India - Uttaranchal Decentralized Watershed Development Project : environmental assessment (Vol. 2 of 4) : Integrated Pest Management Strategy

E873 Volume 2 Uttaranchal Decentralized Watershed Development Project Integrated Pest Management Strategy Watershed Management Directorate Uttaranchal, Dehradun 11 ~~~~~21 Feb, 2004  Abbreviations 1PM Integrated Pest Management WHO World Health Organisations *UDWDP Uttaranchal Decentralised Watershed Development Project EFC Environment Friendly Chemicals INM Integrated Nutrient Management TOT Training of Trainers NPM Non- Pesticidal Management  IPM Strategy of Uttaranchal Operational Policies 1. To manage pests that affect either agriculture or public health, UA and WMD supports a strategy that promotes the use of biological or environmental control methiods and reduces reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides. In Bank-financed projects. the borrower addresses pest management issues in the context of the project's environ- mental assessment. 2. In appraising a project that will involve pest management, assessment of the capacity of the state's regulatory framework and institutions to promote and support safe, effective, and environmentally sound pest management should be done. 3. Use of various means to assess pest management in the state and support integrated pest management (IPM) and the safe use of agricultural pesticides: economic and sector work, sectoral or projects-specific environmental assessments, participatory IPM assessments, and adjustment or investment projects and components aimed specifically at supporting the adoption and use of IPM. 4. In Bank financed project pest population are normally controlled through IPM approaches, such as biological control, cultural practices and the development and use of crop varieties that are resistant or tolerant to the pest. Purchase of pesticides may be permitted when their use is justified under an IPM approach. 5. Ministry of Environment and Forest guidelines need to be adopted on the handling of pesticides and the disposal of toxic and biomedical wastes. Introduction Uttaranchal, the newly created state, harbors a range of crops grown under varied climatic conditions ranging from sub-tropical to temperate. Agriculture, horticulture and forestry are mainstay of livelihood and play important role in state's economy though only about 12-14% of the total area of the region is available for farming. The state has an area of 53485 sq kms and comprise of 13 districts out of which 11 represent hill region, whiclh have different agro ecological and climatic conditions. The per capita operational land holding in the hills is small (less than 0.5 ha), which again is extremely fragmented and scattered. Consumption of chemical fertilizer in the region is almost negligible. Excepting Haridwar Udhamsinghnagar and Dehradun, which include sizable plain areas, fertilizer consumption is less than 5 kg/ha in all the hill districts. Farmyard manure, though commonly applied, is of poor quality and insufficient quantity. Weed management methods are rarely practiced. The hill economy predominantly operates at a subsistence level. Most farmers are resource-poor and cannot afford to invest much on agriculture. Agriculture in the region is primarily rainfed. Crops are raised on poor and less productive soils with very little inputs. Their production is further marred by the impact of diseases and insect pests. The prevalence of some of the menacing pests like white grubs, cutworm and wooly aphids; and diseases like hill bunt and rusts in wheat; blasts in rice and millets; late blight in potato and scab in apple cause severe 2  losses. Suitable integrated pest and disease management practices need to be adopted, which is necessary for reducing reliance on the use of synthetic chemicals and saving environment deterioration. Fruits are extensively cultivated in the hill region. The total area, production and productivity of fruit crops in Uttaranchal are 1, 69,330 ha., 4,40,200 metric ton. and 26.0 q/ha, respectively. But the productivity and quality of horticultural products are poor when compared to those of the other hill states of the country. Adoption of suitable improved fruit crops and orchard management techniques including management of diseases and pests could remarkably increase quality and production of fruit. What are the pests * Insects * Diseases * Nematodes * Harmful animals * Harmful birds * Weeds Factors increasing pest population * High humidity and temperature * Excessive and untimely use of irrigation water * High use of fertilizer * High use of pesticides * Dense plant population * Mono cropping * In appropriate cropping system (For immediate profit motives) Why IPM? Pest management is an ecological matter and has much relevance in the context of highly fragile ecosystem in the Uttaranchal hills. Over-reliance on the use of synthetic pesticides in crop protection programs has resulted in disturbances to the environment, pest resurgence, pest resistance to pesticides, and lethal and sub-lethal effect's on non-target organisms, including human's world over. These side effects have raised public concern about the routine use and safety of pesticides. Therefore the farmers are required to manage their land with greater attention to direct and indirect off-farm impacts of various farming practices on water, soil, and wildlife resources. Thus, reducing dependence on chemical pesticides in favor of ecosystem manipulations is a better strategy for farmers of the region. Successful IPM is based on sound farmer's knowledge of the on-going agro-ecological processes of the farming environment; such farmers should therefore be technically sound to make decisions on the most appropriate management strategies to apply at the specific period of crop development. 