China - Second Liaoning Medium Cities Infrastructure Project : environmental assessment (Vol. 1 of 7) : Consolidated environmental impact assessment report

E1316 VOL. I Consolidated Environmental Impact Assessment Report For Environment Component of Liaoning Medium City Infrastructure Project Liaoning Acadamy of Environmental Sciences Under Assisstance of SOGREAH January 25, 2006  LMC-1 EnvironmentAssessment Report Environmental Impact Assessment forEnvironmen Component, LMC-1 Table of Content * 1 Introduction 1 1.1 BACKGROUND 1 1. 1.1 Primary Environmental Concerns in Liaoning 1 1.1.2 Government Strategy 1 1.1.3 -Proposed Measures 2 1.2 WORLD BANK FINANCED ENVIRONMENT PROJECTS IN LIAONING PROVINCE 3 1.3 OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT 4 1.3.1 Objective of Liao River Basin Planning 4 1.3.2 Major tasks of Water Pollution Control in the Liao River Basin 4 1.4 EA PROCESS 4 1.4.1 Structure of Documentation 5 1.4.2 EA Processing Requirements of the Bank and China 6 * 2 Current Environment Situation 8 2.1 GENERAL SETTING 8 2.2 CLIMATE 8 2.3 SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC SITUATION 9 2.4 WATER RESOURCES 11 2.4.1 The Hydrology and Quality of Surface Water 11 2.4.2 Hydrogeology 12 2.5 WATER FUNCTIONING LIAO RIVER AND THE QUALITY OBJECTIVE OF SURFACE WATER 13 2.6 THE EXISTING AND PLANNING USE OF LIAO RIVER AND ITS BRANCHES 13 2.7 BOHAI SEA 13 2.7.1 Natural Environment 13 2.7.2 Marine Geology and Landform 13 2.7.3 Wind Direction 14 2.7.4 Ocean Current and Tide 14 2.7.5 Aquatic Resources 14 2.8 ECOLOGY 14 2.8.1 General Ecological Environment 14 2.8.2 River System and Pollution Impact 14 2.8.3 Shuangtaizihekou Wetland 16 2.8.4 Relation between Estuaries and Bohai Bay and Liaodong Bay 17 ii  LMC-I Environment Assessment Report 2.9 DAHUOFANG RESERVOIR 18 2.10 SHIMEN RESERVOIR 18 2. 11 WATER SUPPLY AND WASTEWATER 18 2.11.1 Service Scope 18 2.11.2 Surface Water and Ground Water 19 2.11.3 Wastewater Treatment 19 2.11.4 Project Cities 19 2.12 PRIMARY ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS 20 2.12.1 Water Quality Concern 20 2.12.2 Municipal Solid Waste 22 2.13 POLLUTION TREATMENT PLAN AND AcTIvnTY 23 2.13.1 Current Water Resources Management Activities in the Province 23 2.13.2 Industrial Pollution Control 23 2.13.3 Liao River Basin Environmental Management Plan 24 2.13.4 Water Demand Control 24 * 3. Law Frame and Criteria 26 3.1 LAw FRAME 26 3.2 CRITERIA OF EIA 27 3.2.1 Criteria of EIA 27 3.2.2 Environmental Function Zoning 27 3.3 CRITERIA OF EIA 28 3.4 SAFEGUARD POLICIES SCREENING 30 * 4 Project Description 32 4.1 PROJECT OVERVIEW 32 4.2 WATER SUPPLY COMPONENTS 33 4.2.1 Wellfield 33 4.2.2 Water Treatment Plant 33 4.2.3 Water Supply Pipeline 34 4.3 WASTEWATER TREATMENT COMPONENTS 35 4.3.1 Wastewater Interception System 35 4.3.2 Wastewater Treatment Plant 37 4.3.3 Description of Wastewater Treatment 37 4.3.4 Sludge Treatment 38 4.3.5 Reuse of Treated Effluent 38 4.4 MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT COMPONENT 40 4.4.1 Collection System 40 4.4.2 Sanitary Landill Site 40 liii  LMC-i Environment Assessment Report 4.4.3 Capping System 42 4.4.4 Closure of Open Dumps 42 4.4.5 Land Use after Landfill Closure 42 4.5 RIVER, WORK 42 4.6 WATER DEMAND AND QUALITY PREDICTION 42 4.6.1 Prediction for Water Demand 42 4.6.2 Wastewater Flow Prediction 43 4.6.3 Determination of Influent Characteristics and Effluent Limits for WwTPs 44 4.7 SOLID WASTE QUANTITY PREDICTION AND CHARACTERIZATION 45 4.7.1 'Solid Waste Quantity Prediction 45 4.7.2 Determination of the Landfill Capacity 45 4.8 POLLUTION LOAD PROJECTION 46 4.8.1 Wastewater 46 4.8.2 Leachate and LFG 47 4.8.3 Odor and Dust 48 4.8.4 . Prediction for Sludge Discharge 49 4.8.5 Noise so 4.9 IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENT IMPACT FACTOR AND SCREENING 50 4.9.1 Identification of Environment Impact Factor 50 4.9.2 Screening of Environment Assessment Factors 51 5. Analysis of Alternatives 53 5.1 PROJECT SELECTION 53 5.2 ALTERNATIVE COMPARISON FOR WATER SUPPLY COMPONENTS 53 5.2.1 Comparison of Alternatives for Pipeline Alignment 53 5.2.2 Result of Comparison for Pipeline Alignment 54 5.2.3 Comparison of Alternatives for Water Treatment Plant Sites 54 5.2.4 Result of Comparison for Water Treatment Plant Sites 54 5.2.5 Comparison of Alternatives for Water Treatment Process 55 5.2.6 Result of Comparison for Water Treatment Process 55 5.3 ALTERNATIVE COMPARISON FORE WASTEWATER COMPONENTS 55 5.3.1 Comparison of Alternatives for Wastewater Pipeline Alignment 55 5.3.2 Result of Comparison for Wastewater Components 56 5.3.3 Alternatives Comparison for Location of WwTP and Outfall 56 5.3.4 . Alternative Wastewater Treatment 58 5.4.5 Alternatives for Industrial Wastewater Reduction and Water Re-use 62 iv  LMC-1 EnvironmentAssessment Report 5.5 ALTERNATIVES FOR SLUDGE DISPOSAL AND SITE LOCATION 62 5.5.1 Comparison for Sludge Disposal Process 62 5.5.2 Selection of Sludge Disposal Site and Hauling Route 63 5.5.3 Result of Alternative Comparison for Sludge Disposal * 64 5.6 ALTERNATIVE FOR MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 64 5.6.1 Method Comparison for Municipal Solid Waste Disposal 64 5.6.2 Alternative Comparison for Landfill Sites 65 5.6.3 Alternative Comparison for Leachate Treatment Process 68 * 6 Environmental Impact and Mitigation7O 6.1 LAND ACQUISITION AND RESETTLEMENT 70 6.2 IMPACT IN CONSTRUCTION PHASE AND MITIGATION 71 6.2.1 Impact Analysis of Air-borne Dust and Mitigation 71 6.2.2 Impact Analysis of Noise and Mitigation 71 6.2.3 Analysis of Impacts of Traffic and Mitigation 72 6.2.4 Analysis of Domestic Sewage from Labor Camp and Mitigation 72 6.2.5 Analysis of Spoil and Mitigation 72 6.2.6 Impact Analysis of Soil Erosion and Mitigation 73 6.3 IMPACT DURING OPERATION PHASE AND MITIGATION 73 6.3. 1 Surface Water Quality and Impact Assessment 73 6.3.2 Analysis of Environmental Impact to the Liaodong Bay 75 6.3.3 Impact by Increase Wastewater Flow due to Water Supply Projects 76 6.3.4 Groundwater Quality and Impact Assessment 76 6.3.5 Impact to Air and Mitigation 77 6.3.6 Acoustic Impact and Mitigation 80 6.3.7 Impact Analysis of Reclaimed Water to Public Health 83 6.4 RISK ASSESSMENT 84 6.4.1 Analysis of Potential Risk 84 6.4.2 Analysis of Accidental Discharging 85 6.4.3 Analysis of Discharge in Sewer Accident 86 6.4.4 Impact analysis of uncontrolled sludge stockpiling 87 * 7. Sludge Management 88 7.1 CURRENT SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 88 7.2 SLUDGE MANAGEMENT AND DISPOSAL PLAN 88 7.2.1 Sludge Quantity 88 7.2.2 Composition Analysis 89 7.2.3 Sludge Disposal Plan 89 V  LMC-I EnvironmentAssessment Report 7.3 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND MITIGATION 91 7.3.1 Pollution Factor Screening and Load Projection 91 7.3.2 Impact of Landfill 92 7.3.3 'Impact of Composting 93 7.3.4 Impact of Temporary Sludge Storage Site 94 7.3.5 Environmental Analysis of Sludge Transportation 94 7.4 MITIGATION 94 7.4.1 Landfill 94 7.4.2 Leachate Treatment 95 8 Leachate and Landfill Gas Management 96 8.1 LEACHATE MANAGEMENT 96 8.1.1 Leachate amount 96 8.1.2 Leachate Quality Prediction 96 8.1.3 Leachate Management Plan 96 8.1.4 Leachate Impacts and Mitigation 97 8.2 LANDFILL GAS MANAGEMENT 100 8.2.1 Landfill Gas Quantity Projection 100 8.2.2 Landfill Gas Management Plan 100 8.2.3 Impact of Condensate and Mitigation -101 8.2.4 Safety Impact of Landfill Gas and Mitigation 101 8.2.5 Impact of Landfill Gas on Ambient Air 101 * 9 Project Benefit 103 9.1 WATER ENVIRONMENT BENEFIT 103 9.1.1 Improvement of Surface Water 103 9.1.2 Improvement of Groundwater 104 9.2 ECOLOGICAL BENEFITS 104 9.2.1 Liaodong Bay 104 9.2.2 Shuangtaizi Wetland 105 9.3 PUBLIC HEALTH BENEFIT 105 9.4 WATER CONSERVATION 106 * 10 Public Consultation and Information Disclosure 107 10.1 METHOD FOR PUBLIC CONSULTATION 107 10.1.1 Phasing of Public Consultation Process 107 10.1.2 Survey scope and objects 107 10.1.3 Implementing Organization 107 10.1.4 Consultation Approach 107 10.2 FIRST-ROUND PUBLIC CONSULTATION EXERCISE 108 vi  LMC-I Environment Assessment Report 10.2.1 Public Meeting 108 10.2.2 Questionnaires of First Round Consultation 108 10.2.3 Survey Result 109 10.3 SECOND ROUND PUBLIC CONSULTATION 110 10.3.1 Second Round Public Meeting 110 10.3.2 Questionnaires of Second Round Consultation III 10.3.3 Survey Result 111 10.4 INFORMATION DISCLOSURE 113 * 11 Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan 120 11.1 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 120 11.1.1 Environmental Management institutional Structure 120 11.1.2 Responsibility and Function of Environmental Protection Institution 121 11.2 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN 123 11.2.1 Management and Monitoring Institution 123 11.2.2 Environmental Monitoring Plan for WWTP 123 11.2.3 Environmental Monitoring Plan for Sludge Disposal 126 11.2.4 Monitoring Results Analysis 126 11.3 MONITORING INSTITUTION STRENGTHENING AND TRAINING PLAN 126 11.3.1 Monitoring Institution Strengthening 126 11.3.2 Staff Training Plan 127 11.3.3 Monitoring Instrument and Equipment 128 11.3.4 Environmental Monitoring Cost 128 11.3.5 Monitoring Data Management 129 11.4 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT OF EMERGENCY 129 11.4.1 Timely control of incidental discharge 129 11.4.2 Investigation and Analysis after Incident 129 11.4.3 Emergency Response Agency 130 vii  LMC-1 Environment Assessment Report 1 Introduction 1.1 Background Liaoning Province is an important heavy industrial base in the country, which is located in the northeast of China. Anshan, Haicheng ( a county-level city under Anshan), Fushun, Panjin, Yingkou, Yingkou Economic Development Zone ( Yingkou EDZ is under Yingkou) and Xingcheng (a county-level city under Huludao) to be included in the proposed Liaoning Medium Cities (LMC-1) Urban Infrastructure Project - Urban Environment Components Project, are important cities with relatively prosperous economy in Liao River Basin and the Economic Belt surrounding Bohai Sea. In recent years with fast social-economic development and continued increase of wealth, the water demand, sewage discharge and solid wastes generation has increased dramatically. As historic backlog of construction of municipal sewage treatment facilities, a large amount of wastewater from both industrial and domestic sources is discharged direct to Liao River system and in-shore waters of Bohai Sea without any form of treatment, causing severe deterioration of water quality and rising risks to human health and economic development. This serious environment problem has been compounded by improper management of municipal solid waste which largely relies on uncontrolled open dumps. 