Nicaragua - Eighth Power Project

_sr CIRCULATtNG COPY ,, TO BE RETURNED TO REPORTS DESK RESTRICTED ~-~ -------.Report No. P-1087 This report is for official use only by thc Bank Group and spccifically authorized organizations or persons. It may not be published, quoted or cited without Bank Group authorization. The Bank Group does not accept responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of the relport. INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION OF THE PRESIDENT TO THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS ON A PROPOSED LOAN TO EMPRESA NACIONAL DE LUZ Y FUERZA WITH THE GUARANTEE OF NICARAGUA FOR A POWER PROJECT June 12, 1972  CURRENCY BEUIVALENTS U.S.$ 1.00 = 7 Cordobas (C$) C$ 1 = $ 0.1428  INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVEiOPMENT REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION OF THE PRESIDENT TO THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS ON A PROPOSED LOAN TO EMPRESA NACIONAL DE LUZ Y FUERZA WITH THE GUARANTEE OF NICARAGUA FOR A POWER PROJECT 1. I submit the following report and recommendation on a proposed loan to Empresa Nacional de Luz y Fuerza (ENALUF) with the guarantee of the Republic of Nicaragua for the equivalent of $24 million to help finance a project for power. The loan would have a term of 24 years, including 4-1/2 years of grace, with interest at 7-1/4 percent per annum. The Central American Bank for Economic Integration (CABEI), with the assistance of untied funds provided by the German Government, would make a loan of $6.1 million to ENALUF to help finance this project. PART I - THE ECONOMY 2. No special developments have taken place since my report to the Executive Directors on a Second Water Supply Loan (R72-41, dated February 24, 1972), which gave recent information on the economy (see Annex II). A report entitled "Current Economic Position and Prospects of Nicaragua" was distributed to the Executive Directors on April 27, 1971. An economic mission is scheduled to visit the country in July and to complete a report by end 1972. PART II - BANK GROUP OPERATIONS IN NICARAGUA 3. Annex I contains a summary statement of Bank loans, IDA credits and IFC investments as of April'30, 1972, and notes on the execution of on- going projects. 4. Nicaragua has to date received 16 Bank loans and one IDA credit, totalling $69.8 million,net of cancellations. Seven loans, totalling $42.3 million, have been made for power; three loans, totalling $10.3 million, for transportation; one loan, amounting to $4.0 million, for education; four loans, totalling $3.3 million, for agriculture; and a credit and a loan, amounting to $9.9 million, for water supply. The last operation, a loan for water supply, was signed in March 1972.  -2- 5. As of April 30, 1972, a total of about $10.2 million remained to be disbursed on two loans, one for education (Loan 532-NI) and one for water supply (Loan 808-NI). Disbursement of a loan for the Seventh Power Project (Loan 543-NI) was completed in May, but overruns of about $4.5 million above the original cost estimate. of *21.8 million have resulted from unforeseen geological conditions (see Annex 1). The project, however, is expected to be completed on time, by end June 1972. The proposed loan includes $1.5 million to cover the foreign exchange component of the cost overruns (see para. 20). All other projects have been completed satisfactorily. 6. IFC has made one investment in Nicaragua, in 1968, in a new cotton and synthetic fiber textile company (FABRITEX), consisting of a $1 million loan (fully disbursed) and an equity participation of about $1.1 million equiv- alent. IFC is presently assessing the company's need for additional financing. The possibility of other operations in the country is under review. 7. In the past, the Bank assisted Nicaragua in those areas where it had special expertise and where finance on softer terms from other development agencies was unavailable. Thus, the Bank lent for economic infrastructure such as power, ports and roads, and, to a lesser extent, for agriculture and social sectors such as water supply and education. Bank lending was inter- rupted in 1969-71 because of inadequate economic policies and lack of suitable projects, but lending was resumed in 1972 as the country's development effort had materially improved. 