus (P) (mg/L) 2 1 Total chrome (mg/L) 2 1 Chrome (Cr ) +6 (mg/L) 0.5 0.5 Lead (Pb) (mg/L) 2 1 Total cyanide (CNˉ) (mg/L) 1 0.5 Cadmium (Cd) (mg/L) 0.1 - Iron (Fe) (mg/L) 10 - Fluoride (Fˉ) (mg/L) 15 - Copper (Cu) (mg/L) 3 - Zinc(Zn) (mg/L) 5 - Fish bio-experiment (ZSF) - 10 pH - 6-9 6-9 An on-site treatment plant requires high capital costs and high level operation, also ensuring the discharge limits is very important. For these reasons, while proposing a system, financial capacity of the municipality, qualified stuff availability and whether they can operate such a treatment system must be considered. The flow diagram for the proposed (ERBİL-TEMELSU Feasibility Report, 2005) leachate treatment system is given in Figure 5.1. 62 Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report Lime Prep. Tank Leachate LimeEqualization Flow Prep. Tank Lime Flash Prep. Tank Mixing Slow Mixing Tank Acid Prep. Tank Biological Treatment Neutralization Sedimentation (Package) Tank Tank Figure 5.1 Flow Diagram for Leachate Treatment System November 2007 In the scope of the feasibility study (ERBİL-TEMELSU, 2005), a design of necessary chemical treatment and package biological treatment systems were proposed. d Leachate Recirculation System Leachate will be conveyed from the collection tank to the landfill via recirculation system. With the recirculation process, it is aimed to reduce flowrate and pollution load of the leachate and to speed up the decomposition reactions in the landfill. Leachate recirculation may be performed in two ways: - Raining method; Applied if top cover soil of landfill is permeable. - Trickling or injection recirculation; may be performed with aid of pressurized perforated pipes laid below the cover layer or with aid of trenches or injection wells bored in the landfill. (Figure 5.2, Figure 5.3) This disposal method will not be continuous in this project. Thus the raining method has been proposed regarding its operation and control advantages. 64 Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 Figure 5.2 Leachate drainage system Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 Figure 5.3 Leachate Recirculation System Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 e Proposed Leachate Management System On-site leachate treatment and recirculation alternatives were analyzed in the two previous sections. The advantages and disadvantages of the related alternatives are given below; Table 5.1 Leachate Disposal Alternatives ON-SITE TREATMENT Advantages Disadvantages • Qualified personnel requirement • Effluent limits are met in situ • Volatile Organic Carbon emissions and their • Realization of ultimate disposal possible carcinogenic effects on personnel • High capital costs RECIRCULATION Advantages Disadvantages • Easiness of operation • Easiness of application • Additional piping and equipment • Increased biodegradation rates for the requirements waste • Need for a high-level control of landfill gas • Low capital costs When these advantages and disadvantages are considered together with the Bergama’s unique circumstances, several results were acquired; A municipal wastewater treatment plant will be implemented within 3 years regarding the national obligations. It is possible that leachate can be treated in this plant. With the activation of landfill and after a time period of 3 years the characteristics of the leachate will become certain. In accordance to these characteristics, the treatability of the leachate in this plant will be determined. If the planned municipal wastewater treatment plant is not operational within the proposed time period, the leachate recirculation will be continued as a disposal method. In this case a controlled gas disposal system should be operated because the amount and quality of the gas will be altered. 67 Leachate in the lagoon will be disposed of by recirculating to the site by spraying method for approximately 3 years after start of operation of the plant. Domestic wastewater treatment plant in Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 Bergama will be constructed in this time and leachate will be treated in the municipal wastewater treatment plant. Construction of this plant has been stipulated by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry in accordance with provisions of the circular no. 2006/14 published in 2006. As per the Work Deadline Plan enclosed to the circular, the Bergama Municipality is obliged to start operation of this treatment plant until 13.05.2011 due to its liability on population. Until the construction of wastewater treatment plant, leachate is planned to be recycled in the landfill area. If the treatment plant is not to be completed by the given time, the recirculation will be continued in the landfill operations. Before construction of the Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant, characteristics of the leachate will be specified with periodical analysis to be carried out by Bergama Municipality. Parameters on leachate characteristics will be taken into consideration in design of the Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant to be constructed by Bergama Municipality. It is stated in "Regulation About Landfill Management" that leachate may be treated in municipal treatment plants. "Regulation on Landfill Management" which was published as an Appendix of the Circular no. 1993/6 dated 17.05.1993 specifies the technical principles for construction of landfills and dumping sites. In relevant sections of the directive, requirement of leachate treatment has been referred and it was stated that leachate deposited in the collection tank might be treated in the central (municipal) wastewater treatment plant. Based on these reasons, in the first stage, leachate recirculation is proposed as an applicable leachate disposal method for Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Application Project. f Impact on surface water In case the water resulting from rainfall contacts to solid wastes, the water shall be seriously contaminated. For this reason, it is not convenient to give the leachate from solid wastes to any receiver medium without being treated. Surface water drainage plans are prepared to discharge the storm water to flow because of rainfalls inside and outside of the solid waste sanitary landfill. In existing conditions there is a drainage channel around the landfill site. This channel must be rehabilitated and besides around the lots drainage channels must be built. This drainage system will drain the surface water coming out of the 68 landfill, the rainfall to fall in lots that will be covered with a covering layer and on roads and empty spaces around the area before they reach to waste mass. Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 g Flood risk and measures to be taken Entering of storm water in the landfill from outside shall not be permitted. For this purpose, the storm water that may come from high sides of the area shall be collected with head ditches. The storm water coming from the fixed facility areas and roads shall be discharged by means of ditches to be constructed at the edges of roads. These ditches shall be designed in capacity capable of keeping the surface water coming from extraordinary rain conditions outside of the facility against to flood risk. Though the solid waste landfill has a 95.000m2 surface, storm water basin is about 250ha. Drainage plans shall be designed according to the rainfall information to be obtained from meteorology. The placement manner of the solid waste landfill facility that is planned to be constructed under the project shall be determined in the definite application projects. Under this scope, the rain feeding bands of the area shall be determined from the regional maps and the prospect maximum rainfalls in the region shall be calculated by examining the long-term meteorological data. h Impact on underground water As water leakage from the waste landfill lots shall be prevented according to geological survey, the minimum permeability value (Guidelines on Landfill of Solid Waste, 1993) is being met and therefore leakage will not have any impact on the underground water. The minimum permeability values are 1*10-8 m/sec and 1*10-7 m/sec for compacted and rarely cracked grounds respectively. The geological survey reports permeability values between 0,5*10-10–1,3*10-10 m/sec, and based on these values, declares the ground carries an impermeable characteristic. 5.2.4 Biological diversity The facilities to be constructed and operated during the construction and operation phases of the project may cause decreasing/ removal of the existing flora. However, as the vegetation type in the region is wide, abundant spreading and without risk of extinction, no serious flora losing shall occur. Besides, no animal kind about to extinct is found in the region. 5.2.5 Noise Conventional work machines to be used during the construction under scope of project shall be a 69 noise source. It is suggested to use a rubber wheel ladle, compressor and truck as work machines in this phase. The noise levels of the machines to be used are given in Table 5.7. Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 Table 5.7: Machines to be used during the construction activities and their noise levels Quantity Machines and equipment Noise level (dBA) (piece) Compactor (garbage compressor) 1 95 Loader (lathe) 1 110 Truck 10 85 These machines shall be used during digging and in loading, transportation and unloading of digging wastes and debris. During the construction phase to last about 12 months, these machines shall work 8 hours a day. The estimations about the noise levels of such machines in case they are operated individually and together are given in table 19. Besides, dispersion of the noise can be modeled. Usage period of equipment : 8 hours/day Mean Noise pressure level : , dBA 10 Noise pressure in r distance : , dBA 11 Lpi : Noise level at source Q : land reduction factor, 1 r : Distance from source atmospheric absorption : f : frequency of noise source (2500 rounds.min-1) r : Distance N : Relative humid (%61) Real noise pressure in r distance : In the first 100 meters : After 100 meters : 70 10 Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Directive for Noise Pollution 11 (model), Özgüven,N., Industrial Noise Control, METU Mechanical Engineering Department Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 dBA r = for 1 m ; dBA r = for 10 m ; dBA r = for 20 m ; dBA r = for 30 m; dBA r = for 40 m ; dBA r = for 50 m ; dBA r = for 100 m ; dBA dBA 71 dBA Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 r = for 200 m ; dBA dBA dBA r = for 300 m; dBA dBA dBA r = for 400 m; dBA dBA dBA r = for 500 m ; dBA dBA dBA r = for 1000 m ; dBA dBA 72 dBA Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 r = for 2000 m ; dBA dBA dBA Table 5.8: Results of noise dispersion modeling r (m) Lpi Aatm Lpg (dBA) 1 100,4 - 100,4 10 80,4 - 80,4 20 74,38 - 74,38 30 70,86 - 70,86 40 68,36 - 68,36 50 66,42 - 66,42 100 60,4 0,82 59,58 200 54,38 1,64 52,74 300 50,86 2,46 48,4 400 48,36 3,28 45,08 500 46,42 4,1 42,32 1000 40,4 8,2 32,2 2000 34,38 16,4 17,98 73 Figure 5.4: Noise dispersion modeling Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 The noise level to occur in Armağanlar village that is the nearest settlement place to the facility (1000m) is below the limit values (60 dBA) given in the regulation on” Assessment and Management of Environmental Noise “ came into force and published in 2002. While the employees who work at the facility in source of noise subject to 100 dBA noise, employees in 10 m distance subject to at last 80 dBA noise level. Employees who will work at the activity area must wear plastic ear protectors as it is technically impossible to decrease the noise level at machines. All the necessary measures shall be taken to protect employees from noise as much as possible. 5.2.6 Traffic At present, the waste transportation vehicles carry out their collection works without any problem. After the facility is constructed, these vehicles shall not cause any different density or traffic problem in the city. Drivers are obliged to fulfill and comply with the following conditions while they are using the roads; - Warnings and signs of officials with special uniform or carrying a special sign who are authorized to arrange and control the traffic - Illuminated and voiced traffic signs - Traffic signs, plates, arrangements and place markings - Other rules, bans, obligations and responsibilities determined in the Highways Traffic Code and Highways Traffic Regulation related to traffic security and order. - Speed rules - Measures and principles determined for loading of vehicles In the event technical defects, slipping, sudden disorders or landslips , load slippage or falling and similar extraordinary situations occur on highways out of the settlement units, drivers are obliged to drive the vehicles out of highway by moving, pushing and by means of other similar methods; if this is not possible, to drive the vehicles to the banquette or right side of vehicle road and in any case, to take necessary warning and security measures depending on the road, air and traffic conditions , whether it is day time or night. 74 Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 6 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES 6.1 ALTERNATIVES RESEARCHED AS A PROJECT PLACE 7 land areas are determined for the project. These land areas are given in Appendix 1 in a numbered manner in 1/25000 scale maps. There are river beds near to 1,2,3,4 and 7 no land areas and because of the prospect floods, they are not deemed convenient as a sanitary landfill. Though 5 and 6 no land areas are convenient for the project, 6 no land area has property problems. For this reason, the remaining 6 no land area is preferred for the project. The solid waste disposal facility is planned to be constructed on the place where the landfill construction left unfinished after its excavation works were commenced as the project was found inconvenient for construction. The property of this 95.000 mg area belongs to the Ministry of Environment and Forestry. There are no existing watery area, protection area, culture and natural areas and agricultural area in the project area. There is no need to remake a settlement plan. The project place ensures necessary conditions for construction of the facility. 6.2 No Action Alternative The mostly used method in disposal of solid wastes in Turkey is dumping of wastes in dump sites. It is estimated that there are total 2000 small-scale and 50 big-scale old dump sites. Revolutionary studies in solid waste field must be carried out in the country in the shortest possible time under the scope of National Solid Waste Management Master Plan in pursuant to EU Solid Waste Directives to ensure adaptation to the EU Landfill Directive and EU Packaging Wastes Directive. With this regard, the usage of irregular dump sites must be stopped. For this reason, inactivity is not evaluated as an alternative under these conditions. 