1.1.1 Primary Environmental Concerns in Liaoning There are two fundamental environmental problems in the province of Liaoning, particularly in Liao River Basin: scarcity of water resource and serious pollution of water environment. Available watee resources in Liaoning Province is very limited. Average water resources per capita is 535 m3/year in the Liao catchment, 23.34% of the national average and 6.93% of the world average. Additionally, the precipitation is also limited and seasonally distributed. In the low flow, there is virtually no natural flow in the river. The human activities in the region such as agricultural irrigation and ground abstraction compound the water scarcity. Although 81% of surface water resources and 43% of groundwater resources are utilized, water supply can not meet demand. At present, annual water supply is about 7.8 billion m3 while the demand is 8.3 billion m3, leaving 500 million m3 water supply deficit each year in the province. In order to insure water supply for key industries, water supply for agricultural and municipal use should be sacrificed. Surface water pollution is very serious. Water quality in 93% of the river water quality monitoring sections exceed Category V and all of the sections within cities exceed Category V. The rivers not only can not be used but have exacerbated environment. The Bohai Sea is the ultimate receiving water body of all of the wastewater in the Liao River Basin. The Bohai Sea, rich in fishery and aquaculture, has been suffering from biological degradation due to polluted water discharge mainly from non-point sources such as agriculture, aquaculture as well as point source pollution discharge. 1.1.2 Government Strategy In 1996, the State Council identified the Liao River Basin as the second most seriously polluted river basin within China and gave priority status to resolving the problem. The Liaoning Provincial Government recognized that this was an opportunity to reverse years of environmental decline and established a Leading Group under the direction of the Vice-governor. The Leading Group prepared and submitted to the State Council an outline master plan summarizing the approach to be adopted in the control of water pollution within the Liao River Basin. The urgent nature of the environmental problems within Liaoning Province has prompted the identification and establishment of a major environmental program funded by the European Union (EU) in 1998, known as the Liaoning Integrated Environmental Program (LIEP). The LIEP has a large number of components that address a range of environmental, social and economic issues. A key component within the LIEP is the Water Resource Management (WRM) project. This is designed to contribute to strengthening water resource management and pollution prevention within the Liao River Basin. The key output of the WRM project is the Basin Planning that will be updated constantly with the progress of various pollution control programs. The primary objective for pollution control I Jan. 2006  LMC-1 EnvironmentAssessment Report is the identification and construction of a series of wastewater treatment plants that are designed to reduce the major pollutant loads currently discharged to the surface watercourse. This will eventually lead to protection of the sources of municipal water supply. In 2001, Liaoning Government has prepared a "Tenth-five Year Plan for Environmental Protection in Liaoning Province " providing a comprehensive framework for water pollution prevention covering industrial pollution control, water pollution prevention in Liao River Basin and the Bohai Sea, provision of wastewater treatment, agricultural pollution control, enhancement of ecological environment management, and institutional strengthening and training. More specifically, the plan sets a target of 241,400 tons of COD reduction and 41,500 tons ammonia nitrogen. (NH4-N) reduction by 2005. The below Category V water bodies will be reduced by 40% within the 5 year period. The Tenth-five Year Plan calls for construction of 25 new municipal wastewater treatment plants with a total capacity of 1.965 million t/d as well as 8 new municipal solid waste facilities with a combined capacity of 5700 t/d. The combined wastewater treatment capacity of the Tenth-five Year Plan and the Ninth-five Year Plan would be 3.965 million t/d that accounts for 74.6% of the total current wastewater discharge. An Eleventh-five Year Plan is being prepared by Liaoning Govemment. The two municipal wastewater treatment plants and municipal solid waste management facilities proposed in this LMC-1 are on the top of the list of pollution control projects in the Tenth-five Year Plan. In addition, the two proposed wastewater treatment plants are also the priority wastewater treatment plants identified by the EU funded LIEP. As such will provide great support to achieve the plan and overall government strategy for water pollution control In the Liao River Basin. 1.1.3 Proposed Measures (1) Wastewater Treatment System To realize the environmental objective and recovery of the basin environment effectiv,ely, it is needed to construct municipal wastewater treatment facilities in all municipalities within Liaoning Province, and long-term effort should be paid with financing plan. The LMC-1 are only the early phase and the successive environmental projects will last longer time. The cities within the LMC-1 currently discharged the largest pollutant load and thus are the key to the success of pollution control strategy within Liaoning Province. Within the context of wastewater treatment schemes of the Tenth-five Year Plan, Three focuses has been highlighted that are also proposed by the LMC-1: Clean-up of Shenfu Canal with the first step to intercept all of the municipal wastewater and halve the wastewater flow within the city of Fushun to be achieved by new interceptor and sewer construction and expansion of the existing Sanbaotun WwTP of Fushun; Clean-up of Daliao River within the city of Yingkou to be achieved by the proposed Yingkou WwTW, and; Clean-up of Shuangtaizi River (downstream main course of Liao River) within the city of Panjin to be achieved by the proposed Shuangtaizi WwTW of Panjin. (2) Industrial Pollution Control There are several aspects to pollution from industries and its control/management which are of direct relevance to these project components. Except from Fushun, the majority of industrial wastewater is discharged to sewerage system and will therefore be collected and treated by the municipal wastewater treatment plants provided by the project. However, the overall pollution control objective can not be effectively realized unless there is a corresponding reduction in the pollution loads from the remaining industries discharging wastewater direct to rivers. The Work Bank has suggested that a basin-wide Industrial Pollution Control Action Plan is needed and that municipal authorities should prepare one for their respective cities in view of their industrial wastewater problem. The task has been delegated to municipalities who will execute it by enforcing the effluent standards which have been set for various situations. The industrial pollution control should best combine wastewater treatment with cleaner production shift so as to prompt the industries voluntarily take actions in supplement to regulatory enforcement when they are aware of the financial benefit from pollution control especially in terms of raw material recovery, saving of 2 Jan. 2006  LMC-1 Environment Assessment Report wastewater charge and resources conservation. The industrial pollution control programs will provide better assurance to achieve the objective of this project. These proposed WwTPs will be designed for the typical municipal wastewater strength As a large percentage of the wastewater flow at these treatment plants will be from industrial sources, the targeted treatment efficiencies and final effluent concentration could be jeopardized. In the Tenth-five Year Plan, Liaoning Government has been determined to take actions to tackle the industrial pollution by implementing industrial pollution control action plan with various quantitative indicators by which to enforce the pollutant discharge from industries and a sweeping plan to eliminating