3  Criteria for Pesticide Selection and Use 1. The procurement of any pesticide in a Bank- financed project is contin-zen on an assessment of the nature and degree of associated risks, taking into account the proposecd use and the intended users. with respect to the classification of pesticides and theil- specific formulations, in reference to the World Health Organization's Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to Classification. The following criteria apply to the selection and use of pesticides in, (a) They must have negligible adverse human health effects. (b) They must be shown to be effective against the target species. (c) They must have minimal effect on non target species and the natural environment. The methods, timing, and frequency of pesticide application are aimed to minimize damage to natural enemies. Pesticides used in public health programs must be demonstrated to be safe for inhabitants and domestic animals in the treated areas, as well as for personnel applying them. (d) Their use must take into account the need to prevent the development of resistance in pests. 2. It is required that any pesticides be manufactured, packaged, labeled, handled, stored, disposed of, and applied according to standards acceptable to the WHO. Fonnulated products that fall in WHO classes IA and IB, or formulations of products in Class II, if (a) lacks of restrictions on their distribution and use; or (b) they are likely to be used by, or be accessible to, lay personnel, farmers, or others without training, equipment, and facilities to handle, store and apply these products properly are not permissible in the project. Objective &Aim of the Pest Management Plan The purpose of this document is to describe a Plan by which the project can promote and support safe, effective, and environmentally sound pest management in agricultural interventions undertaken under UDWDP. The plan further presents components to strengthen such capacity. The Plan promotes the use of biological and environmental control methods and the reduction in reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides. The Plan addresses pest management issues in the context of the project's environmental assessment. The World Bank Operational Guidelines The World Bank & IFC Pesticide guidelines aims to ensure that the pesticide * Must have negligible adverse human health effects * Should be effective against target pests and minimal effect on non target species * Development of pest resistance to be kept in view * Public health pesticides must be safe for inhabitants and animals 4  Integrated pesticide management specifically identifies the following as the key in pest control. * A categorical preference for bio control methods along with institutional and capacity building for the same. * Reducing reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides and only if approved by IPM approach. * Does not permit under any circumstance the use IA, lB and II classified pesticides. Listing of these chemicals and provided by the World Health Organization is given at the end of the report. * Recommends the use of Participatory IPM along with specific investment components for the same. * Permits category III type chemicals and these are listed at the end of the report. But even these must be used as part of the 1PM strategy. No to all chemical Pesticides if it is likely to be used without training and safety. Key Aspects Four key aspects must be kept included in implementing the pest management plan. 1. It must comply with World Band Operational policy 4.09.The basic tenets governing the Operational policy has been presented earlier. 2. Pest control strategy must promote the use of biological or environmental control methods and reduce reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides. If there are strong factors needing the use of synthetic chemicals then they must belong to only WHO class III category. The control of pest populations should be through 1PM approaches, such as biological control, cultural practices, and the development and use of crop varieties that are resistant or tolerant to the pest. This should be built through participatory technology development using farmer's experience and knowledge and furthered through the farmer field school approach. IPM is also the strategy adopted by the Govt. of UA. and its expertise is available both in the extension wing of the Agriculture Dept. and the various research, training and agriculture centers in UA. Whose listing is appended at the end of the note. 3. As pest management strategy could affect agriculture or public health the screening process must ensure full compliance with Bank safeguards. It must address not only the farmer but also workers involved in various pesticide operations. It must addresses not only the farmer but also workers involved in various pesticide safeguards. The task of the screening process must be to ensure that UDWDP interventions do not contravene the Bank's safeguard policies.~ Addressing this aspect and the effectiveness in safeguarding the Bank policies on pesticide management will depend on the capacities and knowledge of those undertaking and supervising the screening process. Thus those involved in this must be selected based on clear criteria and their skills upgraded through training and capacity building along with a monitoring framework. As the project would lead to intensification of cropping pattern, the audit process must look at the cumulative impact on soil, water and air and ensure that there are no negative impacts and the mitigation measures are in place and effective. 