6.3 Alternative technologies 6.3.1 Composting A composting facility can be constructed as a project alternative but as a result of analysis carried out 75 by the Dokuz Eylül University, Environment Engineering Department on garbage of Bergama district, it has been determined that the garbage does not possess features for composting process. For this reason, composting is not a convenient alternative for the project. Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 6.3.2 Incineration Incineration is an advantageous alternative to decrease the waste volume and required landfill. However, the first investment and operation costs of burning facilities are higher than the other alternatives. The operation and investment costs per ton at low capacity facilities are in higher rates. For this reason, burning for regions that produce wastes in amounts lesser than 50.000ton/year is not suggested as a convenient alternative4. Besides, absence of a convenient model in incineration of domestic wastes in Turkey and insufficient experience on this matter makes this alternative inconvenient. 76 Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 Table 6.1: Comparison of project alternatives 1. Alternative 2. Alternative 3. Alternative Definition of project Recovery + landfill Recovery + composting + landfill Recovery + incineration + landfill Difficult. As water content is high, Difficult. Requires experience and Technical applicability Easy composting output shall not be high. technical knowledge . The first investment cost Medium High Very High Operational cost Low Medium High Resulting product can not be used in agriculture soil. For this reason, the Social contributions produced compost shall not be much useful. Economical contributions Strategic effect - - - Difficult. Parameters such as size, carbon/ Difficult. For high incineration output, fuel nitrogen rate, temperature, oxygen feeding amount and waste composition Operation easiness Medium concentration must be followed must be continuously followed . Leachate Surface waters Waste amount High Medium Low Pollution level Odor High Dust High Other pollutants Plants in surrounding of In less quantities resulting from landfill facility Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 6.4 Transfer Center Alternative In cases the waste disposal facility is in far distance, collection through a transfer station (transfer center) may be required. The waste transfer station is a facility where the wastes are transferred from small-size garbage vehicles to big-size vehicles such as long-vehicles, vessels or load wagons. The transfer center may be equipped with very simple or developed equipments. At small transfer stations, the wastes brought by means of small-size collecting vehicles are firstly emptied on a platform and then filled in an open trailer case by means of wheeled loader. At bigger and more complex stations, the wastes are emptied in an acceptable (loading) reservoir and the transfer vehicles are loaded by using a special compressing vehicle. The volume of transfer vehicles may high as much as 80m3. The total weight of vehicles is limited with maximum wheel loads (<36t) permitted at highways. For this reason, at many big transfer stations, vehicles are weighted and controls are made to determine whether the wheel or axle loads exceed the limits. In general, net solid waste load carried by such vehicles is about 18-20 tons. In case the one-direction transportation distance from waste collecting areas to disposal facility is short, no transfer station is required. In case the said distance is very long, transportation via a transfer station may be more economical. Under Turkey conditions, in one-direction transportation distances exceeding 20-25 km, transfer station construction is generally economical. In that case, there is no need for a transfer station that will cause an additional cost for the Bergama municipality. The planned disposal facility is in 18km distance from Bergama. Construction of a transfer station approximately costs 110.000€ (additional cost). To acquire fully equipped a big capacity transportation vehicle shall cost about 150.000€. The financing to be used in the first investment under the Municipality Services Project is very limited ,so transfer station for that project is not acceptable. 78 Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 7 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 7.1 Purpose of Environmental Management Plan The need for landfill of solid waste that increases in parallel to the population increase in Bergama must be given priority. Uncontrolled landfill at the former unloading area established multi- directional environmental and social negative impacts. The Bergama municipality prepared a project to establish a sanitary landfill to remove the existing problems. However, the construction of area of which project studies were completed, area expropriation realized and construction works commenced was left unfinished. At current situation, only some excavation activities were realized at the area and other landfill elements must be established. To conclude the project, the Bergama Municipality applied to the İller Bank to ensure credit from the World Bank under the Municipality Services Project. The Municipality Services Project suggests meeting of investments from the World Bank credits under coordinatorship of the İller Bank in order to be used in waste water and solid waste projects of municipalities. The purpose of this project is to support the development of the municipality in sustainable manner. The activities to be realized under scope of project shall be in conformity with the existing Turkish Environmental Regulations and Procedures and the protection and operation policies of the World Bank as described in the Operation Policy 4.01, mainly in environmental assessment policy. (The World Bank OP 4.01, 1999). For purpose of tracing of this compatibility, the Environmental Scanning Criteria meeting both the Turkish and World Bank standards have been established. According to the said criteria, projects have been evaluated under 4 separate categories. The unfinished project of the Bergama municipality is involved in Category “A” according to the scanning criteria. Category “A” is defined as projects involved in Appendix I and Appendix II of EIA Directive according to the Turkish legislation and are sensitive, non-recyclable, multi-directional projects pursuant to the World Bank tracing criteria. According to the Turkish EIA Directive, the solid waste facilities bigger than 10 ha or of which target year solid waste amount to be stored is above 100 tons per day are evaluated in Appendix I. As the 79 Bergama Solid Waste Sanitary Landfill Project is smaller than 10ha and target year daily waste amount is below 100 tons, it is involved in Appendix II. Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 The purpose of this section is to prepare an Environmental Management Plan covering the construction and operation phases of the project. The aim of EMP is to determine the tracing and measuring procedures to be carried out to minimize the negative environmental effects that may occur during the application and operation phases of the project. 