8. For the immediate future the Bank is considering several agricultural operations, in line with the Government's strategy to put the main thrust of development on diversifying production and putting to use the country's natural resources. Two FAO missions which visited Nicaragua in February 1972 have reported favorably on the possibility of Bank financing for livestock and agricultural credit projects. A UNDP/UN mission is carrying out ground water investigations which may result in a project for Bank financing in the mid 1970's. With respect to industry, the Bank is exploring the possibilities for channelling financing to Nicaragua and the other Central American coun- tries through CABEI. The Bank also plans to continue to assist the develop- ment of social and physical infrastructure in Nicaragua in line with the growth of the economy. A UNESCO mission visited Nicaragua in January 1972 to assist the Government in the preparation of a project in secondary education. Prepa- ration of a second port project, for sea defense and expansion of the Port of Corinto on the Pacific, is well advanced. Consideration of other high-priority projects is expected as a result of the Bank economic mission scheduled for July. 9. The above lending program would give substantial support to the Gov- ernment's policy of increasing public investment and lengthening the maturity structure of its debt. Net disbursements to Nicaragua from Bank loans may be expected to rise to about $45 million in FY73-77, compared to about $10 million in FY6C-73. Nevertheless, the composition of the lending program beyond FY73 is still tentative, pending completion of the public investment program  -3- and detailed definition of the Government's priorities. Furthermore, Nicaragua will have to make a substantial effort in mobilization of domestic savings and project preparation if the proposed size and struc- ture of Bank lending are to materialize. Details on the aid provided to Nicaragua by the most important aid donors is given in para. 13 of Annex II. PART III - THE POWER SECTOR 10. An adequate and reliable supply of power has played a key role in the industrial growth of the 1960's. Sales to industry increased at 28 per- cent annually on the average from 1959 to 1970, and their share of total sales rose from 22 percent to 42 percent over the same period. Per capita genera- lion, 245 kWh in 1970, is second only to Costa Rica (500 kWh) among the Central American countries. In 1970 about 30 percent of the population had electricity, and at the expected rate of expansion about 40 percent will be supplied by 1975. ENALUF operates the integrated main system, with a generating capacity of 189 MW, or 80 percent of the country's total. Captive plants of industrial consumers account for most of the balance. Tle Bank has supported power development in Nicaragua since 1953. 11. In 1969 ENALUF started a program of village electrification based on the establishment of four consumer cooperatives. The cost of the program ($22.2 million) is financed from USAID loans ($14.5 million), government grants ($4.3 million) and ENALUF oontributions ($3.4 million). These funds are lent to the cooperative on terms similar to the USAID loan (2.5 percent, 35 years, including a grace period of 10 years). ENALUF provides technical assistance on procurement, construction and staff training. Upon completion of the pro- gram in 1974, about 23,000 cooperative consumers, or 10 percent of the coun- try's consumers, would be served by a 2,000 km network. Three cooperatives have already been established, with 15,600 members. The Government expects that this program will contribute to bringing about more irrigated farming, interest of the participants in self management and education, decreasing in- clination to leave the countryside for the towns and lower birth rates. 12. The annual increase in power generation, which averaged an impressive 23 percent from 1958 to 1966, remained at a substantial 14 percent from 1966 to 1971. Power demand in Nicaragua is projected to increase by 13 percent in 1972-76 and 10 percent in 1977-85 as a result of growing industrial require- ments and village electrification. Preliminary explorations of geothermal resources have given favorable results, and the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) is financing a feasibility study for a project in which the Bank has expressed its special interest. Geothermal resources, however, are insufficient to meet the expected demand, and identification of major hydro resources is in its early stages. Consequently, for the next decade ENALUF's requirements will have to be met mainly by thermal plants, unless hydro power is imported from Honduras and Costa Rica.  