4. More pro-active role in promoting healthy plants and safe environment. Healthy plants can come from adopting Integrated Plant Nutrient Management(IPNM) and a safe environment by encouraging projects that promote and advocate organic and 5  non-pesticide farming and the products and technologies that encourage and facilitate their adoption, so that IPM can succeed in not only reducing the application of pesticides but eliminate the same without reduction in yields. Pesticide Management Plan The other aspects to be considered in the screening process are: * Selective against target pests * Safe for beneficial * Active for about 4 weeks * Weather and u/v proof * No toxic residues * Safe for humans and livestock The department can provide help resource persons and training personnel for ToT activities for IPM. It could also provide crop wise IPM materials and advice on the conduct of the GP level farmer's training. IPM focuses on participatory technology development and not the conventional agriculture extension and advice to farmers. Therefore the project IPM personnel need to have capacities in participatory methods and enabling the farmer as well as GP's. Several agencies, govt. and non-govt. organizations have expertise in developing the EPM professional and their list is appended. Trained IPM professionals are available in the Govt. and the NGO sector. Many big corporations provide manuals for safe use of pesticides especially in mixing, dosage, application and spraying. These resources can be used for undertaking TOT in IPM. As IPM is not optimal in its effectiveness we need the TOT must include Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) in the syllabus. The division level project authority could identify specific crops and ways to reduce pest incidence and increase the effectiveness of the control measures. Holding crop specific workshops to tackle high incidence and high resistant pests involving the department of agriculture, scientists and NGO's will help come up with specific measures that would be taken to reduce the overall use of pesticides and enhance its effectiveness. Promoting Non-Pesticidal Management (NPM) for controlling pests is the only long term way to reduce farmer dependence on pesticides. The project works with the POP which cannot afford these costly inputs. By reducing the share of pesticides in the input costs, which are high, can serve the basic objective of the project. Further once the landscape is used to pesticides, reversing it is difficult and takes a very long time. Therefore a more rational and sustainable approach would be to encourage NPM in crops, especially those grown in dry land conditions. Hence training in NPM must be also being built into IPM capacity building. A proactive approach recommending crop wise NPM approach must be promoted in the GPS & Farmers. Exposure visits of farmers to NPM practice's is a useful way of strengthening the farmers & village organizations. 6  IPM Options IPM involves a range of methods to control pests (a) reactive options such as-physical and mechanical methods, biological and chemical control. A sudden withdrawal of ptesticides will invariably bring down the yields drastically which the farmer can ill affordl. IPM recommends a gradual withdrawal of pesticides allowing time for both the plants (aimt the farmers) to adjust and build up internal strmgth, reserves and resilience. However thie long term goal should be to promote (b) proactive oplions to grow perfectlv good crops without the help of chemical pesticides. Crop rotations and creation of habitat for beneficial oruanisms permanently loweer the carrying capacity of the farm for the pest. Cultural controls are also considered as proactive strategies, which incldes maintaining healthy, biologically activ e soil (increasing below ground diversity), maintaiain.g habitat for beneficial organisms (incr-easing above ground diversity) and using appropriate plant cultivars. Some of the ways that can be used to maintain biodiversity of the farm woild include, increasing genetic diversitv, sPecies diversity, crop rotations, multiple cropping. inter cropping, use of disease free seed and planting material, use of resistant varieties. sanitation, plant spacing, altered planting dates, optimum growing conditions, use of mulch rnaterial, etc. * Physical and mechanical methods are the oldest form of pest control involving devises to trap and kill pests-traps, insect screens, nes, baits, and plant guards. * Biological control methods involve the use of parasites, predators, pathogens to control pests. In natural biological control the first step would be to assess populations of beneficial organisms and their interaction within ihe ecosystem. If provided with adequate habitat these organisms can make significant contribution to pest management. lIabitat enhancement for beneficial insects, for exarnple, focuses on the establishment of flowering annuals and perennials that provide nectar aknd pollens during certain parts of life cvcle of insect. Habitat and food for beneficial insects and other beneficial should be a component of the IPM programme. * Natural methods include use of bio-spravs srnome physical components of the environment, such as temperature, humidity or light, dtrimental to pests are exploited through tillage operations, soil solarization, plastic mulching, etc. The effectiveness of both proactive and active management approaches would depcnd on correct identification of pests. * Use of chemicals remain the last resort in the IPM programme and may be used only when other measures, such as biological or cultural controls, have failed to keep pest populations from approaching economically damnaging levels. . If they must be used, they should be least toxic and should not harm the non-taiget organisms. * Chemical control includes the synthetic pesticides widely in use today. Most of them work by absorption (contact poisons) or ingestin (stomach Poisons). Longer lasting pesticides are described as