7.2 Management and Scope At present, solid wastes collected from Bergama district are irregularly stored just surrounding the river bed near to the district center. This situation causes multi-directional pollution mainly in surface and underground waters and treats the public health. The Bergama municipality carried out a project study, ensured the necessary area and by preparing a EIA report, took the required approval to construct a regular solid waste landfill facility. The project of which construction commenced was left unfinished because of the design faults and for this reason, preparation of an application project and renewal of the EIA report is required. As the Municipality Services Project is being carried out within the framework of the World Bank Criteria, EIA report must be adapted to the Environmental Assessment measures as stated in the criteria. Besides, an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) must be prepared according to the Environmental Assessment Format of the World Bank. A management plan shall be included in the content of this EMP for examination and assessment of impacts of the project on the environment during the construction and operation processes and to minimize such impacts. For this purpose, the Bergama Municipality signed a contract with manager of io Environmental Solutions Research and Development Company, Assoc. Prof. Erdem Görgün, on 07.06.2007 to get a consultancy service . A team consists of the individual consultant Erdem Görgün, a vice-consultant, ecologist and geology engineer participated in this study. 7.3 Basics of project The facility area is between Kocagöztaşı in north, Akçaağaçlık in east and Harman hills in southeast. The land incline is 10% in direction decreasing towards to south. Land denims are between 170- 195m. 80 Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 7.4 Impact Mitigation Plan Table 7.1: Impact mitigation plan (in construction phase) Commencement Phase Subject Impact decreasing measure Responsibility Ending date date Construction Digging wastes Digging wastes resulting from excavation works shall be Construction Construction Construction used in the landfill and road works of municipality as a filler Contractor commencing ending material. Construction Dust spreading from At last 3 vehicles shall work at the facility area Construction Construction Construction concurrently. During excavation, the soil shall be damped Contractor commencing ending digging and dust emission be decreased. Construction Dust spreading during Above part of digging carriers shall be covered with a cloth. Construction Construction Construction transportation of Contractor commencing ending digging Construction Dust emission occurring Road to the facility area shall be coated with asphalt. Construction Construction Construction during transportation commencing ending Contractor activities Construction Noise The number of vehicles being operated concurrently at the Construction Construction Construction facility area shall be limited according to the noise levels commencing ending Contractor measured as in the tracing plan. Employees working near the machines with high noise shall wear ear protectors. Construction Historical, cultural and In case during excavations any historical, cultural or Construction Construction Construction archeological assets archeological asset is found, the excavation shall be commencing ending Contractor stopped and the Provincial Culture and Tourism Directorate shall be informed, and after confirmation is obtained, works shall be continued. Necessary measures shall be taken to prevent employees to keep any archeological asset. Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 Construction Infrastructure elements Before commencing the excavation, the related Construction Construction Construction departments and institutions (water, natural gas, sewerage Contractor commencing ending network, communication, transportation etc) shall be informed in writing to prevent damage to other infrastructure installations. Necessary institutional permits shall be obtained. Construction Public and employee The entrance into the construction area shall be put under Construction Construction Construction security control by means of plastic bands, barriers, phosphorous Contractor commencing ending and illuminated warning signs to prevent any danger to the public and employees. A security band shall be established around the excavation area. Besides, necessary measures shall be taken together with the related institutions to ensure a secure traffic flow. Construction Transportation roads Necessary road and traffic arrangements shall be made in a Construction Construction Construction planned manner for passing of work machines and trucks Contractor commencing ending on transportation roads to construction area. Construction Exhaust smoke During the construction, each construction vehicle shall be Construction Construction Construction controlled whether their exhaust measures have been Contractor commencing ending made in conformity with the criteria determined by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry by examining their “Motor vehicle Exhaust emission measurement license”. Construction Employee booths Employee booths shall be constructed in a secured Construction Construction Construction distance to the construction area. All the equipment Contractor commencing ending necessary for daily needs of employees shall be placed in booths. Construction Construction area At the end of construction, the construction area shall be Construction Construction Construction restoration improved and be cleaned. Besides, foresting and Contractor commencing ending landscaping works shall be made around the landfill facility. Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 Table 7.2: Impact mitigation plan Commencement Phase Subject Impact decreasing measure Responsibility Ending date date Operation Landfill gas The landfill gas shall be collected with collection wells and Operator Company Commissioning Closing date of then be incinerated. and Bergama date of facility facility Municipality Operation Volatile type wastes Before the daily cloth is covered, some papers, packs, bags Operator Company Commissioning Closing date of etc may fly from the landfill. Such wastes shall be and Bergama date of facility facility prevented with a wire fence. Municipality Operation Odor Above part of the garbage emptied in the solid waste area Operator Company Commissioning Closing date of facility shall be covered every day. and Bergama date of facility Municipality Operation Leachate The Leachate shall be collected and conveyed/recirculated Operator Company Commissioning Closing date of facility by means of drainage pipes to be placed on base of the and Bergama date of facility landfill. Municipality Operation Surface water The surface water coming from reservoirs out of the Operator Company Commissioning Closing date of facility landfill shall be collected by means of channels and Bergama date of facility surrounding the area and their access to the garbage mass Municipality shall be prevented. The storm water falling on the area shall be discharged by means of drainage waters. Operation Flood risk The surface water channels surrounding the area shall be Operator Company Commissioning Closing date of facility constructed in capacity capable of meeting any flood risk and Bergama date of facility during operation. . Municipality Operation Disasters and accidents An urgent intervening plan shall be developed for disasters Operator Company Commissioning Closing date of facility such as earthquake, fire etc and be reinforced through and Bergama date of facility field practices. Municipality Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 7.5 Monitoring Plan 7.5.1 Monitoring of meteorological data The water balancing shall ensure protection in impermeability of the landfill. The meteorological data shall be provided from the nearest meteorology station (Bergama) as stated in the tables of tracing plan. 7.5.2 Monitoring plan for Leachate The amount and properties of the leachate in the facility is very important in respect to performance of the urban wastewater treatment plant which will be built in Bergama. The situation of the leachate collection system shall be traced as stated in the tracing plan tables. The main parameters to be considered in leachate samples are PH, conductivity, ammonium nitrate, chloride, NO3-N, COD. 7.5.3 Monitoring plan for underground water and drainage water During the operation, the observation wells shall be controlled once a year to determine whether water exists. In case water is found, it shall be traced as stated in the tables of the underground tracing plan. The tracing program shall be applied in case water is found. The main parameters to be considered in the underground water are COD, NH4-N, NO2-N and color. 