pollution at source. The government will pay economic incentive to trigger industries to shift to cleaner production or process restructuring, with 51 major industries being included in the government financing plan. In addition, the government begins showing increasing intention to take a more econonrical method, such as total pollutants control and discharge license trading, which will be promulgated throughout the province during the period of the Eleventh-five Year Plan. Smaller industries for mining, cement, glass, power generation and metallurgy will be shut down. (3) Solid Waste Management Solid waste management is a local government function in China. Generally, the provision of solid waste disposal facilities are very inadequate in Liaoning Province. There is currently only one proper sanitary landfill with leachate collection and engineering control in Liaoning. There are existing unlined landfills at the other project cities, but there are essentially uncontrolled dumping sites. Rare data are available to assess the impacts of un-controlled dumping, but the pollution accidents of drinking water resource due to un-controlled dumping that poisoned tens of thousand people have proven an urgent need for sanitary landfill facilities to be provided for all the cities as well as the need for legal and regulatory frame. It is determined that during the Tenth-five Year Plan all municipalities within Liaoning Province should construct municipal solid waste disposal plant with engineered facilities, if it is implemented, above 60% of the municipal solid waste will be environmentally safely disposed of. (4) Demand-side Management The Tenth-five Year Plan has paid attention on the demand -side management which would make control of water pollution better cost-effective. With the gradual increase of water tariff which should be sufficient to cover the actual cost both for water and wastewater treatment, the pricing within the affordability of clients may leverage the water conservation in industrial and municipal sectors. One of the approaches that have been believed to be the most simple and effective in demand-side management is metering at each client. As there are large populations with municipal water supply are not metered, extensive provision of water meters will help reduce the water demand. Meanwhile, water conservation projects will be launched in 28 industries critical to reduction of total industrial wastewater discharge, by 21.7%. 1.2 World Bank Financed Environment Projects in Liaoning Province The World Bank has paid tremendous effort to support the environmental efforts in Liaoning, particularly in Liao River Basin, with continuous financing contribution to construct environmentalo works associated with wastewater treatment, water supply and municipal solid waste disposal. Table 1-1 shows the progress made under the Bank financing so far: Table 1-1 Summary of the Bank Financed Environmental Projects project Term of loan Loan Loan No. Content of project ____ ___ ___ value _ _ _ _ Liaoning 1994-2002 $ 110 CHA-378 Wastewater interception and treatment Environment million 1 * Anshan-220,000 t/d Project * * Fushun-250,000 t/d * Benxi-225,000 t/d * Dalian Malan-120,000 t/d * Dalian Chunliu-80,000 t/d Water supply * Jinzhou-???? Municipal Solid Waste * Dalian Maoyingzi Landfill-??? Liao River Basin 2001-2007 $ 100 CHA-461 Wastewater interception and treatment 3 Jan. 2006  LMC-1 Environment Assessment Report Project million 7 * Panjin-100,000t/d * Yingkou-100,000 t/d * Jinzhou-100,000 t/d * Jincheng Paper Mill Wastewater * Yingkou Paper Mill Wastewater Liaoning Government is seeking the Bank financing for the proposed Liaoning Medium City Infrastructure Project ( LMC-1) which follows on the Liao River Basin Project under construction. The proposed total secondary wastewater treatment capacity and tertiary treatment capacity of the LMC-1 is 200,000 t/d and 120,000 t/d respectively. Additionally, the proposed LMC-1 wilI provide municipal solid waste treatment capacities which will assist in reducing pollutant loads discharging into the Liao River system. Table 1-2 shows the logic correlation of LRBP and the proposed LMC-1 in achieving the objective of water pollutant load reduction. Table 1-2 Relation between LRBP and LMC-1 No. Item (t/a) 1 Planned WwTPs and SW landfills in the Liao River Basin 300201 2 LRBP 31755 3 LMC-1 58400 4 Total of the two projects 90155 5 Proportion % LRBP 11% LMC-1 19% Total of the two projects 30% It is seen from Table 1-2, in terms of COD reduction, the LRBP accounts for 11% of that in the Liao River Basin Plan; the proposed LMC-1 accounts for 19%. The combined COD reduction of the LRBP and LMC-1 accounts for 30 % that seems to be very important to approaching the objective of pollution reduction in the Liao River Basin Plan. 1.3 Objective of Project The objective of the proposed LMC-1 is to develop a host of policy and investment initiatives to provide a sustainable environment framework for the long-term development of Liaoning Province. 1.3.1 Objective of Liao River Basin Planning The objective of Liao River Basin Planning is: in 2005, the surface water quality across the Liao River Basin will meet the requirement for Category V function approximately; in 2010, the surface water quality across the Liao River Basin will meet the requirement for Category V function (minimum requirement for beneficiary use, e.g. Irrigation and recreation), sustaining the use of waterFresource. The objective will be realized through the following measures: * Construction of wastewater interception and treatment facilities; * Construction of sanitary landfills for municipal solid wastes; * Establishment of institutions capable of managing these facilities; and * Improvement of water quality management and monitoring capacity in the whole basin. 1.3.2 Major tasks of Water Pollution Control in the Liao River Basin The major tasks facing the basin for water pollution control are: * Drinking water resources for urban and rural residents are top priority for protection; * Pollution from large to medium scale industries is key target for pollution control; * Acceleration of provision of central domestic WwTPs and solid waste sanitary landfills; * Water for agricultural irrigation and in-shore seawaters should be safeguarded. 1.4 EA Process In August 2005, Liaoning Urban Construction and Renewal Project Office(LUCRPO, the project proponent) engaged Liaoning Academy of Environmental Sciences, a.chartered institute at national level, to prepare the Environmental Assessment Report for the project. Environmental Impact 4 Jan. 2006  LMC-I Environment Assessment Report Assessment(EIA) reports have first been prepared for each of the project components. On this basis, a consolidated EIA report, Environmental Management Plan (EMP), and EIA Summary report have been prepared under the assistance of Sogreah Company. 1.4.1 Structure of Documentation According to OP 4.01, the EA documentation includes main EIA report, Environmental Management Plan and Executive Summary. The main contents of these reports are summarized in Table 1-3 below. Table 1-3 Structure of EA Documentation Structure Key points EIA Report Category A project: The environmental assessment would examine the project's potential negative and positive environmental impacts, compare them with those of feasible altematives (including the " without project" situation), and recommends any measures needed to prevent, minimize, mitigate or compensate for adverse impacts and improve environmental performance. (a) Executive summary: Concisely discuss significant findings and recommended actions. (b) Policy, legal and administrative framework. (c) Project description: Concisely describes the proposed project and its geographical, ecological, social, and temporal context, including any off-site investments that may be required. (d) Baseline data: Assesses the dimensions of the study area and describes relevant physical, biological, and socioeconomic conditions. (e) Environmental impacts: Predicts and assesses the project's likely positive and negative impacts, in quantitative terms to the extent possible. Identifies mitigation measures and any residual negative impacts that can not be mitigated. Explores opportunities for environmental enhancement. Identifies and estimates the extent and quality of available data, key data gaps, and uncertainties associated with predictions, and specifies topics that do not require further attention. (f) Analysis of alternatives: Systematically compares feasible alternatives to the proposed project site, technology, design, and operation-including the "without project" situation- in terms of their potential environmental impacts; the feasibility of mitigating these impacts; their capital and recurrent cost; their suitability under local conditions; and their institutional, training, and monitoring requirements. (g) Environmental Management Plan (EMP): Covers mitigation measures, monitoring , institutional strengthening. EMP Consists of a set of mitigation, monitoring, and institutional measures to be taken during implementation and operation to eliminate adverse environmental and social impacts, offset them, or reduce them to acceptable levels. (a) Mitigation: Identifies and summarized all anticipated significant adverse environmental impacts; describes each mitigation measure, including the type of impact to which it relates and the conditions under which it is required; estimates any potential environmental impacts of these measures; and provides linkage with any other mitigation plans required for the project. (b) Monitoring: a specific description, and technical details, of monitoring measures, including the parameters to be measured, methods to be used, sampling locations, frequency of measurements, detection limits, and definition of thresholds, and monitoring and reporting procedures. (c) Capacity development and training: Assesses the existence, role, and capacity of environmental unit on site or at agency and ministry level; if necessary, recommends the establishment and expansion of such units, and the training of staff, provides specific description of institutional arrangement; and technical assistance, procurement of equipment and supplies and organization changes. (d) Implementation schedule and cost estimate. Executive Concisely and briefly describes the project situation, environmental impacts, both summary positive and negative, to be brought by the project, proposed mitigation measures and anticipated residual impact. 