residual. * IPM is a holistic system that reduces damage caused by pests to tolerable levels through a mixture of all the above techniques. IPM does not recommend the use of chemical control except as a last resort and even then only the least toxic chemical is used. 7  * Operational Aspects of IPM * * Growing a healthy crop involves the right varietals selection; appropriate seed bed management, plant nutrition, and plant nutrition, and plant physiology, water and weed management. * * Optimize natural enemies recognize beneficial insects in the field, learning insect population dynamics, life cycles, and food webs; understanding the effects of pesticides on * beneficial populations, promoting survivorship of predators through habitat management and making local reference collections. * Observe fields weekly for damage symptoms, changes in insect populations, to evaluate * plant growth and physiology, relationship between plant stages and insect populations, effects of weather conditions, and water and nutrient management. * Farmers as experts: agro-system analysis and decision making based on information * directly observed and collected leads to farmers to make sound conclusions crop management decisions. Awareness building Awareness building on safe use among farmers and agriculture workers is another * instrument that must be used for implementing the PMP in the project. This is an essential component in the GPS. Expert caters to the field staff and does not reach the farmers who have * the highest exposure to pesticides and are compelled by poverty to work in unsafe conditions. * All supports to pesticide sprayers and equipment must include making available a protective gear. Pamphlets and posters on safe use of pesticides which deal from purchase, transport, * storage, application to disposal must be provided to village organizations. In high pesticide use areas, cultural expressions like folk songs must be provided to village organizations. * A major impact of pesticide usage is on water. Reducing pesticide usage by adopting IPM/NPM and permitting only class III pesticides, while substantially reducing pesticide * usage, the threat to water contamination reduction is possible. Educating the community not to * spray pesticides during or just before a rain must be included in the awareness material. Monitoring the health on the people, especially workers, on a sample basis in high pesticide v use area would be another task taken up by the project. v Pesticide Management in water v Drift of pesticides must be avoided when spraying. They should not'be applied when rain is imminent and the users should follow the direction given in the container for pesticide * handling safety precautions, application rates and proper disposal. To reduce contamination of surface water and ground water from pesticides: v Evaluate the pest problems, previous pest control measures, and cropping history; Use integrated pest management (IPM) strategies that: a. Apply pesticides only when an economic benefit to the producer will be achieved v b. Apply pesticides efficiently and at times when runoff losses are unlikely c. When pesticide applications are necessary and a choice of registered materials exists, * consider the persistence, toxicity, runoff potential, and leaching potential of products in making a selection d. No use of pesticide belonging to category 1 &2 as classified in the pesticide code . * 8 .  0 The goal of this management measure is to reduce contamination of SurilfacC a\ntc- and ground water from pesticides. The basic concept of the pesticide managenielmet InCe`sUI-r is to l foster effective and safe use of pesticides without causing degradation to the Ceuinemet. Pesticide Management Plans (PMP's) identify; * * Identify areas vulnerable to pesticides; X * Monitor source water for pesticide contamination; * Prevent pesticides from reaching ground water; * * Respond to pesticide detection. IPM experience . Crops cultivated in the mid and high altitudes, their key pests and sug,gested 1PM1 * practices are given in table below (Annexure-3) Hill - II Experience (Before MTR) * * Before MTR, maximum user of pesticides and fertilizers in Hill-Il Project area are in X Ramnagar and Haldwani Division. The detail use of fertilizer can be seen in the Table 1. * Table 1. Fertilizer Consumption in Uttaranchal (Kg./ha.) (20001-02) S.No. District N P K Total * 1 Almora 1.96 0.87 0.11 2.94 * 2 Bageshwar 5.68 2.73 1.19 9.60 3 Pithoragarh 3.78 1.55 0.18 5.51 * 4 Champawat 5.68 1.25 0.33 7.26 * 5 Pauri 0.51 0.28 0.06 0.85 6 Tehri 1.04 0.70 0.04 1.78 1 * 7 Chamoli 1.89 1.36 0.02 3.27 8 Rudrapravag 1.23 0.90 0.00 2.13 9 Uttarkashi 2.54 2.99 0.14 5.67 * 10 Dehradun 32.85 14.90 3.89 51.64 11 Nainital 65.64 23.16 7.69 96.49 12 Haridwar 121.24 25.54 3.31 150.09 * 13 Udhamsingh nagar 216.77 57.21 29.67 303.65 State average 69.82 18.34 7.33 95.49 * * In Hill-TI other than Tarai there is negligible use of pesticides as well as fertilizers. Regarding the use of fertilizer Table 1 can be seen. * Hills-I1 Experience (After MTR) * * After MTR, chemical fertilizers and pesticides have been banned in the Project area of Hill-I1. The project is providing bio-fertilizers as well as bio-agents like Vermicompost, Tricodermna, Pseuidomizonzas, Neem oil, Neem cake, RhiZobiuwn, etc. 0 * 9 .  (Table 2): Progress Report of Bio village upto 31st December 2003 In IWDP Shivalik Hills-II Year 2003-2004 Activities Kotdwara Lansdowne Ramnagar Haldwani Rishikesh Total Number of Vermi compost unit 205 94 13 20 80 412 installed Number of Nedap Method of 18 0 0 94 0 412 Compost pit manufactured Any other method of Bio 9 37 367 4 0 417 composting Training to staff with number 24 11 6 6 0 47 Training to farmer with number 46 115 679 65 348 1253 Number of demonstration on bio 56 44 25 35 465 625 method (organic) Name along with quantity of bio 822 822 agent used i.e. Tricoderma 50 kg 36.5 kg 208 kg 40 kg 334.5 kg Pseudomonas 56 kg 56 kg Traps 100 53 650 40 843 Laure 250 Neem cake 20 Qt 50 Qt. 70 Qt. Gromeen 50 kg 100 kg 150 kg Neem oil 183 kg 183 kg Azatobactor 32 kg 32 kg Rhizobium 21 kg 21 kg Organic fertilizer 3825 kg 3825 kg Exposure visit of farmers and staff in bio programnme a) with in the state i.e. Purola or 12 60 60 0 105 237 any other place b) outside the state 4 6 6 0 0 16 Linkage of village with mother 19 0 0 0 6 25 dairy or any other organization for marketing_ Area under High value crops 53.44 42.55 13.84 0 50 160 under bio method in Bio village, Off season vegetable, Medicinal and Aromatic plants. Area under cereals, pulses, and oil 89.406 17.50 251.38 64 193 615 seed crops. IPM Module for Main Crops * Although the bio-pesticides and bio-agents are provided for the control of various pests, however, some of them are not effectively checked. To control these, some of the safe pesticides are recommended wherever necessary. * To minimize the infestation of insect, disease, weeds, etc. in practice: * Summer ploughing. * Avoid mono cropping: Use of bio-fertilizers and bio-pesticides. * Insect/disease resistant varieties. * Use of trap crops to minimize the insect damage. * Solarization of nursery beds to minimize the disease incidence in seedlings. 10  * Transition in cropping pattern based on Hill-II experience: Before the commencement of Hill-II project in the foot hills of Shiwalik region, the * agriculture system was mostly traditional one, where the farmer used to take at the most 3 i crops in 2 years, the cycle was: * Wheat _. Madua Fellow Followed by paddy. * This was subsistence farming where per unit land production is less and land used to be * lying unused. * With the introduction of project, use of organic farming, bio-compost, vermi-compost and other bio-fertilizers, high yielding crops, cash crops and season vegetables were introduced, there by reducing the crop cycle and increasing the number of crops in a year. The * experience in Kotdwara, Kishanpur and Haldwani belt shows that, now 3 crops are being taken in a year. * Wheat - Paddy * Pea, Tomato, Potato etc. vegetables. * According to the M&E report per unit production has increased to the tune of about * 20% due to IPM and ICM practices. * Application of bio pesticides, replacing chemicals by bio pesticides * After the MTR, use of chemical pesticides for the control of insects, diseases and weeds have been banned and the uses of bio-pesticides, bio-agents, bio- fertilizers, etc, are being promoted. However, some of the pests and diseases are not effectively checked. To control such pests, eco-friendly chemicals will have to be used. Table 2 indicates the use of bio- * pesticides, bio-fertilizer and bio-agents is Shivalik Hills-II project area of Uttaranchal * (Table -3). * Table - 3: Changing pattern in use of Chemical pesticides and Fungicides to Bio-pesticides in various crops under IPM in IWDP Hill-II * Pest and Disease Bio pesticides & Used Before MTR Crops IPM products of Chemical Insecticide * choice is under use fungicide after MTR White-fly, Jassids, Neem 1500 PPM, Metarystore, Cucurbitaceous Thrips and Mites Chrysoperoa, Demecron, Rogar, groups of vegetable, Veticillium, Thiodon Palmgranatem citrus Baeuvena goups. * Yellow Stem borer, Traps, Lures, B.T. Thiodona or Paddy Leaf folder Trichogramma indosulphan * Hopper Neem 1500 PPM, Indosulphan Paddy Baeuveria Sheath Blight Leaf Trichoderma, Indophill (Diathan M- Paddy * Spot Pseudomonas 45) or Diathen Z-78 . * 11 0k  Pest and Disease Bio pesticides & Used Before MTR Crops IPM products of Chemical Insecticide * choice is under use fungicide after MTR * Cutworm/Bollworms Traps, Lures, B.T. Chloropyriphos or Grams, Arahar, Urad, * Trichogramma Alddrin Moong, Tomato, Cabbage. * Borers Trichogramma Thiodon Brinjal * Caterpillars Traps, Lures, B.T. Thiodon Soyabean Radish, Trichogramma Bhindi Apple. * Aphids Neem 1500 PPM, Metasystox, Rogar, Mustard, Cabbage, Chrysoperla Demecron Cauliflower, Peach White rust & Leaf Trichoderma, Diathen M-45, Diathen Mustard, Vegetable * spot Preudomonas Z-78 pea Diamond back Traps, Lures, B.T. Metasystox, Cabbage, Cauliflower * Moth, Heliothis Trichogramma Indosulphan * Wilt Trichoderma, Diathen M-45, Cabbage, Cauliflower Preudomonas Babesteen * Heliothis Traps, Lures, B.T. Metasystox Thiodon Tomato & Capsicum *_______________ Trichogramma Wilt Trichoderma, Diathen M-45, * ___________________ Preudomonas Babesteen Fruit Borers Traps, Lures, B.T. Thiodon, Seven Brinjal, Lady finger * Trichogramma * Mites Neem 1500 PPM, Metasystox & Rogar Brinjal, Lady finger ______________________ V erticillium * Cutworms Traps, Lures, B.T. Chloropyriphos, Aldrin Potato . Monitoring protocol * At present there is no protocol developed to monitor various activities of IPM, IPNM, a IWM, in the state. The protocol should be developed under Uttaranchal Organic Commodity Board in collaboration with the GB Pant University of Agriculture & * Technology, Pantnagar. As the state of Uttaranchal is progressing towards organic state, strict monitoring of all the related activities are essential. * In the UDWP project a protocol is proposed to be developed in co-ordination with Organic Commodity Board and G.B. Pant University as well as State Plant Protection * Department. Regarding monitoring protocol under Uttaranchal at farmer's level on EIL/ETL * awareness campaign towards beneficial insect and harmful insect, through awareness by training, slide show, and exposure visit, campaign towards EIL/ETL is in practice. This can be practiced in Decentralized Watershed project also. . * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~12  * Monitoring Protocol for IPM in Agri-Horticulture * In the state right now there