7.5.4 Monitoring plan for surface water On rainy days in the facility area and its surrounding, samples shall be taken from the channel that prevents entering of surface water in the facility area and pollution parameters in water shall be examined. Samples shall be taken from at least 2 points in the channel. One point must be at upper part of the facility area and other point at the bottom part of it. COD and pH parameters shall be measured in samples. 7.5.5 Monitoring plan for landfill gas As during construction no landfill shall be realized, there will be no landfill gas formation. The landfill as tracing plan shall be made as stated in the tables. Gas tracing must be made in a manner representing each lot of the landfill. 84 Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 7.5.6 Monitoring plan for sanitary landfill The sanitary landfill shall be surrounded with a wire fence, be illuminated with lighting systems and monitored by means of cameras to be placed at some definite points. The entrances and exits shall be recorded by the control office at the facility entrance. 85 Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 Table 7.3: Monitoring Plan (Construction Phase) Phase Parameter to be Tracing place Tracing type of parameter (equipment) Tracing Responsibility Commencement Ending date traced frequency date Construction Digging wastes Facility Area, and With visual audit of charged persons at the Daily Construction Construction Construction its surrounding, region during working hours Contractor commencing Ending digging emptying and controller area Construction Air quality (dust) Facility Area its With visual and auditory audit of charged Continuous Construction Construction Construction surrounding persons at the region during working hours Contractor commencing Ending and controller Construction Noise (dBA) Facility Area and Charged persons make measurement at the 2 times a week Construction Construction Construction its surrounding region with noise measuring devices during Contractor commencing Ending working hours. and controller Construction Historical, cultural Excavation Area In case cultural assets are found 2 times a week Construction Construction Construction and archeological Contractor commencing Ending assets and controller Construction Infrastructure Excavation Area By controlling the permits and visually at At beginnings Construction Construction Construction elements the area of excavation Contractor commencing Ending and controller Construction Public and Facility Area and With controls and audits made by charged Continuous Construction Construction Construction employee its surrounding persons to determine conformity with the Contractor commencing Ending security standards and controller Construction Transportation Transportation With visual audits of charged persons Daily Construction Construction Construction roads course Contractor commencing Ending and controller Construction Exhaust smoke Vehicle courses With visual audits of charged persons Daily Construction Construction Construction and construction Contractor commencing Ending areas and controller Construction Construction area Facility Area its With visual audits of charged persons At the end of Construction Construction Construction restoration surrounding Construction Contractor commencing Ending period and controller Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 Table 7.4: Monitoring Plan (Operation Phase) Phase Parameter to be Tracing place Tracing type of parameter (equipment) Tracing frequency Responsibility Commencement Ending date traced date Operation Waste amount At the steelyard The weights of vehicles entering and exiting While the waste Operator Commissioning Closing date brought in the unit in to/from the facility shall be measured and vehicles are company date of facility of facility facility the waste amount brought in the facility entering and shall be determined in mass from the exiting into/from difference between them. (steelyard) the facility (everyday)) Operation Waste type Waste Municipality and/or waste collector While the waste Operator Commissioning Closing date brought in the accepting place, company shall control and observe the vehicles are Company and date of facility of facility facility at facility quality of waste during collecting and entering and Bergama transferring processes. exiting into/from Municipality the facility (everyday))) Operation Meteorological Bergama Daily report giving rainfall information is Once a month Facility Commissioning Closing date data (rainfall) Meteorology taken from the Bergama Meteorology. Enterprise date of facility of facility Station Operation Meteorological Bergama Daily report giving minimum and maximum Once a month Facility Commissioning Closing date data Meteorology temperature information is taken from the Enterprise date of facility of facility (temperature) Station Bergama Meteorology Operation Meteorological Bergama Daily report giving dominant wind direction Once a month Facility Commissioning Closing date data (dominant Meteorology and power information is taken from the Enterprise date of facility of facility wind direction Station Bergama Meteorology and power Operation Meteorological Bergama Daily report giving evaporation information Once a month Facility Commissioning Closing date data Meteorology is taken from the Bergama Meteorology Enterprise date of facility of facility (evaporation) Station Operation Meteorological Bergama Daily report giving relative humid Once a month Facility Commissioning Closing date Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 Phase Parameter to be Tracing place Tracing type of parameter (equipment) Tracing frequency Responsibility Commencement Ending date traced date data (relative Meteorology information is taken from the Bergama Enterprise date of facility of facility humid Station Meteorology Operation in leachate Leachate Measurement is made at the Leachate Once a month Municipality Commissioning Closing date Lagoon unit Lagoon inlet(flow meter) date of facility of facility inlet Operation pH in leachate Leachate Measurement is made at the point where once in every 3 Commissioning Closing date collection pipe water channel is open(pH meter) months date of facility of facility outlet/ or Leachate Lagoon unit inlet Operation COD in Leachate Leachate Samples are taken in conformity to the once in every 3 Commissioning