Nicaragua-Honduras Interconnection 13. With the encouragement of the Bank, Nicaragua and Honduras have reached agreement on a long-range program for the coordinated development of the respective power sectors based on interconnection of their power systems, the first between Central American power entities. The first stage of the program comprises thermal power stations and extension of transmission lines in Nicaragua and Honduras, and interconnection of the power systems of the two countries. As a result of the first stage, Nicaragua will sell energy to Honduras from 1975 through 1977. A second stage of the program includes construction of a large hydropower plant in Honduras (El Caj6n, about 450 MW) scheduled to start supplying power to both countries in 1978. 14. Interconnection will bring substantial benefits to both countries: the market in Honduras is not sufficiently large to absorb El Caj6n's poten- tial, but with interconnection both Honduras and Nicaragua will be able to use low-cost hydropower. In addition, interconnection would make it possible to interchange emergency power, and the combined reserve requirements of the interconnected systems would be lower than for independent systems. The interconnection program is the least-cost alternative for discount rates of up to 20 percent, as compared with the best independent programs for the Nicaraguan and Honduran power systems. t5. To provide for the exchange of power, the Nicaraguan and Honduran Governments have signed a treaty to record their agreement to interconnect their power systems and to authorize the respective power agencies to take the necessary action. A contract for the sale of power by ENAIUF to ENEE (the Honduran power agency) during 1975-77 is expected to be signed in June. PART IV - THE PROJECT 16. A report entitled "Appraisal of the Eighth Power Project - Nicaragua" (No. PU-92a, dated June 2, 1972) is being distributed separately. The main features of the project are summarized in Annex III. Feasibility studies were prepared by Electroconsult (ELC) of Italy and Kuljian Engineers/Contractors of the United States. The project was appraised in the field in October 1971 and February 1972. Negotiations for the proposed loan were held in Washington in May 1972. ENALUF was represented by Messrs. Luis Manuel Debayle, Executive President, Arturo Roa, General Manager, Eduardo Roman, Financial Manager, and Aristide Somarriba, Legal Advisor. The Government was represented by Mr. Gustavo Escoto-Goenaga, Minister Counselor of Economic Affairs of the Nicara- guan Embassy in Washington. 17. The proposed project consists of the Nicaraguan portion of the inter- connection line; a new 100 MW steam-electric station at Puerto Somoza, on the Pacific Coast, and associated 230 kV transmission lines; extensions to ENALUFts  138 kV transmission system; and consultant studies for management improve- ment. The project would be carried out during 1972-76 with the object of providing sufficient generation capacity to meet Nicaragua's requirements up to 1978 and to provide power also to Honduras, until completion of the large hydro-power project in that country. 18. ENALUF has adequate technical and administrative capacity to carry out the project. In view of its recent rapid expansion, however, the company needs some organizational improvements. For this purpose ENALUF intends to retain management consultants and to consult with the Bank on the implementa- tion of their recommendations. Engineering design and supervision of con- struction of the project would be carried out by private consultants: Kuljian, for t;he Puerto Somoza plant and for the associated 230 kV transmission lines, and Electroconsult, for the interconnection line, both in Nicaragua and Honduras, and for the extensions to ENALUF's 138kV transmission facilities. Cost and Financing 19. The estimated cost of the project proposed in Nicaragua is $34.7 million including $24.7 million in foreign currency. About 40 percent of the total represents the cost of the facilities whose construction ENAUJF will have to advance by 3-4 years for the specific purpose of supplying power to Honduras. This adds significantly to ENALUF's capital requirements. The project accounts for most of the $65 million financing for ENALUF's 1972-76 investment program. The good financial position of ENALUF will allow it to provide $23.1 million from internal sources for this program, including $8 million for the proposed project. Existing loans ($8.4 million) and other small loans tentatively arranged ($3.4 million) would provide $11.8 million, leaving a gap of $30.1 million including $2 million in local currency. Fur- ther reduction of the program would be unjustified after the cuts ENALUF has already made on the advice of the Bank. Delaying the execution of the village electrification now in the program would leave the gap substantially unchanged, since the share of ENALUF's own financing of village electrifica- tion is low. Cutting on other parts of the program -- mainly extensions to distribution -- would create bottlenecks. 