5 Jan. 2006  LMC-1 Environment Assessment Report 1.4.2 EA Processing Requirements of the Bank and China The requirements for EA processing of the Bank which is based on the OP 4.01 and China which is based on " Notice for Strengthening Environmental Assessment for Engineering Project Seeking Financing of International Organization" are shown in Table 1-4: Table 1-4 EA Processing Requirement of the Bank and China Item No Chapter Main content Bank's 1 Introduction Background, objectives, strategic context, and EA process requiremen 2 Current General setting, climate, socioeconomic characteristics, water t Environment resources, beneficiary uses of Liao River and surface water quality al Situation objectives, the Bohai Sea, Ecology, water supply and wastewater, and the project cities. Extent of water quality problems, ecological degradation and impacts on fishery, projected increase in pollutants loads and ____________ worsening impacts if without the project. 3 Legal Legal framework, and discharge and impact assessment standard. framework Bank's Safeguard Policies. and standards 4 Project Choice of project components, wastewater interception, wastewater ,description treatment, wastewater disposal, and additional components 5 Analysis of Selection of cities and scale of projects, alternative sites and routes, alternatives alternative wastewater treatment, 6 Benefits of Water quality, groundwater, availability of clean drinking water the project service, improvement of ecosystem, public health, the Bohai Sea, within basin and other benefits. __ program ______________________________ 7 Impacts and Land requirements and resettlement, impacts to water system, air mitigation quality, noise and other impacts on communities, impacts during measures construction, mitigation and residual impacts, and risk impacts. 8 Sludge Current solid waste management system, sludge management and management disposal plan, alternative analysis, and environmental impacts of sludge disposal, mitigation and residual impacts. 9 Leachate and Leachate and landfill gas quality and quantity projection, leachate landfill gas and landfill gas management and disposal plan, alternative management analysis, and impacts of leachate and landfill gas disposal, mitiqation and residual impacts. 10 Public Methodology for two-round public consultation, documentation, consultation public concern and issues, and responses and final public and acceptance. information disclosure 11 Environmenta Environmental management system, environmental monitoring I Management plan, institutional strengthening and training, estimated costs for Plan environmental mitigation and management, and implementation __________ _______ schedule. China's 1 Forward EA objective, basis, assessment scope and standards, requiremen environmental objective, assessment technology and method. t _ 2 Overview of Baselines, process, pollutants and discharge, arrangement in _ the project construction phase. 3 Current natural environment, Ecological environment, social environment,. situation 4 Environmenta Environmental impacts, mitigation, residual impacts, impacts in I impacts and construction phase. mitigation 5 Alternative Alternatives for project magnitude and site, mitigation measures. 6 Environmenta Return ratio of capital investment, environmental protection I loss and investment and proportion to the total investment. 6 Jan. 2006  LMC-1 EnvironmentAssessment Report Item No Chapter Main content benefits analysis 7 Environmenta Capacity of environmental management agency and monitoring I methods. management monitoring . Plan 8 Public Methodology for public participation, public concern and response. _ participation 9 Conclusion Summary of findings and recommendations It can be seen from above table that the EA requirements of the Bank are basically identical to that of China, although the Bank's requirements are more detailed on the projects. China's requirements seem to be general because they are pinpointing to all kinds of project. For such purpose, China's requirements are developed within the framework of principle. When the requirements of China's are applied to a specific project, more details would be developed. Therefore for this project there is no important gap of EA content between the Bank's version and China's version. This consolidated EA report is based on individual city-level EA report which follows the Bank's requirements. The Internal processing of EA is: the individual city-level EA report should be reviewed and approved by the Liaoning Environmental Protection Bureau before the consolidated report is finalized. 7 Jan. 2006  LMC-I EnvironmentAssessment Report 2 Current Environment Situation 2.1 General Setting The Liao River Basin, with a total catchment area of 220,000 kM2, consists of four major rivers, the Liao, Hun, Taizi and Daliao which is fed by Hun and Taizi. One third of the Liao River Catchment and the entire Hun-Taizi-Daliao network lie within Liaoning Province, home of approximately 42 million people. The rivers drain through 11 most important industrial and population centers and vast agricultural fields in the province before discharging into the BOhai Sea. The Liao River Basin within Liaoning is located in the southwest of Liaoning, with north latitude 40031'- 45017' and east longitude 116054'- 125032', covering an area of 219,600km2, accounting for 48% of the total land area of Liaoning. The length of the water course is about 480km. Liao River separates into two trunk rivers at Panshan County. The one, flowing to the south and going into the Bohai Sea at Yingkou, is called Wailiao River firstly and then called Daliao Riyer after accepting Hun and Taizi rivers at Haicheng County; another is called Shuangtaizi River, flowing into southwest and going into Bohai Sea at Panjin. In 1958, Wailiao River was blocked at Liujianfang and all the water of Liao River began to go into the sea through Shuangtaizi River. Hun and Taizi form an individual river system. Fig.2-1 presents the situation of Liao River system within Liaoning province as well as the project cities. As known from Fig.2-1, in this project, Anshan, Haicheng, Funshun, Panjin, Yingkou, Yingkou EDZ are located in Liao River system and Xingcheng in Xiaoling River system. The water area of Anshan, Haicheng and Fushun belongs to Hun River system, a branch of Liao River system; the water area of Panjin wastewater treatment project belongs to Shuangtaizi River, the trunk river course of the downstream section of Liao River, and; the water area of Yingkou and Yingkou EDZ are Daliao River and parts of Liaodong Bay of Bohai Sea. Table 2-1 presents the relationship of the components and Liao River system. Table 2-1 Location of each WW/SW Works in Liao River System City Accepting water The relationship of The location of WW/SW course accepting water Works course and Liao River (Bohai Sea) Fushun Hun River A branch of Liao The upstream of liao River River system within liaoriing Panjin Shuangtaizi River Estuary to Liaodong The downstream (sea Bay entry) of liao River _ system within liaoning Yingkou Minxing River A branch of Daliao The downstream (sea River entry) of Daliao River Yingkou EDZ Liaodong Bay Bohai Sea 2.2 Climate Liaoning Province is located in the Temperate Zone where monsoon climate prevails. The climate is characterized of distinct seasons. Spring and summer are mild while the winter between November and March is extremely cold. The annual fluctuation of temperature is large. Precipitation increases from northwest to southeast. The average annual precipitation is between 350mm and 1200mm. Most of the precipitation occurs in the period from June to September, accounting for 80% of annual total. Annual precipitation varies significantly between dry years and wet years. The precipitation in a wet year is typically 2.1 to 3.5 times higher than in a dry year. In this project, Anshan, Haicheng and Fushun are located in the middle of Liaoning province; Panjin and Yingkou and Yingkou EDZ are located in the east of the province. Because of the geographical difference of each city, the climate varies largely. Panjin, Yingkou and Yingkou EDZ are near Bohai Sea, of which the precipitation is more and the temperature doesn't vary largely.' But the precipitation of Anshan and Fushun is less and the temperature varies largely. Table 2-2 summarizes the main climate characteristics of the five cities. Table 2-2 Climate Characteristics