is no effective monitoring protocol for 1PM. However, in the project following protocol model has been developed: * IPMI monitoring Monitoring team How it will be done Strategy activity * | * Whether * WMD * Visiting the villages * If not circulated ask banned list of * Village level time to time and asking DPD/V.O. to pesticide and NGO the villages whether circulate with the * insecticide is * Environmental they have the list help of WMD staff, circulated in volunteered/ NGOs to all GPs. * vernacular Motivator * language to all villages * * Purchasing of * From which source * To educate the insecticide and they are being villages to reduce the *pesticide 'I --dpurchased, quantity of consumption of * Use of Bio * purchase. pesticide/insecticide Use of Bio and How many villages * Declare all villages as fertilizers and I have been using them, bio villages in a * bio pesticides which are the villages phased manner but vermi-compost --do- not using them slowly and bio-compost I * Data will be collected judiciously * by visiting the villages * Provide training in time to time bio composting * ! vermi-compost _ __I_ * Marketing tie up Training * DPD/V.O. * Collect data of * A constant * aawareness * NGOs and GP untrained persons monitoring training tie up and exposure * l visits e.g. biotech * l t international limited, organic board, * ] : exposure visits to * t different states e.g. ._______________ M.P. Pesticide Residues * LTUses of pesticides in upper and mid hills region are almost negligible except in some fruits anid off-season vegetables. * ) To monitor the pesticide residues in the cereals, pulses, oil seeds. vegetables and fruit crops establislhment of a residue analysis laboratoiy is essential in the state of Uttaranchal under l 13 AS  0 l the supervision of GB Pant University of Agriculture & Technology Pantnagar. Till that time residue will be tested in IIT Roorkee or wherever the residue testing facility is * available. * * Under the Directorate of Organic Seed Certification of Uttaranchal, a certification plan for the farmers interested to grow crops organically has been started in the following form to * make their land and crop produce pesticide residue free: * 0 Year * * 'ear - Conversion Period 0 HIYear * III Year - Will be the residue free organic produce * * Directorate of Organic Seed Gertifications and Uttaranchal Organic Commodity Board, as * well as Agricultural University (Hill Campus, Ranchauri and Pantnagar) has already developed a training module for farners. * * Project staffs along with the farmers have already been sent for exposure to within and * outside the state where organic farming is under practice e.g. in Bhopal (M.P.), Dhakrani Farm (Uttaranchal), Rawaii Valley (Uttarkashi), Supa Farn (Nainital) etc. * * Training in IWDP Hills-Il for organic farming, seed certification etc. . * Use of Plastic * To minimize the use of pesticides as seed treatment to reduce the incidence of disease in * nurseries, use of specific plastic sheet can be recommended for soil solarization. * * Plastic sheets will also be helpful in moisture conservation as mulch. * Use of plastic in the form of poly tunnels and poly houses under adverse climatic * conditions. This will also help in growing insect and disease free seedlings, off season * vegetables and flowers to improve the economy of farmers. Thus minimizing the pesticide application. 0 Disposal of plastic waste: * In the project area the plastic waste is proposed to be sent to be plastic recycling and * processing plants available in nearby vicinity. In hospitals and medical colleges of Uttaranchal a project is being developed in department of Health & Family Welfare. The project will tie-up * with this for the disposal of plastic waste. 0 * Mechanical methods: 0 * De-topping, removal of infected parts and pest stages. * Behavioral approaches. * Use of Pheromone traps and Lures to minimize the male population of the insects. * * To know about the incidence of insect pests. 0 * 14  Conservation/augmentation of biological agents: * Parasites and predators- Trichogramma, Clnysoperla, Spiders, Coccinellids. Use of Bio-pesticides * Bacilliis thuringiensis, Beauveria, Metarhiziiuni, Verticillium & Nomnuraea. * Nuclear Polyhedrosis viruses (NPV) & G.V. * Trichoderina, Pseudomonas Use of Botanical Products: * Neem/Karanj/Chillies/Garlic/Marigold/Datura. Need Based Use Of Chemical Pesticides * Only relatively ecologically safe chemical pesticides. Areas of Competence: 1. Prevention - Indirect measures 2. Observation- Decision tools 3. Intervention - Direct measures. Location * Selection of place away from high humidity crops. * Away from crops being alternate host for the major pest * Tomato from Sunflower and Gram. * Avoid fields having soil borne disease, pests, nematode infestation, etc. Crop rotation * No mono cropping. * Crop rotation will legumes (Cowpea, F. Beanis, Peas). * Crop rotation of shallow and deep rooted crops (Onion and capsicum followed by c cucurbits) * Rotation of soil building crops with exhaustive crops (Potato followed by cabbage) Seiection of varieties/hybrids 0 Use of resistance/tolerant varieties * Use of Area. Crop and Season specific varieties. Use of \ arieties with wider genetic base. 15  Crop husbandry and hygiene * No crop residues in the field * Removal of affected plant parts and burying under the ground * Avoid use of harmful waste as manure. * Improperly decomposed manure. * Avoid use of untreated sewage water for irrigation * Practice proper weed management. Fertilization * Increased use of organic manure. * Use of balanced fertilizer. * Practice fertilizer placement (Nutrient use efficiency and avoiding run off) * Increased use of fertilizer mixtures. * Minimize use of urea. * Increased use of foliar fertilizers. Irrigation * Avoid flat irrigation * Avoid