20. In view of the size of the financial requirements, and the rele- vance of the project for the progress of regional integration, the Bank would finance the project jointly with CABEI. The proposed Bank loan of $24 million is expected to be disbursed wholly for foreign expenditure and would include part of the interest during construction of the interconnection ($2.1 million) and $1.5 million of the cost overrun on the seventh power project financed by a Bank loan of $15.3 million in 1968 (Loan 543-NI). The remain- ing $3.0 million of the cost overrun, representing the local cost, will be covered by ENALUF out of its own funds. CABEI's loan of $6.1 million would cover $3.6 million of the foreign cost, $2.0 million of the local cost and $0.5 million of interest during construction for the years 1972-74. It would be for a term of 24 years at 6 percent per annum. The German Government: is considering to make an important contribution to the financing of the  project by providing CABEI - through Kreditanstalt fur Wiederaufbau - with an untied loan of DM12 million ($3.7 million equivalent) on conces- sionary terms; CABEI would use the proceeds of this loan to finance its contribution to the foreign exchange costs of the project. 21. Cost and financing arrangements (in millions of dollars) are shown below: VII Power Interest Project Interconnection During Total Overruns Project Construction Financing CABEI loan for project preparation 0.7 0.7 CABEI loan for construction 5.6 0.5 6.1 IBRD loan 1.5 20.4 2.1 24.0 ENALUF 3.0 8.0 2.1 13.1 Totals 4.5 34.7 4.7 43.9 of which is in foreign exchange 1.5 24.7 4.7 30.9 22. The fulfillment of all conditions necessary to permit disburse- melnts under the loan agreement between ENALUF and CABEI would be a condition of effectiveness of the Bank loan. The Joint Financing Agreement between ENALUF, CABEI and the Bank, which is being distributed separately, includes all covenants which are of common interest. The Bank has reached agreement with CABEI on coordination of project supervision and disbursement. 23. ENAIUF's financial position is sound and is expected to remain so. According to ENAIUF's financing plan for 1972-76, about 36 percent of the total construction cost of its investment program is expected to be generated from within the enterprise. In the past few years, however, ENALUF's overhead and operational costs (excluding fuel oil cost) as well as the number of personnel have been growing more rapidly than its sales and revenues. ENALUF has agreed to take remedial steps and improve efficiency. ENALUF has also agreed to maintain a rate of return of at least 9 percent on average net fixed assets in operation. The rate of return is expected to vary between 9 and 10 percent in 1972-76. ENALUF's debt service ratio is projected to be satisfactory, increasing from 1.4 in 1972 to 2.0 in 1976. ENALUF has agreed not to undertake any medium or long-term debt without the Bankts approval, unless its net revenues cover debt service by at least 1.5 times.  - 7 - 24. Goods financed by the Bank and CABEI would be procured through international competitive bidding. Under the arrangements contained in the Central American Agreement on Fiscal Incentives for Industrial Development, manufactureres within the Central American Common Market would receive a pre- ference of 15 percent of the c.i.f. price or 50 percent of existing custom duties, whichever is the lower. The value of orders placed in Central America under the proposed arrangement is expected to be less than $100,000. No orders of substantive size are expected to be placed in Nicaragua. Con- tracts for the engineering consultants ($2.1 million) have already been placed. Economic Justification 25. The project is technically sound and economically justified. The economic return of the Puerto Somoza station and associated transmission facilities is estimated to be about 15 percent, on the conservative assump- tion that the cost of electricity to the consumers is a minimum measure of economic benefits. Disbursement 26. The Bank and CABEI would disburse in the proportion of 85 to 15 the parts of their respective loans which finance the foreign exchange component of the cost of equipment and services for the interconnection project. In addition, it is proposed that the Bank loan finance retroactively up to $1.5 million of expenditures for the foreign exchange component of the cost