of the Five Cities 8 Jan. 2006  LMC-1 EnvironmentAssessment Report Item Anshan Fushun Panjin Yingkou Xingcheng and and Haicheng Yingkou __________ ~ETDZ _ _ _ _ _ Highest temperature 38.4 36 34.8 33.5 32.9 Lowest temperature -30.4 -35 -29.9 -28.7 -22.8 Average annual 8.7 7.2 9.2 8.7 9.8 temperature Annual precipitation 713.5 967.6 651 695 590.5 (mm) Average annual 63 69 66 66 67 humidity (%) Average annual wind 3.7 2.0 3.7 3.6 3.3 speed (m/s) . Prevailing wind S in summer SW in SW in SW in SW in summer summer summer summer Annual sunshine time 2540 2425 2888 2880 2905.5 (h) _ _ _ _ _ _ Frost period (d) 142 137 146 153 160 Soil frost depth (m) 1.3 1.2-1.4 1.13 1.11 1.1 Earthquake crack 7 6 7 7 6 (degree) Depth of shallow 7-10 6 5-7 5-10 1.5-3 aquifer (m) Receiving water of - Hun River Liao River Liaodong - effluent from the after Bay WWTP discharging into Pangxie Ditch 2.3 Social and Economic Situation These cities are all located within the Liao River Basin of Liaoning section. There are municipalities of Shenyang, Tieling, Anshan, Benxi, Fushun, Yingkou, Panjin, Fuxin, Jinzhou, Chaoyang and 50 counties and county-level cities (Haicheng and Yingkou EDZ). The population in this area is 33.02million, among which the non-agriculture population is 14.655million. The average population density is 338 h/km2. The basin is the base of agriculture and grazing for China. The farmland is 59.4187 million mu accounting for 20.33% of the basin area. In 1995, the gross agriculture output is 47 billion RMB. The forest area in the basin is 66.345 million mu. The coverage rate of forest in the west region is low. There are few natural lakes, fishing and aquaculture activities are mostly in reservoirs in the area and fish ponds around villages. The heavy pollution of river courses within the basin due to industrial and municipal discharges and limited natural dilution has deteriorated the eco-environment in the rivers, causing extinction of fish and prawn. The seawater zone near the estuary is the most suitable area for development of fishery and aquaculture. Serious water pollution however takes toll of the near shore fishery and vanishing of precious fish species from this area, and force the fisheries into the deeper sea. The industries of the cities located in the basin are of wide variety. The main industries are petroleum exploration, and refinery, paper making, food processing, machinery, electronics and metallurgy, etc. The distribution of industries is not even across the basin. Most of the industries are concentrated in the middle and downstream of Liao River, where Liaoning is located. The gross industrial output of the basin within Liaoning is 305.3 billion RMB per annurm, accounting for 93% of 9 Jan. 2006  LMC-1 Environment Assessment Report the total in the whole basin. There are over 1000 medium to large scale state-owned enterprises, with the a total output of approximate 140 billion RMB per annum. The agriculture population in Liaoning is 9.388 million. The farmland area is 4.1636 million hectares, among which the area of paddy field is 684500 hac. and the dry field area is 347,910 hectares. Land use reflects the topography and soils. Brown earth soils are typically found on the upjand and mountain areas surrounding the central plain. These soils naturally support jungles, secondary forests and mixed grasses. Brown earth soils are mostly thin and erosive, offering limited potential for sustainable agriculture. Therefore, in the upland and mountain areas, agriculture is limited to the deeper wet brown soils and grassland of soils of the valleys. On the whole of the eastern region, is dominated by forest and provides a significant rainfall interception area. Timber and ginseng, whilst other forest industry and enterprises such as fungi culture are also prospering. The alluvial soils of the central plain area are variable but dominated by half hydromorphic grassland soil and two variations of wet soils. Some large areas of anthropic rice soils also lie up the eastern edge of the plain and the coastal areas. These soil categories have been developed extensively for cultivation. Wheat, maize, and paddy rice are primarily grown in the central region. Across most of Panjin municipality the rice soils are affected by salinity, which requires neutralising and drainage to achieve good rice yields. Maize is the main agriculture product of Liaoning, accounting for 66% of the province's grain yield. 90% of maize fields are rained and the left is irrigated artificially. The cultivated area of rice is 0.5 million hectares. The rice yield accounts for 22% of province's grain yield. Shenyang municipality cultivates the rice area of 11840 hectares and Panjin municipality cultivates 76800 hectares rice area. They are the main rice growing area. Most of the rice is irrigated artificially and only the rice field (accounting for 3% of the total) on the upland is rained. In this project, except Yingkou and Xingcheng, other six components are all industrial cities, located in the industrial area of Liao River basin. The annual industrial output reaches 18.7624 billion RMB, accounting for 45% of the whole province output. Table 2-3 presents the economic situation of the six cities. Table 2-3 Economic Situation of the Project Cities (2004) City Populati City Farm Amount Total Average Average on nature area of industri Disposa revenue (million) (lOOOh industri al ble per capita a) al output expense (RMB) enterpri (100 per se million capita RMB) (RMB) Anshan 353.21 Industria 9.33 14400 1006 8262 N/A _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ I c ity_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Haicheng 108.5 Industria 3.75 5736 235 6270 N/A Fushun 227 Industria 8.72 23868 205.79 3437 4702.22 __________ I~~ ~ city__ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ Panjin 53 Petroleu 8.82 7163 251.55 4377 6049.52 m chemical Yingkou 230 Compre 4.8 24144 318.3 8128 4565.40 hensive industria Yingkou 33.5 Compre 2.02 2906 164.9 4500 4470.48 =ETDZ hensive light industria I city _ _ _ _ _ Xingchen 55.3 5.80 2309 35.7 4476 N/A 10 Jan. 2006  LMC-1 Environment Assessment Report 2.4 Water Resources 2.4.1 The Hydrology and Quality of Surface Water (1) Hydrology The annual flows of LRB rivers are higher in the southeast and gradually decreases towards the northwest. The total flow in a wet year is 7 times as high as in a dry year. The runoff in July and August accounts for 60% of the total and the runoff in February only accounts for 0.1% of the total. The annual average flow is approximately 15 billion m3. In the middle dry year (p=75%), the runoff is 10.131 billion m3 and the trunk flow is 2.384 billion m3 accounting for 21.06% of total flow. The precipitation in seven project cities/county-level cities varies largely. The precipitation in the east is the most because of the mountains there. The precipitation is mainly concentrated in the upstream of Liao River basin. In Fushun, the lowest mean monthly precipitation occurs in January, at less than 10mm, with the highest in July, at more than 160mm. The pattern of precipitation presented here is typical of that.throughout the whole basin. Around 50% of the annual average precipitation of 678.7mm occurs in the months of July and August, with 70% to 75% falling from June to September and 85% to 90% falling from May to October. So precipitation pattems display a very marked seasonality, which reflects the climate variability in this area. The variation in measured annual average open water evaporation across the main part of the project area is presented in Fig.2-2. This shows a range in annual average values of less than 900mm in the Hun catchment to over 1050mm in Liao River. Comparing the precipitation and evaporation inside this area, it is clear that annual average open water evaporation significantly exceeds annual average rainfall across the area, one of the main hydrological characteristics of the area. This precipitation pattern is one of the factors causing the pollution of surface water. Because of the unbalanced precipitation, which reduces the dilution capacity of surface water in dry season, the wastewater flowing into the rivers fail to be diluted naturally. The more wastewater without natural dilution flows into the rivers, the more serious the pollution of surface water is. The main surface water bodies in the seven project cities/,ounty level cities are Hun River, Taizi River, Daliao River, and Shuangtaizi River, the branches of Liao River. The hydrological characteristics of each city as following: * Anshan The main surface body in Anshan is Taizi River, of which the length of the section within Anshan is 172.6km and the area is 4752km2. The maximum flow is 5550m3/s. The maximum runoff of the river is 3.629 billion m3 and the minimum runoff is 0.686 billion m3. The main branches of Taizi River within Anshan are as following: Yunliang river.. * Fushun Water resources are reach in Fushun. There are some large rivers in Fushun such as Hun River, Shuzi River, Cai River and Taizi River. Hun river stems from Gunma Mountai in Qingyuan County, passes Fushun and Shenyang, meets Taizi River at Sancha river and flows into Bohai Sea. Hun River is the trunk river passing through Fushun. The total length is 415km and the basin area is 11481km2. The annual average runoff is 3.224 billion m3. The part of Hun River within Fushun is 35.2km long. Sifangtai is the exit section of Hun River within Fushun. And Hun River enters Shenyang at that point. The years annual average flow of Hun River within Fushun is 46m/s. * Paniin Panjin is located at the downstream of Jiu River. There are totally 21 rivers in Panjin and the total length is about 600km. Raoyang River, Shuangtaizi River, Daliao River and Yitong River are trunk rivers within Panjin. There are artificial irrigation channels such as Liuli River, Pangxie Ditch and Wujia Channel. * Yinakou There are about 150 rivers in a wide variety of flow rate. Included are Daliao, Daqing,Biliu, Xiongyue and Fudu Rivers, which contribute most of the flow in the river system within Yingkou. 