excessive irrigation. * Practice raised bed/furrow-ridge cultivation/irrigation * Never submerged bed/ridge tops during irrigation. * Use more of drip/sprinkler irrigation systems. Border/Trap crops * Mustard (Cabbage, Cauliflower) * Marigold (Tomato) * Maize, Cowpea (Cotton) Harvesting and storage * Harvesting at marketable stage. * Removal of affected produce in the field. * Sorting/grading of produce. * Proper packing and transport * Proper curing and storage. (Onion, Garlic, Potato, Pumpkin) 16  2. Observation - Decision tools * Crop Monitoring: Under crop monitoring decision tool, the 1PM modules developed by the Hill Campus, Ranichauri (GB. Pant University) is attached in the form of Annexure-II * For appearance of insect, pest and disease proper know how will be provided to the farmers through training, exposure visit and identification, so that, the farmer can * identify the beneficial insect as well as harmful insect. * To decide the critical stage of insect, pest and disease according to economic injury * level (EIL). Farmners can himself decide to use the control measures. This will also * possible through training, exposure visit, and identification of insect, pest and disease. * Whole area management * Co-operative management of pests/disease . 3. Intervention - Direct measures * * Cultural and physical control * Summer deep plugging * Avoid monoculture. * * Optimum plant densities * Avoid high nitrogenous fertilization] * Avoid excessive irrigation Pheromones . * Traps * Lure Biological control X Parasites * * Trichogramma X * Chrysoperla * PlPedators X Spiders * o~~~~ Coccliillelcls * Jaig-ery (Gurh) 17  | * Uses of Bio-pesticides * BTs (bacteria), Beauveria (fungus), Metarrhizium (fungus), Verticillium (fungus) and * Nomuraea (nematode) * * NPV and G.V. * (Trichoderma (fungus), Pseudomonas (bacteria) * * Use of Botanical Pesticide Neem, Karanj, Chillies, Garlic) * Chemical Control * * Only relatively ecologically safe chemical pesticides * * Change of chemicals at each spray * Use of recommended dose of chemical * * Critical time of spray. * . . * J~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 18 0h  Implementing IPM programme: Activities: 1. Overseeing 1PM programmes underway in the region 2. Capacity building. Tie up with Biotech India Ltd., SAU Nafed, Mother Dairy, etc. for material and technical support in training. 3. Training of Master trainees by PIL or SAU the establishment of GB Pant University of Agriculture. 4. Master Trainer will further provide similar input to farmers of their area. 5. Master Trainers will be upgraded for crop specific ICM at 2 months interval by BEL or SAU. 6. BIL/SAU will inform about possible biological input requirements for the specified crops for seasonal ICM practices along with schedules. 7. Farmers' participatory IPM programme 8. Farmers' schools 9. Monitoring Budget The budget estimated for various activities are as follows: A. TOT for IPM/village farmers organizations B. TOT for Awareness building C. Crop/Pest based work shops D. Awareness Material (Posters etc) E. Museums, materials etc F. Environmental Monitoring for Pesticides G. Sample based monitoring of Farm worker health Expenses towards mitigation measures following the monitoring are not included. Salaries for IPM professionals will be from WMD. Partners SAU: The establishment of G.B.Pant University of Agriculture & Technology at Hill Campus, Ranichauri as well as at Pantnagar would render material support and technical support for training and implementation of the IPM programme. 1. Institutions: NAFED, NDDB and Biotech International would also provide material and technical support. 2. Govt./ Line departments: 1PM specialists, Agriculture specialists, Horticulture specialists of Govt. departments would support for field implementation of the programme. 3. NGO's : working on plant protection, agricultural production and environment protection would be identified to provide technical support for implementation of the programme. 4. .Farmers' groups: Through Gram Pradhan. 19  0 * The Approach of IPM: The approach of 1PM is to encompasses the application of pesticides to manage serious outbreaks of insect pests only on a need basis or to limit the predicted outcome infestations. * Our priorities will be in the following order: i) Biological method. * ii) Mechanical method. iii) Chemical method. * Priority wise various control methods of 1PM has been described in the following tabular form: * ~ Procedure How it will be done Strategy Remarks Biological Conservation of all natural ^ As developed by First and Prime * I enemies & bio agents of all GBPUAL & T priority will be of the harmful insect & pests Pantnagarm, Hill biological method of eg. Birds, Parasites & Campus, Ranichauri, IPM. * j 5 pathogens, As these are Biotech International farmer's friend, therefore all Ltd. New Delhi, * | these are to be conserved. Mother Dairy Fruit & Use of parasites Vegetable Ltd. New * Trichogramma Delhi * | Chrysoperla * The card of the Use of predators parasite will be * *. Spiders placed in the infested * Coccinellids field and larvae * Jaggery developed from the m 1 a eggs of parasital card will work their * I function of eating of insect prevailing over * _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ th e cro p .. * Cultul-al * Avoidance of * Continuity of the monoculture in large same crop in the same * 1 belts field for continuous Improved disease year should be resistant varieties. avoided. * * Summer ploughing. * At the time oft * Optimum plant densities. selection of varieties * Avoiding excessive we must prefer disease * | irrigation. resistant varieties to * Avoiding high avoid incidence of * nitrogenous fertilization. diseases. * Trap crops * After harvesting of * rabi crop a deep/summer ploughing is must to minimize