Closing date collection pipe sampling methods. Analysis is made by a months date of facility of facility outlet/ or laboratory accredited by the TÜRKAK Leachate (Laboratory) and capable of making the Lagoon unit determined measures. inlet Operation Conductivity in Leachate Samples are taken in conformity to the once in every 3 Commissioning Closing date Leachate collection pipe sampling methods. Analysis is made by a months date of facility of facility outlet/ or laboratory accredited by the TÜRKAK Leachate (Laboratory) and capable of making the Lagoon unit determined measures. inlet Operation NH4-N in Leachate Samples are taken in conformity to the once in every 3 Commissioning Closing date Leachate collection pipe sampling methods. Analysis is made by a months date of facility of facility outlet/ or laboratory accredited by the TÜRKAK Leachate (Laboratory) and capable of making the Lagoon unit determined measures. inlet Operation NO3-N in Leachate Samples are taken in conformity to the once in every 3 Commissioning Closing date Leachate collection pipe sampling methods. Analysis is made by a months date of facility of facility Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 Phase Parameter to be Tracing place Tracing type of parameter (equipment) Tracing frequency Responsibility Commencement Ending date traced date outlet/ or laboratory accredited by the TÜRKAK Leachate (Laboratory) and capable of making the Lagoon unit determined measures. inlet Operation Heavy metal in Leachate Samples are taken in conformity to the once in every 3 Commissioning Closing date Leachate collection pipe sampling methods. Analysis is made by a months date of facility of facility outlet/ or laboratory accredited by the TÜRKAK Leachate (Laboratory) and capable of making the Lagoon unit determined measures. inlet Operation Control of Monitoring It is controlled whether water in 50 depth of Once a year Municipality Commissioning Closing date underground wells around monitoring well exists.(a diver pump is date of facility of facility water existence the facility used) Operation Underground Monitoring With a diver pump, the depth of once in every 6 Municipality Indefinite Indefinite water level wells around underground water is measured. months the facility This measurement is made in case the measurement of “control of underground water existence” gives a positive result. (a diver pump) Operation COD in Leachate Monitoring Samples are taken in conformity to the once in every 6 Municipality Indefinite Indefinite wells around sampling methods. Analysis is made by a months the facility laboratory accredited by the TÜRKAK (Laboratory) and capable of making the determined measures. This measurement is made in case the measurement of “control of underground water existence” gives a positive result. Operation NH4-N in Monitoring Samples are taken in conformity to the once in every 6 Municipality Indefinite Indefinite Leachate wells around sampling methods. Analysis is made by a months the facility laboratory accredited by the TÜRKAK (Laboratory) and capable of making the Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 Phase Parameter to be Tracing place Tracing type of parameter (equipment) Tracing frequency Responsibility Commencement Ending date traced date determined measures. This measurement is made in case the measurement of “control of underground water existence” gives a positive result. Operation NO2-N in Monitoring Samples are taken in conformity to the once in every 6 Municipality Indefinite Indefinite Leachate wells around sampling methods. Analysis is made by a months the facility laboratory accredited by the TÜRKAK (Laboratory) and capable of making the determined measures. This measurement is made in case the measurement of “control of underground water existence” gives a positive result. Operation Color Monitoring Samples are taken in conformity to the once in every 6 Municipality Indefinite Indefinite wells around sampling methods. Analysis is made by a months the facility laboratory accredited by the TÜRKAK (Laboratory) and capable of making the determined measures. This measurement is made in case the measurement of “control of underground water existence” gives a positive result. Operation Landfill gas Landfill gas (portable gas analyzer ) once in every 6 Municipality composition stacks months Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 Table 7.5: Monitoring plan (after closure) Phase Parameter to Tracing place Tracing type of parameter (equipment) Tracing frequency Responsibility Commencemen Ending date be traced t date After Landfill gas Landfill gas With portable gas analyzer at gas collection once a month in Operator After the facility The date closing flow and stacks stacks decreasing Company and is closed when field composition frequency Bergama activities are Municipality ended After Leachate Facility Visually and if necessary with soil and water once a month in Operator After the facility The date closing surrounding, sample analysis decreasing Company and is closed when field Leachate frequency Bergama activities are stabilization Municipality ended pond After Surface water Surface water With water analysis once in every three Operator After the facility The date closing channels, months in Company and is closed when field surface water decreasing Bergama activities are in the region frequency Municipality ended After Underground Underground With water analysis in case water is found Once a year once a Operator After the facility The date closing water water month in Company and is closed when field monitoring decreasing Bergama activities are wells frequency Municipality ended Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 7.6 Urgent intervening plans The urgent intervening plans generally comprise of subjects such as accident, fire, security and natural disasters that may occur at the facility. Measures against fire shall be taken at the facility by means of providing all kinds of required equipment in conformity to the existing regulations and laws. - There will be total 5 extinguishing apparatuses at the facility - Trained and qualified teams shall be organized; - Fire team - Fire intervening team - Rescue team Regular trainings shall be given on employee health and work security subjects. The urgent intervening plans shall include the following subjects; - Work security and first aid plans - To establish an urgent situation center to carry out urgent situation works and to provide coordination in conformity to the plan - To establish a control center to give and take instructions to/from the chief and other departments of operation The followings must be kept at the center; - Telephones in sufficient numbers connected to both internal and external lines - Radio and communication devices - A plan showing the following points at the facility - Places full of dangerous matters in great amounts - Places where work security equipment exist - Fire fighting systems and additional water depots - Drainage systems - Collection points - The place of facility 92 - Personal protectors and rescuing equipment - A record list for employees Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 - A list containing addresses, telephone numbers of employees - Addresses and telephone numbers of local management offices and urgent service units 7.7 Institutional strengthening Establishment of a healthy and sustainable institutional structure in long-term is more important than realization of physical investments by obtaining a monetary source. With this regard, strengthening of institutional structure is not limited with the organization, management, personnel, policy and procedures of the Bergama Municipality but also covers the laws imposed by the central authorities. 