11 Jan. 2006  LMC-1 EnvironmentAssessment Report Surface runoff and groundwater in Yingkou are significantly impacted by Bohai Sea. Frequent ingress of sea water has resulted in high salinity in groundwater. * Yinakou EDZ Yingkou EDZ has little fresh water resource, both surface and ground water. It is a coastal city-level county with water supply solely from Yingkou. * Xinachena There are 6 rivers with a catchment area over 100 km2 each. Except Nuer River, all the rivers discharge through the city from northwest to southeast into Liaodong Bay. (a) Water Quality According to the Chinese Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water and the requirements of No. 014 document issued by SEPA (1990), the surface water in Liaoning has been classified. There are five categories: Category I refers to the water used for water sources and state nature reserves; Category II refers to the water used for Category I protection areas for drinking water sources, protection zones for valuable fish, spawning pounds of fish and shrimps; Category III refers to the water used for Category II protection areas for drinking water sources, general protection zones for fish and bathing areas; Category IV refers to the water used for general industrial water areas and water recreation areas where no direct contact with human occurs; Category V refers to the water used for agricultural water areas and scenic water areas. According to this classification, the water pollution in Liao River basin within Liaoning is very serious. 90% sections fail to meet the standard of Category V. All the rivers inside the project cities exceed Category V that deteriorates the environment quality and affects the sustainable development of the project cities' economy and the living environment of residents. Table 2-4 presents the water quality of the rivers in the six cities. Table 2-4 Water Quality of the Rivers in the Project Cities City Water body Water quality Anshan Taizi River Exceeding Category V (GB3838-2002) Haicheng Haicheng River Exceeding Category V (GB3838-2002) Fushun Hun River Exceeding Category V (GB3838-2002) Panjin Shuanataizi River Exceeding Category V (GB3838-2002) Yingkou Daliao River Exceeding Category V (GB3838-2002) Yingkou EDZ Bohai Sea Meeting Category IV (GB3097-1997) Xingcheng Xingcheng River Exceeding Category IV (GB3097-1997) Based one the table, the surface water in six project cities has exceeded Category V , and the sea area in Yingkou EDZ can meet Category IV. 2.4.2 Hydrogeology The hydrogeology of Liaoning Province is summarized in Figure 2-2. In the mountainous areas of east and west Liaoning, the main groundwater resources are located in bedrock fractures. There are also significant karstic limestone aquifers, in particular in the Taizi River valley upstream of Liaoyang. Alluvial aquifers occur in some of the river valleys. The most significant groundwater resource of Liaoning is the Quatemary alluvial aquifer of the Liao River valley. The aquifer varies in thickness from a few meters at the edge of the valley to over 400 meters in the vicinity of the Bohai Sea. The aquifer is multi-layered with permeable alluvial horizons separated by clay lenses. The clay lenses are discontinuous in places which reduces their ability to protect the lower parts of the aquifer from surface pollution. The aquifer properties are highly variable both laterally and vertically. The highest permeabilities occur in the coarse alluvial deposits in the vicinity of the mountain front and generally decreases with distance from the mountains. During petroleum exploration in Panjin area a deep aquifer was discovered 500 to 1000 meters below surface which extends over large areas of the Liaohe Plain. This is probably a fossil aquifer recharged 10,000 years ago and it is unclear if and how this aquifer is linked with the present hydrological cycle. 12 Jan. 2006  LMC-1 EnvironmentAssessment Report Precipitation and filtration from the rivers recharge the Quatemary alluvial aquifer. It is also possible that some recharge occurs from underground springs along the mountain front, in particular in the karstic limestone areas. 2.5 Water Functioning Liao River and the Quality Objective of Surface Water Chinese Environmental Quality for Surface Water defines five categories. The drinking water resources are the initial protection areas. Based on the actual situation of surface water in Liaoning and national standard, the province classifies the functional use of each river and determines the quality objective of surface water. Look at table 2-5. Table 2-5 Water Functioning and Ouality Objective of Surface Water City Receiving Functionin Existing Environment Protection water 9 situation protection objective target of body of water (short and long runs) estuary and body and standards sea area Anshan Taizi River V > V Category V __________ __________ _______ (GB3838-2002) Haicheng Haicheng IV > V Category IV River (GB3838-2002) Fushun Hun River IV > V Category IV (GB3838-2002) Panjin Shuangtaiz IV > V Category V I River (GB3838-2002) Yingkou Daliao V >V Category V River (GB3097-1997) Yingkou Bohai Sea IV IV Category III EDZ _ (GB3097-1997) Xingcheng Xingcheng III > V Category III River (GB3838-2002) 2.6 The Existing and Planning Use of Liao River and Its Branches According to the functioning of Liao River within Liaoning, the branch rivers in the seven project cities are mainly used for agriculture irrigation. Table 2-6 presents the situation. Table 2-6 Utilization of the Branch Rivers in Seven Project Cities Cit Water body Existing use Planning use Anshan Taizi River Agricultural Irrigation Agricultural use Haicheng Haicheng River Landscaping Landscaping and recreational use Fushun Hun River Agriculture irrigation Dringking, agricultural and industrial use and receiving wastewater Panjin Shuangtaizi River Industrial use Industrial use Yingkou Daliao River Agricultural Irrigation Agricultural use Yingkou ETDZ Bohai Sea Harbor Fishery and shipping Xingcheng Xingcheng River Landscaping Landscaping and recreational use 2.7 Bohai Sea 2.7.1 Natural Environment Bohai Sea is a part of coastal waters of China and marginal sea in the west part of the Pacific Ocean. The Bohai Sea is semi-closed water. It connects with the Yellow Sea solely via the Bohai Strait. It consists of thrte bays, Liaodong Bay, Bohai Bay and Laizhou Bay. The area is 77,000 km2 and average depth is 18 m. In this project, Yingkou and Yingkou EDZ is near Bohai Sea, Panjin is 30 km from Liaodong Bay. 2.7.2 Marine Geology and Landform 13 Jan. 2006  LMC-1 Environment Assessment Report Bohai Sea is overlaid by sandy deposit. The bedrock of the Bohai Sea is metamorphic rock. The sand becomes coarse towards central part of the bay. The sand in Liaodong Bay is mainly coarse and fine. The distribution of deposits of Bohai Bay is obviously affected by rivers along coast and central part is ancient deposit. The Bohai Sea is a shallow continental shelf basin with smooth bottom. 2.7.3 Wind Direction The direction of wind in Bohai Bay plays a dominant role in the Bohai sea climate. During the summer period the wind direction is predominantly from the sea to the land. During winter period the wind direction is predominantly from the land to the sea. During winter the ocean current caused by the wind accounts for a large proportion. However, during summer when the wind is less strong, the effect is substantially reduced and accounts for a small percentage. 2.7.4 Ocean Current and Tide The ocean current of the Bohai Sea comprises of two systems. One is residual current and the other is warm current of black tide. The two systems combine within the enclosed Bohai Sea and have the characteristic of cyclone nature. The tidal current in the Bohai Sea is very strong. The ocean current in Bohai Sea, which is very weak, is basically controlled by tide. The surface current, which has changeable characteristics, is specially affected by wind. The tide in the Bohai Sea is mainly formed by the tidal waves from the Pacific Ocean. The tide in the Bohai Sea occurs twice a day. Height of tide is from lm to 5m (max). Normal tide is between 2 m and 3 m. Range of tide is 10 km. 2.7.5 Aquatic Resources The Bohai Sea is located in warm Temperate Zone where is based on a wide continental shelf area. Large quantities of nutrients from rivers are discharged to the sea, providing a good living environment for various marine creatures. Before 1980s, there were more than 200 species of fish and shrimp in the Bohai Sea. More than 100 species could be caught through normal fishing activities. The annual fishing production was 500,000-700,000 ton, which account for 30% of whole country's fishing production. There were several kinds of fish and shrimps such as cod, catfish and so on. Because of wild beach, a lot of shellfishes were existing. Marine culture developed rapidly. But after 1980s, because large amounts of pollutants are discharged into the sea, pollution of coastal area of Bohai Sea is becoming more and more serious. In addition, over-fishing has been identified as the primary reason for the decline in the fisheries resources. The creatures and aquatic resources are decreased largely and the quality of aquatic products has been much worse. 