the insect pest and disease * 2 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~  Procedure How it will be done Strategy Remarks problem from the Soil Bourne. * Irrigations must be optimize as per the need of the crop to avoid unnecessary incidence of pest disease. * Excessive use of nitrogen fertilizer cause excess and tender growth, which is favourable to insect pest and diseases, therefore excess use of nitrogenous fertilizer must be avoided. * Practising cultivation of trap crops to divert the insect infestation from the main crop to the trap crop, to avoid the crop losses through insects Mechanical * Damage/Destroy all the * By removing the insect Second priority eggs of the insect. & pest, disease infested * Destroy any material part of the plant, by infested by insect, pest burning / buried into and diseases. the soil the infestation from the crop/field can be destroyed. Chemical * If the loss is beyond * List of chemicals for This will be only last ETL then only we will application will be and ultimate priority go for chemical control, collected from various and only, if crop loss and here only safe institutions as is beyond ETL. chemicals will be used. mentioned above. * Chemicals will be used in the last when there is no alternate to save the crop from infestation. * Only safe/green level chemicals will be used. 21  Cultural methods: Strategy for Adoption: Participants are selected through farmer group meetings, after formation they meet once a montlh for 4-5 hours in the field for the whole cropping season. The IPM provides an intensive opportunity for the farmers to master the basic skills that will enable them to make informed, confident field management decisions. After IPM farmers master the basic principles to field ecology in one crop they can extend it to other crops. Pest Management needs to be integrated with resource mapping and inter- linkages established between different watershed activities with priorities given to those activities with clear environmental benefits. Use of Bio-pesticides * BBacillus tlhiiiiuigiensis, Beauveria, Metarhiziumii, Verticillilm & Nonituraea. * * Nuclear Polyhedrosis viruses (NPV) & G.V. * Ti-ichodernma. Pseutdonionas Use of Botanical Products: Neem Karanj''Chillies/Garlic Need Based Use Of Chemical Pesticides * Onlv relatively ecologically safe chemical pesticides. Storage: * Pesticides should be stored in a separate room under lock and key and not in the living room or cattle shed where household animals, women and children are likely to come into contact with them * They should not be stored near the naked flame; nor where the electrical wiring is bad. v Do not eat, drink or chew or smoke tobacco in the room where pesticides are stored. * The used container must be broken, destroyed and buried. Transportation: a Pesticides should not be transported along with food or animal feed, passengers or l ivestock. X They should not be transported with fertilizers and seeds.  Annexure -I Safe Use of Pesticides: Farmers are not the only ones to be exposed to pesticides. The laborers, whether it is the person spraying or the person engaged in agriculture work in the field, also faces threats of pesticide poisoning. The target group of the project is focused toward a large number of the land less agriculture labor, especially women who are most often used in hazardous fieldwork. Hence protective measures such as gears and education becomes crucial to ensure that no negative health impacts. A listing of the factors to be borne in mind is listed under: Field Application * Avoid making cocktails of insecticides. If necessary, then each should be used in recommended dose. * Use two piece protective clothing, hand gloves, a cap, a full sleeved shirt and boots, and preferably a face shield. * Spray during cooler hours of the day-morning aild afternoon. Spray along the wind, not against it. * Wash the spray equipment at the end of the day. * Do not eat, drink, smoke, or chew tobacco during spraying. * No not allow children, especially young girls to work in such fields. * After handling or spraying pesticides wash hands, face, legs, with soap and water before eating, drinking, smoking or chewing tobacco. * Seal cuts and wounds with medicated waterproof tape before spraying. Provide first aid in case of poisoning according to the instructions given in the label. Annexure -II A day in IPM- village level farmers & village level worker: 9.30 A.M: Into the field. Five member teams observe general field conditions, sample plants, collect insects, make notes and gather live specimens from the experimental plots. 10.30 A.M: Agro eco system analysis. This is the core of the weekly process. Each team uses their field samples and notes to create a visual analytical tool combining key factors such as pests/predator/densities, plant health, field conditions, weather and current management treatment. 11.30 A.M: Decision Making. The output of analysis is a field management decision thoroughly discussed and defended before the full group of participants. 12.00 Special topics. Topics such as community rat control, crop physiology, economic analysis, water/fertilizer management are discussed. Supporting studies such as insect zoos are also initiated in this section. 1.30 P.M: Group dynamics. Activities in problem solving, leadership and team building are conducted weekly to strengthen group cohesion, motivation, etc. 2.00 P.M: Review and planning. Weekly summaries of field developments are conducted by reviewing the results of the above analysis. At the end of the season, final yield and economic analysis is done by the group. Other activities may include insect zoo's maintenance; dry insect collection plant nutrient experiments etc. planning of future of village level farmers organizations may also take place at this time. 23