7.7.1 Equipments to be purchased The solid waste to be brought in the area shall be regularly laid and compressed. For this process, 1 dozer and 1 compactor shall be sufficient. Table 7.6 Equipments to be purchased Equipment to be purchased Unit number Compactor (garbage compressor) 1 Dozer 1 Beko Loader 1 Truck 1 Pick-up 1 7.7.2 Educational and working hours The educational and working tours at the facility shall be realized under cooperation of the municipality and educational institutions to encourage similar solid waste investments at the region, to be a model for such investments and to contribute development of social conscious on separation at source. An environmental management plan shall be established for investment and operation purposes. 7.7.3 Consultancy services During the application process of the project, establishment of a Project Application Unit under 93 management of the Municipality is proposed. Consultancy service is suggested to be taken to prepare tender documents, obtain technical support service during the tender procedures and Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 perform daily field audit and agreement management. Works such as closing of the existing area and construction of a transfer station and sanitary landfill can be tendered to a single contractor within the framework of FIDIC Yellow Book. It is definite that a technical support is required to train the personnel to be employed at the Solid Waste Management Directorate , establish a unit related to solid waste, carry out purchasing works, commence a “ social-awareness “ campaign to separate garbage at source and increase the recycling rate. This support may be involved in the work scope of the project application consultant and as well as it may be considered as an individual work item. As garbage collection, transportation and disposal services shall be given by the private sector, the Municipality does not have to purchase vehicles for such services. For restructuring of the unit, to purchase a computer, printer and software for application of management system shall be sufficient. 7.8 Institutional Arrangements 7.8.1 Arrangement of Organization First of all, the organization related to solid waste must be rearranged by the Bergama municipality. Under the current operation conditions, the amounts of collected wastes are not being recorded and no personnel knowing the basic approach of “solid waste management” concept exist. With this organization, it must be considered that solid waste services must be carried out more different from the drinking water and wastewater services. The proposed organization is restructuring of the Solid Waste Management Directorate. It is suggested to establish three sub-units under management of the Solid Waste Management Directorate; Accounting, training and public relations and Operations. It is suggested to employ 1 accountant and assistant for the accounting unit, 1 engineer and 1 socialist /public relations specialist for the training and public relations unit. The existing structure and suggested structure are given in Figure 7.1 and Figure 7.2. 94 Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 Figure 7.1: Bergama Municipality, Cleaning Works Department, existing organization schema Figure 7.2: Bergama Municipality, Solid Waste Management Directorate, suggested organization 95 schema Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 At present, the garbage collection service is given by the private sector. The determined operations in the suggested organization can be carried out by the special sector. In that case, the organization of Municipality shall involve tracing of operational service given by the private sector and its general management. It is estimated that the municipality shall prefer operation of the facilities planed to be constructed under scope of this project by the private sector. The operation service of the sanitary landfill during the first years and its construction works may be included in the construction agreement or be considered as a different tender package. Under this approach, employment of 2 engineers at the operation unit shall be sufficient. The plan on following page is suggested for purpose of auditing and tracing of special operational activities. The personnel training programs must be considered as integral part of this plan. In case the plan is applied, it is expected that recovery rate of recyclable matters shall increase. 7.8.2 Procedures related to impact increasing and tracing After the facility is constructed, its operation shall be carried out by the municipality. Then, the municipality can assign operation of the facility, together with solid waste collection and transportation services, to a private company. 7.9 Meeting to give information to the public 7.9.1 First Meeting To give information to the public about the project and take their views, a “meeting to give information to the public” was organized on 28.06.2007 after environmental assessment studies began. Sub-district headmen, private companies in Bergama District and related civil society establishments were invited to the meeting. Participants of the meeting are given in Table 7.7. Table 7.7: List of Participants of First Public Awareness Meeting Person Title Zeki Erkin Atatürk Sub-district Headman Ramazan Dalaksız Kurtuluş Sub-district Headman Salih Baydan Turabey Sub-district Headman İlyas Çorman Zeytindağ District 96 Erdoğan Emin Göçbeyli District İsmail Biberci Gazipaşa Sub-district Salih Tücü Ayaskent District Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 Person Title Bayram Kaş Cleaning Works Chief Ahmet Ersin Municipality Official Mehmet Salim Söyler Mücahit Özçelik Yılmaz Kılıç Science Affairs Project Management Department İzzet Çakmak Purchasing-Selling and Tendering Department Hüseyin Üçüncü Architecture- Assembly Member Hakan Çolak Assembly Member Ahmet Büde Assembly Member Hasan Astarla Assembly Member Yunus Güle Assembly Member Zerrin Koçlar World Bank Technical expert Frank van Woenden World Bank Ceren Akıncı World Bank interpreter Sevil Uysal İller Bank Environmental Engineer Yusuf Karabağ Assembly Member Sertan Ergit Public Relations Kemal Uyan İller Bank District Director Cafer Serdal Assembly Member Mustafa Bulha Municipality Water Assessment Chief Adem Aygar Project Director of International Relations Unit Burak Akgün Bergama Chamber of Commerce İrfan Şenal Yamanlar Cleaning Macit Dağ Cleaning Affairs director Ali Arslan Beta Ltd. Şti. Ayşe Göldaş Researcher- Archeologist Önder Öngel Civil Engineer Mustafa Kılıç Civil Technician Necip Esin Map Engineer Ali Rıza Erdem Civil Technician Zeynep Sırma Uslu City Planning Student Eren Esaspehlivan Civil Technician, Project Management Unit Erdem Görgün io Environmental Solutions R&D Co. Utku Vardar io Environmental Solutions R&D Co. 97 Invitation to meeting was sent by means of fax- e-mail and delivery at hand. The text of invitation letter is as follows; Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 The Bergama Municipality desires to realize the Solid Waste Sanitary Landfill with credit obtained by İller Bank from the World Bank to support necessary environmental investments and make investments during the entrance process of Turkey in the European Union. The Bergama