2.8 Ecology 2.8.1 General Ecological Environment Anshan, Haicheng, Fushun, Panjin, Yingkou, Yingkou EDZ are all located in the alluvial plain of Liao River Basin, Xingcheng is located in Xiaoling River Basin. The proposed wastewater treatment plants and solid waste landfills which will be constructed to serve the project cities, will make a significant contribution to improving the surface water quality in receiving water bodies. The ecological system in the area mainly refers to rural ecological system. Along banks of river course receiving the effluent there are paddy fields and dry farmlands. 2.8.2 River System and Pollution Impact Liao River and Daliao River systems are covered in this project. Generally, the pollution is very serious and 90% sections exceed Category V. The parts of the rivers inside the seven cities are exceeding Category V, which worsens the environment and affect the sustainable development of local economy and the living environment of residents. The domestic and industrial wastewater is discharged into surface water and the polluted surface water recharges ground water. Most ground water pollution in Liaoning is due to recharge from domestic and industrial effluent,-landfills, 14 Jan. 2006  LMC-1 Environment Assessment Report agricultural activities and storm water runoff from urban area. The polluted ground water resources are widely-distributed inside urban areas and near the contaminated rivers. Table 2-7 illustrates the quality condition of river sections of Liao River Basin within Liaoning. Table 2-7 Wa er Quality of River Section of Liao River Basin with n Liaoning River Rive Sectio 1993 1994 1995 1996 syste r n Existin Indicato Existin Indica Existin Indica Existin Indica m 9 rs not g tors 9 tors 9 tors situati complia situati not situati not situati not on nce with on compli on compli on compli the ance ance ance category with with with the the the catego catego catego ry ry ry Liao Liao Zhuer Excee COD, Excee CODcr Excee CODcr Excee CODcr River Rive Mount ding BOD5 ding BODs ding BOD5 ding BODs r ain Categ Categ Categ Categ ory VV ory V oyV ory V Shugu Excee CODcr Excee CODcr Excee CODcr Excee CODcr ang ding BOD5 ding BODs ding BODs ding BODs Bridge Categ Categ Categ Categ (in oryV ory V ory V ory V Panjin Zhaoq Excee CODcr Excee CODcr Excee CODcr Excee CODcr uan ding BODs ding BODs ding BODs ding BOD5 River Categ Categ Categ Categ (in ory V ory V ory V ory V Panjin Dalia Hun Qijianf Excee CODcr Excee CODCr Excee CODcr, Excee CODcr o Rive ang ding BOD5, oil ding ding oil and ding River r Categ and Categ Categ phenol Categ ory V phenol ory V ory V ory V Yujiafa Excee CODCr Excee CODcr, Excee CODcr ng ding BOD5, ding oil ding Categ oil Categ Categ _ y oV V oryV Taizi Dayu Categ - Categ Categ Categ Rive (upstr ory IV ory II ory II ory II r eam) Xingan Categ - Categ phenol Excee CODcr, Excee CODcr ory IV ory V ding oil and ding Categ phenol Categ ory V ory V Xiakou Excee COD, Excee CODcr Excee CODcr Excee CODcr zi ding BOD5, oil ding ding BOD5, ding Categ and Categ Categ and Categ ory V phenol ory V ory V phenol ory V Xiaojie Excee CODC,, Excee CODcr, Excee CODcr, Excee CODcr Templ ding oil and ding oil ding oil and ding , oil e Categ phenol Categ Categ phenol Categ and ory V ory V ory V ory V phenol Sanch Excee CODcr, Categ CODcr Excee CODcr, Excee CODa, a River ding oil and ory V BOD5, ding oil ding oil Categ phenol oil Categ Categ ory V ory V ory V Yongy Excee CODcr Excee CODcr Excee CODcr Excee CODcr uanjia ding ding ding ding Categ Categ Categ Categ .___ ___ ____ ory V ory V ory V _ _ ory V 15 Jan. 2006  LMC-1 EnvironmentAssessment Report In Liaoning Province, all river sections in cities exceed Category V water quality standard, which makes the water unsuitable for use. The polluted river water contaminates shallow aquifer around the river as it is the primary sources for groundwater recharge. It directly affects drinking water source for urban and rural residents, causing the following severe problems: * Threatening Drinking Water Sources for Urban Residents. In many cities groundwater resources have to be abandoned due to pollution. In order to solve the problem, the water sources have to be moved upstream, that make two cities to use one reservoir. * Difficult to provide safe Drinking Water for Countryside Residents Severe pollution of surface water has forced many villages solely depend upon groundwater. The continued over-abstraction of groundwater has caused many villagers to drill deeper wells to obtain adequate supply of water for drinking and irrigation purposes. * Pollution of Irrigation Water Continued practice of using heavily polluted surface water for irrigation has in many cases resulted in a significantly increasing toxins found in the soil. In extreme cases, farms have to be abandoned. * Making Problem of Water Shortage More Seriously Liaoning province is one of the provinces seriously short of water. The average capita consumption is 536m3, one third of national standard. The scarcely of ***** water resources within Liaoning Province is combined with serious pollution of surface water. * Impact and Destruction of Environment and Coastal Ecology Pollution of surface water is having a serious impact upon Liaoning Province. Many of aquifers from which municipal raw water is abstracted are recharged by surface water. The effect upon, offshore coastal water of the Bohai Sea is also significant. High concentration of nutrients is a major trigger to breakout of red tides, which are becoming increasingly serious. 2.8.3 Shuangtaizihekou Wetland a. Description of the wetland Shuangtaizihekou National Nature Reserve is a large wetland reserve in the Songliao marshes, at the mouth of Shuangtaizi and Liao Rivers, which discharge close together into the Bohai Sea. The Reserve itself comprises an area of 1280 km2 located in a much larger zone of increasingly degraded and converted wetlands, all within the boundaries of Panjin city. The Reserve was established in 1985 and in 1988 was given National level status. Figure 2-?? is the photo of the Reserve. It is a temporary home or stopover point for more than hundred different migratory species, including over twenty intemationally protected species. There are more than 260 species of vascular bundle plants, 110 species of phytoplankton, 51 species zooplankton, 443 species of invertebrates and 412 vertebrates. Additionally, there are 5 National Class 1 protected animals that are Larus Saundersi, Larul Vidibundus, Grus japonensis, Cygnus and Pjoca viyulina and 29 National Class 2 protected species. There is no specious species or habitats of fish in the Reserve. The feeding pool for the migratory birds consists of ordinary fish and benthic species which fluctuates with season. Froni April to November, the aquatic lives become booming producing large bio-mass. In winter from November to April of the next year, the water flow is limited to trunk rivers, forcing the aquatic species to migrate to the sea. The abundant natural resources make the Reserve internationally important to the major shorebird migration routes lying its function as a key resting place. In April, 1994, it became part of the" East Asian-Australian Shorebird Site Network". Apart from the ecological functions, the wetland also includes the spectacular "red beach" -an area of coastal vegetation which turns a vibrant red during the Autumn and which is a major local tourist attraction. 16 Jan. 2006  LMC-I Environment Assessment Report b. Current status With the development of the petrochemical industry and the growth of Panjin city, the Reserve Is threatened by oil exploration, land use and farming activities. Outside the core fully protected area (1280 kM2) there is a buffer zone where there is reed cropping and some small scale oil extraction, all of which are impacting the Reserve. Among the impacting factors, the significant is the polluted wastewater discharged from the upstream of the wetland, causing a concern about the loss of the food base for migratory birds because of a decline in bio-mass of crab, shrimp and shellfish. The assimilative capacity of the wetland to pollutant load has been identified through water monitoring activities. The following Table 2-8 shows the details: Table 2-8 Assimilative Capacity of the Wetland Pollutant (mg/1) COD BOD Oil Before the wetland 24.00 4.80 1.64 After the wetland 15.30 3.96 0.62 Reduction rate (%) 36.25 17.5 62.20 Although it is seen from the above table that the assimilative capacity of the wetland itself is strong, the accumulative pollutant still do detriment to the health of the wetland. More worse, the wetland has suffered a loss of area by 50% over the past ten years due to human activities. Food shortage and loss of habitat has jeopardized migratory birds. According to the statistics, in 1983 the migratory floc bf bird was in an ordinary number around 3-5 thousand. In contrast, in 1990 the biggest floc plummeted to 500. The proposed wastewater treatment plant in Panjin will be located 50 km upstream of the wetland to treat 100,000 t/d wastewater with 60,000 t/d for reuse. The COD load will be reduced by 28.8 t/d by the proposed WwTP which otherwise would flow into the wetland. It is therefore thought that there will be considerable environmental improvement to the wetland quality after the project. 