overruns under the Seventh Power Project. ENALUF is making the related payments in May-June, 1972. It is also proposed that the loan finance up to $100,000 of expenditures in respect of engineering consulting services that have been in- curred between March 1, 1972, and the date of the signing. PART V - LEGAL INSTRUMENTS AND AUTHORITY 27. As indicated in the report to the Executive Directors on the Water Supply Loan (R72-41, dated February 24, 1972) a number of constitu- tional changes are now underway in Nicaragua. In August 1971 Congress dissolved itself and granted legislative powers to the President. In February 1972 a Constituent Assembly was elected, which appointed in April a three-man Junta (including a member of the opposition) which acts as the executive power as from May 1, 1972. Presidential and congressional elec- tions are scheduled for September 1974, and the new President and Congress are to take office in December 1974. I am satisfied that the Government has authority to guarantee a loan in present circumstances. 28. The draft Loan Agreement between the Bank and EWNALUF, the draft Joint Financing Agreement between ENALUF, CABEI and the Bank, the draft Guarantee Agreement between the Republic of Nicaragua and the Bank, the Report of the Committee provided for in Article III, Section 4 (iii) of the Articles of Agreement and the text of the Resolution approving the proposed loan are being distributed to the Executive Directors separately. The draft agreements conform to the normal pattern for loans for power projects. Of  special interest are the provisions concerning ratification of the intercon- nection treaty between the Governments of Honduras and Nicaragua and effec- tiveness of the sales contract between ENEE and ENALUF as conditions of dis- bursement of the portion of the loan allocated to the interconnection compo- nents of the project (Section 2.02, Loan Agreement). 29. I am satisfied that the proposed loan would comply with the Articles of Agreement of the Bank. PART VI - RECOMMENDATION 30. I recommend that the Executive Directors approve the proposed loan. Robert S. McNamara President Attachments June 12, 1972  ANNEX I Page 1 of 2 THE STATUS OF BANK GROUP OPERATIONS IN NICARAGUA A. STATEMENT OF BANK LOANS AND IISA CREDITS (as at April 30, 1972) Loan or $ million Credit Amount (less cancellations) Number Year Borrower Purpose Bank IDA Undisbursed Fifteen loans and credits fully disbursed 40.6 3.0 - 532 1968 Government Education 4.0 - 3.3 543 1968 ENALUF Power 15.3 - 0.2 808 1972 Empresa Aguadora de Water Supply 6.9 - 6.9 Managua Total 66.8 3.0 10.4 of which has been repaid 23.7 0.0 Total now outstanding 43.1 3.0 Amount sold 4.2 of which has been repaid 3.6 0.6 Total now held by Bank and IDA 42.5 3.0 Total undisbursed 10.4 10.4 B. STATEMENT OF IFC INVESTMENTS (as at April 30, T972) Amount in $ million Year Obligor Type of Business Loan Equity Total 1968 Textiles Fabricato de Cotton and polyes- Nicaragua, S.A. (FABRITEX) ter blend fabrics 1.0 1.1 2.1 Total gross commitments 1.0 1.1 2.1 less cancellations, terminations, repayments and sales 0.6 0.4 1.0 Total now held by IFC, fully disbursed o.4 0.7 1.1  ANNEX I Page 2 of 2 C. PROJECTS IN EXECUTION As of April 30, 1972, a total of about $10.2 million remained to be disbursed on two loans, one for education and one for water supply. The eduxcation project (Loan 532-NI) had a very slow start, mainly because of initial financing and management pro- blems mostly originated by lack of expertise in the project unit. Adequate budget allocations have now been made, and the project unit is being strengthened. Although disburse- ments are now picking up, the original closing' date (June 30, 1973) will have to be postponed by about twelve months. The loan for water supply (Loan 808-NI) was signed in March, 1972, and became effective in April; the project is progressing satisfactorily. The Seventh Power Project, including facilities in Managua and Santa Barbara (Loan 543-NI, fully disbursed as of May 31) has cost overruns of about $4.5 million above the original cost estimate of $21.8 million. The additional cost resulted from unfavorable rock structure in a tunnel and relocation of a dam because of unforeseen foundation conditions. The project, how- ever, is expected to be completed on time, by end June 1972. The proposed loan includes $1.5 million to cover the foreign exchange component of the cost overruns. ENALUF is covering the local cost component ($3 million) from its own resources.  NICARAGUA A. COUNTRY DATA Page 1 of 7 I. SIZE Area (square kilaneters) 148,000 1960 1965 . 