Municipality Solid Waste Sanitary Landfill project to be carried out under the scope of Municipality services project shall contain improvement of the existing wild dump site, construction of transfer station at the existing area in case it is deemed necessary, and landfill facilities to be constructed at the newly selected area. An “Environmental Assessment Study” is being carried out to examine the environmental impacts of the said project and take necessary measures. A meeting to give information to the public and take their views shall be organized under the scope of this study carried out by io Environmental Solutions Research & Development Co. Your attendance to the meeting shall contribute healthy application of the project. The meeting shall be held on June 28, 2007, Thursday, at 11:00, at Bergama Municipality, Service Building, floor 4, Assembly Meeting room. I kindly inform to your knowledge and request you attend to the meeting. The meeting was held at the determined date and hour. 35 civil society establishments were invited to the meeting but attendance by these establishments was below the expectations. The photographs taken at the meeting are given in Figure 7.3. Information about the place of io Environmental Solutions Research & Development Co. in the project, recovery output, separation at source, project period, previously applied landfill projects were given to attendants. The joint action possibility of the Municipality with the surrounding villages and towns was discussed. In the first meeting, general information on project’s contents was given and the questions of participants were answered as well. Participants especially focused on the issue of recycling and how to encourage it. In conclusion, it was agreed on that the landfill should be implemented as soon as possible and the existing unhealthy conditions should be removed. 98 Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 99 Figure 7.3: Photographs of Bergama First Public Awareness Meeting 28.06.2007 Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 7.9.2 Second Meeting 2nd Public Awareness Meeting was held in 18.10.2007 in the meeting hall of Bergama Municipality. Representatives of 34 organizations were invited to the meeting, and a participation of 40 people, including Mayor and his staff, was realized. Sub-district headmen, private companies in Bergama District and related civil society establishments were invited to the meeting. Participants of the meeting are given in Table 7.8. Table 7.8: List of Participants of Second Public Awareness Meeting Person Title Zeki Erkin Atatürk Sub-district Headman Ramazan Dalaksız Kurtuluş Sub-district Headman Salih Baydan Turabey Sub-district Headman İlyas Çorman Zeytindağ District Erdoğan Emin Göçbeyli District İsmail Biberci Gazipaşa Sub-district Headman Salih Tücü Ayaskent Sub-district Headman Mehmet Enhoş Fevzipaşa Sub-district Headman Mustafa Çoban Armağanlar Village Headman Sabahattin Öztürk Kaşıkçı Village Headman Mustafa Uyar Paşaköy Village Headman Raşit Ürper Bergama Mayor İbrahim Şahan Science Affairs Vice Manager Yılmaz Kılıç Science Affairs Project Management Department Akif Çeliker Civil Technician Cihan Arslan Civil Technician Fatma Karacaoğlu Restorator Aydan Kılıç Ali Arslan Civil Technician Şevket Soyaker Architect Bülent Gensoy Veterinarian Şenol Çakı Public Relations Manager İrfan Keskin Habergama Newspaper Journalist Gönül Uçar Town Clerk Firdevs Şekerci Manager of Financial Service Yıldıray Kamal Vice Manager of Housing and Urban Unit 100 Rauf Metin Ahmet Ünal Eroğlu Journalist İzzet Çakmak Purchasing-Selling and Tendering Department Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 Ferit Özcan Manager of Press Office Ayşe Göldaş Researcher- Archeologist Önder Öngel Civil Engineer Mustafa Kılıç Civil Technician Necip Esin Geodesy and Photogrammetry Engineer Ali Rıza Erdem Civil Technician Eren Esaspehlivan Civil Technician, Project Management Unit Erdem Görgün io Environmental Solutions R&D Co. Murat Cem Ertürk io Environmental Solutions R&D Co. Assoc. Prof. Erdem Görgün, Advisor of Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Plan, gave a detailed presentation in the meeting about possible environmental impacts of the design and prevention and alleviation of impacts. Main headings of the presentation are as follows: • Project Background • Final Project Content • Positive Effects of the Project • Likely Negative Effects of the Project • Legal Responsibilities • Impacts Alleviation Plan and Recovery • Impact Monitoring Plan • Organizational Responsibility and Regulations • Conclusion Questions from audience were answered during and at the end of the presentation. Content of subjects, addressed and discussed particularly in a wide time interval at the end of the presentation were briefly as follows: During the presentation, Mr. İsmail Işık, Headman of Göçbeyli Village asked the outcome of leachate. Advisor Erdem Görgün gave preliminary information about leachate and explained the disposal methods. 101 Mr. Mehmet Enhoş, Headman of Fevzipaşa District, where the old dumpsite was located, stated that he worked since 1999, when he came to this position, for removal of the dumpsite, and gave Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 examples of unfavorable events that the district people met because of the current wild dumping. He stated that they wanted execution of the project and ending of those problems. Additionally, he presented a proposal for separate collection of wastes. Advisor Erdem Görgün gave information about separate collection methods, and told that it would take a long time for sorting at source appropriately and that it should be supported with educational activities. Project Coordinator Eren Esaspehlivan, answering the question of Mr. Salih Baydan, Headman of Turanbey District, about construction time and flying waste likely to scatter around, stated that the 2nd Lot would start operation in 1 year and the wire fences would be made high against flying waste. Bergama Mayor Raşit Ürper stated that they took all proposals of headmen into consideration and they would reflect them to the project, and emphasized that they did not think only today as the investment approach, some delays happened because of their meticulousness and they gave a special importance to this project. Armağanlar Village Headman Mustafa Çoban and Kaşıkçı Village Headman Sebahattin Öztürk stated that there was a water source around the project site and animals of Armağanlar, Sinden and Kaşıkçı Villages, that the villages were sensitive about this situation, however they were convinced that leachate would be controlled and that such meetings should be held also at tea houses in villages. Consequently, Advisor Erdem Görgün stated that they would be glad to participate if such a meeting would be held for the municipality and villages. He told about developments in Solid Waste Management in Turkey and that the Bergama Municipality, with this project, would provide an example for many Municipalities. 102 Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report November 2007 103 Figure 7.4 Photographs of Second Public Awareness Meeting 18.10.2007 Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report
Groupe de la Banque mondiale · Environmental Assessment
Turkey - Municipal Services Project : environmental assessment : Solid waste landfill facility environmental assessment study for T.R. Bergama municipality municipal services project
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