2.8.4 Relation between Estuaries and Bohai Bay and Liaodong Bay There are 37 rivers around Bohai Sea. Average runoff entering the sea is 31.405 billion m3. The effluent from the WwTPs of the three cities and the leachate treatment plants from two proposed landfills will be discharged into Liao River and Daliao River, before flowing into Bohai Bay. Table 2-8 presents the relation between these estuaries and Bohai Bay and Liaodong Bay. Table 2-8 Estuaries of Rivers Distance F urD25Distance Municipal Dise betaenc The between Sea N.wastewat Namvig ofte beTwee runoff section Srea N. / er Rcourei ofow thehe wT of measured eanrai treatment cs Adthe estuary and the ent plant y etay (kin) estuaryg I ~~~~~~~(kin) ___ _ (kmn) 11Fushun Hun rie aiver 245 N/A N/A - First Panjin discharge Estar 100,000M3 into Pangxie EsEnter 2 /d with Ditch and Shalig 35 12.80 1 Bohai 40,000 then flow taizi Bay m3/d for into Bohai reuse Shuangtaizi River _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ R iv e r_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Yingkou First 100,000 discharge Enter 3 m3/d with into Minxin Daliao 15 N/A N/A Bohai 80,000 river flow river m3/d for into Bohai Bay __ _ _ r use sea _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ discharge Enter 4 Yingkou inoBhi Bohai 0 N/A N/A Bohai EDZ inoBohy Bay 17 Jan. 2006  LMC-1 Environment Assessment Report 2.9 Dahuofang Reservoir Dahuofang Reservoir was constructed in 1958 and is recharged by a drainage area of 5,437 km2. The reservoir is 35 km long and varies in width from 0.3 to 4 km. At its deepest point the water depth is 37 m and the maximum storage is 2,187 million m3 with a maximum water surface area of 114 km2. The main purpose of the reservoir is flood protection, water supply for Fushun and Shenyang, irrigation, power generation, cooling water for the power station and fisheries. The reservoir is a significant water resource for both Shenyang and Fushun, supplying almost total Fushun's potable water and 30% of that of Shenyang. Figure 2-3 is the photo showing Dahuofang Reservoir. The Dahuofang catchment consists of three main watersheds that are drained by the Hun,'Suzi and She rivers and their tributaries. The mean annual flow for the Hun River is 17.6 m3/s from a catchment area of 1,965 km2. On the Suzi River, the mean annual flow is 16.47 m3/s from 1,966 km2. At Nanzangdang on the She River mean annual flow is 2.67 from 334 km2. Within the catchment, there are five main settlements upstream of the reservoir that are Qingyuan, Xinbin, Nanzamu, Yongli and the mining town of Hongtuoshan, with the population varies from 70,000 to 7250. Algal blooms have been recorded within Dahuofang reservoir during hot, sunny summers and usually last for 4-5 days although one bloom lasted for two months during a dry year. Blue-green algae are reported to be the predominant species. The WRM of LIEP has launched a Management Strategy Study for Dahuofang Reservoir Catchment with the objective to protect the reservoir from phosphorus induced eutrophication, thus safeguard the water supply source of the reservoir. The primary conclusion from the study is that the main problem affecting water quality in the catchment of the reservoir is pollution from urban domestic waste, specifically phosphorus. Some 55% of the total phosphorus load derives from domestic sources with only 2% from industry, the rest being from cultivation, livestock and forestry. The most problematic river is the Hun River, where sampled data indicates that phosphorus concentrations can exceed the Class 1 water quality standard (GHZB 1-1999) of 0.02 mg/i by up to 20 times. On the Suzi River, the maximum figure is about 9 times the standard. The recommended prioritization intervention list with phosphorus removal by the study is: wastewater treatment plants at Qingyuan and Nanzamun respectively, both located on the Hun River, are the top two priority interventions. 2.10 Shimen Reservoir 2.11 Water Supply and Wastewater The total volume of water resources in Liao Rive Basin is 23.511 billion m3. In normal years, the amount of water available for use is 10.567 billion m3. The section of Liao River in Liaoning province is seriously short of water. Utilization ratio of surface water is 81.2% and of groundwater 43.1%. But the water is still in short supply. In order to ensure national major industries water demand, the agriculture has to sacrifice. Some cities in the province have to supply water on a rationed basis. The annual amount of water supplied is 7.836 billion m3 with which the annual water demand is 8.370 billion m3. The annual water supply gap is about 534 million m3. All the cities and bigger counties and towns have built drainage system for collecting wastewater and storm water. The total annual volume of wastewater received in Liao River Basin within Liaoning is 1681300000 tons, of which 1039510000 tons are industrial wastewater and 641790000 tons are domestic wastewater. 2.11.1 Service Scope The water for domestic use is supplied by water company. Each city has its own water resources. Most of the water used by enterprises is provided by municipal watef supply company, but only 18 Jan. 2006  LMC-1 EnvirodmentAssessment Report about 10% enterprises have self-supply facilities. The water used in countryside is mainly supplied by municipal water supply company, too. Only in some villages located in mountain, water is from their own wells. Look at table 2-9. Table 2-9 water suPplv situation in project cities City Municipal supply Municipal Self-supply Self-supply area (km2) supply service area (km2) enterprise population Anshan 131 130 40 1358 Haicheng 28 33 4.5 32 .Fushun 82 113.8 45 387 Panjin 27 20 28 453 Yingkou 42 43 24.3 28 Yingkou EDZ 26 28 6 87 Xingcheng 16 15 3 23 2.11.2 Surface Water and Ground Water Table 2-10 illustrates the situation of surface water and ground water of seven project cities. Table 2-10 Situation of Surface Water and Ground Water of Seven Project Cities City Surface water Ground water resource Anshan Taizi River Haicheng Haicheng River Fushun Hun River The water supplied by ground water resources is accounted for 10% of the total and the resources are deep wells. Panjin Shuangtaizi River The water supplied by ground water resources is accounted for 90% of the total and the resources are deep wells. Yingkou Dalialo River Yingkou ETDZ Bohai Sea The water supplied by ground water resources is accounted .___________ _________for 70% of the total and the resources are deep wells. Xingcheng Xingcheng River 2.11.3 Wastewater Treatment There are few wastewater collection and treatment facilities in Liao River Basin. At present, there are seven operating wastewater treatment plants in the basin. * Anshan West Wastewater Treatment Plant: it is a part of Anshan Steel Company and adopting physical and chemical treatment process. The capacity is 225000m3/d. About 85% of effluent treated is reused by the steel company and the left flows into municipal sewerage network. * Shenyang North Wastewater Treatment Plant: it is adopting biological treatment process. The design capacity is 400000 m3/d. * Shenyang Xiannu River WwTP: 400,000 m3/d, bio-film reactor; * Shenyang Shenshuiwan WwTP: 200,000 m3/d, bio-film reactor; * Shenyang Mantanghe WwTP: 30,000 m3/d, constructed wetland; * Shenyang (Wuai) South Wastewater Treatment Plant: it is a modeling project. The capacity is 100000 m3/d. It is adopting chemical and floatation process and no biological treatment process, * Fushun Sanbaotun Waste Water Treatment Plant: it is partly financed by the World Bank adopting SBR process with a capacity of 200,000 m3/d. There are some wastewater treatment plants under construction in the project area. * Fushun design capacity: 250000 m3/d * Benxi design capacity: 225000 m3/d * Shenyang (south) design capacity: 200000 m3/d * Anshan (No.2 west plant) design capacity: 100000 m3/d * Haicheng design capacity: 50,000 m3/d 2.11.4 Project Cities (1) The Location and Characteristics of the Cities There are seven cities involved in this project: Anshan, Haicheng county-level city, Fushun, Panjin, 19 Jan. 2006  LMC-1 Environment Assessment Report Yingkou and Yingkou EDZ, and Xingcheng county-level city. The table 2-11 presents the characteristics of the cities. Table 2-11 Locations and Characteristics of the Cities City Location Characteristic Anshan In the south part of northeast China, the A heavy industrial city centered on middle of Liaoning, north latitude steel and mechanical sectors. 40000'-41034' and east longitude Recently the agriculture has seen 122011'-123046'. good develoPment. Haicheng In t the middle of Liaoning, north latitude one of the large city-level counties 40028'-41002' and east longitude in Liaoning Province. It is an 122018'-122056'. important base for grain, fruit, husbandry, silk production. Fushun In the east part of Liaoning, north latitude A heavy industrial city. Oil 41010'-42028' and east longitude processing id the an industry of the 123039'-125028', east to Jinlin province, city. Other industries include south to Benxi, west to Shenyang and north metallurgy, textile, coal, chemical to Tielinq and electric. Panjin In the south part of Liaoning and near Bohai An oil chemical industrial city. One Bay, north latitude 40035'-41002'and east energy resource base of China. longitude 121