1969 1970 1971 Population (million) v 1.41 1.63 1.82 1.87 1.92 Annual growth rate (X) 3.0 2.8 2.8 2.8 Density per square km. 9.5 ".0 12.3 . 19 GNP per capita atlkctor cost ($) 231 329 386 415 435 II. ECONOMIC INDICATORS GDP at current factor cost (m mllion) 2,298 3,857 5,O63 5,615 6,120 Sector origin (0) Agriculture 30 30 27 27 Manufacturing 10 13 16 17 Construction 2 3 3 3 Trade and finance. 26 25 23 24 Public administration 8 8 9 9 Other 24 21 22 20 AMnual changes (i) 1961-68 1969 1970 1971 GDP at current market prices 9.5 5.3 9.8 9.0 GDP at 1958 market prices 7.8 5.7 5.1 h.0 Manufacturing value added (constant prices) 13.3 9.0 12.0 Agriculture value added (constant prices) 7.3 6.7 2.5 Exports, f.o.b. 12.2 -2.2 13.5 2.3 Imports, c.i.f. 14.3 -4.0 12.3 8.0 Money and Quasi-money 5.2 15.1 14.0 Total banking system credit 14.4 10.0 5.2 9.6 to public sector, net -2.0 68.8 -8.0 12.7 to private sector i6.6 6.2 6.6 9.3 GDP deflator (1958 - 100) 1.7 -0.4 4.7 5.0 1960 1.965 1969 1970 ?ercent of GDP at current market Gross Fixed investment 12.3 17.7 15.4 15.0 Pablic sector (2.4) 4.2 (3.6) (3.8) Private sector (9.9) (13.5) (12.6) (11.2) Inventory investment 2.2 2.3 2.1 2.1 Consumption 87.7 82.4 83.8 64.9 Gross domestic saviags 12.3 17.6 i6.2 15.1 Resource gap (surplus n) 2.2 2.4 2.3 2.0 a/ As estimated by the Central Bank.  ANNEX II Page 2 of 7 1960 1965 1969 1970 1971 Public Sector Finances a/ (minlions of c6rdobas) Current revenue 655 862 933 641 (% of GDP at current market prices) (15.5) 0$.?) (l5.5) (10.0) Current expenditure 475 743 759 512 (Y of GDP at current market prices) (11.2) (13.6) (12.6) (8.1) Current surplus 180 119 17h 119 Investment expenditure 185 212 302 235 Surplus/Deficit -5 -93 -128 -117 Net external financing 16 33 129 93 Net domestic financing 11 60 -1 24 Balance of Payments (millions of dollars) Exports of goods and non-factor services 77 168 194 220 226 Imports of goods and non-factor services 84 183 211 236 253 Resource gap -7 -15 -17 -16 -27 Factor income, net -3 -15 -25 -28 -30 Current account deficit 10 30 42 44 57 Transfers, net 3 6 6 6 6 Official capital, net -1 7 11 25 h3 Private capital, net 12 18 18 26 18 Reserve changes, net(-.: increase) -4 -1 7 -13 -10 Concentration of Commodity EXorts (% of exports, f.o.b.) Coffee 30 18 13 18 18 Cotton 2 44 29 20 22 External Public Debt Medium and long term outstanding as reported to IERD (including undisbursed, repayable in foreign currency, in millions of US dollars) 39 58 219 224 Debt service ratio (I of foreign exchange earnings) - - 4.2 9.4 10.3 a/ Central Government only for 1971.  ANNE II Page 3 of 7 1960 L965 1969 '1970 1971 Net foreign exchange reserves uS$ millions 28 -9 5 15 Coverage of current payments (number of weeks) 7 1 3 IBRD/IDA loans and credits as of January 31, 1972: $62.9 million of which outstanding: $39.9 million IMF data: / Quota SDR 27 million Fund holdings of c6r- dobas (Feb. 11, 1972) 1.tl% of quota Allocation of SDR's 1970 3.2 million 1971 2.9 million 1972 2.9 million Stand-by arrangement (Feb. 9, 1972 - Feb. 8, 1973) SDR 10.8 million III. SOCIAL AND RELATED INDICATORS PQpulation Birth rate (per 1,000 pop.) bJ 45.2 42.0 43.9 42.6 Death rate (per 1,000 pop.) b/ 8.9 7.3 8.2 Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births) 70.2 51.6 45.3 Life expectancy (years) 69.4 Dependent population (% oe total pop.) 52.1 52 3l Urban population (% of total pop.) 33.8 1.7 43.7 45.6 Employment Economically active population U of total pop.) 31.6 32.6 32.8 D.;stribution of econamically active population ( of tocal): Agriculture 58.1 55.6 5h.9 industry U1.7 11.8 11.8 Other 30.2 32.6 33.3 / SDr 1 = 7.6 Corcioba = 1.OY, / Registereadrates, unadjusted.  ANNEX II Page 1i of 7 1960 1965 1969 1970 Central Government !cpenditures on Social Sectors / X of GDP at current market prices 2.2 2.8 3.8 3.7 X of Central Government expenditures 22..8 27.2 35.7 33.7 Income Distribution Wages and salaries as percentage of national-income 60.7 61.3 61.2 Education Literacy rate (% of adult pop.) 50.4 60.0 Primary school enrollment Tof school age pop.) 45.6 54.2 58.3 60.8 Secondary school enrollment (% of school age pop.) 19.6 Primary school retention ratio 13.0 13.3 21.4 Secondary school retention ratio 52.0 42.4 Health Doctors per 10,000 population 3.5 4.2 5.1 Population per hbapital bed 435- 1436 371 Access to potable water (% pop.)s Urban 37.0 36.0 87.3 95.0 Rural 0.3 2.1 5.9 10.3 Access to sewerage services (% of population): Urban 18.3 14.7 32.4 43.6 Average daily caloric intake per person 2,420 2,350 Other Access to electricity (% of pop.) 30.0 Number of radio receivers (per 1,000 pop.) 61.o Daily distribution of newspapers (per 1,000 pop.) 49